INCOPORATING

SOURCES
 Incorporating Sources
• Incorporating (or integrating) another scholar’s ideas or words into your work can be
done by

 Quoting

 Paraphrasing

• By integrating sources properly, you can ensure a consistent voice in your writing and
ensure your text remains readable and coherent.

• Note: The choice to use citations in your academic work shows an ability to read,
understand, and synthesize ideas from source material.
 Incorporating Sources: Quoting
• When you quote, you include the exact words of another author in your
research paper, in quotation marks, without changing them
• Quoting can be useful for providing precise definitions.
• You can also quote material when you want to analyze the author’s language or
style, or when it’s difficult to convey the author’s meaning in different words.
• Quoted text must be enclosed in quotation marks.
• You can integrate quotes effectively by introducing them in your own words,
providing relevant background information, or explaining why the quote is
relevant.
• According to Zola (1893), art should reflect the fact that “there is an absolute
determinism for all human phenomena” ( p. 18).
 Incorporating Sources: Paraphrasing
• Paraphrasing means putting another author’s ideas into your own words while
retaining the original meaning.
• Paraphrasing is useful when you want to show your understanding of the original
source.
• It also helps you to integrate sources smoothly, maintaining a consistent voice
throughout your paper and maintaining focus on the material that’s relevant to
your argument.
• When paraphrasing, be careful to avoid accidental plagiarism. Make sure that
your paraphrase is sufficiently different to the original text and is properly cited.
• You must put the material into your own words, substantially changing the
structure or wording of the original text.
 How to Paraphrase effectively?
• To paraphrase effectively, don’t just take the original sentence and swap out
some of the words for synonyms. Instead, try:
• Reformulating the sentence (e.g., change active to passive, or start from a
different point)
• Combining information from multiple sentences into one
• Leaving out information from the original that isn’t relevant to your point
• Using synonyms where they don’t distort the meaning
• The main point is to ensure you don’t just copy the structure of the original
text, but instead reformulate the idea in your own words.
Incorporating Sources: Paraphrasing
Example
• Original Text: “While medicine continues to view the digestive system as being largely
independent of the brain, we now know that these two organs are intricately connected with
each other, an insight reflected in the concept of a gut-brain axis. Based on this concept, our
digestive system is much more delicate, complex, and powerful than we once assumed.
Recent studies suggest that in close interactions with its resident microbes, the gut can
influence our basic emotions, our pain sensitivity, and our social interactions, and even guide
many of our decisions—and not just those about our food preferences and meal sizes” (Mayer,
2016, p. 10).
• Paraphrased Text: Recent research suggests that the relationship between our gut bacteria
and our brain functions is more complicated than previously believed. Rather than functioning
autonomously, our digestive system can profoundly influence our sensations, impulses, and
decision-making (Mayer, 2016).
 Incorporating Sources: Using Signal
Phrases
• Signal phrases are used to attribute a quote or idea to another author. You
can use them when you quote or paraphrase sources.
• It usually includes the name of the author and an attribute tag such as “has
criticized,” followed by the relevant quote or idea.
• For Example:
Einstein stated that the description “of the position of an object in space is
based on the specification of the point on a rigid body (body of reference)
with which that event or object coincides” (2001, pp. 5–6).
 Incorporating Sources: Sample
Isaac Newton was born prematurely on Christmas day 1642 (4 January 1643, New Style) in
Woolsthorpe, a hamlet near Grantham in Lincolnshire. The posthumous son of an illiterate yeoman (also named
Isaac), the fatherless infant was small enough at birth to fit 'into a quartpot.' When he was barely three years old
Newton’s mother, Hanna (Ayscough), placed her first born with his grandmother in order to remarry and raise a
second family with Barnabas Smith, a wealthy rector from nearby North Witham. Much as been made of Newton’s
posthumous birth, his prolonged separation from his mother, and his unrivaled hatred of his stepfather. Until Hanna
returned to Woolsthorpe in 1653 after the death of her second husband, Newton was denied his mother's attention, Note: Integrate the information on the
a possible clue to his complex character. Newton's childhood was anything but happy, and throughout his life he early life of Isaac Newton given in the
verged on emotional collapse, occasionally falling into violent and vindictive attacks against friend and foe alike. two passages below into your own
Source: paragraph on the topic, using a
Hatch, R. A., & Morris, C. (1998, March 21). Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727). Biographical Notes 15 (3), 35-67. combination of paraphrase and
(The passage is from pp. 39-40) quotation. and documenting your use
of the sources using the APA format for
in-text citations. You must quote at
Meanwhile, his education proceeded throughout his youth: after attending two local schools near
least once from each source, and use
Woolthope, at age twelve he went to the larger Grantham Grammar School, located in nearby Grantham. The details
your
of his childhood are dubious at best, since those who knew him did not write down their observations until years
own language when paraphrasing.
later, when he had already attained fame as Europe's greatest mind. Nevertheless, most accounts agree that he was a
Your paragraph should be about 200
sober, quiet man, ill at ease amid the rough-and-tumble of his schoolfellows. From a young age, he seems to have
words long.
harbored a fascination for gadgets and odd contraptions, spending his free time tinkering with kites, water wheels,
sundials, and clocks. But his inquisitive intelligence apparently failed to bring him success at school, where he was
described as "idle" and "inattentive"--his mind was doubtless occupied with other--perhaps larger--matters. His
performance at Grantham was further disturbed by Newton's obligations in managing his mother’s estate; and
indeed, his family expected these duties to fill the rest of Isaac's life. Yet it appears that someone intervened--whether
one of his schoolmasters, as some accounts suggest; or his maternal uncle, William Ayscough: or, as others claim, a
mysterious stranger who supposedly came across the young Newton reading in a haystack-someone arranged for
Newton in l661 to leave Lincolnshire, and enroll as a subsizar (a kind of I7th-century "work-study" student) at Trinity
College, Cambridge.
Source:
Isaac Newton study guide: Newton's youth. (n.d.), fromhttp:llwww.sparknotes.con/biography/newton/section I.htm!
 Incorporating Sources: Sample Answer
Isaac Newton had a difficult childhood, and the impact lasted throughout his life. Born in Lincolnshire in 1642, he was a
premature baby, and his father died before his birth (Hatch & Morris, 1998. pp. 39-40). His mother remarried when he was only
three, and left her son with his grandmother when she moved to her new husband's home. Until his mother returned in 1653 on
the death of her second husband, she was absent from Newton's life, with undoubted negative repercussions (Hatch & Morris,
1998, pp.39-40). Newton 's schooling began in wo local schools, and then continued in Grantham Grammar School from when he
was twelve, where he seemed to have been "ill at ease amid the rough-and-tumble of his schoolfellows “ and undistinguished in his
school work ("'Isaac Newton," n.d). However, he did spend time experimenting with various gadgets such as sundials and water
wheels, and was expected to eventually spend his life managing the family estate, but an unknown person arranged for him to
attend Cambridge University with a kind of scholarship ("Isaac Newton, " n.d). According to Hatch and Morris (1998), the
circumstances of Newton 's childhood help to explain the complexity of his personality, which often "verged on emotional collapse,
occasionally falling into violent and vindictive attacks against friend and foe alike" (pp. 39-40). [about 200 words]
 Incorporating Sources: In-text Citation
• Author’s name in brackets when not part of the narrative: One study found that the
most important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the
topic (Gass & Varonis, 1984)
• Author’s name part of the narrative: Gass and Varonis (1984) found that the most
important element in comprehending non-native speech is familiarity with the topic.
• Multiple works: Research shows that listening to a particular accent improves
comprehension of accented speech in general (Gass & Varonis, 1984; Krech &
Thomsas, 2004)
• Direct quote: (add quotation marks and page numbers)
• One study found that “the listnerer’s familiarity with the topic of discourse greatly
facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (Gass & Varonis, 1984, p. 85).
• Gass and Varonis (1984) found that ”the listener’s familiarity with the topic of
[Note: use the variations above while practicing the sample on "Mona Lisa"]
discoutse greatly facilitates the interpretation of the entire message” (p. 85).
 Incorporating Sources: Practice Exercise
She presents an unresolved riddle after almost 500 years. Her identity remains uncertain; her smile is still an enigma. The
"Mona Lisa" may be the world's most famous painting, the most analysed, romanticised, satirised and appropriated, but she is also
unknowable. She returns our gaze, her secrets intact. The first to mention her was the Italian historian Giorgio Vasari. In his monumental
account of the Italian artists of his time, he reported her appearance in minute detail. But he is inaccurate, and the errors are puzzling until
you learn that he never saw the picture. Much else in Vasari's account has been unpicked, including the identity of the sitter. He tells us that
she was Lisa Gherardini, the wife of Francesco del Giocondo - Monna Lisa. But the notion that she was just a Florentine housewife does not Integrate the information on n
content everyone. Various arguments have been put forward to give her a more aristocratic or idealised identity. The problem of the identity of the "Mona Lisa,"
identification is compounded by Leonardo's decision to keep the portrait. When he left Italy in 1516 to become court decorator for François I the subject of Leonardo da
of France, he took the Mona Lisa with him, possibly unfinished. Leonardo had no heirs, and this famous Italian painting remained in France. Vinci's famous painting in the
It became part of the royal collection, and might have languished unknown had not history played an ace. The Revolution turned the Louvre, two passages below into your
formerly a palace, into a public art gallery. Suddenly the Mona Lisa found herself owned by the French state and housed in arguably the own paragraph on the topic,
most famous museum in the world. Writers began to circle around her, making a cult of Leonardo, trying to analyse the source of her power. using a combination of
She both enchanted and disturbed, becoming a devouring temptress. paraphrase and quotation, and
Source: Spalding, F., & Nenos, G. (2001, March 29). Enduring riddle of a mysterious woman. The Independent. p.C3-4. documenting your use of the
sources using the APA format
Historians agree that Leonardo commenced the painting of Mona Lisa in 1503, working on it for approximately four years and for in-text citations. You must
keeping it himself for some years after. Supposedly this was because Mona Lisa was Leonardo’s favourite painting and he was loathe to part quote at least once from each
with it. Whatever the reason, much later it was sold to the King of France for four thousand gold crowns. What is certain is that the painting source, and use your own
was never passed onto the rightful owner, that being the man who originally commissioned and presumably paid for it. Who was the lady in language when paraphrasing,
question? At this time researchers remain uncertain of the sitter's identity with some claiming she was Isabella of Aragon, the widowed your paragraph should be
Duchess of Milan; they point out the 'widows veil' on her head as supporting evidence. Others conclude she was the mistress of Giuliano de' about 150 words long.
Medici, but the veil on her head may well be a symbol of chastity, commonly shown at the time in portraits of married women. The path
shown in the painting may also be the 'path of virtue', which would be unlikely to appear in a painting of a mistress. It is probable that she
was Mona Lisa Gherardini, the third wife of wealthy silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. At this stage Lisa would have been over twenty-
four years of age, by the standards of the time she was not in any way considered particularly beautiful, though Leonardo saw certain
qualities which have now made her the most heavily insured woman in history. The most unusual suggestion is that Mona Lisa was really a
man in disguise, perhaps being a form of self-portrait and the face of Leonardo himself. Computer tests show some of the facial features
match well that of another self-portrait of Leonardo. Some copies of the Mona Lisa also show the sitter as a male.
Source: Mona Lisa's many faces and phantasms. (n.d.). Retrieved April 12, 2009, from http://www.lairweb.org.nz/leonardo/mona.html
 Source
• Ryan, E. (2023, June 01). How to Integrate Sources | Explanation &
Examples. <Scribbr.
https://www.scribbr.com/working-with-sources/integrating-sources/>