Date 2 scssseeceeseeenees A 4 W. THE WORK shine by a force is defined asthe peoduct of that fare mes ‘nt podillel distance der which it acts. Consider the simple case ef tonight — “lint_motion_cthiwn_in igure Lelow, where a fyrce F acts sha body Prat “simultane ouly widergoes a vector dicplace ment F. The cimponent of F in he dintctin “of F is Fear o. The work W done by +he firce F ir defined “ty be the component of Fin the dtrechsn of the olesplacement, mulhiplied by the aS placement = displacement ¢ under the a = Figues Foos 6 actish of i Constant Force 5. F, tre work done by the __firee_is Fscos6. ol an pbject undergoes a = Joule (J) Figure? - = i) Cb) — 7 (co) Assuming that the magnitude ofthe applied force 1s the same. in all_drawings ‘Fiyurt, Cp} dues ming_to_move the eraser than the push in figure Ca) —_! Figwe CO shaws_a_vitnasih in which He apple Foe does not moue He eraser ak all regardless of haw hand i+ is pached CE EeecwnnissDate: (foe_iceing Displaced ? i placement in Equehon: W* Fscosp , is that of he pornt of ~epplicatidn of the force. It the force_te applied tr A par fice on 4 non- deformable, non - rotating system , this displacement is the same Os the displacement of the parkicle on syctem. For deformable systems, howelel, a : these two displacements are often hot the same THE UNIT OF WORK in the SL is the hewtor-meten , called He joule (I). “ye joule is the work dome by a force of (when it dicplaces tn object. Lm_in thy direction of He force- Other ynits symetimes wed for ware are the ery . where 1 eng = (07S, and the foot- pond (ft-lb), where L thi = Lass J. ee air ro=q0uenen Weg (Cosedgt = 0 me For exgmplé, in figure shown , the ware dont by the normal farce 0h _ the object and the work dine. by the grévitabinal force on the abject ace both revo became both farces are penpendicular ty the displacement and have 2¢ro components along an aris in the directisn of $. Notice that @ isthe angle between) the Force dnd dis placement vec Fors, D> Wort isp ccalar quan tity - D> iF E and 3 aren the same dinechin, cos p= Cos0’=| and We Fs ED Bul, if Fang 2 are_in sppasite dinection(, then cos p = cos I60"s -| and we-Fs; the work is hegative. D> Forver such os friction often slow the matin gf an shjet and ant — thin opposite tx _giréctign to the displacement. Such forcee usually Ap —hegative work ecnnmesDate =... Prk 1s the trans Fer of energy from one entity tanother by way of ~ Yat ation_of a_fnece applied oven a dichance. The point of applicator “ot the Forse must move Ff work is fy be done. ENERGY jc a measure of the change imparted ty a Sychm - [ris given “fran object When a force does werk gn the object. The Amant gf energy “transferred tr the object equals the work done. Turther, when an object des work, (+ lores an amount of energy equal to He work it does. _tnergy and work have the same units, joules. Energy , like work , I a Scaldr quantity. Pn objet that is capable of ding work possesses thor gy- = — KINETIC ENERGY (kep KINETIC ENERGY (KE) ir the energy porsested by aa_object because it 16 in moti. LF fin object of mass mis moving with @ Speed V, it has tranclatignal KE given by = KE mvt Whtn_t icin kg and vis in_mjs the Unity o£ KE ane joules, kKe= Flkg(S) yt = (kg 3)(m) but: [Newton = [ky Vinit(y: Nem = Joule GRAVITATIONAL _POTENTIAL_EN ! —_GRayirarigvar POLENTIA ENERGY (PE,) Ws the enengy possessed b biect bechne of the gndvitatinal insracbon- In_faling through a ‘tual > abs hy, amasS_m céin_dp_work in the dm dant gh: __ Bae (OE te abject _nelatve tan arbitrary zero lve; “afte the Earths curBoue le Hoe object is ata height b above th 2400 (on reference) level, + OS ErcunotasDate =... Pe = (kg)(F)(m) PE = Nm = Sale INSERVAT. : on Can neither be Created nor destroyed, but only tranc formed from _one Kind ty another. (Macs canbe regarded as ane form sf energy. ordinarily +he convensipn of mass into tnetgy and vice verta, predicted by the Special Thesry of Relativity can bo ignored - | When _wonle is done- on a point mass or a _pigid body, and there ts ws change, in PE, +he enevyy imparied Can only appear as Ke. asofor _as_a_logdy isnot totally wigid, howe ver, energy can be tnantfermed tribe parks ng the Work done on it wil mt precicely egal ike change change in bE Fe ma a - from_motion eq: Yp"ey,* +909 ye ret Sas Fem (Hy) F 2 ae Sie : = oF AscrnnessDates oesesseeeesseeenseeee ROWER ls the timé rate of dotng work: DP yittre the speed fs measared jn the dire ton of the force appled tp Phe object SD mire generally , power is the pak of transfer of energy: Din tne 01, the unit of power is the watt _(w) ong” 1 We 1 J/s. CY Ainsthen unit of power often wsed is the hoverewer : 1hp = 144 W- THE KILOWATT= HOURS ic A_unit of energy If a fore ic doing work ata ra of 1 kilpwatt Cwhidh is som S/s), then in 1 hyn it Will do ) kWh of work: LAW:h #36 x 0ST = 3.6 MT Solved Problems : — = Problem Hit In Figuint belpw, assume +hat the object is being pullea_a ong the dromd by a 25-N force dihected 28° absve the hérizontal- how much work does the force doin pulling the abject v.om? Given: F = 7s N = S= 80m — “infin: W = Fscos § ~The work done is equal tthe product of +he displacement, 2.0m, and the component of tne Fnpce At eal tithe displacement, Os n)(os 28). Thus WW (7s Nn) (eos 28*)(8.0m) We 0.53 kJ ans! : = EXscunnussDate: .. jae 2 B_ bhi mies up A opt indine under the actign of certain forces, three of whith are shown in Figure, Fits havizontal and o£ magni # +t honmal_tr the plane and of magnitude 20 N. Fis parallel ty the plane and of magnitude 30 0 Determing the wank done by each fyrve as the block Cand point of "apelin of each farce) maves 86 dm up the incline gqutn: F, = 408) Required: W = ? F, 7 20N F) = 30N Figuce:_ Solution: _ fp Fre fon Ft Sor_F + W = F, Cos 30¢(0-8 Because it has no compinens- w = (30N, w- (Wo NYcos antY0.4m) in the dinectign_p£ the We 24 Tans! W= 277128 Nem displacement Fa _dves W=27.08 J_ans! ho work, ans! Prable_wa: A [200 -kg can if coatting dawn 639° hill qs chown in the Frgure. At a Hime when the Cars speed iS jo mis the Ariverr dyplies the brakes, Whar contting farce F Cparaliel te the réad) must result jf the car isp Shp after traveling J00_Im ? Given = n= 1200 kg Figure: —._ hyo hy = (100m)sin20" o= 100m Requiced: § = ? = aDate: .. i ; sr ecgt_in_ia energy of the car (Kr + PE.) ts equal h the work dine en it by the wating Force #. This wirk i's Pecos Igo’ because F_retacds a cons Wohin. We have uss th_Ke_+ Ing in GPE = work dme against shopping Ferte 7 m(v,*—Vit) + mglhe-hi) = Fy ry = 12g6 ky Veg Y;_* Lam/s he-h; = (oom) sina” $= Ibm lr PN =e) | F Can gl) (0) - Cuoa)iinae) = Fw) F > 6.7 kN ans! Problem a: In the given Figure, 1+ showe a bead sliding gn _q wire . [f frichin trues are negligible td the bead has a speed of 200 cmir ae A hay will be ite speed a)aea rin spe eee a (b) at plint C? > Givin: (0), = 20 mis Figure: | E he > so 6m » janem = 09M ecm som he = 0; he, 0.cm 205m (b) $ 6 LC Requiced: cq) ve at peibt 2 Cb) Ve at Print © Sutin: Ca) Gain in KE = loss in are Zt ~ Lmy,* > Inghy “lng he uo Pali) = im(25 B)= m4) (0.0m) - (4-15 )() Ves 444 m/s ans \ | Beene“) atin is KE = loss ih GPE + +-— Sing? = 3 me = mghs — nigh, als)" S Tere) = (4a sr) -mla-4] 2) (05m) m Ve = 3.14 “Pans! Problem ff 5: Wn adverhisement Claims Hrgt a certain igor- kg Car cn fcelerqte from rest tr A speed of ar m/s in a_time of soe. What average power must the motir prodice to cause this acelerahon ? lgmire Friction loves. ie Given: Mean = {200 kg y= 28 5 - + = 80 se 7 Required: P= ? _Silufons ‘The work done in accelernting the cans given by 2 & work done > change in Ke = 5 m(Yyr-Vi*) The time Haken for this Woy t is _g.ps- Therefore. ~ ‘work Power = “ime . yo a 2 Le tegh os m/s) BOS Pos yz kW _ “Conver $ng_ fram watt, ty honsepawen, ve have Power - (46, a W)[ ate) p= 43 hp ans! EjecunouesDate 2 eacsssenee THE -LINEGR MOMENTDIM (p) of @ body is the produch of ity mass (m) ~—-and_velool ty (iF) - Linean msmentum =(mass of bedy)(veluity of body) Momentum is A Vechr quantity whore dreaon is thal of the velocity. The units pL momentwn fre ky»m/s in the fT. “TAN IMPULSE is the product ofa force (F) gud the time interval (St) over which Phe fare obs: oes Impulve = (Force )Léngth of time the face alts) Impulse is a Veet quondity whale diruchons is Hat ef te fovea 7 [he initf are wes in the Sy. -ANIMPULSE CAUSES 4 CHANGE IN MomENTUM: The. hange of momentum produced by an_impulye is egua) to the impulse ih ’ot] vagal inde. ond direction. Thus, fa Con(tant+ fore E aching for atime at ona body of mags _m changes itr velocity from an initial value V; tb a final value Vi, then 7 Impuise = change in momentum ee eee tap 4 ‘4 - Fh, Fe. hy) PI Newtuat Segond Law, as he gave it, is F = p/ab from which if follows Hot Fat = ap. Mireovle, Fab = Am?) thd iF mis Concdanr Fat = 0, Th). __ | vl 2 IF the nek ex fe Acting on a system of objects is 2era the vechn tum of the momenta 2 ye objects will remain_constant. _ EAsDae eoscssernteetes i |S tre _vechn sum _6f the momenta jas vefora the @vent equals the Vector sum of the mgmenta Jae after the qvént, The vector sum 04 the mamenta of the pbjects invelued deer net changer during he collsions om eaplOsion. Thus, when twa bodies of mastes my, and m, colli de - TokAl_mamenivin befare impact = total miméntam after impact EEE where Tard ane the velevities befare impact, and Vand V, ave the velucies afk. In_one dimensitn, in cmpsnent form, Wi + PU, = Pry + Vay fad Similarly Ayr the y= and 2-compments - Remember thar wl tre quangher ire awhys boldfaced snd velou'ty is A vec. on the ether hand Vy sie Yay nd vy, are the Stalon valves of he veloolties (thoy Gin bt positive or heyahw). & paitver Airechin is initially Selected and vectone _ panting opposite to this have negative humerical scalar valves. "WERFECILY ELAS TIC_COLLIS|ON is ae in_which +e sm o£ ty translational KEs o£ the objects is net changed duning thy calliSion. In the case of two bedi two bodies in which the bedier move only alng 4 Sin (e9., the axis), 4 coefhcient of resitatene is defined, tris a —purt number _giltr by ——— Whee We, and Wey A values before impact, And Vix and Vax Are : aha] is tho relahve speed of Vier PEgen impace Native that _[y, — Mas ue_Speei ae rie A es =p Lie the Ml ahiut Speed of recesim. Fon a_perkect ly elacks callisien @ £1. Fan inelaghe collision s TL LE He bodies, Chek fyethee atten collision , @ -0, KiamaDato eassesseeersseene FHE_CENTER OF MASS oe on object Cf mass_m) ir the Single pert Inv mas in the Same way af 6 point mass (uf mace m) wbyld mde. when Ser the same_exlecral forces that ace pn_the objet: gas, 1+ the res kant force actny om cn _abject Con Syttem of sje? tL maim iS F, the &éleleratisn of the Centr of mass OF the obyele Con system) is given by ay = F/m: 5 l£ He object is considered fo be composed of hiny maser my Or S56 on, at Coordinates (, Jp, 22) rife, 22), aed trom then the cuon dinates of the center of mast are given by Exim aon) r : dem = Fe Yom mp Whee Hae Inasl; Sums extend over ll mAsles compotisg te object. a_wnform —gravitatiind’ field, the Ceake of mass find the Center of gravity Ci nofde _ _ SOLVED PROBLEMS: Problem #1: An gp tky bullet 18 Aoed hori anctelly_late G4 0o~ky t tube of wad ,which at weft, ant JNvks faite The cube 15 free Amat bod has 4 Speed oF 4 cols atkr Yonpaie - Find the initial Wlou'ty of the ballet wmomendum of Sysdenn ete _Impalt ee = mentam ef Sytem FH Impact Cn Uollct) +-(menentwm of Cube) = (mr omertnm oF Uilled be) 2 to Cig + Pre) en = Ca 6 Ey Nyy) + 02 (4005 Hg Mo m/s) Vay = 6.4 km/s Ons!Date :.. oblim H2: PS Shahin the fiyne, 6 i= 9 bullep iy fired hori zantally in 3.004) vlitk of wad surpended by a lohy Crd. The Wilt satiec Ih al Click. Compute the speed of the Wullef the imyolt payces bre black fy Sigg |) Lt nove the initjal level. Mien mn jack befire = monrentun jafciteen Coorg) v +6 = (3515 ky Whi yas the inital speed of Hy bled Vis the gpted of bck anh Vullet! use ater _cyllisidn Gus alten Ullifuh = final pee. 7 Foss yt = Cot eg (fat for) (Hm) Ye byo mio (0.0 EW) Fo > Gur kal (L% wi) V= 0.2) km] anc!DRG cnscevtsremeneseec FQUILIBRIUM OF A RIGID BODY UNDER coPLANAR FORCES — “jhe TORQUE COR MOMENT) due toa farce abuut an axic ica mencure_of the —efeciveness_ot the farce in_praducing rotation abut thas axis It is defined rhe the prbdlich of the force and the perpendicular distance fromthe axis _ of rthaton ty the line of action of the force. This perpendicular distance — ~ig-called_the lever arm (on moment arma): torque =r_= Cfyrce)(lever_arm) the_units__of torque ave Nm on _b. ft. “CONDITIDNS FOR EQUILIBRIUM of a rigid object under the action of coplanar forces are; 0) The_force condition: Ke vecty tum of all forces_acting on the body must 1 Zero : ZR =0 ZTy 0 where the plane of the coplanar forces is taken 1» be the _xy- plane. (2) The tol'qine condlti pn: Thke_an_axis_perpendicular p_theplline of the coplanar forces. Cal ing the torques that fend_fo cause clockwise rotation about the akis negative = and_countercloc kwise__forques pasifive , the Sum of gly the torques acting on the Object bust ye zevp: Zr 20 _ — Te CENTER oF GRAWITY of tm_object i the point at which the entire wight of He object may be Considered _cencentraged fe. the_line of action of He weigh) passes thraygh te center of gravity. 4_cingle ver Keally upwind tgyce equal inmagitude 1? the weight of the abject and_ applied —Hragh the conjen of gravity will Keey the object in equililjiny “THE potion oF 19 AL IE ARBITRARY TE Fhe sum OF the 17 qhes is 2ere about ote axis fon a body Patan ie oth e_frce_ condita H+ LE 2000 atl oes Gxes_paralle] tthe Finest we wily chase the Aris fh sucha wey thay EoscunnreDate S ssscessseeesesseesee “ye Ineo _Gh_unknown force goes thrawgh the in tersecpion paint of _orls_tnd the plane. The lever arm nd tarque ) oF the wnknwh force then 2erd and co 41S unknoivh force des not appear in the torque. ~_efuation EQUILIBRIUM UNDER THE ACTION OF CONCURRENT FORCES LEQUILIBRIUM_OF A_RIGIO S0pY UNDER COPLA NAR FORCES a zT 20 _ f 2 ama . F : SZ : 5 _ / Tt 3 = a pis, tle ~ TORQUE: T= rFsing « F(rsing) eae Te Edy Nem _ Sample Situation: _ Ee rims e 5 bot ~ i 4 bes G D = ZF, £0 on_-| 7+ §+20N -SON=0 aq . — a —Solu tion: - - 2% =0 _,volve_for ae FL - son (2) + on) 2 Ett +208 ~oN =O _ Fs an - eo the a FE, +F, tron = SONDate: SSS d= Lsing Problem #1: find the torque about axis 2_due_to each of ce ae feet chip as — at Colition i oe o) Fov_lol) force : t me ay — o Rate =0 =~ 10N\ (0.8 m) = Nom = b.) Fon _25-N force : ED 2% =o pe = asW (08 m)(sin 26°) = 8.45 Nem «) For_20n fore CHIT +0 = 20N (4) 20 Problem #2: A uniform beam_of leygth L_weighr 2008) and holds _o a s0-n object as shown in Tig. $-3. Find the magnitades FT oF the forces exev ied th a the two_supports at _it e pa. : st — fag = ee Sat so =o ae, ee wh 487.8 eat) == = Evensi Date : .osseesccesseseerrecees = fea =n 4 — Et F, -2 N -450 =0 | Er LON 200 N= 450 =O: gubstihute equ) Ey = Whe N - Fwd SN “her: Fans Wl _ > Fy = 450.5 - 3A uniform, 100-N pipe is used os a lever, as_showh in Pig 5~4 - Whe where. ust a Cite Support eee) eS placed if a so-W weight ab ine end is +6 bal to-N weight at +he other end? whatis the Tato vc sere by the Tanger athe pit? — Svlations Figure: ee 4) £%20 SS — trl) (x2) ~s00W(u-d) ©! k— x 4 Uy ¢(m_y_- [00 (=>) “SOL + 500% =D f Te ____ py ~ssol_=0 208 wool uN X= 06875L ans F ()) TL 506 ( ¥ 0550") + Ts tine Ty = 9849-019 N — I =o _ _ —Tisingo®- 2000 N = 0 i anage 7 - thing fy Ty. —T= Cam. 44g w) (cos 40°) Tis ta93, 507. I Ect