S

tru
ctu
ralD
ynam
icandF
lut
terT
est
ing

W
olf
gan
g G
.LUBER
wgl-
dyn
amics
8173
5M un
ich
GERMANY
+
49-1728
329241
w
olf
gang
.
lub
er@
liv
e.d
e

ABSTRACT
T
hec urr
e n
ts ta
teo ft hea r
to fd ynamict e
st
i n
gi nview ofS truc
turalD ynami
cs,A eroe
last
ica n d
A
erose
rvoe
last
icq ua
li
ficat
ionofA irc
r a
ftisreviewed.Inp ar
ti
c u
lari
tythea rea
sw h
erethisp a
rtsoft he
c
ert
if
ica
tionp ro
cedurec lou
db eim proveda rediscussed
.T hek eyt os pe
edingu pthec l
eara n
cet es
t
p
rocedu
re,andalsotore d
ucec o
sts
,istor ed
ucethen um b
eroftes
ts,te
sttimea n
dfligh
ttes
tp o
intsthatare
r
equi
redasp ar
toftheclearanceprogramm e
.T oachieveth
isaim,theenti
red ynami
cm odel
ling
,a sw e
llas
t
hea na
ly
tica
la pproachandt h
etest
ingp rocedu
ren eedstobeo p
timized
,p ar
ticu
lar
lyw i
thr e
spectton on
-
l
inea
ri
ty.N on
-l
inearaeroela
st
icp h
e nomenawil
lt henbea b
letob epred
ictedm o
rea ccu
rat
ely.An um be
rof
r
ele
vanttechno
logi
esa recons
ideredinr e
lat
iontofl
i gh
ta ndgroundtes
ting.Sugges
tion
sa r
em a
d eash ow
t
heseaspec
tscouldbeim pro
vedino rde
rt ospeedupa ndreducethecos
to fgroundandfl
ighttes
ting,whil
e
m
ain
tain
ingtheleve
lsofsafe
ty.

1
.0 INTRODUCT
ION
U
singtheCol
lartr
iang
leofaeroe
las
tic
ity(F
igure1)w h
ichw a
sfir
stpub
lishe
di n1946
,aeroel
ast
icf
lut
teri
s
a
ni nt
erac
tio
no fu n
stea
dya er
odynamic,ela
st
ica ndine
rt
iaf o
rcesonstruc
turestopr
oducea nuns
tabl
e
o
sci
lla
tio
nt ha
to f
tenoccur
si ndis
ast
rousstruc
tura
lfai
lur
es.Highspeedairc
raf
tarem os
ts us
cep
tib
leto
f
lut
ter
,althou
ghflut
terhasrecogn
isedatlows peed
.Inprinc
ipl
en ospeedregimeist
rulyimm u
nefrom
f
lut
ter
.E x
tern
alsto
reflu
tt
erisinmostcase
slow e
rthanc
leanai
rcra
ftf
lut
terandinsomecas
esan ewtyp
eo f
o
sci
lla
tio
nm ode,ca
lle
dlimi
tc y
cleosc
il
lat
ion(LCO )occu
rs
.

AERO
-
DYNAM
IC

R
igidBodyD ynamic
S
truc
tura
lDivergence
,
S
tabi
l
ityand
Cont
rolEf
fec
tiveness
Responses
andReversa
l
(Gust
,Con tro
l)

F
lex
ibleBodyD
ynamic
S
tab
i
li
tyandResponses

(Flu
tter
,Bu ffet
, Gust
,
Con
trol,Stru c
tura
l
Feedba ck)

ELAST
IC INERT
IA

Mechan
ica
l
Vib
rat
ion

F
igu
re1
:Ae
roe
las
ticT
riang
le.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-1
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

T
hefirs
treco
rdedaeroe
las
ticinc
idenc
ew a
sonaH andle
y/PageO /400twinengin
ebipla
neairc
raf
tin1916,
b
utforalongtimeflu
tt
erw asnottak
eni n
toac
countasc e
rt
ific
ati
o nana
lysi
s.Inthi
searlyt
imetheairc
raf
t
w
assim p
lyflowntothem a x
imums peedtodemons
trat
et heaeroe
last
icstab
il
ityofthev e
hic
le
.T hefi
rs
t
s
ystemat
icfl
utt
ertes
tw a
sc ar
riedou
tb yvonSch
lippein19 34inG ermany
.H i
sa pp
roachw a
stoe x
ci
tethe
a
irc
raf
tatresonan
tfreque
nc yathi
ghers p
eedandplotam p
li
t u
dea saf unc
tio
no fai
rspeed
.T h
isideawas
a
ppl
i e
ds u
cces
sful
lytoGerm ana
irc
raf
tu n
ti
laJunke
rsJU 90crashedduetoflu
tt
erin1938.

Du
ringthed e
signp ha
seo fa modernair
craf
tthea eroe
las
ticflutte
rplaysaf undamenta
lr o
le .D uetothefly
bywires ys
temt hea dvanceddig
ita
lfligh
tc ont
rols ys
temf ora m ode
rnm ili
taryairc
raftisalsos t
rongl
y
in
fluencedb yaerose
r v
oelas
ticeffe
cts
.A erose
r v
o e
last
ici
t y(Figure2)o rstruc
turalm odec ouplingisthe
in
terac
tionofstruc
tura
ld ynamic
s,unste
adya e
rody namicsa ndthefl
ightcontro
ls y
stemd y n
amicsi nc
luding
th
es ervoactua
torsofthec ont
rolsur
faces
.T heflexibl
ea irc
raftbehavio
ur,especi
allyforart
ific
ialu ns
tab
le
a
irc
raftc on
figur
ation
sw itho ute
rw ingm iss
iles
,t ipp odsa ndh e
a vyu nde
rw in gstoresandt a n
ksh a
s
s
igni
fican
te f
fect
so nthestruc
tureandflig
htcontrolsyst
em .T hesigna
lsoft h
eA irc
raftM ot
ionS e
nsorU n
it
(AMSU )-t heg yroplatfo
rm-c onta
inb es
idest hen e c
essaryinformat
i onofr ig
ida irc
raftr a
tesa nd
ac
cele
rat
i on
salsoflex
i b
leairc
raf
trate
sa ndacce
lerati
o n
si nthefrequenc
iesoftheaircra
ftelas
ticm odes
.T he
‘
flex
ible
’aircra
ftrate
sa nda c
cele
rat
ionsm easu
redb yt heinert
iam easur
ingu n
it(IMU )ar epassedthrough
th
efligh
tc ontro
lsystemc ont
rolpath
s,theyarem ult
ipl
ie dbyt heFCSg ainsandFCSf i
lte
rsa ndinser
tedin
th
ec ont
rolsurfa
cea c
tuato
ri npu
tw h
ichthendrivestheco nt
rolsinthefr
eque n
ciesoftheelast
icm odesofthe
a
irc
raft
.T heflex
ibleair
craf
tise xc
ite
db ythehighf requencyc on
tro
ld e
flec
tionsan dmightalsoe xper
ienc
e
ae
roservoe
las
ticins
tabil
it
ies,i
.e.flu
tt
erorlimitcy c
leo s
cill
ationsm ayoccur
,an ddynam i
cl oada ndfat
igue
lo
adp rob
lem scanari
se.T heFCSd es
ignthere
foreh astom in
im izea
llstru
ctura
lc oup
lingeffec
tst h
roughthe
av
ail
a b
lem eansl
ikeo p
tim umsensorposi
tion
ing,n o
tchfi
lteri
n ganda dd
it
ionalact
ivec on
trol
.

STRUCTURAL
DYNAMICS

DYNAMIC
SERVOELAST
IC
AEROELAST
IC

AEROSERVO-
ELAST
IC

UNSTEADY FL
IGHTCONTROL
AERODYNAMICS SYSTEMDYNAM
ICS

AEROSERVO
-
DYNAMIC

F
igu
re2
:Ae
rose
rvoe
las
ticT
riang
le.

T
hisle
ctur
ediscus
sesah is
tor
icaloverv
iewoft heuseofgro
un dandfl
ightte
st
ingforthepro
ofofstru
ctu
ral
i
nteg
ri
ty.Inpar
ticu
larthetes
tsw i
llbedesc
ribedinthevi
ewo fst
ructu
raldynami
cs.Thes
em ean
st h
atmanly
d
ynamicstes
tw i
llbed isc
ussed
.I np a
rt
icu
larthed ev
elopmentofG r
ou ndVib
rat
ionT e
st
ing
,fligh
tflu
tte
r
t
est
ing
,t h
edevel
opm entofex c
ita
tionsys
tems,ins
trumen
tat
ionsystemsa n
da n
aly
tica
lm e
thod
st oimpro
ve
t
hefl
ightf
lut
terte
st
in gwil
lb edis
c u
ssed
.

8-2 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

2
.0 ANALYTICAL METHODSUSEDFORPROOFOFSTRUCTURAL
INTEGR
ITY

2
.1 S
tru
ctu
ralM
ode
ll
ing
T
herearem a n
yfiniteelemen
tm ethod
sa v
ai
labletopr e
dictthestru
ct ur
albehaviour
.Itsho u
ldbem ent
ioned
t
hatthec ur
rentpra c
ti
cetou s
eo n
efin
iteelementm odelf o
rallinv es
tig
ationdon otsat
isfyal
le ng
ineer
ing
d
isc
ipl
ines.Itturnedo u
tb yus
i ngthedynamicm odelsasas ubseto fthesta
ticm odel
;thisdynamicm ode
l
c
onta
insal otofun ce
rta
innes
sinv iewofdynamica na
lysis.Usingthefineg r
idsystemasam as
termodelfor
s
ta
tican dtor ed
uc ethi
sm odelb ydynamicorsta
ticc ondensa
tional o
to fspur
iousm od e
sa ppe
ars
,w hich
i
nf
luencetheflut
tera na
lys
isfundam e
nta
lly
.T hegridsystemf o
rt her edu
ceds e
tofstruc
turalpoin
tsm us
tb e
d
efin
edi nv e
rye a
rlystageofthed ev
elopment
.T hec oup
lingoft hed ynamicgridsyst
emw i
ththeu n
steady
a
erodynamicg r
ids y
stem mus
tb edef
inedbefor
ea m odala n
alys
i sisp e
rformed.T hem odelshouldalso
i
ncludegridp o
intsfortheupdat
i ngp
roces
s,w hi
chi srequir
eda f
tert hegroundresonancetes
t.Figu
re3a nd
F
igur
e4s howsthefinesta
ti
ca ndcoar
sed y
namicgrid.

F
igu
re3
:FineFE-
mode
l Gr
id. F
igu
re4
:Dynam
ic G
ridpo
ints
.

Foral ongtimeith asbeena ssum edthatitisa cceptabletointro du

c epropor
tiona
ld ampingind y
namic
analys
is
.T es
tsons t
ru c
ture
sh aver eveal
edth atth
isisn otalw aystrueo nrea
lstruc
ture
s.Ithasbeenshown
byan alys
is
,t hatp ropor
tiona
ld am p
ing p redic
tsi naccurat
elo adsin d ynamicresponsec a
lcu
lat
ions
.
Aeroe
last
icpredic
tionisv e
ryo fteninfluencedb ystructura
ld y
n amicd ampingresu
lts
.Inm anyc a
sesthe
dam p
ingv a
luesarein ac
curate
.F orinstantsata e
roservo e
last
ici nves
tigat
ions
,thed ampinginf
luence
sthe
magni
tudea ndt heph a
seo fth ea ct
ivecon trolfeedb ackan dc ausesm an yprobl
em sinth edes
igno f
st
ru c
tura
lfi
lte
r s
. Morean a
l y
ti
c a
lw o
rki stherefo
rer equiredtod evelopcom pute
rco de
sw h
ichareabl
eto
consid
ern onpropor
tiona
lo rviscosedam p
ingt e
rm s
.

2
.2 M
ode
lUpda
ting
T
oim pr
o vethea na
lyti
c a
la n
alysi
sa nu pd
ateofthesti
ffnes
sdis
tri
butio
no fthed ynamicm ode
lw ithground
r
esonancetes
tr esu
ltsisrequi
red.Inthelasttwod ec
adesm anyanaly
ti
calm ethodsh avebeendevelope
df o
r
u
pda
ting,w hichc anbec las
si
fieda sloca
la ndglobalmethods
.U pdat
ingo fst
ruct u
ralandg eomet
ricnon-
l
ine
ari
tiesissti
llac ha
llenge
.M ostoftheM ethodsdon o
ttaki
ngi n
toaccou n
tthes t
ructu
raldam p
ingofthe
A
/Cstruc
t ure
.S ens
it
i v
itya na
lysisisrequire
dt oloca
lizetheerro
rsint hed ynamicm o
del
ling.W i
tht h
e
r
esu
ltsofthes ens
it
ivit
ya naly
sisthem ode
lc anbec h
eckedforrobu
stne
ssa bou
tth edynamica n
alys
isandthe
a
rea
ss how noftheairf
ram est
ru c
turew h
erec ha
ngesinthem ode
lhavefun d
am entalef
fect
s.U s
ingtheabove
d
esc
ribedm ethodoft hedynami cm ode
lallupdat
ingm et
h od
srunintoprobl
em sbe cau
sethed ynamicm o
del
i
snota va
ilableasfini
teelementm ode
ld uetothedynamicreduc
tion
.T oim provetheu pd
ati
ngp r
o c
ess
,the

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-3
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

q
uan
ti
tyandq
u a
li
tyoft
estmea
sur
em en
tshav
etobeimp
roved
.M e
tho
dsw
her
eno
n-l
ine
ari
ti
esa
nds
tru
ctu
ral
d
ampingc
anbecons
ide
reda
rerequ
ire
dforfu
rth
eri
nve
st
iga
tio
n.

2
.3 Un
ste
adyA
erodynam
icM
ode
ll
ing
T
heu
nst
ead
yfo
rce
sus
edi
nth
edy
nam
icm
ode
lca
lcu
la
tio
nsh
al
lber
epr
ese
nte
dinac
ons
erv
at
ivem
ann
er.

T
hem agni
tude(m odu
lus)oft heunst
eadyforce
so ftheflexib
lem odesandoft hec on
tro
ls u
rfacedefec
tion
s
hal
lb ep r
edic
tedtor epres
e n
tar eal
ist
ichighv aluef o
ra l
lM achnum be
rsa ndinci
dences
.S inceflow
s
epara
tionathighe
ri n
cidencesislead
ingtoallev
iat
io ninthem otio
ni ndu
cedp ressu
redist
ribu
tionsofthe
f
lex
iblem ode
sa ndoftheco nt
rolsur
facedef
lect
io n
st heint
roduct
ionofu ns
tead yaerody
nam i
cf o
rcesfrom
p
urelin
eartheor
yisr eg
ardedt obec on
serva
tive
.S pec
i a
latten
tionhastobep utt ot
ranson
ice f
fec
tso nthe
u
nste
adya e
rodynamicforces
.S in
ce,however
,thestruc
t ur
alcoupl
ingcri
tica
lc o
n dit
ionsw h
icharere
latedto
t
hew ors
tg a
inc ond
it
iono ftheFCSa rehighi n
cidencec ond
it
ions,becaus
et h
eFCSg a
insresul
tfroml ow
c
ontr
ols u
rfac
ee f
fic
ienci
e sathighi n
ciden
ce,thea s
sum pt
iono fline
aru n
steadys ubson
ica ndsuperson
ic
a
erodynamic
sd e
rivedbylineartheo
ryorn umer
icalE u
lerc od
ec a
lcula
tio
nsinth eline
arrangeisbel
ievedto
b
ec on
serva
tiv
ethroughouttheful
lfl
ightenve
l o
pe.

T
hemagn
itu
defort
heu n
ste
adya
erod
ynamicfo
rcesi
ss u
ffi
cien
tforthed
esi
gno
fhi
ghf
req
uen
cye
las
ti
c
m
oden
otc
hfi
lte
rs
,beca
useon
lyaga
inmarg
inre
quir
ementisreq
uest
ed.

I
ts h
al
lbest
ate
dthatt
heu
nst
ead
yfo
rce
smu
stb
eca
lcu
la
tedf
oran
umb
ero
fre
duc
edf
req
uen
cie
stoc
ove
rth
e
f
ullfr
equ
encyran
ge.

F
orthepha
s est
abil
iza
tio
no flowfreq u
encyflex
ibl
em od
esl
ikethefir
stwing/f
inb e
ndin
gt heuns
teady
a
ero
dynami
cp hasesha
llberep
r e
sentedinac on
serva
tiveman
ner. Are
asonab
lea pp
roachfortheph
aseof
t
hefi
rs
tela
sticmodeisaga
inthea p
pli
c a
tio
nofline
artheo
ry.Theaugmen
tat
ionistha
tathighinc
iden
ceand
c
ombine
dh igh FCS gain
st h
ea e
rodynamicd ampingisinc
reasedcomparedt olowi nci
denc
ef r
om
e
xpe
rien
cefoundfordi
ffe
ren
twi ngconf
igura
tio
ns.

2
.4 A
ero
ela
st
icM
ode
ll
ing
I
nm ostcasestheaeroel
a s
ticm ode
lsarelin
earinstruc
t u
r ea ndunst
e a
d yaerodynamic
,thiswil
lb etak
e nas
i
nputd a
taf o
rtheflut
tera naly
sis
.T hedoubl
etlat
ticem eth odisappl
iedf o
rt hecalcu
lat
ionoft h
eu ns
teady
a
erodynamic.Thisisave r
ye ff
ic
ientm e
thodw i
tha dequa
t eresul
tsinthelinearassumpt
ion.Forthesol
ution
o
ftheflut
terequa
tionthep ow e
rfu
lp -
km ethodissta
ndar dini ndu
str
y,b ec
au s
ea na u
tomatedt
rackin
go fthe
m
odesisp oss
ibl
e.T hi
sisa nimpor
tantrequ
irementforstru c
tura
lo p
timisa
tionp ro
c e
ssandf o
rm anytrend
i
nves
tigat
ionsd u
ringthed eve
lopm e
ntphase
.T oim provet heanaly
sisresu
ltstom oreaccu
racythem ea
s u
red
d
ampi ngderivedfromg roundresonan
cet e
stm ustb ei n
tro d
ucedi n
tot hec a
lcu
l a
tion
ss ep
arat
ef o
re ach
m
ode
.F ortheint
ro d
u c
tio
no fstruc
tur
alnon-linear
it
ies
,s uc hasfreeplayorb a
c k
lashtheharmoni
cb a
lanceor
t
hep oin
ttransfo
rm at
ioni sused,butther
ea relimi
tso ft hisapproach
.M ethod
sh avetob edevelopedto
e
xte
n dtheaeroe
last
icn onl
i nea
ri
tytolarg
ersystems
.

2
.5 A
ero
ser
voe
las
ticM
ode
ll
ing
A
eros
ervoe
las
ti
cit
yo ralsocal
led FCS-st
ructu
ralm odecoupl
ingisap h
enomenonassoc
ia
tedwiththe
i
ntr
oduct
ionofaclos
edloopfl
ightcon
tro
lsystemin
toaflexi
bleai
rf
rame.Thesys
tem migh
tbepro
videdt
o
e
nhanceth
en a
tura
lstab
il
ityo
ftheai
rcra
ft
,or,topro
videar
ti
fic
ia
lstab
il
ityt
oac o
nfi
gura
tio
nw hi
chhasbeen
d
esi
gnedtobeunstab
letoach
ieveth
eaerodynamicsy
stemspec
if
ica
tion
.

F
ors o
lut
ionofthest
ruc
tur
alc o
upl
ingpr
obl
em,atte
nua
tiono
ft h
eh ig
hfreq
uencyosc
il
la
torysig
nal
i
ntr
oducedi
ntot
hef
lig
htcon
tro
lsys
tembyt
hefl
exi
blea
irc
raf
tmo
tio
ns h
ouldb
eprov
ideda
ndn o
tch
ed,su
ch

8-4 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

t
hatt
heclos
edloopisst
abl
ea n
dde
gra
dat
iono
fth
epe
rfo
rma
nceo
fth
efl
igh
tco
ntr
ols
yst
em,o
rdam
ageo
f
t
heai
rcr
afts
tru
ctu
re,i
savoid
ed.

T
here
f o
rea ninteg
r a
tedd esigns ha
lli nc
ludethed er
iva
tionofFCSg a
ins
,p hasea d
vancefil
tersandn o
tch
f
il
ter
st ominimizestructura
lc oupl
in gino n
ec om b
inedopt
imizationproces
s.T heFCSs hal
lb edesign
edt o
c
overthefullrig
id,flex
ibleaircra
ftfr eque
ncyra ng
ew i
threspecttoairc
raf
trigidm odeands t
ructu
ralm od
e
c
oupl
i ngst
a bi
li
tyr equ
irem en
t sfore achc on
trolsyst
emi nd
ividualloopf o
ro ng rounda n
di nfligh
t.The
s
tru
ctura
lc oupl
ingi n
fluencess ha
llb em in
imizedb yFCSn otchfil
ters
.T heFCSs h
allbedesignedtobea s
r
obustaspos s
ibl
ew ithrespecttoallp os
sibl
eaircra
ftconf
igura
tionsandc on
figura
tionchanges
,(m i
ssi
leson,
o
ff
,tankso na ndoff,etc
.).T hatincludestha
ta l
lstruc
tura
lc o
u pl
ingc han
gesw i
t hconf
igurat
ions h
ouldbe
c
overedb yac on
stantseto fn otchfil
terstoa voi
ds ys
temc om plex
ityd u
et oc onf
igura
tionswitche
sf o
r
d
if
feren
ts e
tso fn o
tchf i
lters
.I na ddit
iona nyschedul
ingofn otchfi
lter
sw i
thf l
ightc on
dit
ionss hou
ldb e
a
voidedinaw ider a
ng eofthefligh
te nv
elopebutn o
texclude
df orcr
iti
calst
ructura
lc oup
lingarea
s.Inorde
r
t
oa voidpro b
lemsi nt h
en o
tchf i
lterd e
signd ueton on
-l
inearunstead
ye la
st
icm odeandc ontr
olsurfa
ce
a
erodynamicsa ndn on-l
ineara ctu
atord ynamicstheelas
ticm odestabi
li
tyr equ
ireme n
tssh o
uldm ain
lyb e
b
asedo ngainstab
iliz
ationoft heflexibl
em ode
s.P h
asestab
il
izati
ons ha
llonlyb eappl
iedtol owfrequen
cy
e
las
ticm odesinor de
rn ottoc rea
tet oocom p
lexd e
signandclearanceprocedu
res.Phasestab
il
izat
ionoflow
f
requencyelas
ticm odesm igh
tn o
tb eavoided
;itisusedastoo
lt om ee
th and
lingrequi
rem en
ts.

T
hen o
tchfi
lt
erd e
signcanbeb a
sedu ponananaly
tica
lm odeloftheairc
raf
tstr
u c
tur
ein cludin
galinearFCS
m
odel
.T hea na
lyt
icalm odelm us
th ow ev
erb ev e
ri
fiedthroughg roundtes
tr esu
lt
sb o
thfromg round
r
esonanc
ea ndst
ruct
uralcoupl
ingtes
tingandfrominfl
ightf
l u
tte
ra ndst
ruct
uralcoup
lin gtes
ting
.T hem o
del
s
houldbeu pda
tedbyt hete
stresu
ltsfordi
ffer
entconf
igura
tions
.D uetores
tr
ict
ionsi nt h
ea ccu
racyofthe
a
naly
tic
alm odelpredi
ctio
nso ngro u
n dandinfligh
tm a
inlyath i
g hfrequ
en c
ye l
asticm od
esw herethe
p
red
ict
ionb ecomesm oreandm o
reu nrea
li
st
icthea na
lyti
c a
lm odeld a
taw i
thr e
spectt oi n
ert
iashal
lb e
r
epl
acedb yo ngroundm eas
ureddata.Inorde
rt ocoveral
lp oss
iblesetsofairc
raf
ts toreconfi
gura
tion
sa
s
ele
ct
ionofcrit
ica
lc on
figu
rat
ionh a
st obees
tabl
ishedbya n
alyt
ica
lm ode
linves
tiga
tioni nadvance
.

T
hem
ostc
ri
ti
cals
ele
cte
dco
nfi
gur
at
ion
sha
vet
obei
ntr
odu
cedi
ntot
hed
esi
gno
fth
est
ruc
tur
alf
il
ter
s.

T
hein
tegra
tedFCSgai
n,phas
ea dv
ancef
il
terandn o
tchf
il
terd
esi
gnshallc
overth
efu
llr
angeo
fsto
resan
d
f
uels
tat
esforth
eabso
lut
ew ors
tcaseofFCSg ainfort
rimmedai
rcr
aftcond
it
ion
sandsha
lla
lsot
akei
nto
a
ccou
ntw o
rstg
ains
itu
at
ionsinou
toftr
imco n
dit
ions
.

F
igu
re5s
how
sinp
rin
cip
alt
hel
ong
itu
din
alf
lig
htc
ont
rols
yst
emo
faf
igh
tera
irc
raf
t.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-5
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re5
:Flowcha
rto
ftheLong
itud
ina
lCon
tro
lofaf
igh
tertypeA
irc
raf
t.

3
.0 TESTTECHN
IQUESUSEDTOPROOFANALYT
ICAL METHODS
W
iththeincrea
sedem phasi
so nhighperfo
rm anceairc
raf
tt h
er o
leofstr
ucturaldyn amicsinthed es
igna nd
c
learanc
ep rocessh asb ecomem or
eim por
tant
.P aramete
rst ha
tim pr
ovec harac
teris
ticss uc
ha sl ower
t
hicknessonc hordr a
tio,lar
gersurfac
ea reasandh ighe
ra spec
trat
iosared riventon e
aro pt
im umv alu
es
w
ith
int h
ec onst
raintsofw eigh
ta ndst
ructura
ld ynamicslimi
tat
ionssuchasf lu
tter
,v ibr
ationenvironment
,
i
ncludinga cou
stics
,c ontro
ls u
rfaceeff
ectivene
ss,a ndb u
ffe
tr e
sponse
.B ecausem ode
rnc om batairc
raf
t
f
eature
sap ower
f u
lflyb yw i
reFligh
tC ontro
lS ys
tem(w ithC ommanda ndSta b
il
ityA ugmenta
tionS ys
tem)
a
eroservoe
last
ica nalys
esa ndtest
sh adtob ep er
form edtoa vo
ida dv
ersec oupl
i ngo ftheF l
ightC ont
rol
S
ystem w i
tht h
ee last
ics t
ruc
tureoft heairc
raft
.S inc
et heairc
raf
talsoc arr
iesat rem endousn umb e
ro f
e
xterna
lstoresonu nde
rwingpylonsa n
do nf us
elagedif
feri
ngi nweigh
ta ndra d
iuso fg y
rat
iont h
ep rob
lem
o
fg i
vingaeroela
stic(f
lut
t e
r,gus
t,buff
et
..
.)a ndaerose
rvoela
st
icclea
rancesm ustbet a
c k
ledw ithverycare
ful
s
elect
ionofc er
ta
i nstore
st odef
inecorne
rp oint
sa ndreadacros
sb e
tweenthes to
res.T hepr o
blemg et
sm ore
c
om pl
icatedw henf u
eltanksarecons
ideredandflut
terandstruc
tura
lcoupl
in gfreeem ptyingsequenceshave
t
ob ed ef
ine d
.Its houldalsobem en
tion
e dthatcover
i ngthesuper
soni
cf l
i gh
tr egimea lm o
std oub
lesthe
a
nalyt
icalandtes
te ffo
rtscom pa
redtosubsonicair
craf
t.

T
hebas
icf
orana
lyt
ica
lworkisare
li
abl
em od
el
.Inth
isse
nseth
edy
namic
stes
tingi
sm o
stimpo
rtan
t.F
igu
re
6
,sh
owsthes
tru
ctu
reofd
yn ami
cste
st
ingo
ng ro
undandF
igur
e7dep
ic
tsthedy
namict
est
ing
infl
igh
t.

8-6 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re6:S
truc
tura
lDynam
icTes
tson G
round.

F
igu
re7
:Dynam
icTes
tsinF
ligh
t.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-7
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

3
.1 G
roundR
esonan
ceT
est
T
hegrou n
dresonancetes
tisrequ
iredforupdat
ingthem assa ndst
iffn
e ssdi
str
ibu
tionofthedynamicm ode
l
b
efor
efirs
tfl
ight
.T hestanda
rda pp
roachforgroundvibr
ationtes
tingh asnotchang
edo ve
rt h
elastdec
ades
.
Am u
lt
is hak
erf o
rcea pp
roach(phaseresonan
cet echn
ique,alsoc a
lledclass
ica
lm ethod
)w il
lb eusedto
e
xci
tee achelas
ti
cm odeoft heair
cra
ftstruc
tureindiv
i dua
lly
.T h
ism e
thodh av
et hebiga dvan
tag
esto
c
om pa
redirec
tlyth
et e
stresu
lt
sw i
ththed y
namicm odel(f
i n
iteelementm ode
l)resu
lt
sintermsoffrequ
ency
,
m
odes hape
,g ene
ral
isedm assandg ener
al
isedd am p
ingc oeff
icien
t.T her
ea rem anysof
tw a
rep ack
ages
a
vai
labletouseth
isr e
sonancem e
thoda u
tomati
cal
l ywithsoc a
lledindica
torfunc
tion
s.T hesecondmeth
od
a
lsousedinai
rcra
ftindust
ryisthephasesepar
at
ionm e
thods,w h
i c
har efas
terandeas
iertoim p
lement
.T h
e
d
isadv
antageofthep hasesepara
tionm ethod
sa rethec om pl
exm odes.W hic
ha redif
ficu
lttoc ompa
re
d
ire
ct
lyw i
ththeFE -
m ode
l?T h
ec omple
xm od
escontai
nth edam p
i ngofthestr
uctu
re
.

T
hereisane e
dtoa dva
ncethetes
tm e
thodol
ogytogaininfo
rm a
tionabou
ta nyst
ructur
aln o
n-li
near
it
ies
.Iti
s
e
ssent
ia
ltod e
terminei
fn on-
lin
ear
iti
esexi
st
,andw hic
ht y
peofn on-
line
ari
ti
eso nthest
ructu
recanbefound
.
U
sef
ulm ethods
,li
keh a
rm on
icbalanc
ew i
llbeusedt
oc a
lcula
teequiva
len
tsti
ffnessvalu
esatgeometr
icnon-
l
inear
it
ies
.A lsoM e
thodsareava
ilab
letousegroundre
s o
nancetes
tresu
ltsforesta
bli
shingaFini
teElemen
t
m
odel
,w hichisaverysop h
is
ti
catedtoo
ltocre
atead ynamicm o
delfromairc
raf
t,w i
thoutthebas
icdat
ao f
a
nA irc
raf
t.

T
hem a
inpurpos
eofg rou
ndvib
rat
iontes
t(GVT)o rGrou ndreson
ancetes
t(GRTi s GVTinc
lud
ing
h
ydr
aul
icso
n)istov
al
idat
ethedyn
amicm od
elandtode
termi
n ethes
truc
tur
aldampi
ngc o
eff
ic
ien
ts
.H e
rea
c
oup
leofimpo
rta
ntque
st
ionswh
ichhavet
ob ed
iscu
sse
db e
forethest
art
ingth
etes
tproc
edure
:
• H
owm
any
tra
nsd
uce
rsa
ren
ece
ssa
ry?
• W
heret
opl
acet
het
ran
sdu
cer
s?
• H
owm
anye
xci
ter
sar
ene
ces
sar
y?
• W
her
etop
lac
eth
eex
ci
ter
s?
• H
owt
otu
net
hee
xci
terf
orc
es?
• W
hic
hme
tho
dsh
oul
dbea
ppl
ied(P
has
ere
son
anc
eorp
has
ese
par
at
ionm
eth
od)
?

T
hef
oll
owi
ngs
teph
ast
ope
rfo
rm:
• R
eso
nan
ces
ear
chb
ymea
nso
ffr
equ
enc
ysw
eep
sori
ndi
cat
orf
unc
tio
n.
• T
uni
ngs
ele
cte
dmo
def
req
uen
cy.
• M
eas
uri
ngo
ffr
equ
enc
yan
dmo
des
hap
es.
• L
ine
ari
tyc
hec
k(v
ari
at
iono
ffo
rce
).
• D
ete
rmina
tio
no fgen
.ma
ss(
com
ple
xpow
er
,el
ect
r.s
ti
ffn
ess
)an
ddam
pin
gco
eff
ic
ien
t(d
eca
y,
c
om p
lexpower
,..
.)
.

T
om easu
ret
heelas
ti
cm odeso
ftheairc
raftinfl
ight,theAi
rcra
ftwi
llbesuppor
tedonairsp
rin
gs.Int
his
s
uppor
tthelan
dinggea
rc anberet
rac
ted
.I tm ustb eshownbym ea
s u
remen
ts
,t h
attheth
reerig
idbody
m
odes(he
ave
,rol
landpit
ch)duetotheai
rs p
rin
gs uppor
t,doe
sn o
tcouplewi
ththefi
rs
telas
ti
cm ode
.T h
e
c
ri
ter
iaar
ere
achedi
fthehig
hes
tri
d ge
db odym odeisles
stha
n1/5ofthef
irs
tel
ast
icm od
e.

3
.2 D
ynam
icA
irc
raf
tCompon
entT
est
s
G
rou
ndr e
sonanc
etes
tsonr
igm o
unte
dAi
rcr
aftcompo
nent
shavebe
enp e
rfo
rmedtod
efi
nethevib
rat
ion
b
ehav
iorandt
oa d
jus
tth
emath
emat
ica
lmod
eluse
dinvib
rat
ion
-anddyn
amicres
pon
sec
alcu
la
tio
ns.Typ
ica
l

8-8 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

e
xam ple
sw ere GRTo nrigm oun
t e
dv e
rt
icalta
ilandw i
n gasw e
llasrigm oun
tedpylonswithsi
ngleand
m
ult
iplesto
rec on
figu
rat
ion.Alsomiss
ile
sw i
thlaunche
ran dpy
lono nAir
cra
ftorrigweretes
ted
.B e
sid
et h
e
m
easurementofvibr
atio
no ft
hep y
l o
nw i
thexte
rnalst
orest
iffn
essm ea
sur
em en
tshavebeenperfo
rmed.D u
e
t
oas tat
icl o
a dw h
ichisinc
rease
do neac
hs t
epu ptoa m ax
im um,thedisp
lacemen
to fthesto
reca nbe
m
easured
.A ft
erm ax
im umload,theloadwi
llbereducedinthesamestep
su ptozero
.W ithth
ismethodth
e
n
on-linea
ri
tiesinformo fahyst
eresi
scanb em ea
sured
.T heres
ult
softhes
em easur
eme n
tsw i
llbeusedto
u
pdatethedyn am
icm odel
.

F
igu
re8showsa G
roundr
eso
nan
cete
stw i
thd
iff
ere
ntsto
res
.Inthenex
tFigu
re9thesu
pports
yst
emi
s
s
hown.F
igu
re10de
pic
tsaGRTofana
irc
raf
twi
thext
ern
alsto
res
,ex
cit
at
iono
nthew
ing
tippod
.

F
igure8:F
ixedcomponentGroundV
ibra
tionTes
twi
th
d
iffe
ren
tsto
res
,courtesyo
fLockheedCompany.

F
igu
re9
:Ai
rsp
ringsys
temusedfo
rGroundResonanceTes
ts.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-9
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re10
: ModeExc
ita
tionon w
ingt
ippod
.

F
igur
e1 1depic
tsthechangeofthefundamenta
lfr
e q
uenc
iesofastorewi
thp yl
ono nc a
nti
levercompone
nt
r
esonancete
stswithdi
ffer
entsto
res.W i
thincr
easeofm a
ssthepit
chm odeincre
a s
esa ndthela
ter
alm od
e
d
ecrea
ses
.A fte
rc ro
ssi
ngt hetwof r
e q
uenc
ies
,itc anbeexpect
edt h
atalsotheflut
terb e
ha v
iou
rw i
llbe
c
hange.Figu
re1 2showsac omponentst
if
fnes
stes
to npylo
nw i
thlaunch
era ndmissi
le
.T heb o
thhydr
aul
ic
c
yli
nderproducehighfo
rces
,forthem easu
rement
so fnon-
lin
ear
it
iesandfreeplayinthesystemaswel
las
t
heo ve
ral
lst
iffne
ssofthepylonandtheat
tachmen
tsti
ffn
ess
.

8-10 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re11
:Changeo
fsto
re Modesf
requencyo
fdi
ffe
ren
tsto
res.

^
^

F
igu
re12
:Componen
tSt
if
fnessTes
t,M
iss
ile w
ithLaunche
randPy
lon.

3
.3 M
ain U
/CD
ropT
est
W
heelspi
n- upforc
eatl an
dingtouchdownbendst h
eU /Cb ac
kw ar
ds.O nm ainU/Ct h
isb en
dingis
a
ccompl
ishedbyl e
gtw i
st
ing,sin
cet h
esingl
ew h
eelislat
era
llyoffse
tfroml eg
.A f
terspr
ing-
up,the
c
irc
umferen
ti
alty
refor
cereduce
s,w h
ichin
it
ia
tesb o
thb en
dingandtwis
tingspr
ing
-ba
ck.Atthesametime
t
hetyr
eatta
insf
ulls
ide
-fo
rcecapab
il
ity
.T h
ere
fore
,thetwi
st
ingosc
ill
at
ions pu
rsala
ter
alosc
il
la
tionaswel
l.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-11
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

D
uetot hemuchn o
n- l
inea
ri
tyinvo
lved–espec
ial
lywithreg
ardtotyrebehav
ior-ac ompreh
ensi
ved roptes
t
p
rog
ramh a
stob eper
formedwithhea
vilyins
trumen
tedm a
inU /Catta
chedtoac ente
rfusel
ages e
ct
i on
,see
F
igu
re1 3.Approx
im a
tel
y7 0drop
sw e
rer e
quir
edo n
toar o
ta
tingdrum,v a
ryi
ng“ forwardspeed
”.A /C mass
(
inc
lu d
ingwithandwithou
texte
rna
lstor
es)
,lif
ttow e
ightr
ati
o,sinkra
te,pi
tchangle
,b a
n kang
le,yawa ngl
e
a
sw ellasw he
elt o
e-ina ng
leandd i
ffere
ntt o
rquelink
s.T es
tsm us
tb ea c
com pl
ishedb yc om p
ute
r
s
imulat
ionsaimingm a
inlyatdynam
icc or
rela
tionoftheloadtr
iple
t,v e
rt
ica
ll o
ad,forea n
da f
tl oa
d,a nd
l
ate
ralload
.

F
igu
re13
: Ma
inUnde
rca
rriageD
ropTes
tSe
tup.

T
heresu
lt
soft h
ed r
optes
tswil
lbeintro
duce
di n
toac ombin
edunder
car
riag
e/a
irc
raf
tc od
e,w h
ichw
illbe
u
sedforpre
dic
tionandrec
alc
ula
tionoftheU/Cfli
ghttes
tsasw e
llasforcle
aranceformil
it
arya
irc
raf
t
l
andi
ngenvelo
pe.Thisp
rog
ramw i
llal
sobeusedfo
rrepai
redrunw
aycapab
il
ityoftheai
rcr
aft
.

3
.4 V
ibr
ation Qua
li
fic
ationo
fAs
semb
ledS
tor
es
I
nste
a dofrig
ids hak
erm ountedsto
resrigm ounte
ds ubsys
tem sofstor
e,ERU sa nda d
apte
r,L a
uncheror
p
ylonshavebeenusedtosim u
la
tereasonab
lestor
ee nv
ironment.Thetes
tproced
urew asbasedonM IL-STD
8
10,M etho
d5 14
,P ro
cedureII
.K eypoin
tsoftheprocedurearethecont
rolo
fstorerespons
ed a
tainf o
rward
a
ndrearsto
rerefer
enceplaneanddirec
texci
tat
ionofthest o
reb ym e
ansofrodm oun
t edshak
er.Theshake
r
a
tt
achm en
to u
ts
ideofthestorecen
terofgrav
ityal
lowsforinstanc
ealsotheex
ci
tat
i o
no fimpor
tantsto
reyaw
a
ndp i
tchm odes
.Figure14i sanexam p
leoft h
es ub
systemtestrigclo
setothem ountin
gc ond
it
iono nth
e
A
irc
raf
t.G o
odtestexpe
rie
n cehasbeengai
nedw i
ththist
estprocedure
.

8-12 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re14
:Sto
reV
ibra
tionTes
tRig.

3
.5 W
indTunn
elT
est
W
indt un
neltes
tingw a
so ftenu s
edi nt heear
lyd eve
lopm entphaseofap rojec
t,butalsofort h
eintroduc
tion
o
fn ewc onf
igura
tion
s.T h em a
inp urposefo
rw indtunneltes
tingistoo bta
inaerody n
am i
cd ata
,p ar
ticu
lar
ly
i
nt hetran
sonicreg
im ei nthes uppo
rttoflu
tte
ra ndCFDc alcu
lat
i ons
.T hedat
aw i
llb euse dtou pda
teb o
th
t
heu nste
adya ndthesteadya erodynamic.Di
ffe
re n
tm od e
lsarereq u
iredtoperfo
rmt hesetests
,f o
rd ynamic
t
estad ynamicsimila
rm ode
lh avetob em anu
factu
re d
.D uet othef a
ctthatthem ode
lsar erepr
esentsthe
e
arlysta
teoftheprojec
t,a nu pda
tingofthem ode
lsthroughtheim provementsdur
in gthedev e
lopm en
tp has
e
i
sv eryexpens
ive.Bes
i dethisther
ea revar
iousarea
so fu n
certa
intyw henperfo
rmin gsuchtests
,forins
ta n
ce:
t
hec onst
rain
teffec
tso nt hetunne
lw a
llsandboundarylayer
,i n
terfe
renceeffec
tsoft hem o de
lsupportand
s
calingissu
esr esu
lt
ingf romt est
inga tR eyno
ldsn umb e
rsm uchlessthant hos
ea chievedi nrealfl
i gh
t.
F
ora ero
elas
ticm ode
lsiti sc ompl
icatedtoin
troducestruc
turalno nlin
e a
ri
tie
sa sav ariab
l ea ndduri
n gthe
t
estsess
ions
.CFDc al
c u
l a
tionscanb eusedtoprovid
ec orr
ecti
o n
sf orth
ew indtunneltes
teffects
.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-13
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

W
indtun
neltes
tin
gisver
ye xpen
siv
e,bothinth
econs
tru
ct
ionofs
caledm
ode
lsandt
heuseoftra
nson
ic
w
indt
unnels
.Effo
rti
srequ
ire
dtom aket
hist
estmor
eef
fic
ien
tth
rought
heu
seofn
on-con
tac
tm e
asurem
ent
a
ppro
achesandchea
permode
ls.

F
igur
e1 5showsa naerodynamicw indtunne
lw i
t hexte
rnalsto
r e
s.T h
ism ode
lw a
su sedtom easu
rethe
a
erodynami
cp o
l arandt her
eforet h
esteadyaerodynamicder
ivation
so ft hecurren
tc onf
igura
tio
n.T hes
e
d
eri
vat
ionsw e
reu sedforim provingthest
eadyan dunst
eadya e
r ody
nami c
.T hi
si sim po
rtan
t,becau
sethe
m
orerea
lis
ti
caer odynamicm odelc a
nb eused
,them oreaccur
acyo ftheflu
tter
,o rrap
i dro
ll
ingclea
rances
c
anb epred
ic
ted
.F igure1 6show stheae
roel
ast
icsimil
arm ode
lw ithexte
r n
alstores
.T ote
staflut
term o
del,
s
pecia
le qu
ipmentm us
tb ea v
ailableonthew indtunnel
. Av eryq u
icks hootd owne qui
pm en
tm u
stbe
i
nsta
lle
d,becau
s ethem od e
lw il
lb etes
teduptot heflu
tt
ero n
set.Inrealflut
tertes
tingtheprocedu
reisa
s
ubcr
iti
calf
lut
tertest
.T heflu
ttertes
twi
llbetermi
n a
tedw henthed ampingleve
lsi sl
essthan3%s tr
uctu
ral
d
am p
ing.

F
igu
re15
:Ae
rodynam
ic W
indTunne
l Mode
lwi
ths
tores.

F
igu
re16
:Ae
roe
las
tic W
indtunne
l Mode
lwi
thex
terna
lSto
resunde
rwing.

8-14 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

3
.6 A
irc
raf
tDe
signandi
tsE
ffe
ctonF
ligh
tFlu
tte
rTe
st
ing
A
ir
fram estru
cture
so fm o
dernairc
raftaren owadaysm oreflexib
lewithlessstructu
raldam p
ing
.T heuseof
h
ighs ophis
tic
atedstru
ctu
ralo p
timizat
io ntool
st oo p
timizetheairc
r a
ftstru
ct u
rew ithminimum m as
sh as
c
hang edthed e
signoftheairf
ram efun damenta
llyc omparedtoe a
rl
i e
rd e
signs.T heappl
icat
ionofm odern
c
onst
r uct
iontechn
iquesandm ate
rials
,likec omposi
tea ndsuperplas
ticforme d–d i
ffus
ionb o
ndedm et
hods,
r
esul
tsi nth
innerwi n
gsandm oreflexibleA/C`s.Beside
st h
is,theaeroe
last
icc omm uni
tyaree xp
eri
encedto
u
nderstandt h
ea eroe
las
ticp henom en
a ’sa ndh asv a
lida
tedt ool
sa v
ai
lablet op red
ictv e
ryp re
cis
et he
a
eroe
l a
sticb ehav
iouro fe las
tics t
ru c
t u
resi nflight
.R ecent w o
rld-
wider e
searchp rog
ramm esare
i
nvestiga
tingtheuseo faeroe
las
ticb eha v
iourasap o
si
tiveb ene
fi
ti ns
teado ft h
er equ
iredst
if
fa ndheavy
s
tru
cture.T h
isiso nlyposs
iblew i
t hdi g
ita
lfligh
tc ont
rols ys
tems.B es
idest h
is,thee s
sent
ialchange
si n
a
irc
raftd e
signa ndm anu
fact
ureh avei ncre
asedtheim por
t anc
eo nn on-l
ineara ero
elas
ticphenomena
,like
f
reep layo rbackla
sh,sti
ffen
inge ffects
,l a
rged i
splacementeffec
t s
,transoniceffec
tsa ndfli
ghtcontro
l
m
echanisms( t
im ed e
lays
,n on- l
i ne
arc on
trollaw s
).L imitc yc
leo sci
lla
tioni so neo fthen on-
line
ar
p
henom e n
aw hichm us
tb einves
tigatedi nm oredeta
ilo nnewa irc
r a
ftdesi
g no rchangeofc on
figu
rat
ion.
A
lth
ou ghLCOi snotascata
st
rop hicl
ik eflu
tte
ritm ustbein ve
st
igatedduringthecleara
nceprocess
.Atthis
t
imet hem os
ta e
roela
st
icm odel
linga ndthere
foretheflu
tte
rc le
aranceisbasedo nlin
earm e
thods
.N on-
line
ar
m
ethodsm u
stbec ons
ideredm o
reo ftent opred
icttheflut
terorLCO m orep rec
iseforreduci
ngt h
efligh
t
f
lut
tertest
ing.

3
.7 F
ligh
tFlu
tte
rTe
stT
echn
iqu
esandEx
cit
ationSy
stem
s
F
lig
htflu
tte
rte s
tingisveryex p
e n
sive
,timeco n
suminga ndof
tenu nd
ert
akenatatim ecr
it
ica
loftheai
rcra
ft
d
evelopmentp h
ase.Forthefirs
tfligh
tofan ewairc
raftt
heflut
terc
leara
ncewillbegivenbyana
lyt
icalwork
.
A
pplyi
ngd i
ffe
r en
ts p
ecif
ica
tiont h
eairc
raf
tc anfl
yu ptothehal
fair
s p
eedofthetheor
etic
alf
lut
terbound
ary
.
A
fte
rfir
stfl
ightthest
r u
ctura
lstabi
li
tycanb eshownb ym easu
rem e
ntsdur
ingfl
i g
ht
.Ad ed
ica
tedpr
o g
ramm e
m
ustbew orkedo uttoe xpandthefli
ghten v
elopeforflu
tte
r.Ifthest
ruct
urestab
ili
tyisprovenbyflu
tte
r
t
est
s,thetes
tA /Cc anbeclea
r edforoth
erfl
ighttes
ts
,likehand
lingandperfo
rm anc
e.Incas
eoffundamen
tal
d
if
ference
sb e
tw eencalc
ulat
iona ndte
stres
ult
sam ode
lu pda
tehastobeperfo
rm ed
.

A
sm en
tio
nedint
heint
roduc
tion
,vonS c
hli
ppep e
rfo
rmedthef
ir
stflu
tt
erte
sti
nG erman
y1 9
34.Them a
in
o
bje
ct
ivew a
stored
uceth
eriskfo
rthepilo
ta nda
irc
raf
twi
thflu
tte
rtes
tin
g.Befo
reth
iste
stt
heai
rcr
aftwas
f
lownuptothemax
imumd e
signspe
ed,topro
vethepla
nei
sfre
eofflu
tte
r.

I
np r
inc
ipa
l,vonSch
lip
pe’
st e
chn
iquecon
sis
tedtheexc
it
at
iono ft
hest
ruc
tur
ewi
thr
ota
tin
gun
bal
anc
e
m
ass
esinth
ere
sona
ncef
requen
cy,mea
sur
ing
theres
pons
eam pl
itu
deanda
ir
spe
ed.

T
hisr
esu
ltw
asd
raw
nasaf
unc
tio
n,F
igu
re1
7.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-15
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

nse
F
lu
tte
rMode
o
e
sp
tud
umR e
Ami
l
p
a
Mxim

0
0
Vflutter
A
i
rspeed
F
igu
re17
:vonSch
lippe’
sfl
igh
tflu
tte
rtes
t me
thod.

F
rom1 950upto1 970,theexci
ta
tio
ns y
stemscon
sis
tedine
rt
i ashak
ers,manua
lc on
tro
lsurf
acepul
ses(
st
ick
je
rks
)andb onke
rs.T heins
trumen
ta
tionhadimpr
oveda n
dac o
upleofsi
gnal
sw erebe
ingte
lemete
redt
ot h
e
g
rounddi
splayst
ationasw el
laswri
ttenonboa
rdontape
.T hete
lem e
trya
llowedthef
lut
terana
lys
ttofo
llo
w
th
eflu
tt
erfl
ighttes
to nground.Manyair
cra
ft
’swereequ
ippe dwit
hp e
riod
ica
le x
ci
tat
ionsys
tems.Fr
equen
cy
swee
psw e
rem adetoi de
nti
fythes
truc
tura
lres
onanc
es.

S
inc
e1 970’sdig
it
alcomp u
terhavesig
nif
ican
tlyaff
e c
tedfl
igh
tf l
utt
ertes
tingtechn
i q
ue.Thefas
tcom pu
ter
h
aveal
low edtoapp
lythefastFour
iertr
ansf
orm a
tion(FFT)an dwiththeparamete
rident
if
ica
tio
nm etho
ds
t
hefrequ
e n
c yanddamp
i ngofat es
tp o
intcou
ldb ed e
termin
e dinac oup
leo fsecondsa
fte
rthetes
tp o
int
h
avebeenp er
formed
.Theser e
sul
tscanb ecom pa
redw it
ht h
ea naly
ti
calpredic
tionandiftheamo u
ntof
d
ampingandt h
etren
doft h
em e
asur
edslope
sar es
im i
lartotheflu
tt
ercalc
ulat
ion,thenex
ttes
tp o
intcou
ld
b
eperf
orm e
d.

S
incethef
irs
tf l
ightf
lut
terte
stm e
thodh a
sb e
encrea
tedb yvonS ch
lip
pe,t
h et
ech
nique
sh av
eb ee
n
a
dvanc
ed,buttoday
’stec
hniqu
esarest
il
lbasedonth
esam et
hreecomponen
tsasvonSch
lip
pe’
sm et
hod:
S
tru
ctu
rale
xcit
at
ion,re
sponsemea
suremen
tsandda
taana
lys
isfo
rsta
bil
ity
.

F
oraf igh
tertyp
ea i
rcr
aft
,therequ
iredflu
tt
ertes
tpoin
tsareshowninFigu
re18.Tom in
imiz
etheri
skthe
t
eststa
rtswithh
ighal
ti
tudeandlowd ynamicpr
essu
re
.F o
rn o
rmalt
est
ing
,thenex
tte
stpoin
tswil
lbecho
sen
o
nt hesamed yn
amicpressu
resl
opu ptolowa l
ti
tude
.T h
eresul
tswi
llbeplo
tt
edversu
sM achnumberand
a
ir
s p
e e
d.Th e
seal
lowtheflu
tt
ereng
ineertofin
do u
tM ac
hn umbero
rspeeddep
enden
cie
s.

8-16 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re18
:Typ
ica
lFl
igh
tFlu
tte
rClea
ranceEnve
lopefo
rSupe
rson
icA
irc
raf
t.

T
able1summ a
rise
sthea dv
ant
a ge
sa nddis
a d
va n
tag
esoftheex
ci
tat
ionsys
temsuse
di nfl
igh
tflutt
ertes
t
p
rogr
amm e
.W ithin
trod
uct
iono fthef
lyb ywiredigi
ta
lfl
igh
tcont
rolsys
tems
,thesy
stemc a
nb eu s
edto
i
njec
tal
ldi
ffer
entexc
ita
tio
nim pul
ses
.B e
forethesys
temcanbeu
sedthes
tab
il
ityo
fth
efl
i g
htcont
rolsys
tem
m
ustbep
roventoavoi
dc ompu
terinduc
edoscil
la
tions
.

Tab
le1
:Flu
tte
rexc
ita
tionsys
tem.

E
xci
tat
ion S
ign
al Ad
van
tag
e D
isad
van
tag
e
A
tmo
sph
eri
cTu
rbu
len
ce R
andom Nodev
i c
etob
e L
eve
lo fexc
ita
tio
nnot
ins
ta
lled p
red
ictab
le
E
xci
tat
ionnotm e
asu
rab
le
Symm e
tr
i cand
ant
isymm et
ricmo
desare
simul
taneous
lyexc
ited
A
rt
if
ic
ia
lTu
rbu
len
ce R
andom Nodev
i c
etob
e E
xci
tat
ionnotmeasu
rab
le
ins
ta
lled O
nlyusab
leinr
est
ric
tedA/C
S
tickJ
erk
s P
uls
e Nodev
i c
etob
e R
educedexc
ita
tionl
ev e
lfo
r
ins
ta
lled h
igh
erfrequ
enc
i e
s(onlyon
e
m
odeexci
ted
)
B
onk
ers P
uls
e S
imp
leI
nst
all
at
ion Addi
tiona
lm as
s e
s,restr
icted
numb e
rofp u
lsesp e
rflight
,
loca
tionofexci
tationlevel
forhighe
rfrequencies(only
onem odeexci
ted)
,p roblems
wi
thsc a
tte
ran daccuracy

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-17
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

E
xci
tat
ion S
ign
al Ad
van
tag
e D
isad
van
tag
e
I
ner
tiaL
oad
s F
ree E
ffe
ct
ivewhenin Addi
tionalm a
sses
,h eavy
r
esonan
ce mas
so rhighac c
eler
ation
loca
tiono fexci
tat
ionn o
t
var
iablereducedexci
tat
ion
leve
lf orlowerfrequen
cies
R
ota
ryP
ane
l P
erio
dic
al E
ffe
ct
ivewhenin Ad d
itio nalmasse
s,lo c
ation
r
esonan
ce ofexcitationnotv a
riab
l e
,
exci
tatio nleve
ln ot
sele
ct ableinfl
ight,
dis
turb anceofaerod ynamic
flowe fficien
cyd ependingon
A/Csp e e
d
T
ipV
ane
s F
ree E
ffe
ct
ivewhenin Add
itionalm a
sses
,loca
tion
r
esonan
ce ofexcit
atio
nn otvar
iab
l e
ef
ficiencydepend
ingonA /C
speed
C
ont
rolS
urf
ace
s F
ree Ef
f e
ctivew henin Som e
tim esredu c
ed
resonance,N o exci
tationlevelforhig h
er
addi
tio n
alex c
it
erbe frequenciesd u
etoa ctua
tor
inst
alled(forfl
igh
tby tran
sferfunct
io n,
wi
reA /Cev enn os
ign
al inte
rferencew ithA/C
generato
r) manoeu v
rabil
ityeffi
ciency
dependingo nA /Csp eed

F
igure1 9sh owthee xc
ita
tio
no naf l
ightflu
tt
erte
stath i
ghs ubs
o n
icspeedwithlowalt
itud
e.O nthi
s
examplethee xc
it
at
i onwasal o
gar
ithmic20secon
d,ge n
era
tedb yaF r
equenc
yR espon
seInputGener
ato
r
(FRIG)B ox
.T h
isisshowno ntheverylef
tcolumnoftheD i
agram. Ala
rgerespon
secanb ese
e nonthe
w
ingtip
,w iththeexci
tat
ionofthewingbe n
dingmodeatlowfrequency
.Alsola
rgeAm pl
itu
desareshown
onthei n
boardstoreta
ilinhori
zont
aldirec
tio
n.Withthi
sc ha
rtsthest
ruc
tura
ld amp
ingc anbeanal
ysed
,
wh
ichisrequire
dtof u
rth
ersaf
etes
ting
.

8-18 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re19
:Fl
igh
tFlu
tte
rTes
tResponseon w
ingands
toreduetoFR
IGBoxExc
ita
tion
.

Fig
ure20showst heFrequ
encyandD am pingsu
rveyofaflut
terfl
ightte
st.Fourmodeswer
eex c
ite
d.The
ful
lc o
lou
redlinesinthed ampingdiag
ramsh owsom etrend
sfo rtheflut
terpr
edi
ct
iono n Mode1and
Mode2 .Insom ec a
sesitisve rydi
ffi
culttopred
ic
tth enextflut
terp o
intduetothelarg
es ca
tte
rof
dampingmeasur
em en
ts.Sophi
st
i ca
tedm e
thodsar
erequi
redtop r
edic
tthen ex
ttes
tpoin
t.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-19
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

F
igu
re20
:FrequencyandDamp
ingSu
rvey
,Resu
ltso
fFl
igh
tFlu
tte
rTes
ting.

3
.8 Ana
lyt
ica
lDe
velopm
ent
sfo
rFl
igh
tFlu
tte
rTe
st
ing
T
herese
archprog
ramm e
so fthelastdeca
dew asm a
inlyfocusedont h
em ode
ll
inga ndp
red
ict
iono fnon-
l
ine
araero
ela
st
iceff
ect
sd uetost
ructur
al
,aerodyn
amica ndfl
igh
tc on
trolnon-
linea
ri
ty’
s.Manyprog
r ammes
h
avetr
iedtoiden
ti
fyaeroe
l a
st
icb ounda
rie
sb yapply
ingc oup
ledc omp u
terflu
idd yn
amic
sa ndst
ructu
res
c
odes
.T h
erehasbeenmuchi n
ter
estinimprov
ingtheanal
y s
isoffl
ighttes
td a
tainorde
rtodet
erminefl
utt
er
o
nse
t.Alotofnon-
line
ari
tym eth
odsarenowav a
ilab
lebutn o
tyetst
an d
ardinaerospa
cein
dust
ry.

R
educti
onsintimea n
dc os
toffl
utt
ercl
ear
ancewi
llbea
chieve
db ydec
rea
singthenumbe
ro fr
eq u
iredf
ligh
t
f
lut
tertes
ts
.T oachieveth
isgoa
ln o
tonlymet
hodstop
redi
ctthef
lut
terbou
n d
ari
esac
c u
rateandtoe v
alua
te
t
hefligh
tflu
ttert
estda
t amor
ep r
eci
secanbeapp
lie
d,a
lsothegrou
ndtes
tm eth
o d
sandtheinves
tig
ationof
n
on-linea
ri
ti
esm us
tb eimprov
ed.

T
heterm“ qu
al
ifi
cat
ionb yana
lys
is”shou
ldn o
tincl
udetodoev
erycle
ara
ncew or
kjus
tw i
ththe
ore
tic
al
m
odel
s,i
sshouldfocu
so n me
thodswhi
chc on
side
rthecomp
le
tec
lear
anceproc
edur
einte
rmsofredu
cing
t
estbybet
terpred
ic
tion
.Q ua
li
fic
at
ionbya n
aly
sisshou
ldt
rytoc
lea
rt h
eairc
raf
twitha
naly
ti
calmeth
ods
s
uppor
tedbyte
sts
.

3
.9 M
oda
lPa
ram
ete
rId
ent
if
ica
tion M
ethod
s
D
if
fer
entm oda
lp aramet
eri dent
if
ica
tionm etho
dsh aveb eenappl
iedf o
rfli
ghtflu
tte
rtest
ingino rd
erto
i
dent
ifynatur
alfrequen
ciesandd am p
ingrat
ios
.T hesetechn
ique
sh avebeenvar
iedinformofas imp
leh a
lf
p
ow e
rp o
i n
tanaly
sistom ul
tipleinpu
t-m ul
tip
leo utpu
tm aximumlikel
ihoodalgo
ri
thm s
.Allthe
sem etho
ds
h
avebee nusedwiththea ssum p
tio
nt ha
tt h
esystemi satac on
stan
tfligh
tcondi
tionandislin
ear.Useof
m
odes h
a pe
sw hichcanb enef
itthem o d
etrack
ingisn otcomm oninin d
ust
ria
la p
pli
edp r
ocedures
.L ar
ge
p
rob
lem sari
seinm easur
ingt hetes
tsignal
sd u
et othenoiseoff
ligh
ti ntu
rbule
nceair
.M etho
dss ho
uldbe
a
vai
labl
et oper
formi n
-fl
ightno n
-l
ineariden
ti
fic
at
i o
no fthest
ruc
ture
.

8-20 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277
 S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

I
fitisposs
i b
letotrac
ka cc
urat
elyon-l
inef
requen
cya nddampingest
ima
tes
,thenth
isw ou
ldbeak ey
ad
vancei
ne xt
endi
ngthegapbetweendi
ffe
ren
tfl
igh
ttestp
oin
ts
.T a
kingthev
iewth
atre
achi
ngates
tpoin
tis
agoodind
icat
iontha
tm os
tflu
tte
rswil
ln o
toccur
,thenanexc
it
ercouldbeuse
dcont
inuou
slytoex
ci
tethe
a
irc
raf
tasthef
ligh
tenve
lopeisexpand
ed.

3
.10 F
lut
terP
red
ict
ionBa
sedonF
lut
terT
estD
ata
T
hem o
stcri
tica
ldecis
ionduringanyfl
igh
tfl u
tte
rt es
tp rogr
amm eisthed e
cis
iontop e
rformt h
en ex
tfli g
ht
f
lut
tertes
tp o
int
.T hi
sc anbeachi
evedbytrackinga ndextrapo
lat
ingthedam p
inga ndfr
eq uenc
yv alue
sa nd
d
ete
rm in
ingw heth
erstab
il
ityismain
ta
ined.Ifthe
r eisap owerfu
lo n
-lin
em ethodava
ilab
lear educt
iono fthe
t
estfli
ghtsisp os
sibl
e.A f
tereachtes
tflightthec omple
ted et
ermina
tionofthem e
asuredd ampinga nd
f
requencyvalue
sm u
stbeperfo
rm e
dtoc omp a
rew iththeaeroel
ast
icpredi
ct
ions.M e
thodss u
cha sthef
l ut
ter
m
argi
na ndthee nve
lopefunct
ioncanb eem pl
oye dtou setheest
im a
tedfrequ
e n
cya nddam pingtopredict
t
her ea
lflut
terspeedarerequi
red
. An ot
a b
led evelopme n
tist h
eu seoftheµr obustn
essm ethodologyto
p
redi
cttheflut
terspeedalongw i
thm ethod
sb ase do nn e
uralnetwork
sa ndtimed omainm ethods
.T h e
se
m
ethodscanb eusedincom bi
nat
ionw i
tho n-lineidenti
fica
tionm e
thod
st oproduc
es a
fee st
imation
so fthe
c
ri
tica
lflut
terspeed.Mos
to ftheabovem entio
ne dp ro
ce du
resw or
kv ery we
llonlyinth elin
e a
rs ys
tem.
M
ethodsw h
ichcantracknon-line
ari
ti
eslikeLCOs houldd ev
eloped
.

4
.0 CONCLUS
ION
T
hispape
rdesc
ribe
sbri
efl
ytheelement
sinaero
ela
st
ic/ae
rose
rv oe
las
ti
cm o
del
lingandf
lig
htf
lut
terte
st
ing
i
nt h
eviewofdete
rmin
ingh owflu
tt
erfl
igh
ttes
tin
gc a
nbeperformedinreduce
dtimeandcos
tont h
es ame
l
evelofr
isk
.Mode
ll
ingcapab
il
it
iesshou
ldbeimprov
edtoi
ncludeformsofn o
n- l
ine
ari
ty
.T omakeeff
icie
nt
u
seofCFDb as
edsimul
at
ionsimprovemen
tsinr
educedmode
ll
ing i
srequi
red
.

I
tisabs
olu
te
lynece
ssa
ryt
oha
vear
el
iab
led
ynam
icm
ode
loft
hee
las
ti
cai
rcr
aftw
hic
hmu
stb
eve
ri
fie
dby
g
roun
dvibr
ati
ont
est
s.

G
roundtes
tstoc he
ckstruc
tur
alm odeco
upli
ngi n
tera
ct
ionm us
tb eper
formedtoas
surest
abi
li
tyandto
c
om par
e-,withanaly
ti
calpre
dic
tion
sifco
rre
lat
ionisach
iev
ed,theva
ria
tionofp
arame
ter
ssuchasex
ter
nal
s
tor
es,fue
lcon
t e
ntcanbeinves
tig
ate
dana
lyt
ica
llyO pe
nandclos
edloopflu
tt
erca
lcu
la
tion
shavetob
ed on
e
t
oc ove
rthef
ullf
ligh
te n
velop
e.

F
lut
tert
estpro
cedur
esandeva
lua
tionofthete
str
esu
lt
ssh
oul
dbeex
tende
dtoal
lowon-
lineupd
at
ingo
fthe
s
tru
ctur
alst
abi
lit
y.N o
n-l
inea
ride
nti
fica
tionmet
hodsmu
stbea
vai
lab
letopr
edi
ctn
o n
-l
inea
rphenom
eno
n
l
ikeLCOf r
omf l
igh
ttes
tdat
a.

5
.0 REFERENCES
D
.J.Ew
ins
Mo
dalTes
tin
g,T h
eory
,Pr
act
icean
dA pp
li
cat
ion,S
eco
ndE
dit
ion
,Re
sea
rchS
tud
iesP
res
sLt
d.
B
aldoc
kH e
rtfo
rdsh
ire
,Eng
land
,SG 76AE
,2 00
0.

R
aym
ondL.B
isp
ling
hof
f,Hol
tAshl
ey,Rob
ertL.Ha
lfm
an
Ae
roe
las
ti
ci
ty,Add
ison-
Wes
leyP
ubl
ishi
n gC
ompan
y,I
nc.
,19
55.

J
anR
.Wr
igh
t,Jon
ath
anE. C
ooper
In
trodu
ct
iontoA
irc
raf
tA e
roe
las
ti
ci
tya
ndL
oad
s,S
eco
ndE
dit
ion
,Wi
ley&S
onsL
td.
,20
15.

W
il
li
amP.Ro
dden
Th
eor
eti
cala
ndC
omp
uta
tio
nalA
ero
ela
st
ic
ity
,20
10.

STO-
EN-
SCI-
277 8-21
S
truc
tura
lDynam
icandF
lut
terTes
ting

D
ewe
yH.Hodge
s,G.Alv
inPie
rce
I
ntr
oduc
tio
ntoStru
ctu
ralDyn
ami
csandAer
oel
ast
ic
ity
,Se
con
dEd
it
ion
C
am b
rid
geU n
ive
rs
ityPre
ss,N
ewY o
rk,2
011.

N
.H.Z
imm ermann,J.T
.Wei
sse
n b
urg
er
Pr
edic
tio
no fFlu
tt
erO n
setSp
eedBase
donFl
ightT
est
inga
tSubc
ri
ti
calS
pee
ds
Jou
rnalofAirc
raf
t,Vol1,No
.4,Ju
ly-
Aug
.1964
,pp190-2
02.

J
.I
.E.Z
eng,Sun
ilL.Kukre
ja
Flu
tt
erPred
ic
tionforF
lig
ht/W
ind-T
unn
elFlu
tt
erTes
tUnde
rAtmosp
her
icT
urb
ule
nceE
xci
ta
tio
n
Journ
alofAir
craf
t,Vo
l.50
,No.6,Nov
.-D
ec.201
3,pp1
696-1
709
.

8-22 STO-
EN-
SCI-
277