Programme F9: Binomial Series

PROGRAMME F9
BINOMIAL
SERIES
STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Programme F9: Binomial series
Factorials and combinations

Binomial series
The sigma notation
The exponential number e


Binomial series
The sigma notation


Factorials
Combinations
Three properties of combinatorial coefficients


Factorials
If n is a natural number then the product of the successive natural numbers:
n  (n 1) (n  2) ()  3 21
is called n-factorial and is denoted by the symbol n!
In addition 0-factorial, 0!, is defined to be equal to 1. That is, 0! = 1


Combinations
n!
There are different ways of arranging r different items in n different
locations. (n  r )!
If the items are identical there are r! different ways of placing the identical items
within one arrangement without making a new arrangement.
n!
So, there are different ways of arranging r identical items in n different
(n  r )!r !
locations.
n!
This denoted by the combinatorial coefficient Cr 
n
(n  r )!r !


Three properties of combinatorial coefficients
(a ) n
Cn  nC0 1
(b) Cnr  nCr

n
(c) Cr  nCr 1  n1Cr 1

n


Binomial series
The sigma notation

Binomial series
Pascal’s triangle
Binomial expansions
The general term of the binomial expansion

Binomial series
Pascal’s triangle
The following triangular array of combinatorial coefficients can be
constructed where the superscript to the left of each coefficient indicates the
row number and the subscript to the right indicates the column number:

Binomial series
Pascal’s triangle
Evaluating the combinatorial coefficients gives a triangular array of numbers

that is called Pascal’s triangle:

Binomial series
Binomial expansions
A binomial is a pair of numbers raised to a power. For natural number

powers these can be expanded to give the appropriate binomial series:
(a  b)1  a  b
(a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2
(a  b)3  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3
(a  b)4  a4  4a3b  6a2b2  4ab3  b4

Binomial series
Binomial expansions
Notice that the coefficients in the expansions are the same as the numbers in
Pascal’s triangle:
(a  b)1  a  b
(a  b)2  a2  2ab  b2
(a  b)3  a3  3a 2b  3ab2  b3
(a  b)4  a4  4a3b  6a2b2  4ab3  b4

Binomial series
Binomial expansions
The power 4 expansion can be written as:
(a  b)4 1a4b0  4a3b1  6a2b2  4a1b3 1a0b4
or as:
(a  b)4 4 C0a4b0  4C1a3b1  4C2a2b2  4C3a1b3  4C4a0b4

n=
0
Pascal’s triangle 1
1 sum = = 2n 2
2 4
3 8
4 16
5 32
6 64
7 128
STROUD 8 Worked examples and exercises are in the text

15
256
Binomial series
Binomial expansions
The general power n expansion can be written as:
(a  b)n n C0anb0  nC1an1b1  nC2an2b2   nCr an rbr   nCna0bn
This can be simplified to:
n(n 1) n2 2 n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3

(a  b)n  an  nan1b  a b  a b    bn
2! 3!

Binomial series
The general term of the binomial expansion
The (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (a  b)n is given as:
n!
n
Cr an  rbr  a n  r br
(n  r )!r !


Binomial series
The sigma notation

The sigma notation

General terms
The sum of the first n natural numbers
Rules for manipulating sums

The sigma notation

General terms
If a sequence of terms are added together:

f(1) + f(2) + f(3) + . . . + f(r) + . . . + f(n)
their sum can be written in a more convenient form using the sigma
notation: n
 f (r )
r 1
The sum of terms of the form f(r) where r ranges in value from 1 to n.
f(r) is referred to as a general term.

The sigma notation

General terms
The sigma notation form of the binomial expansion is.
n n nr r n nr r
 Cr a b where Cr a b is the general term
r 1

The sigma notation

The sum of the first n natural numbers
The sum of the first n natural numbers can be written as:
1 2  3   n   r  n(n 1)
n
r 1 2

The sigma notation

Rules for manipulating sums
Rule 1: Constants can be factored out of the sum

n n

r 1
kf (r )  k  f (r )
r 1
Rule 2: The sum of sums

n n n

r 1
{ f (r )  g (r )}   f (r)   g (r )
r 1 r 1


Binomial series
The sigma notation

n
 1
The binomial expansion of 1  is given as:
 n
n 2 3 n
 1  1  n(n 1)  1  n(n 1)( n  2) 1 1
1 n   1 n  n   2!  n   3!
      
n  n
 
n
11 (11/ n)  (11/ n)(1 2/ n)    1 
 
2! 3! n

1
The larger n becomes the smaller becomes – the closer its value
becomes to 0. n
1
This fact is written as the limit of as n   is 0.
n
Or, symbolically
1
Lim    0
n n
 

n
 1
Applying this to the binomial expansion of 1  gives:
 n
n
 1 (10) (10)(10)
Lim  1  11  
n 
 n 2! 3!
1 1 1 1
    
0! 1! 2! 3!
 1

r 0 r !

 1
It can be shown that  is a finite number whose decimal form is:
r 0 r !
2.7182818 . . .
This number, the exponential number, is denoted by e.

It will be shown in Part II that there is a similar expansion for the

exponential number raised to a variable power x, namely:
2 3 r
x x x
e 1 x      
x
2! 3! r!
r
 x

r 0 r !

Learning outcomes
Define n! and recognise that there are n! different combinations of n different items
Evaluate n! using a calculator and manipulate expressions involving factorials
Recognize that there are different combinations of r identical items in n locations
Recognize simple properties of combinatorial coefficients
Construct Pascal’s triangle
Write down the binomial expansion for natural number powers
Obtain specific terms in the binomial expansion using the general term
Use the sigma notation
Recognize and reproduce the expansion for ex where e is the exponential number

Programme F9: Binomial Series

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Programme F9: Binomial Series

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

PROGRAMME F9

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

If n is a natural number then the product of the successive natural numbers:

n  (n 1) (n  2) ()  3 21

is called n-factorial and is denoted by the symbol n!

In addition 0-factorial, 0!, is defined to be equal to 1. That is, 0! = 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

(b) Cnr  nCr

(c) Cr  nCr 1  n1Cr 1

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Evaluating the combinatorial coefficients gives a triangular array of numbers

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

A binomial is a pair of numbers raised to a power. For natural number

(a  b)4  a4  4a3b  6a2b2  4ab3  b4

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

(a  b)4  a4  4a3b  6a2b2  4ab3  b4

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The power 4 expansion can be written as:

(a  b)4 1a4b0  4a3b1  6a2b2  4a1b3 1a0b4

(a  b)4 4 C0a4b0  4C1a3b1  4C2a2b2  4C3a1b3  4C4a0b4

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

STROUD 8 Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The general power n expansion can be written as:

(a  b)n n C0anb0  nC1an1b1  nC2an2b2   nCr an rbr   nCna0bn

This can be simplified to:

n(n 1) n2 2 n(n 1)(n 2) n3 3

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The (r + 1)th term in the expansion of (a  b)n is given as:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The sigma notation

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The sigma notation

If a sequence of terms are added together:

f(r) is referred to as a general term.

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The sigma notation

The sigma notation form of the binomial expansion is.

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The sigma notation

The sum of the first n natural numbers can be written as:

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

The sigma notation

Rule 1: Constants can be factored out of the sum

Rule 2: The sum of sums

STROUD Worked examples and exercises are in the text

Factorials and combinations