CHAPTER II

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter of the study presents the related studies and literature which guide them for

the better understanding of the problem.

Review of Related Literature and Studies

“We are currently in the fourth industrial revolution of high technology and a fast-paced

digital era, but there are still challenges of distance learning to resolve. The impact is no longer

just on the students but the instructors at hand as well. Although students of this century are born

digital natives, the difficulty of the ‘distance’ can still propose multiple challenges.” (Wu, 2020)

Internet connectivity is the most faced problem in conducting classes in the new normal.

OOKLA’s Speedtest Global Index assessment done last April 2020, the Philippines ranked 121st

out of 139 surveyed countries in mobile internet speed and 110th out of 174 in fixed broadband

internet speed. Regards to this, the DepEd pursued blended learning (modular and online) to

anticipate those students who have slow internet connectivity brought by their geographical

location.

The open distance learning also proposes new challenges in the dissemination of

information, most especially to the developing countries. Mossberger et. al (2003) identifies that
one of the challenges to distance learners is the technical competence, which is needed to

consider

to be able to access to contemporary ICT. Technical competence pertains to the ability or skills

required to operate the hardware and software of ICT, including the capability of using network

systems to acquire and partake information (Warschauner, 2003). Having lack of knowledge

with this is a big challenge as learner may fail to access resources involving ICT.

Furthermore, a case study held in Zimbabwe Open University by Maxwell C.C.

Musingafi, et.al. showed that open and distance learning learners were challenged with a range

of obstacles in their course of studies. The most reported challenges were lack of sufficient time

for study, difficulties in access and use of information and communications technology (ICT),

ineffective feedback and lack of study materials.

According to Arias, Swinton, and Anderson (2018) in their study: Online V.S. Face-to

Face: A Comparison of Student Outcomes with Random Assignment, students who enrolled the

face-to-face class performed statistically, significantly better than the online class in terms of the

exam average and improvement in post-test instructor questions.

Meanwhile, according to Baker, Rachel, Evans, Brent, Li, Qiujie, Cung, Bianca (2019)

in their study: Does Inducing Students to Schedule Lecture Watching in Online Classes Improve
Their Academic Performance? An Experimental Analysis of a Time Management Intervention,

showed that time management skills are an essential component of student success, especially in

online classes or the distance learning. In this way, if students practice managing their time or do

the ‘pomodoro technique’ they will be able to chase their dreams and even adapt themselves with

the new learning environment. As well as, to better cope up with it they need to think positive

and enjoy learning.

Education Secretary Leonor Briones stated during the Senate basic education committee

hearing, “We never can attain full readiness because the world is changing rapidly”. She added

“Education cannot wait, for the situation to return to normal”.

 Conceptual Framework

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

• By sending • Students' experience sin

• Understanding the the new educational
questionnaires through
challenges brought by the context are identified and
google forms to Grade 11-
educational context in the analyzed • Practical ways
STEM students of Pinili
new normal to adapt with the distance
National High School
learning is determined

Paradigm 1

This foregoing paradigm shows that utilizing questionnaires through Google forms for

the selected respondents will lead to the identification of the challenges encountered by the

students in the new learning environment. Likewise, ways to practice in order to adapt with the

distance learning will be determined and recommended.

Operational Definition of Terms

Educational context- it is the preferred learning setting where a group of people (students) who,

through different learning experiences, gain knowledge and learn skills or abilities.

Distance learning- the new way of studying in which you do not attend school, college or
university, but study from where you live, usually being taught and given work to do over the

internet, or through printed modules.

New normal- refers to the condition of society where the usual norms, standards, and practices

are modified.

Students- refer to the Grade 11-STEM students of Pinili National High School.

Assumptions of the Study

In conducting this study, the researcher will be guided by the following assumptions:

1. The instrument that will be used is valid and reliable.

2. The responses of the respondents are their honest, true and objective perceptions on the

items taken.

3. The answer of the respondents must be valid.