DELT 11232 – ENGLISH

FOR PROFESSIONALS
Lesson 02 – Academic Writing
Skills

1
 At the end of the lesson, you will be able
to,

✣ Demonstrate understanding of the concept of plagiarism

✣ Use accurate citations and references using the APA 7th edition
style.

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AN INTRODUCTION TO
PLAGIARISM

3
 THINK
✣ Is it okay for a singer to use the lyrics from another singer's
song and sell the song as if it is their own?

✣ Can a musician use some of the lyrics from another song?

✣ What if the musician clearly refers to the original artist while

using the words, like a tribute?

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 Plagiarism
✣ Plagiarius (Latin)= Kidnapper
✣ False assumption of authorship: the wrongful act of taking a product of another
person’s mind, and presenting as one’s own (Harper, 1952).

Plagiarism means using another’s work without giving them credit and
saying that it is your own
✣ Plagiarism is the act of presenting the work of another as your own.

✣ If you use the work of someone else and either knowingly or inadvertently
claim it as your own creation you are committing an act of plagiarism

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 Types of Plagiarism
✣ Intentional plagiarism
Intentional plagiarism is knowingly presenting someone else's ideas, research,
or words as your own. These are all examples of cheating, and these types of
plagiarism carry very serious.

✣ Unintentional plagiarism
Unintentional plagiarism is not giving proper credit for someone else's ideas,
research, or words, even if it was not intentional to present them as your own.
Even if it was not intentional, it is still plagiarism and not acceptable.

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✣ Intentional plagiarism ✣ Unintentional plagiarism

✣ Copying/downloading/buying. ✣ Accidentally failing to cite your

sources correctly.
✣ Intentionally not giving proper credit
for a source. ✣ ​Not citing paraphrased information.

✣ Self-plagiarism ✣ Incorrectly paraphrasing.

✣ Unintentionally using a "source"

from the web, which is actually
someone else's research paper.

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 When do you plagiarize?
✣ Copying and pasting text from online encyclopedias

✣ Copying and pasting text from any web site

✣ Using photographs, video or audio without permission or

acknowledgement

✣ Using another student’s or your parents’ work and claiming it as

your own even with permission

✣ Using your own work without properly citing it!

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 When do you plagiarize? cont.
 Quoting a source without using quotation marks-even if you do cite it

 Citing sources you didn’t use

 Getting a research paper, story, poem, or article off the Internet

 Turning in the same paper for more than one class without the
permission of both teachers (this is called self-plagiarism)
 What else???

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 How to avoid plagiarism
✣ Use your own words and ideas

✣ Always give credit to the source where you have received your information

✣ If you use someone’s exact words - put them in quotes and give credit using in-
text citations. Include the source in your references
✣ If you have paraphrased someone’s work, (summarizing a passage or rearranging
the order of a sentence and changing some of the words)-always give credit

✣ Avoid using someone else’s work with minor “cosmetic” changes

✣ https://youtu.be/p5oj_mUd6QY

10
 ACTIVITY

✣ Determine whether or not the following are examples of

plagiarism

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 EXAMPLE #1
SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew too much wheat, but
because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at all from 1932 to 1940. During years of
normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection
against wind erosion. In the droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable
growth of ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought then began a
chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.

STUDENT PAPER:
"The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew too much wheat, but
because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at all from 1932 to 1940” (Hurt, 1981, p. 29-
30).

APA reference:
Hurt, R. D. (1981). The dust bowl: An agricultural and social history. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

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 EXAMPLE #2
SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew too much wheat, but
because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at all from 1932 to 1940. During years of
normal precipitation, the excessive root system of the wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection
against wind erosion. In the droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable
growth of ground cover in the early Spring “blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought then
began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.

STUDENT PAPER:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew too much wheat, but
because the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at all from 1932 to 1940 (Hurt, 1981, p. 29-
30).

APA reference:
Hurt, R. D. (1981). The dust bowl: An agricultural and social history. Chicago: Nelson-Hall.

13
 EXAMPLE #3
SOURCE USED:
The wind erosion problem of the southern Great Plains did not occur because farmers grew too much wheat, but because
the drought prevented them from growing hardly any wheat at all from 1932 to 1940. During years of normal precipitation,
the excessive root system of the wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent protection against wind erosion. In the
droughty Thirties, however, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of ground cover in the early Spring
“blow season” of February, March, and April. The drought then began a chain of events, the first of which was crop failure.

STUDENT PAPER:
The wind erosion problem of the Great Plains occurred because the drought prevented farmers from growing hardly any
wheat from 1932 to 1940. Normally, the excessive root system of the wheat plants held the soil and offered excellent
protection against wind erosion, but in the Thirties, the inadequate moisture supply prevented a suitable growth of ground
cover.

APA reference:
None

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 Citation and Referencing

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 Watch the video on “citation” and answer the
following questions.

a)What is citation?
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

b)Why do we need to cite?

……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………

c)What are the most common styles of citation?

……………………………………………………………………………………
……….. 16
17
In-text Citation

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 Citing in-text: the basics
1. Short quotations
✣ If you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of
publication, and page number for the reference (preceded by "p.199" for a single page
and “pp.199-215” for a span of multiple pages, with the page numbers separated by an en
dash).

✣ You can introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name
followed by the date of publication in parentheses.

According to Jones (1998), "students often had difficulty

using APA style, especially when it was their first time"
(p. 199).

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✣ According to Canagarajah (2019) “The notion of heritage language (HL) has
recently been challenged by emerging orientations to language” (p 9).
✣ “The notion of heritage language (HL) has recently been challenged by
emerging orientations to language” (Canagaraja, 2019, p 9).

✣ Code switching is the most significant feature in the ESL classroom context.
qQEfwreGTERGTRHTRY. Canagaraj (2019) has stated that
“Consider the activity of ordering coffee in a café in my town. It involves knowing the
terms related to cup sizes and blends (often in Italian); reading the price chart (in English);
standing in a line to get to the barista; participating in the service encounter with an
understanding of the required discourse sequence; handing over the cash and receiving
change at the proper time in the service encounter; and positioning oneself to
receiving one’s order at the right time and place. This activity requires certain objects,
words, discourse conventions, bodily movements, gestures, postures, and participant
frameworks” (p13)
Taken from/ Adapted from / retrieved from …………………..

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✣ If you do not include the author’s name in the text of the sentence, place
the author's last name, the year of publication, and the page number in
parentheses after the quotation.

She stated, "Students often had difficulty using APA style"

(Jones, 1998, p. 199), but she did not offer an explanation as
to why.

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 Paraphrasing an idea from another
work
✣ Make reference to the author and year of publication in your in-text
reference and may omit the page numbers.

According to Jones (1998), APA style is a difficult citation format for first-
time learners.

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 Citing multiple authors
✣ A work by two authors
✣ Name both authors in the signal phrase or in parentheses each time
you cite the work.
✣ Use the word "and" between the authors' names within the text and
use the ampersand in parentheses.

Research by Wegener and Petty (1994) supports...

Or

(Wegener & Petty, 1994)

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 . A work by three or more authors

✣ List only the first author’s name followed by “et al.” in every
citation, even the first, unless doing so would create ambiguity
between different sources.

(Kernis et al., 1993)

Kernis et al. (1993) suggest...

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 Organization as an Author

✣ According to the American Psychological Association

(2000),...

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 REFERENCING
REFERENCES/ REFERENCING
LIST/ BIBLIOGRAPHY/ IES

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 Watch the video
✣ https://youtu.be/_fVv2Jt0o18

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 Basic rule of referencing
✣ All lines after the first line of each entry in your reference list should be indented one-
half inch from the left margin. This is called hanging indentation.

✣ All authors' names should be inverted (i.e., last names should be provided first).
✣ Authors' first and middle names should be written as initials.
Eg. Marie Anne Taylor = Taylor, M. A.
Prof Dilkushi Wettewa – Wettewa, D.

✣ Reference list entries should be alphabetized by the last name of the first author of each
work.

✣ For multiple articles by the same author, or authors listed in the same order, list the
entries in chronological order, from earliest to most recent.

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 Basic rule of referencing

✣ Italicize titles of longer works (e.g., books, edited collections,

names of newspapers).

✣ Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of

shorter works such as chapters in books or essays in edited
collections

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CITING DIFFERENT
SOURCES

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 BOOKS
Author’s last name, initials. (year). Title of book. City: publisher’s name.
Leboffe, M. (2010). Microbiology: laboratory theory and application.
Englewood: Morton Publishing Company.

Goulding, M., & Mahar, D. (1996). Floods of fortune: Ecology and

economy along the Amazon. New York, NY: Columbia University
Press.

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 Book with editor (s)
✣ Author’s last name, initials. (Ed.). (year). Title of book. City: publisher’s name.
Gibbs, J. T. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority
youth. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.

NB: Book with more than one editor- Add (Eds.) in brackets after the last editor’s
name and follow the same formatting
✣ Edition Other Than the First:
Author’s last name, initials. (year). Title of book. (2nd ed.). City: publisher’s name.
Klarsfeld A., & Revah F. (2003). The biology of death: origins of mortality. (3rd ed.).
Ithaca (NY): Cornell University Press.

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 Chapters in edited books
Author’s last name, initials. (year). Chapter title. In initial, last name of
editor (Ed.), Title of book (pp. page numbers). City: publisher’s name.

Rapley, R. (2010.) Recombinant DNA and genetic analysis. In K, Wilson

(Ed.), Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular
biology (p. 195–262). New York (NY): Cambridge University Press.

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 Journal article (Printed)
Author’s last name, initials. (year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume #(issue #),
page numbers.

Emlen,D.J. (2001). Costs and the diversification of exaggerated animal structures.

Science 291(5508), 1534–1536.

✣ NB: some articles may not have an issue number

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 Journal articles with DOI
Author’s last name, initials. (year). Title of article. Title of journal, volume #(issue #), page
numbers. doi:xxxxxx or URL

Herbst-Damm, K. L., & Kulik, J. A (2005). Volunteer support, marital status, and the
survival times of terminally ill patients. Health Psychology, 24, 225-229.
doi:10.1037/0278-6133.24.2.225

Sterling, J.T., and Ream, R.R. (2004). At-sea behavior of juvenile male northern fur seals
(Callorhinus ursinus). Canadian Journal of Zoology, 82(10), 1621–1637.
Retrieved from http://pubs.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/cgi-bin/rp/rp2_abst_e?cjz_z04- 136_82_ns_nf

NB: some articles may not have an issue number

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 Web document/ web page
Last name, initials. (Year). Title. Retrieved from URL

Mendeley, J. A. (2017). How and when to reference. Retrieved from

https://www.howandwhentoreference.com

Web page with no author

How and when to reference. (2017). Retrieved from
https://www.howandwhentoreference.com

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 E – books
Author’s last name, initials. (year of publication). Title of e-book: Subtitle.
Retrieved from URL
Eaton, S.W. (1995). Kaufman Field Guide to Birds of North America. Retrieved
from http://bna.birds.cornell.edu/bna/species/182/articles/introduction

NB: Some e-books are assigned a DOI, which should also be included in your
reference if given.

DOI available:
Author, A., and Author, B. (date of original publication). Title of e-book:
Subtitle. doi:10.XXXX/XXXXXXXX.XX
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 Unpublished sources
Thesis, dissertations, unpublished articles

Author’s last name, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of doctoral dissertation or

master's thesis (Unpublished doctoral dissertation or master's thesis). Name of
Institution, Location.

Keller, C.P. (1987). The role of polysaccharidases in acid wall loosening of epidermal
tissue from young Phaseolus vulgaris L. hypocotyls (Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis).
Department of Botany, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C.

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 Newspaper article
Newspaper article in print:
Author’s last name, initials. (Year, Month Date of Publication). Article
title. Newspaper Title, pp. xx, xx.

Hatch, B. (2006, July 13). Smoke lingers for those who keep hospitality
flowing. Australian Financial Review, p. 14.

Schwartz, J. (1993, September 30). Obesity affects economic, social status. The
Washington Post, pp. Al, A4

NB: Precede page numbers for newspaper articles with p. or pp.

If an article appears on discontinuous pages, give all page numbers, and separate the
numbers with a comma 39
 Newspaper article online (freely available on the Web):

Author’s last name, initials. (Year, Month Date of Publication).

Article title. Newspaper Title. Retrieved from newspaper
homepage URL

Hilts, P. J. (1999, February 16). In forecasting their emotions,

most people flunk out. The New York Times. Retrieved
from http://www.nytimes.com

NB: Give the URL of the home page

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 Magazine articles
✣ A magazine article in print:
Author’s last name, initials. (Year, month of Publication). Article title. Magazine
Title, Volume(Issue), page numbers.
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15), 3-
40.

✣ An online magazine article:

Author’s last name, initials. (Year, Month of Publication). Article title. Magazine
Title, Volume(Issue). Retrieved from http://xxxx
Tumulty, K. (2006, April). Should they stay or should they go? Time, 167(15).
Retrieved from
http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1179361 ,00.html
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 Citing a source within a source
Scenario: You read a 2007 article by Linhares and Brum that cites an earlier article,
by Frederick. You want to cite Frederick's article, but you have not read Frederick's
article itself

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 Further study

✣ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citation/apa_style/apa_
style_introduction.html

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 Task – Make the reference for the followings
Source Information
• Document type: Journal article (Section 10.1)
• Authors: Kenneth Nowack and Paul Zak
• Publication year: 2020
• Article title: Empathy enhancing antidotes for interpersonally toxic leaders
• Journal information: C onsulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, Volume
72,Issue 2, pages 119–133
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/cpb0000164

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Source Information
• Document type: Edited book chapter (Section 10.3)
• Chapter authors: T. Lindsey Burrell, William Sharp, Cristina Whitehouse, and
Cynthia R. Johnson
• Publication year: 2019
• Chapter title: Parent training for food selectivity in autism spectrum disorder
• Book editors: Cynthia R. Johnson, Eric M. Butter, and Lawrence Scahill
• Book title: Parent training for autism spectrum disorder: Improving the qualityof life
for children and their families
• Chapter page range: 173–202
• Publisher: American Psychological Association
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0000111-008

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THANK YOU!

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