Lecture 3 Drilling Geology

Lecture Notes
OGU 07110
Basics Of Oil And Gas Fields
Development.
#Credits 06
Lecture #03 – Drilling Geology
1st Semester 2022/2023
Dar es salaam Maritime Institute

Marine Engineering Department
By Eng. Anna Msongela (Msc.)
References
1. Bai, Y., and Bai, Q. (2014). Subsea pipeline intergrity
and risk management. 1st Edition. Gulf Professional
Publishing. USA.
2. Carvajal, G., Maucec, M., and Cullick, S. (2017).
Intelligent Digital Oil and Gas Fields: Consepts,
Collaboration, and Right-Time Decisions. 1st Edition.
Gulf Professional Publishing. USA.
3. .Lyons, W. C., and Plisga, G.J. (2011). Standard
handbook of petroleum and natural gas engineering. 3rd
Edition. Elsevier. Netherlands.
4. Fanchi, J. R. (2018). Principles of applied reservoir
simulation. 4th Edition. Elsevier. Netherlands.
2
Lecture Outline
 1.0 Drilling Geology
1.1Geological well design
 Well Types
 Important information in well design
 Directional drilling
1.2 Geological Logging
 Cutting Logging
 Core Logging
 Mud Logging
 Drill –Time Logging
1.3 Formation Testing
1.4 Well Completion
3
General Overview
 Drilling
operations are carried out during all
stages of field development and in all types of
environments.
 The main objectives are the acquisition of
information and the safeguarding of
production.
 Expenditure for drilling represents a large

fraction of the total project’s capital
expenditure (typically 20% to 40%) and an
understanding of the techniques, equipment
and cost of drilling is therefore important.
4
General Overview Cont…
 An initial successful exploration well will establish the
presence of a working petroleum system.
 In the following months, the data gathered in the
first well will be evaluated and the results
documented.
 The next step will be the appraisal of the
accumulation requiring more wells.
 If the project is subsequently moved forward,
development wells will have to be engineered.
 The following section will focus on these drilling
activities, and will also investigate the interactions
between the drilling team and the other E&P
functions.
5
1.0 Drilling Geology
 As a geologist, he should gather data in the
drilling. Data gathering is an activity which
provides the geologist with the information
required to estimate the volume of the
reservoir, its fluid content, productivity, and
potential for development.
 It is a basic work. Data gathering is not only

carried out at the exploration stage of the
field life cycle, but continues throughout
the field life. 6
1.0 Drilling Geology Cont…
 The timely acquisition of static and dynamic
reservoir data is critical for the optimization of
development options and production
operations.
 Reservoir data enables the description and

quantification of fluid and rock properties.
 The amount and accuracy of the data

available will determine the range of
uncertainty associated with estimates made
by the subsurface engineer.
7
1.0 Drilling Geology Cont…

8
1.1 Well Geological Design
 Before continuing with drilling what do you

need?
-You need to do well planning and its objective.
What are the objectives?
 to gather information
 to produce hydrocarbon
 to inject gas or water
 to relieve a blowout
 To dispose water, drill cuttings or co2 –
sequestration
9
 Once the objectives of the well are clear,

further decisions have to be made.
 One decision will be where to site the
drilling location relative to the subsurface
target and which type of rig to use.
 Ifno prior drilling activities have been
recently carried out in the area, an
environmental impact assessment (EIA) will
usually be carried out as a first step
10
 An EIA is usually undertaken
 to meet the legal requirements of the host
country
 ensure that the drilling activity is
acceptable to the local environment
 quantify risks and possible liabilities in case
of accidents.
11
 An EIA may have to include concerns such as
 protection of sites of special interest (e.g. nature reserves,
archaeological sites) noise control in built-up areas
 air emission
 effluent and waste disposal
 pollution control
 visual impact
 traffic (rig transport and supply)
 emergency response (e.g. fire, spills).
 The EIA is an important document, often on the drilling project’s
critical path. In new areas, the required environmental data
may not be available. Data collection may stretch over several
seasons to capture such parameters as currents, migration
paths, breeding habitats or weather patterns.
12
1.1 Well Geologic Design Cont…
 To optimise the design of a well it is desirable to have
as accurate a picture as possible of the subsurface.
Therefore, a number of disciplines will have to provide
information prior to the design of the well trajectory
and before a drilling rig and specific equipment can
be selected.
 The geologists and drilling engineers will be able to

design the well in detail using the information
obtained from the petroleum engineers and
geoscientists.
 In particular he will plan the setting depth and ratings

for the various casing strings, mud weights and mud
types required during drilling, and gather information
from geological logging and formation testing. 13
1.1 Well Geologic Design Cont…
 In the process of planning you should be able to
think what type of a well am I going to drill?
 1.1.1Different types of well
14
1.1 Well Geological Design Cont…
 Different types of well
15
 1.1.2 Important information in design
16
 Important information in design
17
18
19
20
21
22
 1.1.3 Directional Drilling
 deviated well----the deflecting well with
displacement and orientation
 multiple well----wells group drilled in the
offshore platform
 relief well----wells design for engineering
purposes
 horizontal well----well with maximum
angle approach or reach 90°.
23
 Example of a horizontal well
24
 Example of a multilateral well
25
 Advantages of deviated and multiple well:
26
I
27
1.2 Geological Logging Cont…
The basic rotary rig
28
 1.2.1Cutting Logging
29
 1.2.2 Core Logging
30
 Core Logging
31
 1.2.3 Mud Logging
32
 Mud Logging
33
 Mud circulation system
34
 1.2.4 Drill-time Logging
35
1.3 Formation Testing
36
1.3 Formation Testing Cont…
 1.3.1 Advantages of Formation Testing
1. Saving steel and cement, reducing
drilling cost;
2. Short time, achieve data quickly;
3. Timely oil reservoir evaluation, and it is
a effect method to find oil reservoir in
new exploration area
37
1.4 Well Completion
 In well completion stage we focus mainly on
 Well Cementing
The job to fill cement in annular space between
borehole wall and casing, after tripping in casing
strings of a certain size,
 Well Completion
 Well completion objective:
 good for borehole stability;
 sufficiently expose hydrocarbon reservoir;
 good for oil and gas flowing to ground;
 good for oil and gas wells normal production ;
 good for stimulation measurement,
fracturing, acidifying etc. 38
1.4 Well Completion
 Example of a casing scheme
39
1.4.1 Well Cementing
 Objectives well cementing
 To bond the casing to the formation and
thereby support the borehole wall
 l To prevent the casing from buckling in
critical sections
 l To separate the different zones behind
the
casing and thereby prevent fluid
movement
between permeable formations
 l To seal off trouble horizons such as lost
circulation zones
40
1.4.1 Well Completion Process
 Initial Completion
 Later Completion
41
-End_
Thank You
42

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Lecture Notes

1st Semester 2022/2023

Dar es salaam Maritime Institute

 Expenditure for drilling represents a large

 It is a basic work. Data gathering is not only

 Reservoir data enables the description and

 The amount and accuracy of the data

 Before continuing with drilling what do you

 Once the objectives of the well are clear,

 The geologists and drilling engineers will be able to

 In particular he will plan the setting depth and ratings

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