P1gradient, Mid, Dist

Higher Unit 1
Higher Outcome 1
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Distance Formula
The Midpoint Formula
Gradients
Collinearity
Gradients of Perpendicular Lines
The Equation of a Straight Line
Median, Altitude & Perpendicular Bisector
Exam Type Questions

Starter Questions
Higher Outcome 1
1. Calculate the length of the length AC.

6m
2. Calculate the coordinates B 8m C

that are halfway between.
(a) ( 1, 2) and ( 5, 10) (b) ( -4, -10) and ( -2,-6)
Distance Formula
Length of a straight line
Higher Outcome 1
y
AB =AC +BC
2 2 2
B(x2,y2)
This is just
A(x1,y1) y2 – y1
Pythagoras’ Theorem
C
x2 – x1
O
x
Distance Formula
Higher Outcome 1
The length (distance ) of ANY line

can be given by the formula :

ABdis tan ce  (y2  y1 )2  (x2  x1 )2
Just
Pythagoras
Theorem in
disguise
Finding Mid-Point of a line
Higher Outcome 1
The mid-point between y

2 points is given by B(x2,y2)

y2
M
Simply add both x
coordinates together A(x1,y1)
and divide by 2.
y1
Then do the same with
the y coordinates.
O x1 x2
x
 x1  x 2 y1  y 2 
M  , ,
 2 2 
Straight line Facts
Higher Outcome 1
y = mx + c
y2 - y1 Y – axis
Gradient =
x2 - x1 Intercept
Another version of the straight line general formula is:
ax + by + c = 0
Higher Outcome 1
Sloping left to right up has +ve gradient
m>0
Sloping left to right down has -ve gradient
m<0
Horizontal line has zero gradient.

m=0 y=c
Vertical line has undefined gradient.
x=a
www.mathsrevision.com Jul 18, 2021
7
Higher Outcome 1
Lines with the same gradient

m>0
means lines are Parallel
The gradient of a line is ALWAYS

equal to the tangent of the angle
θ
made with the line and the positive x-axis
m = tan θ

8
Collinearity
Higher Outcome 1
Points are said to be collinear
if they lie on the same straight.

y
The coordinates A,B C are
C
collinear since they lie on
the same straight line. B
D,E,F are not collinear they F
do not lie on the same A
E
straight line.
D
O x1 x2
x
Gradient of perpendicular lines
Higher Outcome 1
If 2 lines with gradients m1 and m2 are perpendicular then m1 × m2 = -1
When rotated through 90º about the origin A (a, b) → B (-b, a)
B(-b,a)
-a
a-0 a A(a,b) b-0 b
mOB  - -b mOA  
-b - 0 b a-0 a
-b O a x
b a ab
mOA  mOB   -  -1
a -b ab
Conversely:
If m1 × m2 = -1 then the two lines with gradients m 1 and m2 are perpendicular.
The Equation of the Straight Line
y – b = m (x - a)
Higher Outcome 1
The equation of any line can be found if we know
the gradient and one point on the line.
y
P (x, y) y-b
y m=
m
(x – a)
y -- bb
A (a, b)
b
xx –- aa
O a x x Gradient, m Point (a, b)
y–b=m(x–a) Point on the line ( a, b )

Outcome 1
A
Higher
Median means a line from vertex

to midpoint of the base.

B C
D
A D
Altitude means a perpendicular line
from a vertex to the base.
B C

12
Higher Outcome 1
Perpendicular bisector means a line from the vertex

that cuts the base in half and at right angles.
B D C

13
Typical Exam Questions
Higher Outcome 1
Find the equation of the line which passes through the point (-1, 3)
and is perpendicular to the line with equation 4 x  y  1  0
Find gradient of given line: 4 x  y  1  0  y  4 x  1  m  4

1
Find gradient of perpendicular: m (using formula m  m  1)
1 2
4
1 y 3
Find equation:   x  1  4( y  3)  x  1  4 y  12
4 x ( 1)
4 y  x  13  0
Higher Outcome 1
Find the equation of the straight line which is parallel to the line
2 x  3with
y  5equation
and which passes through the point (2, –1).
Find gradient of given line:

2 2
3 y  2 x  5  y   x  5  m  
3 3
2
Gradient of parallel line is same: m (Using formula m  m  1)
1 2
3
Find equation: 3y  2x  1
Exam Type Questions
Higher Outcome 1
Find the size of the angle a° that the line

joining the points A(0, -1) and B(33, 2)
makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.

2  (1) 3 1
Find gradient of the line: m   
3 3 0 3 3 3
1
m  tan  tan  
3
1
Use table of exact values   tan 1
  30
3
Exam Type Questions
Higher Outcome 1
A and B are the points (–3, –1) and (5, 5).
Find the equation of
a) the line AB.
b) the perpendicular bisector of AB

3
Find gradient of the AB: m  Find equation of AB 4 y  3 x  5
4
4
Find mid-point of AB  1, 3 Gradient of AB (perp): m  
3
Use gradient and mid-point to obtain perpendicular bisector AB

3 y  4 x  13
Higher Outcome 1

The line AB makes an angle of radians with
3
the y-axis, as shown in the diagram.
Find the exact value of the gradient of AB.
  
Find angle between AB and x-axis:   (x and y axes are perpendicular.)
2 3 6

m  tan  m  tan
6
1
Use table of exact values m
3
Higher Outcome 1
A triangle ABC has vertices A(4, 3), B(6, 1)

and C(–2, –3) as shown in the diagram.
Find the equation of AM, the median from A.
 x2 - x1 y2  y1 
Find mid-point of BC: (2, 1) Using M  , 
 2 2 
y2 - y1
Find gradient of median AM m  2 Using m 
x2 - x1
Find equation of median AM y  2 x  5 Using y - b  m( x - a)

Higher Outcome 1
P(–4, 5), Q(–2, –2) and R(4, 1) are the vertices

of triangle PQR as shown in the diagram.
Find the equation of PS, the altitude from P.

1 y -y
Find gradient of QR: m  Using m  2 1
2 x2 - x1
Find gradient of PS (perpendicular to QR) m   2 ( m1  m2  1)
Find equation of altitude PS

y  2x  3  0 Using y  b  m( x  a)
Typical Exam
Questions 72o
Higher Outcome 1 135o
63
o
45 o
The lines y  2 x  4 and x  y  13

make angles of a and b with the positive direction of the x-

axis, as shown in the diagram.
a) Find the values of a and b
b) Hence find the acute angle between the two given lines.
y  2x  4 m2 Find a° tan a  2  a  63
x  y  13 m  1 Find b° tan b  1  b  135
Find supplement of b  180  135  45
Use angle sum triangle = 180° angle between two lines 72°
Exam Type
Higher
Questions Outcome 1 p
Triangle ABC has vertices q

A(–1, 6), B(–3, –2) and C(5, 2)
Find:
a) the equation of the line p, the median from C of triangle ABC.
b) the equation of the line q, the perpendicular bisector of BC.
c) the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of the lines p and q.
Find mid-point of AB (-2, 2) Find gradient of p m0

Find equation of p y2 1
m
Find mid-point of BC (1, 0) Find gradient of BC 2
Find gradient of q m  2 Find equation of q y  2 x  2
Solve p and q simultaneously for intersection (0, 2)

Exam Type l2
Questions l1
Higher Outcome 1
Triangle ABC has vertices A(2, 2), B(12, 2) and C(8, 6).
a) Write down the equation of l1, the perpendicular bisector of AB
b) Find the equation of l2, the perpendicular bisector of AC.
c) Find the point of intersection of lines l1 and l2.
Mid-point AB  7, 2  Perpendicular bisector AB x7

2
Find mid-point AC (5, 4) Find gradient of AC m 
3
3
Gradient AC perp. m Equation of perp. bisector AC 2 y  3 x  23
2
Point of intersection (7, 1)
Exam Type
Questions
Higher Outcome 1
A triangle ABC has vertices A(–4, 1), B(12,3) and C(7, –7).
a) Find the equation of the median CM.
b) Find the equation of the altitude AD.
c) Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of CM and AD
Mid-point AB  4, 2  Gradient CM (median) m  3

Equation of median CM y  3 x  14
1
Gradient BC m2 Gradient of perpendicular AD m
2
Equation of AD 2y  x  2  0
Solve simultaneously for point of intersection (6, -4)
Exam Type
M
Questions
Higher Outcome 1
A triangle ABC has vertices A(–3, –3), B(–1, 1) and C(7,–3).
a) Show that the triangle ABC is right angled at B.
b) The medians AD and BE intersect at M.
i) Find the equations of AD and BE. ii) Find find the co-ordinates of M.
1
Gradient AB m2 Gradient BC m
2
1
Product of gradients 2    1 Hence AB is perpendicular to BC, so B = 90°
2
1
Mid-point BC  3, 1 Gradient of median AD m  Equation AD 3 y  x  6  0
3
4
Mid-point AC  2,  3  Gradient of median BE m   Equation AD 3 y  4 x  1  0
3
 5
Solve simultaneously for M, point of intersection  1,  
 3

P1gradient, Mid, Dist

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Higher Unit 1

Exam Type Questions

1. Calculate the length of the length AC.

2. Calculate the coordinates B 8m C

(a) ( 1, 2) and ( 5, 10) (b) ( -4, -10) and ( -2,-6)

The length (distance ) of ANY line

can be given by the formula :

The mid-point between y

2 points is given by B(x2,y2)

Another version of the straight line general formula is:

Horizontal line has zero gradient.

Vertical line has undefined gradient.

Lines with the same gradient

The gradient of a line is ALWAYS

www.mathsrevision.com Jul 18, 2021

if they lie on the same straight.

y–b=m(x–a) Point on the line ( a, b )

Median means a line from vertex

to midpoint of the base.

www.mathsrevision.com Jul 18, 2021

Perpendicular bisector means a line from the vertex

that cuts the base in half and at right angles.

www.mathsrevision.com Jul 18, 2021

and is perpendicular to the line with equation 4 x  y  1  0

Find gradient of given line: 4 x  y  1  0  y  4 x  1  m  4

Find gradient of given line:

Find the size of the angle a° that the line

joining the points A(0, -1) and B(33, 2)

makes with the positive direction of the x-axis.

Find the equation of

a) the line AB.

b) the perpendicular bisector of AB

Use gradient and mid-point to obtain perpendicular bisector AB

A triangle ABC has vertices A(4, 3), B(6, 1)

and C(–2, –3) as shown in the diagram.

Find the equation of AM, the median from A.

Find equation of median AM y  2 x  5 Using y - b  m( x - a)

P(–4, 5), Q(–2, –2) and R(4, 1) are the vertices

of triangle PQR as shown in the diagram.

Find the equation of PS, the altitude from P.

Find gradient of PS (perpendicular to QR) m   2 ( m1  m2  1)

Find equation of altitude PS

The lines y  2 x  4 and x  y  13

make angles of a and b with the positive direction of the x-

x  y  13 m  1 Find b° tan b  1  b  135

Find supplement of b  180  135  45

Triangle ABC has vertices q

Find mid-point of AB (-2, 2) Find gradient of p m0

Solve p and q simultaneously for intersection (0, 2)

a) Write down the equation of l1, the perpendicular bisector of AB

b) Find the equation of l2, the perpendicular bisector of AC.

c) Find the point of intersection of lines l1 and l2.

Mid-point AB  7, 2  Perpendicular bisector AB x7

a) Find the equation of the median CM.

b) Find the equation of the altitude AD.

c) Find the co-ordinates of the point of intersection of CM and AD

Mid-point AB  4, 2  Gradient CM (median) m  3

a) Show that the triangle ABC is right angled at B.

b) The medians AD and BE intersect at M.

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