VYDEHI SCHOOL OF EXCELLENCE

ACADEMIC YEAR (2022-23)

STUDY MATERIAL
ANNUAL EXAMINATION
CLASS VI

ENGLISH
I. NOTEBOOK WORK:

UNIT 5 SECTION - I: BIRDWATCHER

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
This is a prose piece that projects in an interesting way about a young birdwatcher who missed school in
order to study birds.

KEY WORDS:

a. Willful: doing exactly what you want, no matter what other people think or say.
b. Embarrassed: felt uncomfortable
c. Blushed: became red in the face due to embarrassment.
d. Startled; very surprised.
e. Oak: a large tree with tough, hard wood.
f. Binoculars: an instrument with two glass parts through which you look in order to make objects in
the distance seems nearer.
g. Fork: a place where a branch divides into two parts.
h. Glued: fixed: looked only at the nest.
i. Beamed: had a big smile on the face.
j. Bacteria: very small living things that exist in large numbers in air, water, soil, plants and bodies of
animals.
k. Porous: allowing liquid to pass through.
l. Knapsack: a small rucksack.
m. Disinfectant: a substance that destroys bacteria and is used for cleaning.
n. Warbler: a small bird which has a musical call.
o. Souvenir: something that you keep to remind yourself of something.

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Tick the correct answer.

a. Mr and Mrs Fisher were embarrassed because Cyril

Ans: iv) had behaved badly in front of their quest.

b. Dr. Rao did not want to use bare hands to touch the robin’s eggs because

Ans: iii) that might cause infection inside the eggs.

2. What common interest did Cyril and Dr Rao share?

Ans: Both Cyril and Mr Reese were fond of birds and interested in bird watching.
3. When Cyril said: ‘I have seen them’, why did Dr Rao not believe him?

Ans: Dr Rao did not believe Cyril when he said he had seen them because they were rare birds and could not
be spotted easily.

4. Why was Dr Rao anxious to save the robins? How did he plan to double the number of eggs?

Ans: Dr Rao was anxious to save the black robins because they were rare birds and were on the brink of
extinction. Only five birds were known to be living. Dr Rao planned to remove the eggs from the nests and
transfer them into other birds’ nests. This way the black robins would lay a fresh set of eggs and thus the
number of eggs could be doubled every season.

5. Where were the eggs transferred? Why were the two trees marked?

Ans: The eggs were transferred to two warbler nests. The two trees were marked for easy identification so
that Cyril would be able to keep track of the eggs when they hatched.

6. What souvenir did Cyril want to keep? What do you think he was going to do with it?

Ans: Cyril wanted to keep the cup-shaped nest of the black robins (which he had pulled down) as a souvenir
to remind him of the role he had played in saving them.

7. Why did Cyril’s photograph appear in the newspaper?

Ans: Cyril’s photograph appeared in the newspaper in recognition of the important work he had done to
preserve one of the rarest birds in the world.

8. Cyril suddenly took an interest in geography. Why do you think he did so?

Ans: Cyril wanted to study well at school so that he could become an expert on birds.

UNIT 5 SECTION - II: THE KAKAS OF NEW ZEALAND

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
Gerald Durrell (1925-1995) was a British naturalist, zookeeper, conservationist, author and television
presenter. He founded what are now called the Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust and the Durrell wildlife
park on the Channel Island of Jersey in 1959. Interestingly, Gerald Durrell was born in India. When he was a
boy his family settled on Corfu where he spent his time studying its wildlife. He relates these experiences in
the trilogy beginning with “My Family and Other Animals” and continuing with “Birds, Beasts and Relatives”
and “The Garden of the Gods”. In his books, he writes with wry humors and great perception about both the
humans and animals he meets.

KEY WORDS:

1. Kapiti: an island near New Zealand where rare animals and bird’s species are found.
2. Bellowed: shouted in a loud, deep voice.
3. Speck: like a dot; (here) the bird appeared like a dot because it was far above.
4. Swooped down: flew downwards quickly and suddenly.
5. Waddled: walked with short steps and swinging from side to side like a duck.
6. Guttering: a long-curved channel made of metal that is fixed under the edge of a roof to carry away the
water when it rains.
7. Strutted: (here) walked proudly with its head up.
8. Squabbling shrilly: fighting in a loud voice.
9. Amputated: cut off.
10. Delicacies: special food.
11. Precariously: sitting dangerously close to the edge of the roof.
12. Trailing behind: walking slowly behind.
13. Launch: a large boat with a motor.
14. Ploughed its way: forced its way through water

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1.The author travelled to Kapiti islands

Ans: a) to see the Kakas and study their behavior.

2. Say whether the following statements about the Kakas are True (T) or False (F):

(a) They are fond of dates –True

(b) They do not respond to human voices -False

(c) They are small birds - False

(d) They are friendly birds -True

3. Was George fond of the Kakas? How can you tell?

Ans: Yes, George was ford of the Kakas. He named the birds, called out to them by their names, and fed
them dates regularly.

4. Complete the following sentences:

(a) The narrator had to keep feeding dates to the Kaka that was perched on his head because

Ans: he was scared that the bird might bite his ear off with its sharp beak if he stopped feeding it.

(b) While on the edge of the roof the Kakas walked cautiously because

Ans: their feet slipped and because they wanted to have a better grip.

(c) The Kakas became regular visitors because

Ans: they realized that humans were harmless beings who fed them delicacies like dates.

5. Tick the correct answer

The baby bird could not come down because it was

Ans: a) weak

6. Do you think the author’s description of the Kakas is humorous? Pick out two examples to support your
answer.

Ans: Yes, the writer’s description of the Kakas is humorous. The two examples are - the description of the
birds hanging upside down and peering at the people and the male bird sitting on the head of the narrator.
7. If birds and animals anywhere in the world were left in peace and knew that they could trust the humans
with whom they came in contact, the world could be full of Kapitis. What is the narrator suggesting in these
lines?

Ans: The narrator is suggesting that we should leave the animals and birds alone. We should not hunt them
or destroy their natural habitat.

UNIT 6 SECTION - I : THE KING’S PALACE

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
In this delightful story, a grandfather remembers his childhood experiences. He tells his granddaughter,
Kusmi, about how his cousin Iru would often talk about imaginary things and make him believe in them!

KEY WORDS:
a. To cast a spell: to hold someone’s attention
b. Simpleton: a rather foolish person; someone who is not very cleaver
c. Catch up with her: be equal to her in knowledge and wisdom
d. Worked me up into a state: got me excited
e. Tweaked: gave a sharp pull and twist
f. Gape: stare open-mouthed
g. Forbidden: not allowed
h. Shadow: follow
i. Used to give herself great airs: behave as if she thought she was more important than she really was
j. Blurt out: speak out suddenly
k. Whisked: took away very quickly
l. Gloom: darkness
m. Tucked away: something put in a small place; hidden

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Tick the correct answer.

a. Grandpa never found the palace because

Ans: i) it existed merely in Aunt Iru’s imagination.

b. Aunt Iru visited the fairies only when the boys were doing their lessons because

Ans: i) she didn’t want the boys to see the fairies.

3. Why did Kusmi ask Grandpa whether Aunt Iru was clever?

Ans: Kusmi asked Grandpa whether his cousin was clever because she had heard stories about how his cousin
had cast a spell on Grandpa with her tales.

4. ‘I’ve always had a great weakness, you see….’

(a) Who said these words?

Ans: Grandpa

(b) What is his great weakness?

 Ans: His weakness is that every little thing fills him with surprise and wonder.

(c) Who took advantage of his weakness?

Ans: Grandpa’s cousin Aunt Iru.

5. ‘Aunt Iru often talked about a king’s seven- mansioned palace’.

(a) According to her, where was the palace?

Ans: According to Grandpa’s cousin the palace was right in that house.

(b) Why couldn’t Grandpa see the palace?

Ans: Grandpa could not see the palace because there was no palace. It was part of her imagination.

6. ‘I suppose that it was best that way ….’

(a) What does this refer to?

Ans: Aunt Iru would tell Grandpa ‘that something unbelievable had happened today’. When Grandpa was
curious to know what it was, she would tease him by saying, ‘Shan’t tell you’.

(b) Why does Grandpa say it was best for him that way?

Ans: Grandpa thought it was best that he never got to know what happened because he could continue to
dream of fantastic imaginary things.

7. What were the things that Grandpa did to get Aunt Iru tell him the magic words? Did he succeed?

Ans: To try to learn the magic words, Grandpa would often go, with his cousin, to the mango grove, pluck
green mangoes for her, and even try to bribe her with his precious sea-shell. But Grandpa could never learn
the magic words.

8. Which words describe

(a) Aunt Iru - clever, imaginative, playful, secretive

(b) Grandpa - foolish, imaginative, simpleton, curious

UNIT 6 SECTION – II: HOUDINI

CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:
Harry Houdini was a famous Hungarian born American stuntman and magician who could escape from police
handcuffs, ropes, chains, prison cells, trunks submerged in water. He was the greatest escape artist of his
times.
KEY WORDS:
1. To hang upside down: (here) to be in a head down, leg up position
2. Sheriff: an elected officer responsible for keeping law and order in a place
3. Crept away: walked away slowly
4. Cell: prison
5. Apparatus: Equipment
6. Confess: Tell the truth
7. Magic Spirits: Fairies, Imaginary creatures with magic power
8. Sole of feet: Bottom surface of the feet

TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:
1. The man, whose story we are about to tell, was so amazing that you probably will not believe what we
say. The authors think that the readers will not believe what they say because

Ans a. the tricks that Houdini performed were really unbelievable

2. What was Houdini’s first job? Why was it unusual?

Ans Houdini’s first job was in a circus. It was unusual as he was to hang upside down and pick up needles
with his eyelids.

3. Houdini learnt how to open locks from a blacksmith. Give an example to show how he used this skill to
perform escaping tricks.

Ans One day all the members of the circus were arrested for giving a show on a Sunday. When the Sheriff
had locked them all in a cells and had gone away, Houdini unlocked all the doors with a piece of wire and
the whole company quietly crept away.

4. Houdini was able to escape from the curette because he had probably hidden the tools to open the lock in
his hair, or had they stuck to the sole of his foot. True or False

Ans True

5. Probably his most difficult escape was from a jail in Scotland.

a. Why do you think Houdini could not open the lock of the door?

Ans Houdini could not open the lock of the door because the cunning jailer had not locked the door.

b. Was it really a difficult escape?

Ans Yes, it was really a difficult escape.

6. Describe one instance when Houdini had to escape from water. What made it dangerous?

Ans Houdini often allowed himself to be chained and nailed inside a wooden box, which was thrown into a
river. The box would sink to the bottom, and Houdini would reappear, free, a few minutes later. If Houdini
was not able to free himself, he would have died.

7. He set up a remarkable record only a few months before his death, at the age of fifty-two.

a. What was the record?

Ans: The record was Houdini was sealed in a lead coffin, which was thrown into a swimming pool.

b. Why was it remarkable?

Ans It was believed that the air in the coffin would last for about ten minutes. Houdini came out of the coffin
after one hour and thirty-one minutes.

8. Complete the sentences

Houdini did not share his magic secrets because he thought if he did so people ______ . Also, dishonest
men __________.

Ans: Houdini did not share his magic secrets because he thought if he did so people would not pay to see
him perform. Also, dishonest men could become a master criminal, able to open any safe and escape from
any prison.

LONG READING

THE CANTERVILLE GHOST

1. What is the history behind the bloodstain in "The Canterville Ghost" by Oscar Wilde?

Ans: In "The Canterville Ghost," the blood-stain in the library has a long history. According to the
housekeeper, Mrs. Umney, the blood-stain has existed since 1575 when the then-Lord Canterville, Sir
Simon, murdered his wife, Lady Eleanore, on that exact spot in the library. In Chapter Five, during a
conversation with Virginia Otis, he reveals his reasons for committing this heinous crime: “My wife was
very plain, never had my ruffs properly starched, and knew nothing about cookery.” Moreover, it is one of
Sir Simon's numerous responsibilities as a ghost to ensure that the blood-stain is always present. When the
Otis family move in, this becomes problematic because they are constantly trying to remove it. Washington
Otis removes it on several occasions, for example, using Pinkerton's Stain Remover. This forces Sir Simon
to steal Virginia's paints so that he can touch up the stain every night. It is only with his death, at the end of
Chapter Five, that the stain disappears forever, along with all traces of the Canterville ghost.

2. Who purchases Canterville Chase and from whom? Which significant information does he get from the
native residents of the place and the owner of the house?

Ans: Mr. Hiram B Otis purchases Canterville Chase from Lord Canterville. Mr. Otis is the American
Minister. He is told by Lord Canterville that the place is haunted by the ghost. They do not wish to live in
the house. The Lord’s grandaunt is frightened into a fit. So, they wish to vacate the house. But Mr. Otis’s
perception is different. He is pragmatic and knows to handle every kind of situation. He says, “I will take the
furniture and the ghost at a valuation. I have come from a modem country, where we have everything that
money can buy.” His materialistic and consumerist values constrain him to negate the existence of apparitions
and supernatural beings. He, humorously, says “if there were such a thing as a ghost in Europe, we’d have it
at home in a very short time in one of our public museums or on the road as a show”.

CREATIVE WRITING

STORY WRITING

A story is basically a narration of real or imaginary events, involving real or imaginary people. It is generally
designed to entertain, and/or send a message across. Story writing is meant to be read at a single sitting and
therefore it should be as direct and brief as possible.

FORMAT:

1-Beginning: The beginning or the introduction of a story is of essential importance. This is the part where
you can hook the reader and capture their attention. You must have come across some often-used beginnings
to stories like, “Once upon a time” or “A long time ago”. However, you can get more creative and begin your
story with intrigue.

2-Character Introduction: Your story will depend heavily on how well you write your characters. To develop
your characters, you can use dialogues as well. But you want to keep the dialogues limited in the shorter
format. Also, do not include unnecessary secondary characters, every character of the story must have a
purpose.
3-Plot: Here is where the actual narration of the story will happen. The events that occur or the description of
the situation will be written in the plot. A plot must always have a conflict, which is the focus of any story.

4-Climax/Conclusion: And this is where the story will come to its logical conclusion. If there is a plot twist,
this is where you will include it. Always end your story in an interesting manner. Also, it is not necessary to
give your story a definite ending. A cliffhanger is another effective tactic.

5-Moral: A good story always gives us a moral lesson to learn.

EXERCISE:

1. Write a short story in 150 – 180 words, with the help of the clues given below. Give a suitable title to the
story.

Going to Mumbai by train to attend the marriage of a friend ..... got stuck in a traffic jam ..... reached the
railway station late ..... boarded a wrong train ..... realized after two hours .....tired and hopeless…raining
heavily….. contacted parents somehow….not able to attend best friend’s wedding.

A series of Unfortunate Events

I sat down with relief as I ticked off the last task in the checklist. I wanted everything to be perfect as it was
my best friend’s marriage in Mumbai. The alarm rang next morning, I woke up in excitement and booked a
cab to the railway station. Everything was perfect until I got stuck in a traffic jam. I reached the railway station
late but on the sight of the train still waiting on the platform, I hurried and somehow managed to get into the
train. I breathed a sigh of relief and got comfortable. It was only when the Ticket Collector came, I realized
that I had been in the wrong train for two hours. I panicked and deboarded the train at the next station. I tried
booking a ticket for the next train to Mumbai but there was no availability. On coming back from the ticket
counter, I realized that my luggage was missing. Even after hours of finding and reporting it, there was no trace
of it. I got tired and lost hope, tried booking a cab with the minimal amount I was left with in my pocket. The
cab couldn’t reach on time as it was raining heavily. Disheartened, I finally walked my way to the nearest
hotel, contacted my parents and recited them the series of unfortunate events that happened during the day.
Alas, I couldn’t even make it to my best friend’s wedding.

MORAL: It is better to be late than sorry.

2.

Write a story with the help of the picture given above.

Answer:

Once there lived a hare and a tortoise in a jungle. Both of them were friends. The hare was very proud of his

swiftness, but the tortoise walked slowly. The hare always taunted the tortoise for its slow pace. The tortoise

felt insulted every time. Once it asked the hare to run a race. The hare accepted the challenge. The next day

the race started from a particular place. They were to reach the bank of the river. The hare took a few leaps

and was much ahead of the tortoise. He looked back and saw that the tortoise was at a great distance. He

decided to take a nap. But he slept for a long time. The tortoise had reached the goal. The hare ran very fast

but the tortoise had already reached and won the race. The hare realized that slow and steady wins the race.

MORAL: Slow and steady wins the race.

SPEECH WRITING

A speech is a talk that is delivered to an audience in a public gathering. A speech may be delivered on social
issues and in public interests. There can be welcome and farewell speeches, Speech by the chief guest during
a function etc.
A speech should be made for a good reason i.e. to inspire, to instruct or to offer support. A speech should
not be confused with an essay or an article. A speech starts with a formal address and ends with a thank you.

Purpose of Writing a Speech

1. To convey information orally to a large gathering of people.

2. To express opinion and facts.

Points to be remembered;

1. The speech should have a catchy and an interesting introduction.

2. The speech should not be too long as it may become boring. Humour should be added to it
sometimes. (Word limit-120 words)
3. The speech should have two objectives: firstly, it should leave a good impression on the listener
and secondly the audience should take some information.
4. The tone of the speech should match the audience, e.g. if the speech is for school children then a
motivating tone should be adopted whereas if the speech is for adults then an informative tone can be
adopted. A speech can also be for entertainment, to challenge etc.
5. The ideas should be conveyed logically and reliable evidence should be used to support facts.
6. The Chief Guest, Principal and other dignitaries should be greeted formally.
7. A speech must reflect the speaker’s clarity of thought, accuracy of facts and a balanced view through
a comparison and contrast with other viewpoints.
8. Reference to newspaper reports, posters, advertisements or other stimuli can be given.
9. Measures to improve situations and predictions can be given.
 10. The speech should be concluded by thanking the listeners.
Example 1:

1. As Mukul / Mahima of Alps Public School, write a speech to be delivered in school assembly
highlighting the importance of cleanliness suggesting that the state of cleanliness reflects the
character of its citizens. (150-200 words)

Answer:

IMPORTANCE OF CLEANLINESS.

In the words of the great John Wesley,

“Cleanliness is next to godliness”
Good Morning respected principal, teachers, and my dear friends. Today, I, Mukul/Mahima, stand before
you all, to highlight the importance of cleanliness.

Cleanliness is the state or quality of being clean or being kept clean. An unclean environment is an
invitation for a lot of mosquitoes to breed in and spread deadly diseases. On the other hand, not
maintaining personal hygiene leads to a lot of skin problems and decreased immunity.

The habits learnt at a young age get embedded into one’s personality. Even if we inculcate certain habits
like washing hands before and after meals, regular brushing and bathing from a young age, we are not
bothered about keeping public places clean. For this, on 2nd October, 2014, the Indian Prime Minister
launched a nation-wide cleanliness campaign, “Swachh Bharat” to provide sanitation facilities to every
family, including toilets, solid and liquid waste disposal systems, village cleanliness, and safe and
adequate drinking water supply. Teachers and students of schools are joining this ‘Clean India
Campaign’ very actively with great fervor and joy.

Good health will ensure a healthy mind, which will lead to increased overall productivity resulting in
higher standards of living. Cleanliness, hence, is defined to be the emblem of purity of mind.

Thank you.

Example 2:

Social Media sites are very popular among teenagers. They spend majority of their free time on
these sites, socializing with their friends. Prepare a speech to be delivered in the morning assembly
on the topic- ‘Social Media-Good or Bad for children?’ Use the following hints.

Hints

● Has positive aspects, but one has to be cautious of bullying and victimization.
● Can break a person.
● Fake face book accounts.
● Valuable time wasted on social media sites.
● Can affect the future.

Answer:
Good morning, respected Principal, Headmistress, teachers and my dear friends.
Today, I am going to speak/express my views on the topic ‘Social Media—Is it good or bad for
children?’

Many of you think that social media is a gift. It is true that the internet has taken us light years ahead in
terms of advancement and has given us more channels of communication. We can socialize with friends,
post videos and can do much more.

But if we look at the negative aspect, it gives people a chance to gossip. Social media can be used for
bullying and victimizing. People can send disturbing texts or e-mails, spread rumours or post
embarrassing pictures and videos. Online bullying is a serious issue and cannot be ignored.
Social media can make or break a person. Fake Facebook accounts are created to cheat people by
pretending to be an organization and extracting money from them through unfair means.
So let’s make the most of the available opportunities and use these social media sites for a limited time
only.

In the end I would like to appeal to all my dear friends to use the social media cautiously otherwise it
may have a devastating effect.

Thank you.

GRAMMAR
MODALS

Definition of Modals
Modals are auxiliary verbs that express the mode of action denoted by the main verb.
e.g.

i. I can do this work.

ii. He may pass the exam.

In the above sentences, the bold words are modals. They express the mode of action of the main verbs in the
sentence.

Uses of Modals
The usage of these modals is given below:

Can

1. To express ability or power.

1. Mita can read this language.

2. Father can lift this heavy box.

2. To express permission.

1. You can eat this chocolate.

Could
1. To show power or ability in past.

1. She could dance well in youth

2. To show possibility in past.

1. She could buy a pen if she had money.

3. To make a polite request.

1. Could you help me now?

4. To show condition.

1. If we had got up earlier, we could have completed this.

May

1. To express permission, possibility.

1. May I go there? (Permission)

2. It may rain heavily. (Possibility)

2. To express wish, prayer.

1. May you live long! (Wish)

2. May God bless you with fortune! (Prayer)

3. To express purpose.

1. I study that I may pass in the exam.

Might

1. To show permission, possibility in the past.

1. The leader told us that we might spend this amount. (Permission)

2. I might be sent to the hostel. (Possibility)

2. To express purpose in the past.

1. We rushed that we might not miss our train.

3. To make a request.

1. If possible, you might bring me a glass of water.

4. To make suggestion or criticism.

1. They might look for other venues. (Suggestion)

2. She might have picked other issues. (Criticism)

Would

1. To show past habit.

 1. He would rise at 5 O’ Clock. (Past habit)

2. To make a polite request.

1. Would you lend me your pen?

Should or Ought to

1. To express duty and obligation.

1. The police should protect us. (Duty)

2. You should respect your parents. (Obligation)

2. To show advice, suggestion.

1. They should follow the rules. (Suggestion)

2. You should take medicine. (Advice)

3. To express imagination.

1. Should you lose your money, go to ATM.

4. To express probability, polite command.

1. She should be in the library. (Probability)

2. You should play the game fairly. (Polite command)

Must

1. To show prohibition, compulsion.

1. You must not touch this.

2. She must feel sorry for you.

2. To show necessity or obligation.

1. Team must win the game.

2. You must pay your bill on time.

3. To show the strong advice.

1. Police must take care of emotions of the criminals.

Shall/Will

1. Shall 1st person subject-I, We

2. Will 2nd and 3rd person subject – You, he, she, it, they.
But, to show the emphasis, it can be interchanged with each other.

3. Will 1st person subject-I, we

4. Shall 2nd and 3rd person subject – You, he, she, it,they.
e.g.
 1. I shall go. (Simple future)

2. I will go. (Determination))

3. She will win. (Simple future)

4. She shall win. (Emphasized act)

Need

1. To express prohibition.

1. She need not use that computer.

2. To express doubt.

1. Need I go there.

Dare

1. To express a negation with interrogation.

1. How dare you touch my pen?

Used to

1. To express a past habit.

1. She used to go to perform in theaters.

2. To express a habit of present that has its roots in the past.

1. My grandfather is not used to sweets.

DETERMINERS

Determiners are words that precede nouns and they modify words that determine the kind of
reference a noun or a noun group has.
They are:
1. Articles- Definite: The, and Indefinite: a/an

2. Demonstratives
i) Singular: this Plural: these (We use them when we are talking about things close to the speaker.)
ii)Singular: that Plural: those (We use them when we are talking about things far to the speaker.)

3. Quantifiers
Words: both, most, several and numbers (one, two, etc.)
Phrases: a little, a few and a lot

4. Possessives - my, your, his, her, its, our and their

We use them to express a personal connection to things or a person, a feeling or thought, a
family member or friend or parts of the body.

Examples:

● a man an egg
 ● an hour (vowel sound) a union (consonant sound)
● ‘The’ is Definite article as it points out some particular person or thing.

Examples:

● That is the umbrella I want.

● This is the hotel where we stay.
● The cow gives us milk.
● The man whom I met was very helpful.

Use of ‘A’

1. It is used before a word beginning with a consonant;

-- a boy, a girl, a table, a year.
2. It is used before a word beginning with a consonant;
-- a boy, a girl, a table, a year.
3. It is used before the word ‘one’ that begins with the consonant sound of ‘was’;
-- a one-eyed man, a one-rupee note
4. It is used before such ‘u’ when it sounds on yu;
-- a useful animal, a European, a university.

Use of ‘An’

1. It is used before words beginning with a vowel;

-- an aeroplane, an elephant, an inkpot, an orange, an umbrella.
2. It is used before words beginning with a ‘h’ when it is silent;
-- an honest man, an hour.
3. It is used before words beginning with consonants having vowel sound;
-- an M.P., an M.L.A., an F.I.R., an M. Sc., an x-ray.

Use of ‘The’

1. It is used before a particular person or thing;

● The students of this class are very punctual.

● Did Reeta get the job she applied for?
● This is the boy I met yesterday.
● Let us go to the park.

2. It is used to denote a whole class or kind;

● The dog is a faithful animal.

● The horse runs fast.
● The tiger is young.

3. It is used before common nouns which are names of things unique of then- kind;

● The sun shines in the sky.

● The earth moves round the sun.
● The moon is round today.
● The world is beautiful.

4. It is used before the names of directions, the dates of months;

● The sun rises in the east.

● The sun sets in the west.
 ● I joined my job on the 10th of November.

5. It is used before the superlative degrees of an adjective;

● Raman is the best boy in the class.

● Uttar Pradesh is the most populated state of India.

6. It is used before the names of oceans, rivers, gulfs, seas, mountain ranges and groups of islands;

● Patna is situated on the bank of the Ganga.

● The Indian Ocean is lying to the south of India.
● The Andamans lie in the east of India.
● The Persian Gulf countries have become wealthy.
● The Bay of Bengal lies in the west of India.

7. It is used before the names of races or nations;

● The Indians are found in almost all the countries.

● The Muslims keep fast during the Ramzan.
● Holi is a festival of the Hindus.

8. It is used before the names of newspapers, religious books, famous buildings, ships, historical events;

● I read the Times of India daily.

● The Ramayana is the holy book of the Hindus.
● The Taj is famous for its beauty.
● The Titanic got its tragic end.

9. It is used before Proper nouns, Material nouns and Abstract nouns to make them Common nouns:

● Kalidas is the Shakespeare of India.

● He is the Tagore of Hindi poetry.
● The gold of this ring is pure.

10. It is used before the musical instruments;

● Richa plays the violin.

11. It is used before the inventions;

● Who invented the radio?

12. It is used before the parts of the body;

● He got injury in the head.

13. It is used before the political parties;

● The Congress Party, The Communist Party

Omission of the Article The

Article is omitted before-

1. Proper Nouns;
 ● Kolkata, India, Ruchika, Mt. Everest, Sunday, January. Note: But we say the Punjab, the USA, the
Deccan

2. Arts and Sciences;

● My favourite subject is Science.

● I like painting.

4. Names of materials;

● Her saree is made of cotton.

● Gold is costly.
● Note: But we say:
● The tea of Assam is very popular.

4. Abstract nouns used in general sense;

● Health is better than wealth.

REPORTED SPEECH

1. There are two different ways in which we can report the words of a speaker:
(a) Direct Speech or Direct Narration.
(b) Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration.

❖ Direct Speech contains the actual words of the speaker; as—

Sara said, “My father has a roaring business in Mumbai.”
He said to me, “/ am feeling unwell today.”
In these sentences, actual words of the speaker are given within inverted commas without any
change.
❖ Indirect Speech gives the substance of the speaker’s actual words and not the exact words spoken
by him or her; as—
Sara said that her father had a roaring business in Mumbai.
He told me that he was feeling unwell that day.
❖ The actual words of the speaker, given within ‘inverted commas’ are called the Reported Speech.
In the same way, the Verb which introduces the Reported Speech is called the Reporting Verb. In the
sentence above ‘said’ is the Reporting Verb and ‘My father has a roaring business in Mumbai’ is the
Reported Speech.
Reporting Verb and Reported Speech
Look at the following sentences:
● Radha says, “I shall finish my home-work today.”
● Sushma said to Pushpa, “Show me your dolls.”
● The verbs ‘says and said’ in the above sentences are ‘Reporting Verbs’.
● The exact words of the speaker given within the inverted commas are ‘Reported Speech’.

We can also report what the speaker said without quoting his/her exact words. This is called indirect speech
or reported speech.

● My friends said that they had enjoyed their holiday in London.

● Kavish said that he was/had been working on his project.
● Navya promised that she would come to my party.

In indirect speech, we:

 ● Use the conjunction that immediately before the reported words.

● Change the person of the first and second-person pronouns.

● Change the tense of the verb.

● Do not use inverted commas.

Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech

Present simple I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream

She said (that) she was living in

Present Continuous I am living in London
London.

Past simple I bought a car She said (that) she had bought a car

Here are some distinctive points regarding the Direct Speech and Indirect Speech:
In the Direct Speech

1. The Reported Speech is put within Reported (Inverted) Commas.

2. The Reported Speech and the Reporting Verb are separated by a Comma.
3. The first word of the Reported Speech begins with a capital letter.

Transformation of Direct Speech into Indirect Speech for the Change of Tense

RULE I. If the Reporting Verb is in the Present or Future Tense, the Tense of the Verb in the Reported
Speech does not change.
1. Direct: Rajesh says, “She has brought fame to her family.”
Indirect: Indirect: Rajesh says that she has brought fame to her family.
2. Direct: Rohit has said, “I cannot displease my friend.”
Indirect: Rohit has said that he cannot displease his friend.

Rule II. If the Reporting Verb is in the Past Tense, the tense of the verb in the Reported Speech must be
changed into the corresponding Past Tense.
1. Direct: I said, “I am speaking the truth.”
Indirect: I said that I was speaking the truth.
2. Direct: The teacher said, “Boys fail because they do not study regularly.”
Indirect: The teacher said that boys failed because they did not study regularly.

Exception to Rule II
(i) If there is a Universal Truth or Habitual fact in the Reported Speech, the Tense of the verb is never
changed; as—
1. Direct: He said, “Face is the index of mind.” (Proverbial truth)
Indirect: He said that face is the index of mind.
2. Direct: The teacher said, “The earth rotates round its axis.” (Geographical truth)
Indirect: The teacher said that the earth rotates round its axis.
3. Direct: Horatius said, “Death comes sooner or later.” (Universal truth)
Indirect: Horatius said that death comes sooner or later.

(ii) The Tense of the Verb in the Reported Speech does not change if the reported speech states a past
historical fact; as—
1. Direct: He said, “India became free on 15th August, 1947.”
Indirect: He said that India became free on 15th August, 1947.
2. Direct: She said, “Her father lived at Lahore for ten years.”
Indirect: She said that her father lived at Lahore for ten years.

(iii) If two such actions are given in the Reported Speech which take place at the same time, the Past
Indefinite or Continuous Tense does not change.
Direct: He said, “Mohan was singing a song while Gopal was playing on a flute.”
Indirect: He said that Mohan was singing a song while Gopal was playing on a flute.
Examples:
1. Direct: She said, “I am a top-class singer.”
Indirect: She said that she was a top-class singer.
2. Direct: We said, “He is writing a poem.”
Indirect: We said that he was writing a poem.

The future tense of the reported speech is changed as under :

Future Indefinite— would/ should
Future Continuous— would/should be
Future Perfect— would/ should have
Future Perfect Continuous— would/should have been

Examples
1. Direct: You said, “He is a very good athlete.”
Indirect: You said that he was a very good athlete.
2. Direct: I said, “I have finished my work.”
Indirect: I said that I had finished my work.

Conversion of Interrogative Sentences From Direct Into Indirect

Rules :
1. The Reporting Verb is changed, into ‘ask, enquire, inquire or demand! etc.
2. No conjunction is used to introduce the Reported Speech if the question begins with (an interrogative)
word; such as—what, who, whose, which, when, where, why, how, whom etc.
3. If or whether is used to introduce the Reported Speech if the reported speech has no question word.
4. Change the questions into statements. Put Full stop in place of mark of interrogation (?).

Also, note that you have to:

● transform the question into an indirect question

● use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if/whether

Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech

 With questions word (what, He asked me why I didn’t
“Why” don’t you speak
why, where, how…) speak English.
English?” “Do you speak
Without question word (yes He asked me whether/if I
English?”
or no questions) spoke English.

In the following table, you will find the different changes of place; demonstratives and time expressions.

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Time Expressions

Today that day

Now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week, the week before
next year the following years
tomorrow the next day / the following day

II. WORKSHEET:

UNIT 5 SECTION-1: BIRDWATCHER

Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “I’ve spotted their nest in a huge oak tree......”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) Who is the ‘I’ referred to here?

iv) What does the word ‘oak’ mean in the lesson?

b. “And damp and dirty hands may transfer bacteria right into the eggs through their porous shells......”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) What does the word ‘bacteria’ mean in the lesson?

iv) What does the word ‘porous’ mean in the lesson?

UNIT 5. SECTION II- THE KAKAS OF NEW ZEALAND

Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “We had really come to Kapiti to see a flock of Kakas......”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

 iii) Who are the ‘We’ referred to here?

iv) What does the word ‘Kapiti’ mean in the lesson?

b. “It waddled cautiously along the ridge until it came to the guttering......”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) What does the word ‘waddled’ mean in the lesson?

iv) What does the word ‘guttering’ mean in the lesson?

UNIT 6. SECTION I- THE KING’S PALACE

II. Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “So that’s why she managed to cast a spell on you.”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) Who is ‘she’ referred to here?

iv) What does the word ‘Spell’ mean in the lesson?

b. “But she was wise beyond her years- I could never catch up with her”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) Who is ‘I’ referred to here?

iv) What does the phrase “catch up with her” mean in the lesson?

UNIT 6. SECTION II- HOUDINI

1. Read the extracts and answer the following questions:

a. “Then he joined another circus and travelled all over America with it.”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) Who is the ‘He’ referred to here?

b. “We have to confess that we don’t know all the answers.”

i) From where has the above line been taken?

ii) Name the writer.

iii) Who are the ‘we’ referred to here?

iv) What does the word ‘confess’ mean in the lesson?

 CREATIVE WRITING

STORY WRITING

a. Write a story based on the picture given:

b. Write a story with the hints given below:

a mouse ________mountain ________ thing ______________mouse ___________ neither big__________

nor small __________ big size ___________ big advantages stop the clouds ___________ across the sky.
agreed the mouse. __________ can’t stop making big holes ___________ foundation ____________ tiny
mouse outwitted mighty mountain.

SPEECH WRITING

a. Junk food can be very appealing to children, but they cause more harm to them than they can imagine.
Prepare a speech, to be delivered in the school assembly on the harmful effects of Junk Food on School
Children. Use the hints given below.

Hints
● Proves to be harmful.
● Addictive.
● Obesity, chronic illness, low self-esteem, depression.
● Decreases concentration level.
● High calorie, fats, carbohydrates and added sugars.
● Creates deficiency of nutrients.
● Diabetes, blood pressure, stroke.
● Slow poison.

b. You are Ankit/Ankita. You have to deliver a speech on the topic “Education Gives One, the Power”.
Prepare a speech in 150¬200 words.

GRAMMAR
Modals

1. Fill in the blanks with correct modals.

(i) You _________ follow the rules. (should/would)

(ii) She _________ start her preparations soon. (has/will)
(iii) It _________ not happen soon. (may/could)
(iv) You _________ not try to do this. (should/could)
(v) How__________ you talk to me like that? (dare/should)
(vi) She __________ open the door. (will/need)
(vii) He _________ have returned by this time. (shall/should)
(viii) You _________ stop doing such activities. (should/dare)
(ix) This glass _________ be handled with care. (may/should)
(x) Run fast lest you _________ be late. (shall/will)

Determiners
2. Underline the Determiners in the following sentences.

i. Every nation is proud of its culture.

ii. All of them got majority.
iii. One of you can collect the prizes.
iv. I love each song that Shakira sings.
v. Choose the options that you like.
vi. All of them are in the room.
vii. Some of my old school friends live in different cities.
viii. I do not know any of them.
ix. Can I see that picture?
x. Few students did not pass the exam.

Reported Speech

3. Change the following Direct speech into Indirect.

(i) Rahul said, “I like fiction.

(ii) The girl said, ‘I am writing a letter’.
(iii) The boy said to the girl, ‘I am waiting for you.’
(iv) The masons said, ‘We have finished the job.
(v) The boy said, ‘I have been selected.’
(vi) The teacher said to the girl, ‘Have you done your homework?’
(vii) The teacher said to the boy, ‘Work hard.’
(viii) The man said, ‘I have lost my bag.’
(ix) The traveler said, ‘Where is the nearest inn?’
(x) I said to him, “Will you help me?’

III. HOMEWORK

UNIT 5 SECTION-1: BIRDWATCHER

Make a picture collage of different kinds of rare birds.

UNIT 5. SECTION II- THE KAKAS OF NEW ZEALAND

Write an article for the school magazine on the topic “Extinction of Animals.”

UNIT 6. SECTION I- THE KING’S PALACE

Write an imaginative story of your own related to Palace.

UNIT 6 - SECTION II- HOUDINI

Make a PPT on the famous magic tricks performed by Houdini.

CREATIVE WRITING

STORY WRITING

1. Write a story with the hints given below:

A lamb __________ to a stream to drink water. __________ a wolf came _________ saw the lamb
___________ flesh _________ must be soft and sweet __________ catch him for ____ food ___________
went closer _________ said __________ making my drinking water dirty it can’t be so ____ _____ water is
flowing down _________ wolf said don’t argue _________ rude fellow _________ abused ?ne last month
__________ Iamb said ________ not even born ________ must be mother ___________ wolf jumped
poor lamb killed him.

SPEECH WRITING

1. These days cruelty towards animals is often heard and read about, in the newspapers. It is unfair to be
cruel towards animals as they are helpless, poor creatures who can’t even speak out their agony. Prepare a
speech, to be delivered in the morning assembly, making the children realize about the cruelty towards
animals. Use the hints given below.
Hints
● Cats, dogs, horses, livestock animals are abused.
● Consideration towards animals as they can’t speak.
● Help the animals in need by taking them to a vet or reporting to the concerned authorities.
● You can and should make a difference to these animals.
● Be kind to animals & Respect them
GRAMMAR
1. Choose the correct modal
i. I __ arrange the flowers for the bouquet. (may/can)

ii. __ I borrow this pen from you? (may/might)

iii. The teacher __ ask you to bring the homework. (might/can)

iv. According to the weather forecast, it ___ snow heavily tomorrow. (may/shall)

v. Raj hasn’t studied well. He __ fail his exam. (might/shall)

vi. You __ follow the traffic rules. (may/must)

vii. It __ be difficult to live amidst war. (should/must)

viii. My mother __ scold me if I don’t go back on time. (will/may)

ix. We ___ take care of our parents. (ought to/ could)

x. I __ visit the local grocery store soon. (shall/can)

2. Read the following idiomatic expressions and underline the determiners.

i. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

ii. There is no smoke without fire.

iii. Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.

iv. Many hands make light work.

v. Any time means no time.

vi. Every cloud has a silver lining.

vii. More haste, less speed.

viii. Too many cooks spoil the broth.

ix. All roads lead to Rome.

x. One man’s meat is another man’s poison.

3. Change the following Direct speech into indirect speech.

i. She says, “I will do this work.”

ii. Sunita says, “He can come and stay in my flat.”

iii. Amrita says to Hari, “I am taking my lunch now.”

iv. Nancy says, “I am going to Paris next month.”

v. Vikas says, “I work hard on this project.”

vi. She says, “This book is mine.”

vii. Aunt Kajol says to me, “You will send these books to my place the day after tomorrow.”

viii. Chetan says to mother, “I will tell you the truth.”

ix. I have told him, “My father is a doctor.”

x. Meeta says, “I am sure everything will be alright after the operation.”

 MATHEMATICS
Chapter 12 – RATIO AND PROPORTION

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

RATIO

The method in which two quantities are compared by division, is called comparison by ratio.
Ratio of two quantities in the same unit is the fraction that one quantity is of the other.
𝑎
Ratio of a:b is written as 𝑏 .
The first term ‘a’ is called the antecedent and second term ‘b’ is called consequent of the ratio a:b.

Simplest form of a ratio

A ratio a:b is said to be in simplest form if the H. C. F of a and b is 1.

Equivalent ratios

We know that a quotient does not change if the dividend and divisors are multiplied or divided by the same
non zero number. The ratios so obtained ( by multiply or dividing) are called equivalent ratios.

PROPORTION

Equality of two ratio is called a proportion.

If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are such that 𝑎: 𝑏 ∷ 𝑐: 𝑑 then we say that 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in proportion, we use ‘::’ for proportion.
In a proportion,
(a) First and fourth terms are called as extremes.
(b) Second and third terms are called as means.
𝑎 𝑐
If 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 are in proportion then, = or 𝑎 × 𝑑 = 𝑏 × 𝑐
𝑏 𝑑
i.e. product of extremes=product of means.

UNITARY METHOD

The method of finding, the value of one quantity from the given quantities and then the value of required
quantities is called the unitary method.

II TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE 12(A)

Question 1: The number of boys and girls in a school are 480 and 720 respectively. Find the ratio
of the number of boys to the number of girls.
Solution:

Question 2: Anita earns ₹ 8000 a month and sunita earns ₹20000 a month. Find the ratio between
(a) Anita’s monthly income to sunita’s monthly income.
(b) Anita’s income to their total income.
(c) Sunita’s income to their total income.
 Solution:

Question 3 :The length and breadth of a rectangle are 25cm and 15 cm. find the ratio of
(a) Its length to its breadth.
(b) Its length to its perimeter
(c) Its breadth to its perimeter.
Solution:

Question 4 : Ratio of distance of the school from Mary’s home to the distance of school from Rita’s
home is 3:2.
(a) Who lives nearer to the school?
(b) Who lives further from the school?
Solution:

Question 5: Find the ratio of the following in simplest form

(a) 360:200
(b) 80:140
(c) 75 paise to ₹5
(d) 20 minutes to 3 hrs.
(e) 6 m to 150 cm
(f) 4 litres to 250 ml
(g) 250 gm to 10 kg
(h) 90 cm to 1.5 m
(i) 18 mm to 3 cm
(j) 150 gm to 2 kg
 Solution:

Question 6: Give two ratio equivalent to

(a) 2: 5
(b) 3:2
(c) 2:7
Solution:

Question 7: Distances travelled by Rohit and Avinash in 2 hrs are 48 km and 66 km respectively.
Find the ratio of speed of Rohit to the speed of Avinash.
Solution:
Question 8: Fill in the blanks.
𝟏𝟓
(a) = = 𝟑𝟎
𝟏𝟖 𝟔
𝟏 𝟔
(b) 𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓 =
𝟔 𝟔𝟎
(c) = 𝟐𝟓 =
𝟓
𝟏𝟑 𝟑𝟗
(d) 𝟏𝟓 = 𝟑𝟎 =
Solution:

Question 9: In a year, Seema earns ₹150000 and saves ₹70000. Find the ratio of
(a) Money she saves to the money she earns.
(b) Money she saves to the money she spends.
(c) Money she spends to the money she spends.
Solution:

Question 10: There are 102 male teachers in a school and 51 female teachers in a school. The
number of students in the school is 3400. Find the ratio of
(a) Male teachers to female teachers.
(b) Male teachers to the number of students.
(c) Female teachers to the number of students.
Solution:
Question 11: Out of 2100 students in a school, 700 opted for basket ball, 600 opted for cricket and
remaining opted for football. Find the ratio of number of students who opted
(a) Basket ball to the total number of students.
(b) Football to the number of students who opted for basket ball.
(c) Cricket to the number of students who opted basket ball.
Solution:
 Question 12: Cost of a dozen bananas is ₹36 and cost of 7 oranges is ₹28. Find the ratio of cost
of a banana to the cost of an orange.
Solution:

Question 13: If ratio of length of a rectangular field to its breadth is 6:5. Complete the table that
shows some possible lengths and breadths of the field.
Length(in m) 12m 60
Breadth(in m) 25 60
Solution:

Question 14: Divide 102 toffees among Sachin and Deepa in the ratio of 8:9.
Solution:

Question 15: Divide ₹2000 among A, B and C in the ratio of 2:3:5.

Solution:
Question 16: A sum of money is to be divided between Amit and Sumit in the ratio of 2:3. How
much will each one get of total amount is ₹5000?
Solution:

Question 17: Mother wants to divide ₹360 among her sons Ravi and Suraj in the ratio of their age.
If Ravi is 25 years old and Suraj is 20 years, find the amount each one will get.
Solution:

Question 18: In a school, the ratio of number of boys to the number of girls is 9:7. Find the
number of boys if the total number of students is 3200.
Solution:

Question 19: The sides of a triangle are in the ratio of 2 : 3 : 4. If the perimeter is 72 cm, find its
sides.
Solution:
Question 20: In a factory, the ratio of number of defective bolts produced to the number of good
bulbs is 1 : 10. In one hour the factory produced 330 bolts. Find the number of defective bulbs
produced by the factory in an hour.
Solution:

Question 21: The present age of father is 45 years and her daughter is 20 years. Find the ratio of
(a) Present age father to present age of daughter.
(b) Age of father to the age of daughter when daughter was 15 years old.
(c) Age of daughter to father when father was 30 years old.
Solution:

Question 22: Observe the figure.

Find the ratio of:

(a) Number of triangles to the number of circles.
(b) Number of squares to the number of triangles.
(c) Number of circles to the total number of figures.
(d) Number is circles to the number of squares.
Solution:
Question 23: In the given figure, find the ratio of
(a) Number of shaded parts to unshaded parts.
(b) Number of unshaded parts to the total number of parts.

Solution:

EXERCISE 12(B)

Question 1: Which of the following statements are true?

(a) 16 : 24 : : 20 : 30
(b) 21 : 7 : : 18 : 6
(c) 12 : 18 : : 18 : 12
(d) 8 : 9 : : 32 : 36
(e) 5.2 : 3.9 : : 3 : 4
(f) 0.9 : 0.36 : : 10 : 4
(g) ₹36 : ₹26 : : 63 m : 8 m
(h) 36 kg : 32 m ::9 kg : 8 m
(i) 440 ml : 2 l : : 55 cm : 4 cm
(j) 15 : 40 : : 3 : 8
(k) 12 kg : 8 kg : : 27 kg : 18 kg
Solution:
Question 2: Fill in the blanks to make each statement true.
(a) 3 : 6 = 12 :
(b) 2 : 5 : : 8 :
(c) 9 : : : 3 : 15
(d) : 68 girls = 48 m : 64 min
 (e) ₹ 6 : ₹ 24 : : 2 min :
(f) : 64 : : 30 : 24
(g) 12 : 12 : : 21 :
Solution:

Question 3: Determine, if the following number in the given order are proportional:
(a) 10, 60, 150, 125
(b) 34, 48, 70, 210
(c) 3, 4, 2, 3
(d) 10, 27, 3
(e) 12, 16, 6, 8
Solution:

Question 4: Find 𝒙 in each of the following :

(a) 𝒙 : 6 : : 55 : 11
(b) 𝟏𝟐, 𝟒𝟖, 𝒙
(c) 25, 35, 𝒙
(d) 12 : 24 : : 8 : 𝒙
Solution:
Question 5: The ratio of income to the expenditure is 7 : 6. Find the savings if the income is ₹
14000.
Solution:

Question 6: The ratio of length of a school ground to its breadth is 3 : 2. Find the breadth if length
is 54 m.
Solution:

Question 7:The ratio of milk and water in a mixture is 7 : 8. If the quantity of milk in mixture is
14.7 litres. Find the quantity of water.
Solution:
 Question 8: The ratio of the sale of eggs on a Sunday to that of the whole week is 3 : 7. If the total
sale of eggs on Sunday was 36, find total sale of eggs during the whole week.
Solution:

EXERCISE 12 (C)

Question 1: The cost of 30 m cloth is ₹ 450. Find the cost of 26m of cloth.
Solution:

Question 2: 12 kg of vegetable oil costs ₹ 624. Find the cost of 7 kg of oil.

Solution:

Question 3: A car travels 165 km in 3 hrs. how long will it take to travel 440 km?
Solution:

Question 4: The monthly income of Shoba is ₹ 144000 in 15 months. How much will she earn in 7
months?
Solution:

Question 5: A dealer buys 120 packets of tea for ₹ 4320. How many packets can he buy for ₹
6480 ?
Solution:
Question 6: A machine manufactures 48 parts in 8 hrs. how many parts will it manufacture in
6 hrs?
Solution:

Question 7: Oranges are sold at the rate of ₹ 21 per dozen. Find the cost of 20 oranges.
Solution:

Question 8: A train covers a distance of 240 km in 5 hrs. how much distance does it cover in 10
hrs ?
Solution:

Question 9: 3 dozen of bananas cost ₹ 72. Find the cost of 120 bananas.
Solution:

Question 10: If 15 postcards costs ₹ 7.50. what will be the cost of 36 such postcards? Also find
the number of postcards one can buy for ₹ 45.

Solution:
Question 11: An army truck needs 11 litres of diesel to cover a distance of 852 km.
(a) What distance will it cover for 15 litres of diesel?
(b) How many litres of diesel are required to cover a distance of 4260 km ?
Solution:

Question 12: The cost of 19 chairs is ₹ 38000

(a) Find the number of chairs that can be purchased for ₹ 26000.
(b) Find the cost of 30 such chairs.
Solution:
Question 13: An employee earns ₹ 18000 in 15 months.
(a) How much will he earn in 9 months?
(b) In how many months will he earns ₹ 12000?
Solution:

Question 14: If it has rained 30 cm in the last five days. How many cm of rain will fall in a
week, assuming that the rain continues to fall at the same rate?

Solution:

Question 15: A car travels 275 km in 5 hrs.

(a) How far will it cover in 35 hrs?
(b) How much time will it take to cover 825 km ?
Solution:

Question 16: An aero plane flies 4000 km in 5 hrs

(a) How far will it fly in 7 hrs?
 (b) How much time will it take to fly 8800 km ?
Solution:

III. WORKSHEET

1. The equivalent ratio of 2 : 7 is ___________.

2. The simplest of the ratio of 12 : 6 is ___________.
3. The ratio of the number of sides of a triangle to the number of sides of a square is ________.
4. The two quantities in a ratio should be of the _________ unit.
5. The ratio of the number of sides of a square to the number of edges of a cube is _____.
6. There are ‘b’ boys and ‘g’ girls in a class. The ratio of the number of boys to the total number of
students in the class is _______.
7. 5 : __ : : 30 : 18
8. If a : b : : c : d , then ad = ____.

IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTION

1. 4 : 14
2. 2 : 1
3. 3 : 4
4. Same
5. 4 : 12 or 1 : 3
6. b : a+b
7. 3
8. bc

CHAPTER 10 : UNDERSTANDING GEOMETRICAL SHAPES

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Angle

An angle is a figure formed by two rays having same initial point.

The common initial point is called as vertex and rays forming the angles are called arms of the angle.
An angle represented by the symbol ∠.

Interior and exterior of an angle

1. All the parts or points which lie inside the arms or inside the angle are called points in the interior of
the angle.
2. All the parts or points which lie outside the arms or outside the angle are called points in the interior
of the angle.
Measurement of an angle

When a ray, say OP starts from its initial position, rotates about point O (vertex) and stops at the final
position say at OQ. The amount of rotation through which OP is rotated represents the magnitude of ∠POQ.

Comparison of an angle

Unit of measuring an angle

The standard unit of measuring an angle is degree. It is represented or denoted by “ ° ” .

Complete angle: One complete revolution of hands of clock makes one complete angle.

Straight angle: If a ray moves half of the rotation as compared to rotation of complete angle, then angle
made by it is called as straight angle.

Right angle: One fourth of the rotation as compared to the rotation of complete angle, then the angle formed
is called right angle.
Reflex angle: If any ray moves or rotates more than the rotation straight angle but less than the rotation of
complete angle, the angle thus formed is called as reflex angle.

Zero angle: The angle whose magnitude is zero is called as zero angle.

Acute angle: The angle whose magnitude is less than 90˚ is called acute angle.

Obtuse angle: The angle whose magnitude is greater than 90˚ but less than 180˚ is called obtuse angle.

Measuring and constructing an angle by protractor.

Perpendicular lines

If two lines are intersecting at right angles, then the lines are said to be perpendicular to each other.
Perpendicular lines are represented by symbol ⏊.

Perpendicular bisector

Parallel lines: When two lines do not intersect each other, even if they are extended in both the direction are
called as parallel lines.

Parallel lines are represented by symbol ⃦.

Transversal: A line which intersects two or more parallel or non parallel lines at distinct points is called a
transversal line.

All the perpendicular distances between two parallel lines are equal.

We use setsquare to measure the perpendicular distance between two parallel lines.

POLYGONS

Polygons are closed figures, made up of line segments.

Each polygon has sides, vertices and diagonals.

a. The line segments forming a polygon are called its sides.

To form a polygon minimum three sides are required. Any two sides of polygon which meet at
common end point are called adjacent sides of polygon.
 b. The point where two sides of polygon meet is called as vertex of polygon.
The end points of same sides of polygon are called adjacent vertices.
c. The line segments joining the non adjacent sides of polygon are called as diagonals of polygon.
Triangles

A polygon having three sides and three vertices is called triangle.

The region enclosed between sides or boundary of triangle is called interior of triangle.

The region not included between sides of triangle is called exterior of triangle.

Classification of triangles

Classification of triangles on the basis of sides

Equilateral triangle: If all the three sides of triangle are equal to each other, then triangle is called an
equilateral triangle.

Isosceles triangle: If two sides of triangle are equal to each other, then triangle is called an isosceles
triangle.

In isosceles triangle angle opposite to equal sides are also equal.

Scalene triangle: If no side of triangle is equal to any other, then triangle is called a scalene triangle.

Classification of triangles on the basis of angles.

Right angled triangle: A triangle having one right angle is called right angled triangle.

Acute angled triangle: A triangle having all angles acute is called acute angled triangle.

Obtuse angled triangle: A triangle having one angle obtuse is called obtuse angled triangle.

QUADRILATERALS

A quadrilateral is a polygon made up of four line segments.

It has four sides, four vertices, four angles and two diagonals.

Classification of quadrilaterals

a. Rectangle.

Properties are;
i. Each angle is 90˚.
ii. Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
iii. Diagonals are equal.
b. Parallelogram.
 Properties are
i. Opposite sides are equal and parallel.
ii. Opposite angles are equal.
iii. Diagonals are not equal.
c. Square.

Properties are;
i. Opposite sides are parallel.
ii. All sides are equal.
iii. Opposite angles are equal.
iv. Diagonals are equal.
v. Each angle is of 90˚.
d. Rhombus.

Properties are;
i. Opposite sides are parallel.
ii. All sides are equal.
iii. Opposite angles are equal.
iv. Diagonals are not equal, but bisect each other at right angle.
e. Trapezium.

It is a special kind of quadrilateral having two opposite sides parallel and two opposite sides as non
parallel.
i. One pair of parallel sides.
 ii. One pair of non parallel sides.
iii. Two unequal diagonals.

THREE DIMENSIONAL SHAPES

a. Cuboid: A cuboid is made up of six rectangular faces.

A cuboid has 6 faces, 12 edges and 8 vertices.

b. Cube: A cube is a cuboid with all its edges equal.

c. Cylinder: Cylinder has 3 faces, 2 circular faces one at the top and other at the bottom. One face is a
curved face.

d. Cone: Cone has 2 faces, 1 circular face at the bottom, 1 curved surface, 1 vertex and one edge.

e. Sphere: A completely round surface which resembles a ball is called sphere.

A sphere has only 1 curved surface. It has no vertex and no edge.

f. Prism: Its lateral surfaces are rectangular in shape and bases are triangular which are congruent to
each other.

A triangular prism consists of 9 edges, 6 vertices and 5 faces in which two are triangular and three
are rectangular in shape.
g. Pyramid: A pyramid is a solid with a single base and lateral faces are triangular in shape.
If the base is square, then it is called square pyramid.
In square pyramid, number of edges is 8, number of faces is 5 and number of vertices is 5.
If the base is triangle, then it is called triangular pyramid.
In a triangular pyramid, number of edges is 6, number of faces is 4, and number of vertices is 4.

II TEXT BOOK SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE 10 (A)
Question 1: Give some examples of angles that you see in your daily life.
Solution:

Question 2: Write the vertex and arms of angle of the figures given below.

Solution:

Question 3: How many angles are there in figures given below? Name them.

Solution:
Question 4: Name the points which lie in the interior, exterior and on the angle.

Solution:

Question 5: Name the angles shown in the following figures in two different ways:

Solution:
Question 6: Name all the angles.

Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (B)

Question 1: Using tracing paper, start which angle is smaller of the given pair.

Solution:
Question 2: Fill in the blanks.
(a) A reflex angle measure more than ________but less than _________.
(b) The measure of straight angle is ____________.
(c) One complete angle is equal to ______________.
(d) One right angle is equal to______________ of complete revolution of hands of clock.
(e) One complete angle = _____________ straight angles.
(f) Measure of obtuse angle is ____________ than 90˚ but ___________ than 180˚.

Solution:

Question 3: Say true/false for the following statements:

(a) One complete angle is equal to four right angles.
(b) The standard unit of measuring an angle is degree.
(c) The measure of straight angle is less than 180˚.
(d) A right angle is an obtuse angle.
(e) An obtuse angle is always greater than acute angle.

Solution:

Question 4: Classify the angles whose magnitudes are

(a) 43˚
(b) 94˚
(c) 100˚
(d) 90˚
(e) 270˚
(f) 360˚
(g) 190˚
(h) 75˚
(i) 120˚
(j) 60˚
Solution:

Question 5: What fraction of revolution does the hour hand of a clock turn through when it
goes from
(a) 9 to 6
(b) 3 to 6
(c) 5 to 8
(d) 2 to 11
(e) 8 to 11?
Solution:

Question 6: Where will the minutes hand of clock stop, if it

𝟏
(a) Starts at O’ clock and makes 𝟒 of revolution, clockwise?
𝟏
(b) Starts at 3 O’ clock and makes 𝟐 of revolution, clockwise?
𝟏
(c) Starts at 8 O’ clock and makes 𝟐 of revolution, clockwise?
𝟏
(d) Starts at 9O’ clock and makes 𝟒of revolution, clockwise?
Solution:
Question 7: State what kind of angle is formed in clockwise direction?
(a) North west and south east
(b) North and south east
(c) West and south east
(d) North and south
(e) West and north east
(f) North and west

Solution:

Question 8: What direction will you face, if you start facing?

(a) North
(b) East
(c) South
(d) West
Making one complete revolution, one half revolution, one fourth revolution and three
fourth revolution in all the four positions.

Solution:
Question 9: How many degrees are there in
𝟏
(a) of right angle
𝟑
𝟐
(b) 𝟑 of right angle
𝟏
(c) of straight angle
𝟑
𝟐
(d) 𝟑 of straight angle
𝟏
(e) of complete angle
𝟒
𝟐
(f) of complete angle
𝟒
𝟑
(g) of complete angle.
𝟒
Solution:
 Question 10: Classify the following into acute angle, obtuse angle, reflex angle and right
angle:
60˚, 120˚, 270˚, 210˚, 30˚, 45˚, 150˚, 235˚.
Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (C)

Question 1: Measure the given angle with protractor and classify them as, acute angle, obtuse
angle, right angle, straight angle and reflex angle.

Hint: first measure 180˚. Draw opposite ray of BA and then measure the gap between BC and
ray opposite to BA.
Solution:

Question 2: Construct the angles with the help of protractor and classify them as acute angle,
obtuse angle, right angle, straight angle and reflex angle.
(a) 60˚
(b) 30˚
(c) 45˚
(d) 90˚
(e) 180˚
(f) 105˚
(g) 135˚
Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (D)

Question 1: Which of the following represents perpendicular lines:

(a) Railway track
(b) The English letter ‘L’
(c) Blades of scissor
(d) The English letter ‘H’
(e) Edges of table?

Solution:

Question 2: Write the number of lines perpendicular to the line segment AB.
 Solution:

Question 3: Observe the figure and state yes/no.

(a) p⏊ AB
(b) p bisects FH
(c) p bisects ED
(d) CF=FH
(e) AG=GB
(f) AC>DB
(g) EF<GD.
Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (E)

Question 1: State true or false.

(a) Parallel lines do not intersect each other.
(b) Perpendicular distance between parallel lines is always same.
(c) A transversal intersects two parallel lines at three distinct points.

Solution:

Question 2: Name the possible line segments parallel to each other in the given figures.

Solution:
 Question 3: Write any three pairs of parallel lines from the following figures:

Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (F)
Question 1: Fill in the blanks.
(a) The line segments that form a polygon are called ___________.
(b) ____________ sides of polygon meet at common end point.
(c) The point where the sides of polygon meet is called ___________.
(d) A polygon is a ___________ figure.
(e) The end points of same side of polygon is called ___________ vertex.

(f) Minimum ______________ sides are required to form a polygon.

Solution:
(a) Sides
(b) Adjacent
(c) Vertex
(d) Closed
(e) Adjacent
(f) Three

Question 2: Draw any five polygons and shade their interior.

Solution:

Question 3: Identify which of the following figures are polygons and why:
 Solution:
Polygons are closed figures made up of line segments.
Hence (a), (b), (d), (e), (h) are polygons.

Question 4: Draw a polygon ABCD and ABCDEF as shown below and write their sides, vertex
and diagonals.

Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (G)

Question 1: Fill in the blanks.

(a) A triangle has ___________ sides and _______ vertices.
(b) The sides and interior of triangle together are called _________________.
Solution:
(a) Three, three.
(b) Triangular region

Question 2: Identify the points that lie in the interior, in the exterior of triangle.
Solution:

Question 3: How many triangles are there in the figure? Name them.

Solution:

Question 4: Name the vertical angle opposite to base BC of triangle ΔABC.

Solution:

Question 5: How many triangles are there in the figure? Name the triangles with vertex O.

Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (H)

Question 1: Fill in the blanks.

(a) In an equilateral triangle all ___________ and _________ are equal.
(b) A triangle can have only ________________ right angle.
(c) In a scalene triangle all sides are ____________.
(d) A triangle can have only _________ obtuse angle.
 (e) If two sides of triangle are equal, then it is called ___________ triangle.
(f) Each triangle has ___________ sides.
Solution:

Question 2: Name the triangle with vertex A, B, C, D, E and F. Classify them as acute, or
obtuse angle triangle.

Solution:

Question 3: Name the types of the following triangles:

(a) Triangles with sides 6 cm, 4 cm and 5 cm
(b) Δ ABC with ∠B = 120˚
(c) ΔPQR, with PQ = QR = RP = 5 cm
(d) ΔDEF with DE = EF = 4 cm and DF = 6 cm
(e) A triangle with all angles equal.

Solution:

Question 4: Classify the triangles on the basis of both sides and angles.
Solution:

Question 5: Classify the triangles on the basis of angles.

Solution:
 EXERCISE 10 (I)

Question 1: Classify the following quadrilaterals on the basis of their shapes:

Solution:

Question 2: Fill in the blanks.

(a) Opposite sides of square are __________ and ___________.
(b) Diagonals of rhombus _______________ each other at right angle.
(c) Diagonals of parallelogram __________ each other.
(d) In rectangle, diagonals are __________.
(e) All sides of rhombus are ____________.
Solution:
Question 3: State true and false.
(a) Every square is a rectangle.
(b) Every square is a rhombus.
(c) Every rectangle is a parallelogram.
(d) Every rhombus is a parallelogram.
(e) Every parallelogram is a square.
(f) Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal.
(g) Diagonals of rhombus bisect each other at right angle.
Solution:

EXERCISE 10 (J)

Question 1: Identify the following shapes:

Solution:

Question 2: Write number of faces, vertex and edges of the three-dimensional shapes mentioned
here.
(a) Cylinder
(b) Cone
 (c) Triangular prism
(d) Triangular pyramid
(e) Square pyramid
(f) Cube
(g) Cuboid.

Solution:

Question 3: Give two examples each of

(a) Cylinder
(b) Cone
(c) Cuboid
(d) Cube.
Solution:

III WORKSHEET

1. How many degrees are there in one-third of right angle?

2. What is the angle between two perpendicular lines?
3. The number of right angles turned through by hour hand of a clock when it goes from 5 to 8 is
________________
4. Where will the hands of a clock stops if it
(a) Starts at 2 and makes 1⁄4 of revolution clockwise?
(b) Starts at 5 and makes 1⁄4 of revolution clockwise?
(c) Starts at 6 and make complete revolution ?
(d) Starts at 7 and make 1⁄4 of revolution ?
5. 177˚ is called _______angle.
6. 90.5˚ is called __________angle.
7. Cube and cuboid has equal number of faces vertices and edges. Say true or false.
8. A triangular pyramid is also called as _______.

IV WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
1. 30˚
2. 90˚
3. 90˚
4. (a) 5
(b) 8
 (c) 6
(d) 10
5. obtuse
6. obtuse
7. true
8. tetrahedron
CHAPTER 13: PRACTICAL GEOMETRY
To draw various shapes, we need some instruments.

1. Ruler
2. Divider
3. Compasses
4. Set squares
5. Protractor

PERPENDICULAR

Two lines are said to be perpendicular if they intersect each other at right angle.

Construction of perpendicular to a given line through a point on the line using ruler and
compasses.

Step 1 : draw a line 𝑙 and mark a point A on the line.

Step 2 : with A as centre, draw an arc of convenient measure to intersect the line at two points X and Y.

Step 3 : with a radius greater than AX, draw an arc with X as centre.

Step 4 : with the same radius and Y as centre draw an arc intersecting the arc made in step 3 at point B.

Step 5 : join AB.

Construction of perpendicular to a given line through a point not lying on the line using ruler and
compasses.

Step 1 : given a line 𝑙 and let A be a point not lying on 𝑙.

Step 2 : draw an arc with A as centre and with sufficient radius to cut line 𝑙 at two distinct points X and
Y.

Step 3 : with the same radius and X and Y as centres, draw two arcs intersecting each other at point B on
the other side.

Step 4 : join AB.

Construction of perpendicular bisector of a line segment.

Step 1 : draw a line segment A͞B of any length.

Step 2 : with radius more than half of the line segment AB and A as centre, draw arcs on both sides of
Aab.

Step 3 : with B as centre and radius same as in step 2, draw two arcs intersecting the previous arcs on
both sides of line segment AB.

Step 4 : name P and Q as point of intersection of arcs on both the sides.

Step 5 : join PQ. It intersects AB at O.

Step 6 : verify that AO = BO ( using scale or divider )

Step 7 : verify ∠AOP = ∠BOP = 90°

Construction of an angle of a given measure

Step 1 : draw a line segment A͞B

Step 2 : place the centre of protractor at A and the zero edge along A͞B

Step 3 : start with zero in the direction of B. mark a point C at 50°

Step 4 : join AC

Construction of an angle equal to an angle of unknown measure.

Step 1 : draw a ray OX

Step 2 : with B as centre and a suitable radius draw an arc to intersect BA and BC at X and Y
respectively.

Step 3 : with ‘O’ as centre and with same radius as in above step draw an arc to intersect OX at P.
Step 4 : now with radius equal to YX and with P as centre, draw an arc to intersect the arc made in step 3
at Q.

Step 5 : join OQ.

Construction of bisector of an angle.

Step 1 : with vertex ‘O’ as centre and convenient radius draw arc intersecting OA and OB at P and Q
respectively.

Step 2 : with P as centre and radius more than half of PQ, draw an arc.

Step 3 : with the same radius as in step 2 and centre as Q draw another arc intersecting the previous arc
at R.

Step 4 : join OR.

Angles of special measure.

(a) Construction of an angle of 60°

Step 1 : draw a ray OA.
Step 2 : with centre O and any sufficient radius draw an arc PQ with the help of compass, cutting the
ray at OA at P.
Step 3 : with P as centre and same radius as in step 2 draw another arc cutting the arc PQ at R.
Step 4 : join OR and produce it to obtain ray OB.

(b) Construction of an angle of 30°

Step 1 : draw an angle of 60° as mentioned in the previous construction. ∠BOA = 60°
Step 2 : with ‘O’ as centre and any convenient radius draw an arc cutting OA and OB at P and Q
respectively.
1
Step 3 : with P as centre and radius greater than 2 PQ, draw an arc.
Step 4 : now with q as centre and radius same as in step 3, draw another arc cutting the arc drawn in
step 3 at R.
Step 5 : join OR.
 (c) Construction of an angle of 15°
bisect the angle 30°
(d) Construction of an angle 90°
Step 1 : draw a ray AB
Step 2 : with A as centre and convenient radius draw an arc cutting AB at P.
Step 3 : with P as centre and the same radius, draw an arc cutting the arc drawn in step 2 at Q
Step 4 : with Q as centre and the same radius as in step 2 draw another arc, cutting the arc drawn in
step 2 at R.
Step 5 : with R and Q as centre and same radius draw two arcs intersecting each other at S.
Step 6 : join AS and produce it to C.

(e) Construction of an angle of 45°

Bisect the angle 90°
(f) Construction of an angle of 120°
Step 1 : draw a ray AB
Step 2 : with A as centre and convenient radius draw an arc cutting AB at P
Step 3 : with P as centre and the same radius draw an arc cutting the previous arc at Q
Step 4 : with Q as centre and the same radius draw an arc cutting the arc drawn in step 2 at R
Step 5 : join AR and produce it to any point, say, C

II TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS
EXERCISE 13 ( C)

Question 1: Draw a line XY. Take a point A on it and construct a perpendicular AB using
ruler and compasses. Measure ∠XAB. Is it a right angle?
Solution:
Question 2: Draw an equilateral ∆ ABC and using compasses and ruler construct a
perpendicular from the vertex A to the side BC.
Solution:

Question 3: Draw a line 𝒍 and take a point X on it. Through X, draw a line segment X͞Y
perpendicular to 𝒍. Now draw a perpendicular to XY at Y using ruler and compasses.
Solution:

Question 4: Draw a line segment A͞B of length 8 cm. draw its perpendicular bisector. Is it its
line of symmetry.

Question 5: Draw a line segment of length 9 cm. construct its perpendicular bisector.
Solution:
Question 6: Draw a line segment AB and bisect it. Take one of the equal parts and bisect it
𝟏 𝟑
to obtain a line segment of length 𝟒 AB. Also obtain a line segment of length 𝟒 AB.
Solution:

Question 7: Draw any circle with centre at O. take any chord AB of this circle draw its
perpendicular bisector CD. Does it pass through the centre of the circle?
Solution:

Question 8: Draw a circle of radius 6 cm. draw two of its chords. Construct perpendicular
bisector of their chords. Where do these two perpendicular bisectors meet?
Solution:

Question 9: Draw an angle with vertex O. take a point A on one of its arms and B on
another arm such that OA = OB. Draw the perpendicular bisectors of O͞A and O͞B. let they
meet at P. Is PA = PB ?
Solution:
 EXERCISE 13 (D)

Question 1: Construct an angle of 60° with the help of compasses and bisect it.
Solution:

Question 2: Construct the following angles with the help of ruler and compasses :
(a) 120°
(b) 30°
(c) 45°
(d) 135°
(e) 150°
Solution:

Question 3: construct the following angles with the help of a ruler and protractor :
(a) 43°
(b) 70°
(c) 110°
(d) 150°
Solution:
Question 4: Construct an angle of any measure using compass and ruler. Construct an
angle
(a) Equal to the given angle.
(b) Which is twice of given angle.
(c) Which is half the given angle.
Solution:

Question 5: Draw an angle of 75° using protractor and ruler and find its line of symmetry.
Solution:
 Question 6: Construct an angle of measure 150° using ruler and protractor. Divide it into
four equal parts.
Solution:

Question 7: Draw an angle of measure 135°. Using ruler and compass bisect it.
Solution:

III. WORKSHEET
1. Choose suitable units for the following measurements.
(a) Length of your pencil ( cm or mm or km )
(b) Length of rice grain ( mm or km )
(c) Distance by road between delhi and jaipur ( mm or km )
2. Draw a circle of radius 3.2 cm. construct perpendicular bisector for its diameter.

IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS

1. (a) cm

(b) mm

(c) km

2.
 CHAPTER 14: DATA HANDLING
I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Data : a data is the collection of numbers gathered to get some information.

Range : difference between the highest and the lowest value of the data is called the ‘range’.

Frequency : the number of times a particular figure occurs in the given data is called its frequency.

Tally marks : we use 1 ( I ), 2 ( II ), 3 ( III ), 4 ( IIII ), 5 ( IIII ) and so on to represent the numbers as tally
marks.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS

EXERCISE 14 (A)

Question 1: The following are the weight in kg of 20 students of a class :

25, 16, 17, 15, 23, 10, 9, 5, 6, 17, 15, 16, 23, 25, 16, 15, 23, 9, 10, 6
Prepare a frequency distribution table for the given data.
Solution:

Question 2: The number of road accidents occurred per day recorded for 31 days of January 2008
in a city.
6, 2, 1, 4, 2, 5, 6, 7, 0, 5
2, 3, 1, 4, 3, 2, 5, 0, 7, 2
4, 6, 2, 3, 5, 0, 8, 9, 1, 2, 7
Prepare a frequency table for the data.
Solution:
Question 3: The marks obtained by 25 students in a class test of 100 marks is given below:
80, 60, 40, 70, 75, 80, 90, 100, 60, 70, 60, 70, 85, 65, 70, 70, 85, 60, 65, 80, 60, 70, 80, 70, 60.
Make a frequency distribution of the above data and answer the following questions:
(a) What is the maximum marks obtained?
(b) Find the number of students who scored less than 75 marks.
(c) Find the number of students who scored more than 80 marks.
(d) Find the range of the data given.

Solution:

Question 4: The players of class VI cricket team of a school made following runs in one day match
:
15, 20, 12, 15, 20, 11, 3, 0, 12, 11, 15.
Make the frequency table for the above score.
Solution:

Question 5: A die was thrown 25 times and the following scores were obtained:
5 2 3 4 3
1 5 2 2 2
6 2 1 1 5
2 1 5 5 1
 3 3 6 4 6
Prepare a frequency distribution table and answer the following questions:
(a) Which number occurred least number of times?
(b) Which number occurred maximum number of times?

Solution:

III. WORKSHEET
1. Prepare a frequency table.
250, 150, 300, 200, 150, 250, 200, 350, 150, 200, 300, 200, 250, 200, 250
(I) What is the range in wages (in Rs)?
(II) How many workers are getting Rs 350?
(III) How many workers are getting minimum wages?

IV. WORKSHEET ANSWER

1

.
(i) from the table we know that Rs 150 is the minimum wages and Rs 350 is the maximum wages given to
workers
Range = maximum wage - minimum wage
Range = 350 - 150 = Rs 200
(ii) from the frequency table we know that 1 worker is getting Rs 350.
(iii) we know that Rs 150 is the minimum wage
So, the 3 workers getting minimum wage.
 SCIENCE
CHAPTER 7. THE LIVING AND THE NON-LIVING

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
Introduction
Living organisms are creatures present everywhere in this living world.
Earth is the only planet that comprises living creatures in the entire universe.
There are both living as well as non-living things present on Earth. There are two categories of things/items
in our surroundings which are:

 Living Things: All living things have senses, breathe, eat, grow, move, and reproduce.
 Non-Living Things: Non-living things don't consume, grow, breathe, move, or reproduce in the same way
as live things do. They do not have senses.

Living organisms are present on the mountains, on the desert, in sea, in the openings of volcanoes and even
in the cupboards of our house.

Similarities between Living beings and Non-living Things

The following are the similarities between living and non-living things:
 They both occupy space.
 They both comprise smaller fundamental units.
 They both are formed of matter or mass.
 In both, the fundamental units present are molecules or atoms.
 They both require the expenditure of energy for moving.

Differences between Living and Non-living Things

Here are some of the major differences between living and non-living things:

Living Things Non-Living Things

They possess life. They do not possess life.

 Living things are capable of giving birth to
Non-living things do not reproduce.
their young ones.

For survival, living things depend on water,

Non-living things have no such requirements
air and food.

Living things are sensitive and responsive to Non-living things are not sensitive and do
stimuli. not respond to stimuli.

Metabolic reactions constantly occur in all There are no metabolic reactions in Non-
living things. living things.

Living organisms undergo growth and

Non-living things do not grow or develop.
development.

They have a lifespan and are not immortal. They have no lifespan and are immortal.

Living things move from one place to Non-living things cannot move by
another. themselves.

They respire and the exchange of gases takes

Non-living things do not respire.
place in their cells.

Example: Humans, animals, plants, insects. Example: Rock, pen, buildings, gadgets.

Structural Organisation
The cell is the smallest, structural and functional unit of an organism.
The cell components are mainly involved in carrying out various life functions. To carry out these functions, cells
required specialized structures called cell organelles.
The structural organisation in animals or any other lifeform is the same at the fundamental level. Or in other words,
all life currently living on earth are made up of cells. And when cells get together, they form tissues. Tissues, in turn,
form organs and organ systems.
Cells → Tissues → Organs → Organ system.
Based on the number of cells, organisms can be:
The structure of the unicellular is made up of a single cell.
Amoeba, paramecium, yeast all are examples of unicellular organisms.
The structure of multicellular organisms is made up of numerous cells.
A few examples of multicellular organisms are human beings, plants, animals, birds, and insects.
Characteristics of Living Organisms

Certain criteria can differentiate living beings from non-living things-

1. Need of food

 Like all animals; plants also need food for growth and development which they prepare by
photosynthesis.
 But non-living things do not grow and thus do not need food.

Fig. Plants prepare food by photosynthesis in the presence of sunlight

2. Growth-

 All livings beings grow and show different stages of growth.

 Young ones of animals grow into adults. For example- Pups of a dog grow into adults, chicken from a
hatched egg grows into a hen or a cock.

Fig. Young ones of a hen grows into adult

3. Respiration –

 The process of breath in oxygen and using by the body to obtain energy and releasing carbon di oxide
produced in this process is called respiration.
 Breathing is a part of respiration.
 Different organisms use different ways to exchange gases. For example- earthworms breathe through
air, fishes through gills, and plants by the tiny pores present in the leaves.
 In sunlight, plants take carbon di oxide to produce food and release oxygen. This process is called
photosynthesis.
 Photosynthesis in plants take place only during day time but respiration takes place day and night.
 Non-living things do not breathe and hence do not respire.
 Fig. Breathing and respiration of a sea animal

4. Response to stimulus-

 Any change in the external environment is called stimuli and reaction of organisms against the stimulus
is called response.
 Examples- Shut down of eyes in bright light, running away of wild animals in response to bright light,
blooming of plants only after sunset, folding of touch me not plants when touched
 But non-living things do not show any response against stimulus.

Fig. Blooming of plants at night

5. All living organisms excrete-

 Digestion of food takes place inside the body and used by the cells but undigested food remains as
waste.
 The process of removal of waste from the body is called excretion.
 Excretion is shown by all plants and animals, some plants can store the waste as harmless products and
some plants use the method of secretion to excrete the waste.
6. Reproduction-

 The process of giving rise to the young ones is called reproduction.

 Some animals produce young ones through eggs and some give birth.
 Some plants reproduce from seed which germinates and grow into a
new plant.
 Some plants reproduce through other parts of the plant body. For
example, a part of a potato with bud can give rise to a new plant.
 Some plants reproduce through cuttings in the plant body.
 All non-living things are manmade and thus cannot give rise to the new one.
Fig. Reproduction gives rise to similar young ones of human and monkey

7. Movement-

 All living beings can move from one place to another except plants.
 Plants cannot move from one place to another because these are anchored in soil by roots, but minerals,
water and foods present in the plant move from one part to other parts of the plant.
 Closing and opening of flowers of a plant is another phenomenon which shows that plants can move.
 Non-living things are constant in their places where they are kept and hence cannot move.

Fig. Running of a cat, flying of birds show movement of living beings.

 Bus, clocks, clouds can also move but these do not show other characteristics of living beings so these
are non-living.

Fig. A tiger, flowers, a cat represent living beings

Fig. A clock, a car, a monument represents non-living things

8. Definite Life Span

An individual has a definite beginning and an end.

Life span is defined as the period between life and death of an individual.
Some organisms live for several thousand years like bristlecone pines whereas for some the life span is a
day as in case of mayfly.
Life span depends on certain factors that are related to the health of an organism.
A diseased organism usually has a lower life span compared to a healthier organism.
Factors affecting the lifespan of an organism include: > Rate of metabolism: A healthy and fast metabolic
rate usually increases life span.
SPECIES
A biological species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with one another in nature and produce
fertile offspring.
ASSESSMENT ZONE
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. Cells are the building blocks of living organisms.
2. Which among the following does not lay eggs?
c. Shark
3. Which of the following is an example of plant excretory product?
b. Carbon dioxide
4. What is produced when food combine with oxygen?
a. Carbon dioxide, c. energy
5. The important characteristic of organism belonging to the same species is:
d. All of the above
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Several plants have pores called lenticels on their stems for breathing.
2. The movement of an organism from one place to another is called locomotion.
3. In gee laying animals, the young one’s hatch from eggs.
4. Roots show positive geotropism.
5. Any change in the environment that generates a response in living organism is called a stimulus.
C. Match the following.
1. Spiracles e. Cockroach
2. Carbon dioxide a. Photosynthesis
3. Species d. Breed
4. Stomata b. Breathe
5. Toxins c. Excretion
E. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
1. All living organisms exhibit locomotion. FALSE.
2. Plant stems grow away from the source of light. FALSE.
3. Carbon dioxide produced during respiration can be used by plants for photosynthesis. T
4. If toxins are not excreted from the body, they can cause illness. TRUE
5. Plants do not show any movement. FALSE.
6. All living organisms grow throughout life. FALSE.
7. Insects breathe through their skin. FALSE.
F. Give one word for following.
1. The basic structural and functional unit of life. Cell
2. The structures that enable a fish to breathe. Gills
3. The period for which a living organism lives. Life span
4. Removal of waste products from our body. Excretion
G. Answer the following questions in brief
 1. Distinguish living beings from non-living things on the basis of the following
a. growth b. reproduction c. energy production
Answer: a. Growth – all living organisms grow. They increase in size and volume.
Non-living things do not grow. Their size and volume increases only if something is
added from the outside.
b. Reproduction – All living organism reproduce.
Some animals give birth to babies and some lay eggs.
Most plants reproduce through seeds. Non-living organisms do not reproduce.
c. Energy production – All living beings produce energy for their survival.
Non-living things do not produce energy.
2. Give reason: The process of excretion is crucial to living organisms.
Answer:
 As living organisms eat, respire, grow and develop and carry out various processes of the body, they
produce certain unwanted or wasteful substances that are often toxic for the body.
 It is necessary to remove these wastes to stay healthy and avoid diseases. Such substances need to
be removed from the body by the process of excretion.
3. In what ways are seeds important for plants?
Answer:
Seeds are important for plants as most plants reproduce through seeds. Seeds are
required for propagation of species of that plant.
4. How is the process of growth different from that of development?
Answer:
 Growth is the increase in size and volume of the body.
 Animals stop growing in size after sometime.
 During this time, their body undergoes the process of development that makes their
bodies more complex and mature.
5. Name three products excreted by plants but commercially used by a man. Also
state the Purpose for which they are used.
Answer:
 Gums, resins and rubber.
 Gums and resins are used by humans for making varnishes and
 adhesives.
 The rubber obtained from rubber plant is used to make many useful things like hoses,
 Belts, matting, flooring, medical gloves and much more.
 Rubber is also used as adhesives in many products and industrial applications.
6. How does the pattern of growth in plants differ from that of animals?
Answer:
Animals stop growing in size after sometime. During this time, their body undergoes the process
of development that makes their bodies more complex and mature. Plants,
however, keep on growing throughout their life.
7. How do sense organs help us to survive in our environment?
Answer:
Sense organs help to perceive changes in environment or stimuli and produce response
 according to those stimuli.
H. Answer the following questions in detail
1. List the various characteristics of living being, which according to you are more
essential in distinguishing the living form the non-living things.
Answer: Following are the characteristics of living organisms.
1. Structural organisation 2. Growth 3. Movement
4. Food and nutrition 5. Respiration 6. Excretion
7. Reproduction 8. Definite life span 9. Response to stimuli
All the above characteristics are equally important in distinguishing the living from
Non-living things.
2. What is life span? What could be the consequences if the living organisms do not
die?
Answer:
 Each organism lives for a particular number of years, which is known as its life span.
 If living organisms do not die then there would a situation of population explosion.
3. Living beings respond to various stimuli. Explain using two examples. Pick
any two examples from your daily lives (not mentioned in the text) to further illustrate things
phenomenon.
Answer:
Two examples to show living beings respond to stimuli are –
 If we touch a hot pan, the hot pan triggers an instant reaction in us. We immediately withdraw your
hand.
 The property of a plant stem to grow towards the source of light is called phototropism. Here light
is the stimulus and growth of stem towards light is the response.
 Two examples from my daily life to illustrate the phenomenon of stimuli and response – Salivation
starts when I smell something delicious cooked by my mother. Here smell of delicious food is
stimulus and salivation is response.
 Closing and Taking eyes away when sunlight when sunlight strikes my eyes directly.
4. Why do the living organisms reproduce? What are the different ways by which they do so? What
will happen if the living organisms fail to reproduce?
Answer:
 Reproduction is the process by which new organisms (offspring) are generated. Through
reproduction, they pass on their genetic information to the next generation. There are two main
types of reproduction: these include sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction.
 Sexual reproduction: This involves two individuals of the same species, usually a male and female.
Here the male and female sex cells come together for fertilization to take place. After this the newly
fertilized cell goes on to become a new organism, the offspring
 Asexual reproduction: This form of reproduction occurs without the involvement of another.
Asexual reproduction is very common in single cell organisms and in many plants. In unicellular
organisms, the parent cell just divides to produce two daughter cells.
 Reproduction is important for the survival of all living things. Without a mechanism for
reproduction, life would come to an end.
5. Plants do not sweat or pass urine. How do they get rid of the excess water?
Answer:
 Plants release carbon dioxide and excess water through the stomata present on their leaves and
stems.
 Other wastes are released in the form of gums and resins.
6. Saket put ten guppies in a fish tank and fed them every day. He did not want put any more fish
into the aquarium. The graph here shows how the number of fishes in the tank changed in the
next few months.
 The graph shows that living things
a. grows b. need food
c. move d. reproduces
Answer: d. reproduce
7. A car moves when filled with fuel and the engine is started by the driver. It changes direction on its
own when the steering wheel is moved by the driver. Is the car a living or non-living?
Answer:
Car is a non-living thing. While cars do resemble living organisms because they move and need fuel to
function, they are not alive because they are not made of cells, they do not grow or reproduce, they
cannot adapt to their surroundings, and they are not able to respond to stimulus.
WORKSHEET

1. Name them:
(i) A living thing always fixed in the ground.
(ii) A non-living thing which can move.
(iii) Things made by humans.
(iv) A plant that moves towards the Sun.
2. How does a plant breathe while it has no nose?
3. Name any five animals which lay eggs.
4. How do most plants reproduce?
WORKSHEET ANSWERS

1. (i) plant

(ii) Car

(iii) Man-made things

(iv)Sunflower

2. Plants do not have noses; they breathe through very small openings in their leaves called stomata.

3. Snakes, crocodiles, hens, frogs and ducks lay eggs.

4. Most plants reproduce through seeds.

HOMEWORK
 CHAPTER 13. ELECTRICITY AND CIRCUITS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Electricity is the flow of electric charge. It provides energy or power that is used to run electrical and electronic appliances.

 Electricity is used for running electrical appliances like fan, tube light, water pumps etc and electronic appliances
like TV, Computer, washing machines, radio etc.

Sources of Electricity

 Electricity is generated through thermal power stations, windmills, batteries etc.

The following are some of the sources of electricity:
Electric cell- A cell converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
Mains- The electricity which we get from power stations to our home is through mains.
Generators - Generators are generally used in case of a power cut, it burns fuel to give electricity.
There are five major renewable energy sources
1. Solar energy from the sun.
2. Geothermal energy from heat inside the earth.
3. Wind energy.
4. Biomass from plants.
5. Hydropower from flowing water.

Electric Cell
An electric cell also known as an electrochemical cell. An electric cell is a device which produces
electricity capable to run smaller appliances like torch, clock, camera, radio etc.
An electrical cell is an "electrical power supply". It converts stored chemical energy into electrical potential
energy, allowing positive charges to flow from the positive terminal to the negative one through an external
circuit.
 An electric cell has two terminals – positive (+) and negative (-).
 Positive side of an electric cell has a metal cap. Negative side has a flat metal disc.
 Chemicals stored inside the cell produce electricity through internal reactions. Once, chemicals are
used up, the cell loses its capability to produce electricity.
Electric Bulb
An electric bulb is a device which produces light when electricity is passed through its terminals.
 The bulb has two thick contact wires in the centre with a thin wire attached between them. This thin
wire is called filament.
 One of the thick wires is connected to the metal case at the base of the bulb and the other is connected
to the metal tip at the centre of the base. These two forms the terminals.
 When electricity is passed through the terminals of the bulb, the filament gets heated up and produces
light.
 A bulb is said to be fused if the filament gets broken. Fused bulb doesn’t glow.
 The two terminals do not directly touch each other to avoid short circuit.

Electric Bulb connected to Electric Cell

An electric cell produces electricity capable enough to make a bulb glow.
 To make a bulb glow using a cell, a wire needs to be connected from one terminal of the cell to one
terminal of the bulb. Similarly, the other terminal of the cell must be connected to second terminal of
the bulb.
 The bulb will not glow in case the above is not followed and the connections are not made properly.

Electric Circuit
An electric circuit is a complete path for electricity (current) to pass between two terminals of an electric
cell.
 Bulb glows when current flows through its terminals.
 Conventionally, current flows from positive terminal to the negative terminal of the battery.
 A fused bulb (with broken filament) offers a broken path and hence the bulb doesn’t glow.
 Content Open Circuit Closed Circuit
#

An open circuit makes an incomplete path A closed circuit makes a complete

01 Basic to flow the active energy from the source to path to flow the active energy from
the load. the source to the load.

In an electric closed circuit, current

Electric In an electrical open circuit, the current
02 flow from the positive charge to the
Current does not flow.
negative charge particles.

Symbol It is represented by ‘( )’ in an electric It is represented by ‘(.) ‘in an

03
(Basic) circuit. electric circuit.

In an electric circuit, the potential In an electric circuit, the potential

Potential
04 difference does not occur between the two difference occurs between the two
Difference
terminals of an open circuit. terminals of the closed circuit.
 The closed circuit conducts
electricity with the help of
05 Nature The open circuit can’t conduct electricity.
connected active elements (like
a cell, battery, etc.).

This circuit works as an ‘Off’ state This circuit works continuously

06 State
position. ‘On’ state position.

Electric Switch
Electric Switch is an electrical device which can make or break an electric circuit.
 A switch is said to be in ‘ON’ position when it makes or completes the circuit and allows the current to
pass through.
 Similarly, a switch is in ‘OFF’ position when it breaks the circuit and does not allow the current to pass
through.

Torch
 A torch is a portable electric lamp which uses two or more cells to light a small bulb.
A torch is used to provide light in the dark when it is switched on.
A torch consists of a simple electric circuit in which two or more cells are connected to a torch bulb through
a sliding switch.

Working of Torch
In most torches, the lamp is either a tungsten filament (incandescent bulb) or a light emitting diode (solid
state bulb), also known as an LED.
The tungsten filament or LED glows when electricity flows through it, thus producing visible light.
Tungsten is a natural element and the tungsten filament is a very thin wire.
When a bulb is connected to a battery, the internal chemical energy of the battery is converted into the
electrical energy.
This electrical energy produces current and the current passes through the filament and the filament heats
up.

Conductors and Insulators

 Materials which allow electric current to pass through them are called conductors of electricity.
Examples are iron nail, key, safety pin, water, human body etc.
 Materials which do not allow electric current to pass through them are called insulators of electricity. Examples
rubber, plastic, glass, air, cloth etc.
 Conductors are mainly metallic while insulators are non-metallic.
 Electrical devices are made up of conductors. To avoid passing of the current to human body during
their handling, these devices have a covering of insulators (like plastic, wood, aluminium) over them.
 ASSESSMENT ZONE
A. Tick the correct answer.
1. An electric bulb has 2 terminals.
2. Which of the following is the source of electricity in a mobile phone?
Secondary cell
3. The electric current in a closed circuit always flows from negative, terminal of the cell to the
positive terminal.
4. Secondary cells are also known as accumulators.

5. Symbol of battery is .
6. Which of the following controls the flow of current in a circuit?
Switch
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. An electric cell has 2 terminals. The metal cap is positive terminal of the cell.
2. The filament of the bulb is made of Tungsten.
3. An electric bulb converts electric energy to heat and light energy.
4. Most metals are good conductors of electricity.
5. The path of electric current is known as circuit.
6. Substances that allow electric current to pass through them are called conductor.
C. State whether the following statements are true or false.
1. Electrical wires are generally made up of metals. TRUE
2. Copper is a conductor of electricity whereas plastic is an insulator of electricity. TRUE
3. An electric cell converts electrical energy into chemical energy. FALSE
4. Filament of the bulb has low melting point. FALSE
5. In an open circuit, switch is in ON position. FALSE
6. Switch can be attached anywhere in the circuit. TRUE
7. A dry cell can be used to light up huge buildings. FALSE
8. We should switch off an electric device before unplugging it. TRUE

D. Give one word/term for the following.

1. A portable source of electrical energy. Cell
2. Device used to make or break a circuit. Switch
3. Materials that do not allow electricity to pass through them. Insulators
4. A good conductor for electricity. Metals
5. Device that converts chemical energy to electricity. Primary cell
6. Closed continuous path through which current flows. Electric circuit
E. Match the followings.
1. Filament of bulb d. Tungsten
2. Electric bell a. converts electrical energy to sound energy
3. Longer line in the cell e. positive end
4. Shorter line in the cell b. negative end
5. Portable lamp f. torch
6. Portable source of electricity c. battery
F. Answer the following questions.
1. What is the purpose of using electric switch in an electric circuit?
Answer:
 A switch is used to operate an electrical device.
 It makes or breaks the circuit.
 When the switch is in ON position, it allows the current to flow through it, forming a closed
circuit.
 When it is in OFF position, it does not allow electric current to pass through it, forming an open
circuit
2. State two precautions that should be exercised while dealing with electricity.
Answer:
 While handling electrical gadgets, we should take the following precautions.
 Never touch any electrical device with wet hands.
 While using electrical devices, always wear rubber-soled footwear as rubber.
3. Draw a closed-circuit using symbols of an electric bulb, cell, and switch and connecting
wires.
Answer: Refer fig. 13.6 on Page No. 205
4. How are insulators important in electrical circuits?
Answer:
 Plastic is an insulator.
 It prevents us from getting electric shock.
 The bodies of electrical switches, sockets, plugs and handles of an electric iron are all made of
insulating materials.
 For the sake of safety and prevention of accidents, insulators are of great importance.
5. What are the essential components in an electrical circuit?
Answer: Electric circuit has four basic parts: an energy source (AC or DC), a conductor (wire), an
electrical load (device), and one controller (switch).
6. How are dry cells different from chargeable cells?
Answer: A dry cell battery is one that cannot be recharged and is also known as a primary battery.
Rechargeable batteries are also known as secondary batteries and can be recharged a limited number
of times.
7. What are secondary cells?
Answer: In Secondary cell, the chemical reaction that occurs inside the cell is reversible. So,
secondary cells can be recharged and used repeatedly.
8. State two uses of conductor and insulator of electricity.
Answer: Two uses of conductor are –
 The wires used for carrying electricity are made of conducting materials.
 Coils of conductor form inductor or transformers.
 Coils of conductors around cores make electromagnets.
Two uses of insulator are –
 The bodies of electrical switches, sockets, plugs and handles of an electric iron are all
 Made of insulating materials.
 Handles of an electric iron, refrigerators are all made of insulating materials.
 The plastic covering those surrounds wires is an electrical insulator. It stops us from getting
an electrical shock.
9. Where did the word ‘electricity’ originate from?
Answer: The term is from the Latin word electrum for “amber,” from Greek. Elektron “amber” also
“pale gold meaning “charged with electricity” is from 1670s. The physical force so called because it
first was generated by rubbing amber.
10. Draw neat and labelled circuit diagram of a torch.
Answer: Refer to fig. 13.6 on page 205
11. Differentiate between the following:
a. Open and closed circuit
b. Conductor and insulator of electricity
Answer:

Open Circuit Closed Circuit

In open circuit current does not flow. In closed circuit the current flows.

In open circuit potential difference is In close circuit there is difference in potential.

not established.
Open circuit is represented by ( ) sign Closed circuit is represented by (.)

b. Conductor and insulator of electricity

 Basis For Comparison Conductor Insulator
Definition Material which permits Restrict the electric
the electric current or current or heat to pass
heat to pass through it. through it.
Electric Field Exist on the surface but Do not exist on
remain zero inside the insulator.
conductor.
Potential Remain same at all the Remain zero
point on conductor.
Thermal Conductivity High Low
Conductivity Very high Low
Resistance Low High
Electrons Freely move Do not Freely move Do not move freely
move freely
12. What are the various possibilities for the bulb not to glow in an electric circuit?
Answer: A few possibilities:
 The contacts are not connected as well as they appear.
 The wires have been tied or clamped to the terminals without stripping off the insulation.
The bulb is dead (burnt out).
 There is no voltage source in the circuit.
 A switch in series is open (switched off).
 Something in series is blocking most or all of the current.
 It’s defective/burnt out.
 It’s a capacitor and the voltage supply is DC.
13. Give reasons:
a. Electricians are advised to wear rubber gloves while working on electrical devices.
b. Electric switches and boards are made up of plastic.
c. One should not touch switches with wet hands.
Answer:
a. Rubber is an insulator and does not allow the passage of electric current through it, so when
electricians wear rubber gloves electric current cannot pass through them, so they don’t get
shock. Human beings are conductors of electricity, and one can experience a shock when
working with electrical equipments.
b. Plastic is safer, as the plastic creates an extra level of insulation.
c. Our body is a good conductor of electricity and Water is a good conductor of electricity too if
impurities are there while pure water is insulator of electricity. Current can easily pass through
our body and we can get shock.
14. What will happen if both the terminals of cell are directly connected without connecting
them through switch and a bulb?
Answer: If we join two terminals of electric cell directly through a wire, the chemical in an electric
cell get used up very fast and the cell will stop working.
15. Filament of an electric bulb is made up of tungsten and not any other material. Why?
Answer: Pure tungsten has properties like highest melting point (3695 K), lowest vapor pressure,
and greatest tensile strength out of all the metals. Because of these properties it is the most
commonly used material for light bulb filaments, that’s why bulb are made of Tungsten, not any
other material.
16. Your brother has made a battery-operated torch using two cells and has come to ask you
how he may make the torch more powerful. What would you advise him?
Answer: I will ask him to use more batteries in series to make the torch more powerful.
17. What kind of cells would you use in the following cases?
a. Car
b. Transistor radio
c. Hearing aid
Answer: a Car – secondary cell
b. Transistor radio – primary cell
 c. Hearing aid – Secondary cell
18. Why are solar cells used as a source of power in satellites?
Answer: Solar panels are used in artificial satellites because if a battery is fixed it will soon run out
of power and it is impossible to use a wired switch for the satellite. As a result, satellites are fixed
with solar panels as the sun gives unlimited energy to the satellite it is therefore the best way to give
power to the satellite.
19. Instead of plastic, can the electric wires be covered with aluminium foil?
Answer: No, it can’t be covered with aluminium foil as aluminium is a good conductor of electricity
and we may get electric shock whereas plastic is an insulator thus, a bad conductor of electricity so it
is used to cover wires.
WORKSHEET
1. The given diagram below shows an electric circuit. When the switch is closed, the bulb lights up.
Which thing is likely to be found in the mystery box?

2. State True/False
a) In all electrical circuits, the connecting wires should be in a straight line; you cannot have wavy or
coiled-up wire in a circuit.
b) To conserve electricity, everyone should switch off lights and fans in rooms, when not in use.
3. The cells that can be recharged repeatedly and used in mobile phones.
4. A thin tungsten wire in a transparent glass covering of a light bulb.
5. Things made of this material prevents a large current from passing your body.
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
1. Electric cell/wire
2. a) False
b) True
3. Accumulators
4. Filament
5. Rubber
IV. HOMEWORK
1. Draw a close and an open circuit diagram using the two batteries, one bulb and a switch.

CHAPTER 13 FUN WITH MAGNETS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

Discovery of Magnets

 Magnet was first discovered in Ancient Greece by a shepherd named Magnes.

 While taking his goats and sheep for grazing to a mountain, he used to carry a stick with a small piece
of iron attached to it. One day his stick got attracted to a rock, and it was hard for him to pull it back.
 What are Magnets?
 A magnet is an object which attracts things made of iron, steel, nickel and cobalt. Magnets are made
of iron, steel or other alloys of iron by the process of magnetisation. Magnets are made in different
shapes and sizes so that they can be used for different purposes.
 Magnets are pieces of iron or other materials which exhibit the properties of magnetism i.e., the ability
to attract other objects that contain iron. Compass needles, fridge magnets and MRI scanners are some
common examples of magnets.
 It is said that magnets were discovered after a shepherd named Magnets accidentally got his iron stick
stuck to a rock. It was later discovered that the said rock had magnetic properties and was
called Magnetite, named so after the shepherd.
 These days magnets come in different shapes and forms such as: horseshoe magnet, bar magnet,
cylindrical or a ball-ended magnet, needle magnet etc.

Magnetic and Non-Magnetic Materials

 Magnetic Materials: Materials like nickel, cobalt and iron are called magnetic materials. These
materials are attracted to magnets.
 Non-Magnetic Materials: Materials like rubber, plastic, cloth, glasses etc. which are not attracted to
magnets are referred to as non-magnetic materials.
Natural and Artificial Magnets
  A natural magnet is a magnet that occurs naturally in nature. All natural magnets are permanent
magnets, meaning they will never lose their magnetic power.
 Natural magnets can be found in sandy deposits in various parts of the world. The strongest natural
magnet material is lodestone, also called magnetite.
 This mineral is black in color and very shiny when polished. The lodestone was actually used in the
very first compasses ever made. Because natural magnets are permanent magnets, if lodestone is
allowed to freely spin, its north pole will always align itself with the Earth's geographic North Pole.

 When magnets are made by people, they are called artificial magnets. It's these magnets that are on
your refrigerator door, and they have extra-strong magnetic power, like those really tiny super-strong
magnets that you can buy from toy or science stores.
 There are two types of artificial magnets: temporary and permanent. Temporary magnets are
magnets that aren't always magnetic, but their magnetism can be turned on at will. Permanent
magnets are those magnets whose magnetic strength never fades.

Properties of Magnet
The Attractive property
 A magnet has an inherent property to attract materials like iron, cobalt, nickel, etc. The materials attracted
by a magnet are called “magnetic materials”.
 The property which enables a magnet to exert a force of attraction on magnetic materials is known as
the attractive property of a magnet.

 The attractive property of a magnet is maximum at the poles.

Poles of Magnet
We can observe a very interesting property about magnets which is that when we try to attract iron filings or
any other magnetic objects to a magnet, they always accumulate at the ends of the magnet.
This is because near the poles the magnetic field of the magnet is very strong.
A Magnetic field is defined as the region around a magnet within which the magnetic force acts. Being
strongest at the poles, this is why magnetic objects get attracted to the ends of the magnet.

Magnetic field and magnetic poles

The Directive Property

 If we suspend a magnet freely with a thread then it always aligns itself in the geographic north-south
direction when it comes to rest. This is called as directive property of a magnet.

 An instrument in which the directive property of a magnet is used is compass needle.

Magnetic axis

 The straight line which connects magnetic poles of Earth is known as magnetic axis.
Separating the Two poles of a Magnet
 Poles of a magnet can never be separated.
 Magnetic monopoles do not exist in nature. Even if we cut a magnet into two small parts, the new poles will
always appear in pairs as shown in the diagram. Hence we cannot separate north and south poles of a
magnet.

Attraction and Repulsion among Magnets

Opposite or unlike poles i.e., North and the South Pole attract each and vice versa.
Similar or like poles like north and north poles of two magnets repel each other. Same is the case with South
poles of two magnets.

Attraction between opposite poles and repulsion between similar poles

 Notes of caution
 When heated, hammered or dropped from a height, magnets tend to lose their properties.
 They become weak if they are not stored properly and hence:
 Bar magnets should be stored in pairs separated by a small block of wood and their unlike poles facing
the same side with a soft iron across their ends.
 A piece of iron should be kept across the poles in case of a horseshoe magnet.
 Magnets should be kept away from computers, mobiles, televisions etc.

Finding Directions
Another great property of a magnet is that it can prove extremely helpful in navigating directions. This is
because a freely suspended magnet always points in the North-South direction.
This property of magnet is used to make a compass. A magnetic needle is placed inside a box with directions
marked on it. It is allowed to rotate freely so that when the compass is kept at the position of rest, the needle
points towards the north and south direction.
Steps to make own Magnet
 Take a rectangular piece of iron. Place it on the table.
 Take a bar magnet and place one of its poles near one edge of the bar of iron. Without lifting the bar
magnet, move it along the length of the iron bar till it reaches the other end.
 Lift the magnet and bring the pole (the same pole we started with) to the same point of the iron bar from
which we began. Move the magnet again along the iron bar in the same direction as we did before.
 Repeat this process about 30-40 times. The iron piece has become bar magnet.
Magnets should be handled with care and they should be stored properly.
 Earth as a Giant Magnet

 The earth is called as a gigantic magnet because North Pole of a freely suspended magnet
always settles in the direction of the geographic north pole of the earth.

 Earth is a giant magnet because it contains magnetic material in the form of molten rock. Earth's
magnetic field, or magnetosphere, is strongest around the planet's North and South Poles.

 It means that the South Pole of some gigantic magnet must be near the geographic north pole of
that magnet, near the geographic south pole of the earth.

 Gilbert inferred from this that the earth itself is a gigantic magnet.
Preserving Magnets

 They should be kept in pairs with their unlike poles on the same side.
 For horseshoe magnet, one should keep a piece of iron across the poles.
 Take care to protect the magnet against mechanical shock. Some magnets are brittle.
 The bar magnets should always be kept in pairs separated by a piece of wood, keeping the unlike poles on
the same side. Also, a pair of soft iron pieces should be placed across their ends.
 The process used for destroying the magnetic properties of a magnet is called demagnetization. For example:
- A magnet is heated then it loses its magnetic properties. In other words removal of magnetic strength from
a magnetic substance is called demagnetization.
Self-demagnetization: The phenomenon when a magnet becomes weal and loses its magnetism over the
period of time when its poles left free.

Uses of Magnets

 We might be using computers in our day-to-day lives but never wondered about the presence of a
magnet inside it. Magnetic elements on a hard disk help to represent computer data, which is later
‘read’ by the computer to extract information.

 Magnets are used inside TVs, sound speakers and radios. The small coil of wire and a magnet inside
a speaker transforms the electronic signal to sound vibrations.

 Magnets are used inside a generator to transform mechanical energy into electrical energy. In
contrast, other kinds of motors use magnets to change electrical energy to mechanical energy.

 Electrically charged magnets can help cranes to move large metal pieces.

 Magnets are used in filtering machines that separate metallic ores from crushed rocks.

 It is also used in food processing industries for separating small metallic pieces from grains etc.
  Magnets are used in MRI machines which are used to create an image of the bone structure, organs,
and tissues. Even magnets are used to cure cancer.

 At home, you use magnets when you stick a paper on the refrigerator in order to remember
something. Attaching a magnetic bottle opener to the fridge can come in handy.

 We often use pocket a compass to find out directions when we are on a trek. The pocket compass
uses a magnetic needle to point north.

 The dark strip on the back of debit and credit cards is magnetic and is used to store data like
computers’ hard drives.

 Magnets can help collect all the nails which are scattered on the ground after a repair job.
Tick the correct answer.
1. Which one of the following statement is incorrect?
b. magnetic influence can pass through wood.
2. Magnets can be demagnetized when
c. are heated to a very high temperature.
3. Which of the following is a non-magnetic substance?
a. Copper
4. What should a compass needle be made of?
b. Steel
5. Which of the following property is the sure test of magnetism.
c. Both a and b
6. Spread some iron filings and place a bar magnet in it, the iron filings will
c. Cling to each end of the magnet mostly and few near middle.
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. A freely suspended magnet comes to rest in the north-south direction.
2. Demagnetization is a phenomenon in which a permanent magnet loses it magnetism.
3. The magnetic force of a magnet is maximum at its poles.
4. Compass is used by sailors and travelers to find the direction.
5. Magnetic keeper are used to prevent self-demagnetization of magnets.
B. State whether the following statements are True or False.
1. All metals are magnetic material. FALSE
2. A magnet with single magnetic pole can exit. FALSE
3. A magnet can be demagnetization by hammering. TRUE
4. The magnetic axis of a freely suspended magnet always
align in east-west direction. FALSE
5. Magnetic force of a magnet is maximum at its centre. FALSE
6. Attraction but not repulsion is the sure test of magnetism. FALSE
C. Give one word /term for the following.
 1. Device used to find direction. Compass
2. Loss of magnetism over the time. Demagnetization
3. Materials that get attracted towards the magnet. Magnetic substances
4. Method of making magnet using one magnet. Magnetization
5. Soft iron pieces used to store magnets. Magnetic keeper
D. Match the following.
1. Electric bell c. uses magnet
2. Magnetic compass e. A navigation tools
3. Magnetic poles b. Regions of maximum attraction
4. Magnetite a. Natural magnet
5. Unlike poles d. Attract each other
E. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. Write three properties of a magnet.
Answer: Properties of magnet-
a. Magnet attracts magnetic substances such as iron, cobalt, and nickel
b. A freely suspended magnet always orients itself along the north–south direction.
c. Unlike poles attracts each other, while like poles repel each other.
2. Can a magnetic field pass through non-magnetic materials?
Answer: The magnetic force (or magnetism) can pass through thin sheets of non-magnetic objects
such as paper, glass, or wood.
3. At which part of the magnet, the magnetic attraction is maximum? Show it with the help of a
diagram.
Answer: The magnetic field of a bar magnet is strongest at either pole of the magnet.
The force is weaker in the middle of the magnet and halfway between the pole and the center. Refer
to Fig. 14.5 on page No. 220
4. A bar B made of some material is attracted by a magnet. Is the bar B magnetized?
Answer: B bar is attracted towards the magnet hence it has magnetic properties but we cannot say it
is magnetised.
5. What is the directive property of a magnet? Write its one application.
Answer: The directive property of a magnet explains its tendency to align itself along an external
magnetic field.
When a magnet is suspended freely in air with the help of a thread, then it tends to align itself in the
geographic north-south direction
6. Write three uses of magnet.
Answer: Uses of Magnet-
i. Refrigerator doors are fitted with magnets
ii. Credit cards and ATM cards have a magnetic strip
iii. Magnets are used in electricity
7. Why does a freely suspended magnet align itself in the north-south direction?
Answer: A freely suspended magnet points in the north south direction as the North Pole of the earth
attracts the south pole of the magnet.
 On the other hand, South Pole of the earth attracts the north pole of the magnet. So, a freely
suspended magnet always points in the north south direction.
8. What is self-demagnetization?
Answer: Self-demagnetization occurs in the magnets when they are left for a long time. The
magnetic field around the magnetic material tries to demagnetize it and thus the magnet gets partially
demagnetize when left for long time.
F. Answer the following questions in details.
1. How do we use a magnetic compass to find the direction?
Answer: A compass is a small device that is used to determine directions.
When we place a compass in our hand then the small needle of compass points towards the
respective direction of magnetic field of earth.
The unlike poles are attracted towards each other so north pole of needle of magnet will point
towards north only as earths north directions has south pole of the magnet and earths south has north
pole of the magnet present in the core of the earth.
2. How many north poles and south poles would there be in all if you break a magnet into 20
pieces? Explain.
Answer: In every magnet, there is a north pole and south pole. Now when a magnet breaks in to 20
pieces, in every piece, there is an impact of magnetic field. Because of this, there will be 20 north
poles and 20 south poles.
Every piece of a magnet is a dipole - a magnet with two poles (north and south), no matter how
small the pieces are.

3. Can we say that the iron bar is a magnet if it’s one end is attracted and the other end is
repelled by the south pole of a bar magnet? What would be the conclusion if both ends are
attracted by the South Pole?
Answer: Yes, the iron bar is a magnet if it’s one end is attracted and other end is repelled by South
Pole, we can draw the conclusion that the iron bar is magnetised as repulsion is surest test of
magnetism.
If both the ends are attracted by South Pole then iron bar is not magnetized. It does not have distinct
south and North Pole.
4. Differentiate between the following:
A. Magnetic and non-magnetic material
B. Single-touch and double-touch methods of magnetisation
C. Natural and artificial magnets
Answer:
Magnetic Materials Non-Magnetic Materials
Magnetic materials are strongly attracted Non-magnetic materials not attracted to a
by magnets. permanent magnet.
Most of the magnetic materials can be Non-magnetic materials cannot be converted
converted into permanent magnets by into magnets by magnetization.
magnetization.
Examples for magnetic materials include Examples for magnetic materials include
iron, cobalt, nickel etc. paper, wood, glass etc.

Single-touch Method Double-touch Method

 It is the method of making an artificial It is the method of magnetizing a material by
magnet by rubbing a permanent magnet using two magnets instead of one.
over it, in the same direction.

Natural magnets Artificial magnets

These are found in nature. Artificial magnets are the magnets formed by
artificial means like single touch method,
double touch method, induction method and
electric method.
Example - magnetite Example: Bar magnets, horseshoe
5. What is demagnetization? Give three ways to demagnetize a magnet.
Answer: Demagnetization is a process in which we remove magnetic properties from a magnet. We
can remove the magnetic properties through the following process.
a. Place the Magnet in a Reverse Field. This will oppose the object’s magnetism. This can be done
by passing an alternating current through a component of the magnet.
b. Hammer the Magnet: If a magnet is hit in such a way as to destroy its north and South Pole
alignment, it will often lose its magnetic properties.
c. Any amount of heat can cause a magnet to lose its magnetic properties.
6. What is a magnetic keeper? Why it is used?
Answer: A magnet keeper, is a ferromagnetic bar made from soft iron or steel, which is placed
across the poles of a permanent magnet to help preserve the strength of the magnet by completing the
magnetic circuit.
7. Give reasons:
a. Repulsion is the sure test of magnetism.
b. Most of the iron filings cling to the ends of the bar magnet.
c. Magnetite is also known as lodestone.
Answer:
a. Repulsion takes place only between two like poles of a magnet whereas attraction takes place
between two unlike poles of a magnet and also between a magnet and a magnetic material.
b. Maximum iron filings stick to the two ends of a bar magnet because that is where the poles of the
magnet are located. Most of the strength of the magnet is located at the poles.
c. If a piece of magnetite was freely suspended in air, it always points to the north– south direction.
Due to its direction showing property, i.e. leading the people to show the direction, people started
calling the rock lodestone.
8. You have been given an iron strip and two strong bar magnets. How will you convert that strip into
a magnet? Show with the help of diagram.
Answer:
Double touch method will be used to convert that strip into magnet.
In this method, two bar magnets of equal strength will be used to make a permanent magnet from a
magnetic material.
Procedure:
a. Place an iron strip on a non-magnetic surface such as wood.
b. Place the opposite poles of the two bar magnets at the centre of the iron bar.
c. Slowly drag the two bar magnets on the iron bar in opposite directions till the ends of the iron bar.
Lift the magnets and move them through air to the centre of the iron bar again.
d. Repeat this process a few times. The iron strip will gradually get converted into magnet.
9. A bar magnet has no markings to indicate the poles. How will you find out its poles?
Answer:
To locate its north pole, we would do the following steps:
1. A bar is taken and suspended freely from the middle with the help of thread.
2. Allow the magnet to come into rest.
 3. The North Pole of the magnet will face the north direction and South Pole will face the south
direction.
4. Mark the north pole of the magnet with the marker
10. You have been given three beakers with a magnet in each. Pour iron filings in each one of
them and then pour very cold water in one, very hot water in the second and no water in
the third one. Which magnet will attract maximum amount of iron filings? Justify your
answer.
Answer: The third beaker with iron fillings will be attracted more because air offers less resistance
compared to others.
11. You have been given a horseshoe magnet and a magnetic needle. The poles of the horseshoe
magnet are not marked. How will you use the magnetic needle to determine the poles of the horseshoe
magnet?
Answer: We will bring the north pole of a magnetic needle near the north pole of horse shoe magnet. If the
pole of horse shoe magnet repels the north pole of magnetic needle, then that pole of horse shoe magnet can
be termed as North Pole, or if the pole of horse shoe magnet attracts the north pole of magnetic needle, then
it is termed as South Pole.
12. Why using compass is better than stars for sailors to identify the directions?
Answer: Using compass is better than stars for sailors to identify the directions for several reasons.
a. The stars are not visible at daytime or in cloudy weather.
b. There is only on star that is staying in the same direction (almost), the Polar star.
c. If you are not able to use the Polar star you need a nautical almanac and the correct time.
d. You can also use a compass in the woods with a lot of tree cover there are probably a lot of other good
reasons. But occasionally it can be good to check you compass against the Polar star or another known
direction.
WORKSHEET
1. The given diagram shows the arrangements of some magnets.

Which two of the above arrangements are not possible? Why?

2. Why do all magnets come with two poles N-S always? Why cannot a magnet have a single pole?
Choose the correct alternative.
3. Answer in short.
a) Which among these has the strongest magnetic field: Moon, Mars, and Jupiter?
b) Is our Sun magnetic?
c) Does space, (say in between Earth-Mars) have any magnetic field?
WORKSHEET ANSWERS
1. W and X Set-up W is wrong, like poles repel i.e., third magnet has S on the right side. Set-up X is wrong
as N – N poles of magnets will repel.
2. All magnetic effects arise due to forces between moving electric charges inside a material. Electric
charges come in pairs; that is why magnetic poles N-S also come in pairs.
3. a) Jupiter
b) Yes, our Sun is very strongly magnetic.
c) Yes, space has a very weak magnetic field
(Magnetic fields from ‘nearby’ heavenly bodies, as well due to energetic particles
emitted by the Sun).

IV. HOMEWORK
1. The diagram below show three discs, each with a hole in the center. Two of the discs are magnets and one is
a light plastic disc. All three discs could pass through the rod of the wooden stand.

When the three discs are slotted through the rod, draw the possible arrangements of the discs.

2. The given diagram shows a horseshoe magnet dropped flat into a container of iron filings.

Draw a diagram to show how the iron fillings were attracted to the different parts of the horseshoe magnet.
.CHAPTER 6 CHANGES AROUND US

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
Introduction
 We see lot of changes in our surroundings. They may be caused by human beings, by nature or animal.
 In this chapter we will describe around changes around us and what brings these changes.
 Also, we try to understand different types of changes which are taking place around us.
 Examples: - Tearing of paper, change in weather, falling of leaves etc.
Change

 Change is anything that becomes different undergoes a change.

 If something new is formed that means a change has occurred.
 For Example: - When we burn a piece of paper it will turn to ashes. This shows a big change has
occurred as ashes are very different in colour, size or texture.

Different Types of Changes

 Changes can be natural and man-made.
Natural changes
For example: -
Change in weather
Falling of leaves
Growing of human being.
Man Made Changes
For Example: -
Hunting of eagles
Burning of paper
 Changes Can be brought by following causes: -
 Force: -
 Examples are: - Molding of Clay, Cutting of Vegetables, Pushing of table etc.
 Pressure: -
 Examples are: -Blowing of air into tyres, ball, balloon, and food cooked in pressure cooker etc.

 Mixing of substances:
 Example: - Consider a beaker containing copper sulphate solution and put a bar of magnesium. After
some time, we will see copper sulphate solution changes to white. A chemical reaction takes place: -
 Mg + CuSO4 --> MgSO4 + Cu
 The colour of solution changes to colorless as the colour of magnesium sulphate is colorless and the
colour of magnesium bar changes to blue.

 Change can be absorbed in the shape and state of the substances around us.
 For Example: - A piece of chocolate is solid until it melts. So, its solid form is changing to semi-liquid
form.
 Changes caused by energy
 Energy by provided by light, heat etc. For example: - Photosynthesis in plants, sugar crystals changing
into molten sugar because of heat energy. Note: - Changes can be temporary or permanent and may be
periodic or non-periodic. The changes may be slow or fast, reversible or irreversible.
Types of Changes
 Changes around us can be grouped as those that can be reversed (reversible change) and those that
cannot be reversed (irreversible changes).
Reversible change:
 A change in which original substance can be recovered.
 Examples of some reversible changes: -
 Folding of paper
 Rolling out a chapatti from a ball of dough.
 Stretching of rubber to its normal size.
 Melting of ice candy
Irreversible change: -
 A change in which the original substance cannot be recovered.
 Examples of some irreversible changes: -
 Ripening of fruits
 Souring of milk
 Cooking of food
 Burning of paper
 Cutting of paper

Physical Change: -
 A change brought about the physical properties of a substance.
 No new substance is formed.
 Molecular composition of the substance remains the same.
 Shape, size, colour changes.
 Most of physical changes are reversible.
 Heat involved is less.
 Examples: - Melting of ice, glowing of an electric bulb etc.
Chemical Change: -
 A change that produces entirely new substances with different chemical properties.
 Molecular composition of the substance changes.
 More heat is absorbed and liberated.
 Most of chemical changes are permanent and irreversible.
 Examples: - Digestion of food, Ripening of Food etc.
Evaporation, Condensation

 Evaporation is a phenomenon in which a substance expands due to which its shape changes.
 Condensation is a process of changing of a substance from vapour to liquid on cooling.
 For example: - If we take water in a pan and if heat it the water in the pan will start boiling.
 So liquid form of water is changing into vapour form.
 In case of evaporation a change occurs. Liquid is changing into its water vapour form.
 Also, by the process of condensation water vapour changes back to its liquid form.
So, it is a reversible change.
Chemical changes

Changes in which new substances with different properties are formed are called chemical change.

Chemical changes create a new product.

The changes in chemical change are irreversible and permanent.

It reveals that chemical change cannot be reversed by changing or altering the experimental changes.

The mass of the substance is altered during a chemical change. Either the mass is added or removed.

During a chemical change, energy changes occur. There is an energy difference in the breaking of old bonds
in reactants and the formation of new bonds in products.

The reaction is called an exothermic reaction if the energy is released and as an endothermic reaction when
the energy is absorbed.
Examples of Chemical Changes
1. Burning of wood or paper
2. Burning of camphor
3. Souring of milk
4. Burning of candle
5. Digestion of food
 There is a difference in energy during the breaking and making of bonds. The energy is given out to
the surroundings if the energy required to break the bonds is higher than the energy required to make
the bonds.
 These changes or reactions are called exothermic. But, the energy is absorbed from the environment
when the energy needed to break the bond is lower than the energy required to make the bonds. Such
reactions are called endothermic reactions.
 Common causes of Physical and Chemical changes

 Physical changes are caused by forces like motion, temperature, and pressure.
 Chemical changes happen on a much smaller level. Most of these changes between molecules are
unseen.
 Factors that affect the rate of chemical changes include: temperature, concentration, surface area,
inhibitors, and catalysts.
Application of Expansion and Contraction

1. Railway tracks consist of two parallel metal rails joined together. Small gaps, called expansion gaps, are
deliberate. Left between the rails as there is an expansion of the rails in hot weather.
2. If we hold a very hot glass tumbler under cold water. it cracks. This is because the outer surface of the
glass comes in direct contact with cold water and contracts more as compared to the inner surface.
3. Water expands on heating try this with the help of an adult. Take a glass filled with water to its brim. Pour
the water into a container and heat it does not boil. Now try to pour the water back into the same glass.
The water overflows.
4. We observed that water expanded on heating. Can you say what will happen if the water is allowed to
cool down and the glass? It would not overflow this is because of concentration.
ASSESSMENT ZONE
A. Choose the correct answer.
1. Melting gold to make new earrings is a physical change.
2. When tomato soup is prepared a new substance is formed.
3. When mozzarella cheese melts, it is a physical change.
4. A physical change is usually reversible.
5. Process due to which steam is converted into water is called condensation.
6. When a candle is lighted, following observations are made: b.iii and iv
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. Freezing of water is an example of physical change.
2. If you could capture all the steam that is made when water in a kettle boils, you could turn it
back to water by condensation.
3. During a chemical change, new substances are formed.
4. Changing a straight piece of wire into a spring is a reversible change because you can convert the spring
into straight piece of wire again.
5. Burning coal for a barbecue is chemical change.
C. State whether the following statements are TRUE or FALSE.
1. A potato remains a potato even after it is cooked. Hence, cooking is a physical change. FALSE
2. A chemical change is always indicated by bubbling out of a gas. FALSE.
3. Physical changes cannot be reversed, while chemical changes can be reversed. FALSE.
4. When a tyre is inflated, a physical and an irreversible change occurs. FALSE.
5. Rotting of wood is a reversible change. FALSE.
F. Answer the following questions in brief.
1. You forget a toast in toaster and it turns black. Can this change be reversed?
Answer: No, burning of toast in a toaster is an irreversible physical change.
2. You blow dry your wet hair. How can you reverse this change?
Answer: Yes, blow drying is a reversible change.
3. Why is cooking of food an irreversible change?
Answer: Cooking of food is an examples of irreversible changes because cooking of food causes change in
the internal structures of a substances.
4. Give an example of a physical change that cannot be reversed.
Answer: Breaking of glass.
5. What kind of change is observed when copper utensils appear to be greenish in colour?
Answer: This is called corrosion and corrosion is a chemical change.
6. Which of these changes can be reversed: grain to flour, bud to flower, melting of ghee and ripening
of fruits.
Answer: Melting of ghee is a reversible change.
7. Define the following:
a) Reversible change b) Physical change
c) Irreversible change d) Chemical change
Answer:
a. Reversible change – changes that can be reversed to get the original substance are called reversible
changes. Vaporization and condensation are examples of reversible changes.
b. Physical change – It involves a change in the physical properties such as colour, odor, size, position,
temperature, texture, or state of a substance. There is no change in the internal structure of the given
substance.
c. Irreversible change – changes that cannot be reversed to get back the original substance are called
irreversible changes. Growth of living things, cooking of food etc. are examples of irreversible changes.
d. Chemical change – A change that is usually permanent in nature and leads to the formation of new
substances with composition and properties different from those of the original substances is called a
chemical change.
G. Answer the following questions in detail.
1. Explain with the help of examples, the difference between the changes that can be reversed and
those that cannot be reversed.
Answer: Temporary changes can be reversed, but permanent changes cannot be reversed. Changes that
can be reversed to get the original substance are called reversible changes. Melting and freezing are
reversible changes.
Similarly, vaporization and condensation are also examples of reversible changes.
There are some changes that cannot be reversed. Such changes that cannot be reversed to get back the
original substance are called irreversible changes.
Growth of living things, cooking of food, digestion of food, burning of coal or paper, ripening of fruits
and crops, and curdling of milk are examples of irreversible changes.
In irreversible changes, there might be a change in the internal structure of a substance.
2. Explain the type of changes involved in this sequence.
Ice cubes placed in sun puddle of water disappearance of puddle
Answer: Formation of puddle of water from ice cube is due to melting of the ice. Disappearance of
water in presence of Sun is known as vaporization.
Both, melting and vaporization are reversible processes. Melting can be reversed by freezing the water.
Whereas, vaporization can be reversed by condensation.
3. What are physical changes? Give two examples.
Answer: Change in which only the physical properties of a substance change, but there is no change in
its chemical composition is called a physical change.
Evaporation, boiling, melting, and freezing are physical processes.
4. Why is getting a new hair cut considered to be a physical change?
Answer: Getting a new haircut is a physical change as this neither involves any change in internal
structure of hair nor any new substance is formed.
5. What do you observe when firework explode? Is anything new formed? What type of change is
it?
Answer: Explosion of fireworks is a chemical change. When the fireworks explode, the chemical
elements emit light, and the colorant produces very specific colors that can be seen by the naked eye.
6. Squeezing oranges for juice is a physical change. Justify.
Answer: Squeezing oranges for juice is a physical change because there is no change in the internal
structure of juice and no new substance is formed.
7. Why does the idli batter rise when kept overnight without refrigeration?
Answer: The dough prepared for making idli rises when kept overnight because of the production of
carbon dioxide gas in it.
This gas is produced as a byproduct of process of fermentation.
8. Places such as the mountains, where temperatures get very low during winters, the plastic pipes
meant for water transportation break. Why do you think it happens?
Answer: During winter, the water pipes contract while the water inside the pipe expands due to low
temperature (freezing). The freezing and expansion of water exerts pressure on the pipes from inside.
When the pressure gets too high for the pipe to contain, it ruptures.
9. Differentiate between
a) Reversible and irreversible
b) Physical and chemical changes
c) Evaporation and Condensation
d) Expansion and contraction
Answer:
 a)
Reversible Change
A substance can return to its original state.
The chemical properties of the substance do
not change.
Most physical changes are reversible changes.
Irreversible Change
A substance cannot return to its original state.
The chemical properties of the substance
change.
All chemical changes are irreversible changes.

b)
Physical changes Chemical changes
Physical change refers to a change in which Chemical Change is a process in which the
the molecules are rearranged but their internal substance transforms into a new substance,
composition remains same. having different chemical composition.
Tearing of paper, melting/freezing of water, . Burning of wood/trees/paper, rusting of iron,
cutting of trees, etc. setting of curd, etc.
Reversible in nature. Irreversible in nature.
It involves change in physical properties of . It involves Change in chemical properties
substance i.e. shape, size, color etc. and composition of the substance.
Original matter can be recovered. Original matter cannot be recovered.
No new product is formed. New product is formed.
c)
Evaporation Condensation
It is the surface phenomenon, in which a It is the process in which vapours of a
liquid changes into its vapour continuously. substance on cooling changes to the liquid.
d)
Expansion and contraction:
The increase in size of an object on heating is called expansion whereas the decrease in size of an
object on cooling is called contraction.
11. Why are the gaps between sections of rails on the railway track?
Answer: If two railway tracks are laid together without any gap between them, they will push against
each other when they expand in the day time because of the heat of the sun, and when they cool down in
the night they will contract and return to their original state pulling against each other. This will result in
the weakening of the joints between the two tracks and after a few days the two tracks may also break
free from one another. Such a situation will result in the derailment of the trains causing major
accidents.
So, the railway engineers always leave a small gap between two rails.
12. Why does milk in a saucepan overflow when heated?
Answer: The fat in the heated milk forms a layer on the top of the milk that does not let water vapour
through. The water below boils and vaporizes to form steam, but is trapped by the layer of fat above. It
pushes the layer up, causing milk to rise.

WORKSHEET
1. A thick coating of a paste of Plaster of Paris (POP) is applied over the bandage on a fractured
bone. It becomes hard on drying to keep the fractured bone immobilized. Can the change in POP
be reversed?
 2. A bag of cement lying in the open gets wet due to rain during the night.
The next day the sun shines brightly. Do you think the changes, which have occurred in
the cement, could be reversed?
3. You accidentally dropped your favorite toy and broke it. This is a change you did not
want. Can this change be reversed?
4. Some changes are listed in the following table. For each change, write in the blank column,
whether the change can be reversed or not.

WORKSHEET ANSWERS
1. When water is added to POP, it undergoes a chemical change. Its composition changes and is converted
into another substance. Since it is a chemical change, so it cannot be reversed.
2. Due to water, cement hardens and its composition changes. Since it is a chemical change which cannot be
reversed.
3. No, it cannot be reversed, so it is an irreversible change.
4.

HOMEWORK
1. Can deforestation be considered as a reversible change?
2. Can you obtain wood from sawdust?
 SOCIAL SCIENCE
CHAPTER- 12 NEW EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE:

NEW EMPIRES AND KINGDOMS

The chapter deals with Gupta Empire. It talks about the famous kings of the Gupta dynasty. And also, it
discusses the administrative skills of the Gupta.

GUPTA RULERS

● Chandragupta I
Chandragupta, I was the first important ruler of the Gupta Dynasty. Chandragupta ruled from
Pataliputra. His marriage with Kumaradevi, Lichchhavi’s princess, increased the political prestige of
the Guptas. He adopted the title of Maharajadhiraja or ‘king of kings.

● Samudragupta
Chandragupta, I was succeeded by his son
Samudragupta, often regarded as the greatest ruler of
the Gupta dynasty. Samudragupta was a warrior,
scholar, musician, poet, and, above all, a good ruler. He
followed an aggressive policy of conquests which
greatly expanded the might and prestige of the Gupta
Empire. An inscription engraved on the Ashokan pillar
at Allahabad, at present Prayagraj, dating back to the
fourth century CE, known as Prayaga Prashasti gives us
information about Samudragupta’s accession and
conquests. The Prayaga Prashasti is a 33-line eulogy
composed by Harisena, a court poet of Samudragupa.

⮚ Prayaga Prashasti
The Prayaga Prashasti describes the campaigns of Samudragupta in different parts of India and gives
us the following information.

o Samudragupta defeated nine rulers of Aryavarta. He annexed their territories and

integrated them into the Gupta Empire.
o Samudragupta reduced all states in the forest regions of central and Deccan India to the
position of servants.
● Chandragupta II
The Gupta inscriptions mention Chandragupta II as Samudragupta’s successor. Chandragupta II
promoted learning and art. He took the title of Vikramaditya and extended the limits of the empire by
marriage alliances and conquests. By the end of his reign, his empire extended to western,
northwestern, and eastern India. Chandragupta II is also known for his patronage of men of letters.
Kalidasa, the Sanskrit poet, was a member of his court.

● Later Guptas
Chandragupta II was succeeded by Kumaragupta who in turn was succeeded by Skandagupta.
ADMINISTRATION UNDER GUPTAS

● Central Administration
The Gupta rulers adopted an elaborate system of administration. It was in operation in areas that were
directly controlled by them. They adopted high-sounding titles such as maharajadhiraja, Chakravarti,
and Parameswara.

● Provisional administration
The empire was divided into bhuktis or provinces. In the provinces, this work was entrusted to the
uparikas and in districts to the vishayapatis.

● Taxation
Land revenue was the main source of the state’s income besides the fines. The village remained the
basic unit of administration.

● Decentralization
The Guptas had a strong army. There were several smaller military leaders who provided troops to the
kings when required. In return, they were given grants of land from which they could collect revenue
and maintain their armies. These men were called samantas or feudatories of the king. These
feudatories always took advantage and tries to seize control whenever the king was weak.

● Military Campaign
Harsha ascended the throne of Thaneshwar around 606 CE after the death of his father and elder
brother. He immediately marched against the Gaudas who had killed his brother-in-law, the ruler of
Kanauj. He also entered into an alliance with Bhaskarvarman, the king of Pragjotisha (Assam) as both
had a common enemy in Sasanka, the king of Gauda (Bengal). He was able to save his sister Rajyasri
and the kingdoms of Thaneshwar and Kanauk were combined, with Harsha ruling from Kanauj. Both
Bana and Hiuen-Tsang refer to Harsha’s vow of defeating other kings.

PALLAVAS

During the same period, the Pallavas and the Chalukyas established powerful empires in South India.
The Pallavas are mentioned in Samudra Gupta’s pillar, where he is said to have defeated a Pallava
King, Vishnugupa. The Pallavas were powerful between 330 and 550 CE. Their main area of
dominance was Kanchipuram, their capital, up to the Kaveri Delta. After Vishnugopa’s defeat by
Samudragupta, the Pallavas became weaker and the Cholas and the Kalabhras repeatedly attacked the
Pallava kingdom and robbed it of its wealth and territories.

CHALUKYAS

The Chalukyas were largely influential in the area

around Raichur Doab between the Krishna and
Tungabhadra rivers. Their capital was Aihole which
was also an important trading center. Pulakesin I,
who was the first independent ruler of Badami with
Vatapi in Bijapur as his capital, was succeeded by
Kirthivarmah I and Pulakesin II.
 Pulakesin II, the grandson of Pulakesin I, was a contemporary of Harshavardhana and the most famous
of the Chalukyan kings. He expanded his kingdom by annexing the entire Andhra Kingdom. His reign
is remembered as the greatest period in the history of Karnataka.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. The Prayag prashasti can be seen in ____________.

Ans: a) Delhi b) Prayagraj

c) Varanasi d) Bihar

Ans: b) Prayagraj

2. __________was the main source of the state’s income besides the fines.

Ans: a) Agriculture b) land revenue

c) Plundering other kingdoms d) Tribute

Ans: b) land revenue

3. The Prayaga Prashasti was written by ____________.

Ans: a) Banabhatta b) Kalidasa

c) Harisena d) Ravikriti

Ans: c) Harisena

4. Harsha was a great supporter of _____________.

Ans: a) Jainism b) Christianity

c) Brahmanical system d) Buddhism

Ans: d) Buddhism

C1. The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha were defeated by Chandragupta.

Ans: F (correct: The twelve rulers of Dakshinapatha were defeated by Samudragupta).

C4. Fa-Hien visited India during Harsha’s reign

Ans: F (correct: Fa-Hien visited India during Chandragupta II’s reign.)

D1. How did Chandragupta I expand his territory?

Ans: Chandragupta, I expanded his territory through favourable marriage and conquests.

D2. What is the importance of the Prayaga Pillar Inscription in reconstructing the history of Samudra
Gupta’s times?

Ans: The inscription engraved on the Ashokan Pillar at Allahabad, dating fourth century CE, known as
Prayaga prashasti, gives information about Samudragupta’s accession and conquests. The thirty-three-line
eulogy was composed by Samudragupta’s court poet, Harisena, and also describes the king as a lover of
poetry and music.
 D4. Name the Chinese pilgrim who gave a vivid description of Harsha’s times in his accounts.

Ans: Hiuen Tsang visited Harsha’s kingdom and left detailed descriptions of what he saw and observed.

E1. Who was Pulakesin II? Whose expansion did he check in south India?

Ans: Pulakesin II, the grandson of Pulakesin I, was a contemporary of Harshavardhana and the most
famous of the Chalukyan kings. He increased his kingdom by annexing the entire Andhra Kingdom. His
reign is remembered as the greatest period in the history of Karnataka. He defeated Harshavardhana on the
banks of the river Narmada.

E2. Which village assemblies were active during the time of the Pallavas and Chalukyas?

Ans: There were three types of general assemblies in the village. They consisted of the tax-paying residents
of an ordinary village. In the sabha, membership was restricted to the brahmins of the village or was found
exclusively in a village gifted to brahmins. The nagaram was found more commonly in trade centers such
as cities and towns and was an organization of merchants.

E3. How did Harshavardhana promote learning and education amongst the people?

Ans: Learning and education were given royal patronage during Harsha’s reign. He himself was a great
author. He wrote three plays in Sanskrit-Ratnavali, Priyadarshika, and Nagananda. He had many great
scholars such as Banabhatta, Subhandhu, and Dandin in his court. He gave a special grant to the Nalanda
University which had more than ten thousand students.

III. A WORKSHEET:

1. Which pillar inscription describes ‘Samudragupta’?

a) Sarnath prashasti b) Mehroli prashasti

c) Pryag prashasti d) Girinar prashasti

2. What is Prashasti?

a) It is a eulogy of a king b) Royal charter

c) Royal endowment d) None of the above

3. Lichchavi princess Kumara Devi was married to

a) Pravarasena b) Chandragupta I

c) Chandragupta II d) Harshavardhana

4. The famous poet Kalidas lived in the court of __________.

a) Chandragupta b) Chandragupta II

c) Samudragupta d) Kumaragupta

5. Chandragupta I assumed the title _____________.

a) Maharajadhiraja b) Gangaikonda

c) Trisamudratoyapitavahana d) Dakshinapatheswara
 B. WORKSHEET ANSWERS:

1.c, 2.a, 3.b, 4.b, 5.a

IV. HOMEWORK:

1. The Gupta age is often referred to as the Golden Age of India. Find out why?

CHAPTER-8 INDIA: CLIMATE, NATURAL VEGETATION, AND WILDLIFE

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

This chapter talks about our varied climate and also it discusses the factors that affect the climate of India. In
this chapter, we can analyse the distribution of annual rainfall and at the same time how forests and wildlife
are important.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE CLIMATE OF INDIA

India’s climate is controlled by a number of factors. The area’s latitude, the Himalayas, surrounding
seas, altitude and relief, and seasonal winds.

Latitude: The Tropic of Cancer passes almost through the centre of India, dividing the country into two
halves.

The Himalayas: Act as a barrier against the bitterly cold winds coming from the Arctic region. Thus, they
act as a climatic divide, separating the two distinct climatic regions of Central Asia and India. They also trap
the monsoon winds, forcing them to shed their moisture within India.

Surrounding seas: India has a long coastline. The Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal have a moderating
influence on the climate of the coastal areas. The interior parts, which are far away from the seas, have
extreme climates.

Altitude and relief: The temperature decreases with height. Therefore, hill stations such as Shimla and
Mussoorie, being situated at high altitudes, are colder than the places in the plains which are situated at the
same latitudes.

THE CYCLE OF SEASONS

There are four major seasons in India, they are winter, summer, monsoon, and retreating monsoon.

Winter

Winter in India starts in early December and continues till the end of February. January is the coldest month.
The average temperature is low and decreases from the south to the north
of the country.

However, there is light rainfall during winter. This is caused by the cyclonic
storms which originate in the Mediterranean Sea and travel towards India.
These winds are called the western disturbances. They cause heavy
snowfall on the higher slopes of the Himalayas and rainfall in the plains.
Sometimes they result in a cold wave in northern India.
Summer

In India, summer is characterized by hot, dry weather. It begins in March and continues up to by May.
Summer comes to the southern states first. By May, northern and north-western India are the hottest regions.
A low-pressure zone is created over northern India due to the high temperature. This results in local storms,
accompanied by some rain.

Monsoon

he monsoon, or rainy season, begins in June and lasts till September. By the end
of May, pressure over North India becomes lower due to the increasing
temperature. This causes air from high-pressure ones over the Indian Ocean to
move India as monsoon winds.

Kalbaisakhi occurs in West Bengal and Assam. These are thunderstorms, accompanies by heavy rainfall.
Mango showers occur along coastal Kerala and Karnataka. These help in the early ripening of mangos.

Advancing Monsoon

This season starts in June and continues till the end of September. By the end of May, northern and north-
western India becomes extremely hot. As a result, the low-pressure zone over this region becomes very
strong. The seas are comparatively cool during this time. Therefore, they are areas of high pressure.

Retreating Monsoon

The months of October and November are known as the retreating monsoon season when there is a
withdrawal of the monsoon winds from India. By October as the temperature starts dropping, the low-
pressure zone in northern India becomes weak and cannot attract the monsoon winds. Thus, the southwest
monsoon winds begin to retreat gradually and by early November they withdraw completely from India.

The retreating monsoon season is a period of transition from hot, humid summer to a cool, dry winter. It
is marked by clear skies and oppressive weather due to high heat and humidity. This is commonly called
October heat.

Natural vegetation

India has a wide variety of natural vegetation. This is mainly because of two factors---variation in the
amount of rainfall and variation in the landform features.

The major vegetation types of India are:

● Tropical evergreen forests

● Tropical deciduous forests
● Thorn forests
● Mountain forests
● Tidal forests
Tropical evergreen forests

They are also called tropical rainforests. They are found in areas with more than 200 cm of annual
rainfall and a short dry season.

Areas: The rainforests are found on the western slopes of the Western Ghats, parts of West Bengal and
Odisha, the north-eastern states, and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
 Characteristics: The trees in the rainforests shed their leaves at different times of the year. Hence these
forests appear evergreen. They are very dense. The trees are tall and of the hardwood type. They have
broad leaves that form a canopy, preventing sunlight from penetrating deep into the forests. A number of
species grow in the same area. There is a thick undergrowth of shrubs and creepers. Ebony, mahogany,
rosewood, and cinchona are common trees.

Tropical deciduous forests

They are also called monsoon forests as they are very typical of regions with a monsoon climate. They
are found in areas with annual rainfall between 100 and 200 cm, with a long dry season.

Characteristics:

The trees shed leaves for six to eight weeks during the dry season. However, each species has its own
time of leaf-shedding and so the forests never look absolutely bare at any time. These forests are also quite
dense, with undergrowth, but the trees are shorter and more widely spaced than in the rainforests.
Economically, these are the most important forests. Teak, sal, sandalwood, bamboo, shisham, and mahua
are common trees.

Thorn forests

They are found in areas with less than 100 cm of annual rainfall.

Characteristics: Trees in these forests are short and widely scattered.

They have adapted to withstand dry conditions. They have long roots,
which enable them to obtain water from deep below the ground. Their
leaves are thorny or fleshy which helps to reduce the loss of water.
Acacia, babul, khajur, and kikar are common in areas of moderate
rainfall, while thorny bushes and shrubs are found in the drier parts.

Mountain forests

They are of mixed deciduous and coniferous types. The tree types change with altitude.

Characteristics: Deciduous forests are found at the foothills of the Himalayas. Sal and bamboo are
important trees in this region. Between 1,000m and 1,600m, temperate deciduous forests consisting of oak,
chestnut, and chir are found. Between 1,600m and 3,300m, coniferous trees such as pine, deodar, cedar,
spruce, and silver fir are found. Above 3,300m only alpine shrubs and grasslands can be seen up to the
permanent snowline.

Tidal forests

They are also called Mangrove forests.

Areas: The tidal forests are found along the eastern coast, in the large deltas formed by the Ganga,
Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, and Kaveri rivers.

Characteristics: Mangrove trees can survive in both fresh water and salt water. These trees have special
roots called breathing roots. Sundari is the most common tree in tidal forests. The Sundarban forests of the
Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta have been named after this tree.
 Importance of forests

Forests are important to us in a number of ways.

● They help in maintaining the ecological balance, by absorbing carbon dioxide and releasing
oxygen.
● They prevent soil erosion by binding the soil with tree roots. In this way, floods are also controlled.
● Forests increase the moisture content in the air.
● They provide a natural habitat for wildlif

Wildlife

India has a rich variety of wildlife. The following are some of the
famous species which are found in our forests.

● The tiger is the national animal of India. It is commonly found in the foothills of the Himalayas the
monsoon forests in central and southern India as well as the Sundarban forests in the Ganga-
Brahmaputra delta.
● Elephants are common in the forests of peninsular India and Assam.
● The Asiatic Lion is now found only in the Gir forest of Gujarat.
● Leopards are found in forests of Assam and northern west Bengal are the natural habitat of the one-
horned rhinoceros.
● Different species of deer, antelopes and monkeys are found in various parts of the country. A variety
of reptiles like snakes, crocodiles and alligators are found in ponds, rivers and marshes.
● Our country is home to more than a thousand species of birds. The most famous among them are the
peacock—our national bird----kingfishers, pheasants, ducks, pigeons and cranes.
Conservation of wildlife

The wildlife of our country has dwindled to a great extent in the past decades due to reckless felling of trees
and killing of animals and birds.

Many species, like the tiger, musk deer, great Indian bustard and one-horned rhino have become endangered
(species whose numbers have been reduced to a critical level). It is, therefore, the duty of every citizen to
conserve wildlife.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Kalbaisakhi occurs commonly in ____________.

a) Punjab b) Uttar Pradesh

c) West Bengal d) Maharashtra

Ans: c) West Bengal

2. Coastal Tamil Nadu gets maximum rainfall in the month of _______________.

a) November b) Uttar Pradesh

c) West Bengal d) Maharashtra

Ans: a) November
 3. Tropical evergreen trees have __________.

a) Breathing roots b) Thorny leaves

c) Softwood d) Broad leaves

Ans: d) Broad leaves

4. Elephants are common in ____________.

a) Himalayan region b) Peninsular India

c) Thar Desert d) Delta Regions.

Ans: b) Peninsular India.

D1. Name the four seasons experienced in India.

Ans: The four seasons experienced in India are winter, summer, monsoon, and retreating Monsoon.

D2. What is the reason behind the occurrence of light rainfall in northern India during winter?

Ans: In northern India, light rainfall during winter is caused by cyclonic storms which originate in the
Mediterranean Sea and travel toward India. These winds are called the western disturbances.

D3. Why do trees belonging to the thorn forests have long roots and small leaves?

Ans: Trees belonging to thorn forests have long roots to enable them to obtain water from deep below the
ground. They have small leaves to help reduce the loss of water.

E1. Give two examples to show that India experiences great variations in climatic conditions.

Ans: The examples that show that India experiences great variations in climatic conditions include:

● Some places are extremely hot while some are very cold. Coastal areas have a moderate climate with
little difference between summer and winter temperatures. On the other hand, places situated far away
from the sea have extreme climates, with hot summers and cold winters.
● The annual rainfall in Mawsynram in Meghalaya is the highest in the world, while some places in the
Thar Desert remain extremely dry.
E3. How are the northeast monsoon winds different from the southwest monsoon winds?

Ans: Southwest or advancing monsoons enter India from June to September from the southwest. These
winds blowing from sea to land, over the Indian Ocean, the Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal, carry a lot
of moisture. They cause heavy rainfall over India by striking against the mountains. On the other hand, the
northeast or retreating monsoon is active in October and November. These winds blow from land to sea
and do not cause rain. There are clear skies and a rise in temperature. The only exception is Tamil Nadu
where they bring rain after crossing the Bay of Bengal.

E4. Compare the evergreen forests and the deciduous forests.

Ans:

Evergreen Forests Deciduous Forests

1. Also called tropical rainforests. Also called monsoon forests

2. Found in areas with more than 200cm of annual Found in areas with annual rainfall between 100 and
rainfall and a short dry season. 200cm, with a long dry season.

3. Western slopes of Western Ghats, parts of West Eastern slopes of Western Ghats, North-eastern part
Bengal and Orissa, the north-eastern states and the of the Deccan Plateau, the Northern Plains and the
Andaman and Nicobar Islands foothills of the Himalayas.

4. Trees shed leaves at different times of the year,
hence forests appear evergreen; very dense, tall and
hardwood type of trees, broad leaves which form a
canopy.
Trees shed leaves for six to eight weeks during dry
season; different species shed leaves at different
times, hence forests do not appear absolutely bare;
quite dense with undergrowth, trees are shorter and
more widely spaced than rainforests

5. A number of species of trees with thick Economically most important forests.

undergrowth of shrubs and creepers

6. Ebony, mahogany, rosewood, and cinchona are Teak, Sal, sandalwood, bamboo, shisham, and mahua
common are common

F2. Give an account of the monsoon season in India.

Ans:The monsoon season starts in June and continues till the end of September. By the end of May, northern
and north-western India becomes extremely hot. As a result, the low-pressure zone over this region
becomes very strong. As the seas are comparatively cool during this time, they are areas of high pressure.
Blowing over the Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, and the Bay of Bengal, these winds carry a lot of moisture.
As they strike against the mountains and hills, they cause heavy rainfall over India. Since these winds enter
India from the south-West, they are called the southwest monsoon or the advancing monsoon. Most parts
of India receive rainfall during this season. The monsoon winds withdraw from India during the months of
October and November.

F3. In the Himalayan region, the natural vegetation changes with altitude. Explain this statement with
suitable examples.

Ans: The Himalayan region has mixed deciduous and coniferous forests. The tree types change with
altitude as the deciduous forests are found on the foothills, with sal and bamboo as the most important
trees. The temperate deciduous forests are found between 1,000 m and 1,600 m and comprise mainly of
oak, chestnut, and chir trees. Coniferous trees like pine, cedar, spruce, and silver fir are found between
1,600 m and 3,300 m in the Himalayas. Alpine shrubs and grasslands can be seen above 3,300 m and up
to the permanent snowline. Thus, the vegetation changes with altitude in the Himalayan region.

III. A WORKSHEET:

1. Day-to-day changes in the atmosphere are known as?

a) Weather b) Vegetation

c) Climate d) None of these

2. What is the duration of the cold season in India?

a) March to May b) October to November

c) December to February d) All of these

 3. During the winter season the sun’s rays?

a) fall directly b) don’t fall directly

c) both (a) and (b) d) none of these

4. During the summer season

a) temperature becomes very low b) temperature becomes very high

c) heavy rainfalls d) none of these

5. What do moisture-laden winds strike to cause

a) River b) Sea

c)Mountain c) All of these

6. Agriculture in India is dependent on

a) Rains b) Drought

c) Winds d) All of these

B WORKSHEET ANSWERS:

1. (a),2 (c), 3 (b), 4 (b), 5 (c), 6 (a)

IV. HOMEWORK:

Why does Delhi have an extreme climate while Thiruvananthapuram has a moderate climate?

CHAPTER-7 URBAN ADMINISTRATION

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

The chapter discusses the administration in urban areas by the municipality and municipal
corporation and also it deals with the functions of the municipal corporation and different sources of income
of the municipal corporation.

Just as the Panchayati Raj institutions look after rural administration, there are institutions that discharge
functions like education, health and entertainment for urban areas.

URBAN LOCAL SELF-GOVERNING BODIES

In urban areas such as towns and cities, the population is much larger than the lives of the village. Their
problems are more complex. The task of looking after local affairs and providing basic amenities such as
education, electricity, sanitation, etc. is undertaken by bigger self-governing bodies. The government
classifies the cities based upon the size of the population.

● In smaller urban areas with populations between one lakh and one million, Municipal Councils are
set up.
● In still smaller areas which are in the process of transition from rural to urban area, City councils
(Nagar panchayat) are set up.
 Municipal Bodies

All the three municipal bodies, the municipal corporations, municipal councils and the city councils, are
responsible for the administration and civic infrastructure of the city. They have a term of five years.
They comprise of elected, nominated and ex-officio members. Depending upon the number of members
to be elected, the city is divided into different wards. One member is elected from each ward. They are
known as the ward councillor or simply councillor.

Functions of Municipal corporations

The functions of the municipal corporations and municipal councils are similar. They have some
obligatory and some optional functions to perform. the functions are listed below.

● Water purification and supply

● Sewage treatment and disposal
● Garbage disposal and street cleanliness
● Solid waste management
● Building and maintenance of roads, streets and flyovers/bridges
● Street Lightening
● Registration of births and deaths
● Conservation of heritage sites
Election to Municipal Corporation

In a municipal corporation, the members are elected on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five
years. The elected members are known as councillors. Some of the seats are reserved for the scheduled
castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes. One third of the seats are reserved for women. In
addition to the elected members, there are also nominated members called as alderman. They are elected
from amongst the respectable citizens of the city or town.

Mayor and deputy mayor

The head of the municipal corporation is called the Mayor or Mahapur. She/He is elected by the members
and also presides over the meetings of the municipal corporation. A deputy mayor is also appointed who
discharges the duties of the mayor in their absence. Both these officials are appointed for a term varying
between one to two and a half years in different municipal corporations. Similarly, municipal councils are
headed by a chairman and a deputy chairman, who are elected by the members.

Committees

The activities of the municipal corporation are conducted through different committees. Every
municipal corporation has a standing committee. All the policy decisions of the municipal corporation are
made by this committee. Several separate committees are set up that decide on the work to be done in the
city such as water supply, health, transport, and garbage collection. The corporation also sets up ward
committees consisting of representatives from two or more wards.

Administrative Staff

Municipal commissioner

The mayor performs his duties with the help of the Chief Executive Officer or the municipal commissioner
and the standing committee. The municipal commissioner is the administrative head of the corporation.
They are appointed by the government and act as a link between the municipal corporation and the state
government. The commissioner and her/his administrative staff implement the decisions made by the
 municipal corporation. She/he also prepares the annual budget. The various committees discuss and debate
how to spend the amount of money on different tasks.

The administrative structure of the municipal corporation includes departments like health, transport, civil
works, education, and water supply. Each department has an officer who assists the commissioner in her/his
work like the chief engineer, chief medical officer, chief transport officer and education officer.

Sources of Income

Since the municipal corporation works on a large scale, it requires a lot of money to discharge all its
functions properly. Octroni is an important source of income for the municipal corporation. Various taxes
like water tax, property tax, entertainment tax, and pilgrimage tax contribute to its income. There are also
taxes on education and other amenities. It receives income by selling its own land. Besides these, the
government also grants loans to the corporation whenever it undertakes a project involving huge
expenditures. State governments also provide financial assistance and grants to corporations.

Solid Waste Management

An important task of the municipal corporation is solid waste management. It has a separate
department for the collection and disposal of city waste. Earlier waste was disposed off by creating landfills
but now the solid waste is converted into organic manure. Many non-governmental organizations are also
recycling city waste into productive goods such as bags, rugs, etc. However, both in the past and present
we have seen that when municipal corporations or municipal councils do not carry out this important
function the results can be disastrous. Surat is a good example of what can happen when waste management
is poor. Keeping a city, town, or village clean is as much a responsibility of the municipal bodies as it is of
its inhabitants. In order to encourage people as well as municipal bodies to keep their areas clean, the
Swachh Bharat Mission was launched on 2nd October 2014. It aims at eradicating open defecation,
constructing toilets, and creating a clean India.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Development plans for the city are carried out by the______________.

a) city council b) corporation

c) planning commission d) panchayat

Ans: b) corporation

2. All the policy decisions of the municipal corporation are made by the _____________.

a) Ward committee b) chief commissioner

c) standing committee d) deputy commissioner

Ans: c) standing committee

3. The members of the municipal corporation are elected for a term of ____________ years.

a) three b) four

c) five d) six

Ans: c) five
4. The municipal corporation is answerable to the _____________.

a) government b) people

c) municipal commissioner d) panchayat

Ans: b) people

D1. Who are councillors?

Ans: Councillors, also known as ward councillors, are members of the municipal corporation. They are
elected on the basis of adult franchise for a term of five years.

D3. What is the term for which the members of the corporation and panchayat are elected?

Ans: The members of the corporation and the panchayat are elected for a period of five years.

D5. What are ward committees set up for?

Ans: Ward committees, comprising of representatives of two or more wards, are set up to decide on the

work to be done in those wards regarding water supply, health, transport, garbage collection, etc.

E1. Differentiate between municipal council and municipal corporation.

Ans: Municipalities are set up in smaller urban areas or cities with populations of more than 20,000 while
municipal corporations are set up in larger urban areas or cities with populations over 200,000. The head
of the municipal corporation is the mayor who is assisted by the deputy mayor while the head of the
municipality is the chairman who is assisted by the deputy chairman.

E3. How can you compare municipal corporations to the Panchayati Raj?

Ans: Like the Panchayati Raj, municipal corporations work for the welfare of the people in the areas under
them. Like the different levels of the Panchayati Raj, the municipal corporations are responsible for
establishing health services, running primary and secondary schools, upkeep open areas, making
development plans, and implementing them. Also, for both institutions’ taxes and loans and grants from
the government are the main sources of income. Both encourage the participation of the people through
elections and are answerable to the people.

F1. State ten basic functions of the municipal corporation and municipal council.

Ans:The basic functions of municipal corporations and municipalities are:

● Water purification and supply.

● Sewage treatment and disposal
● Solid waste management
● Building and maintenance of roads, streets, and flyovers
● Street lighting
● Maintenance of cemeteries and crematoriums
● Registering of births and deaths.
● Garbage disposal and street cleanliness
● Maintenance of parks and open spaces.
F3. Describe briefly the administrative structure of the corporation.

Ans:The municipal commissioner heads the administrative staff of the municipal corporation. She/He is
appointed by the government. She/He implements all the decisions of the municipal corporation and
prepares the annual budget. Committees are set to decide on various issues affecting the life of the citizens.
The commissioner and her/his administrative staff implement these decisions.

The administrative structure of the municipal corporation includes departments like health, transport, civil
works, education, and water supply. Each department has an officer who assists the commissioner in her/his
work like the chief engineer, chief medical officer, and education officer.

The municipal corporation covers a large area and population. Therefore, the administrative structure includes
a number of workers.

III. A) WORKSHEET:

1. Which agency replaces the broken streetlights, collects the garbage, provides a water supply, and keeps
the market clean?

a) Municipal Corporation. b) Hospital

c) Police d) None of the above.

2. What are the other tasks of a municipal corporation?

a) To run the schools b) To run the hospitals

c) To maintain parks d) All of these.

3. Who takes the complicated decisions that affect the entire city?

a) A group of councillors b) A group of teachers

c) A group of doctors d) None of these

4. What are the Panchayat members called?

a) Sarpanch b) Panch

c) Secretary d) None of these.

5. The big city like Delhi is divided into several

a) Districts b) Janapads

c) Samitis d) All of these

B) WORKSHEET ANSWERS:

1.a, 2.d, 3.a, 4.b, 5.a

IV. HOMEWORK:

1. Do you think the municipal bodies can keep the neighbourhood clean if the residents have bad habits
like littering on the road? What can you do to help the neighbourhood clean?
 CHAPTER- 7 RURAL LIVELIHOODS

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE

This chapter discuss about the different means of livelihood in rural areas and farming and different
categories of farmers and also it talks about the other professions besides agriculture in the rural areas.

“People in cities and villages find various means to earn a regular income for themselves. In this chapter,
we will take a look at the various means of livelihood in the villages”.

Different Types of Farmers

In India we can categories farmers into 3 different types. Farmers who own more than 5 hectares of land
and who hire people to cultivate their land or rent out their lands
or other farmers are called large farmers. They are rich as they
have huge lands which bring them good income. In addition, some
them have additional sources of income. These large farmers can
easily afford to buy good seeds, fertilisers and modern machinery
such as tractors. All these helps to increase the agricultural
production and thus, their income. The farmers who own land
between two to five hectares, and grow crops for themselves and
their families are called middle farmers. They are able to make
and meet somehow and save some money. There are also small farmers who own land less than two
hectares. It becomes difficult for them to make both ends meet from their small cultivations. They have
to borrow money or seeds to cultivate their fields. After harvesting, most of the crop goes in the
settlement of the loan. With little that is left the family survives for a few months. For the other months
of the year they have to find work elsewhere to supplement their income.

Differences in incomes

Large farmers have very good incomes while middle farmers have a moderate income. Small farmers
have very little land and are also victims of loans They generally have to sell their produce to the trader
from whom they borrow money. Such farmers survive on very little income. They have to supplement
their income by working in the lean season of agriculture. They try to find work in the nearby towns or
work as local help in the village during the lean months. The landless labourers face the same plight.

About 80% of the rural population comprises of either small farmers or landless labourers. Only a
handful fall in the category of large and middle farmers who are able to sell their produce in the market.

Other Occupations in the Villages

Apart from farming, there are also other occupations that are pursues in most villages. People in rural
areas also depend on collection from forest, animal husbandry, dairy produce, fishing and so on.
Collection of tendu laves, honey, herbs from the forests and their sale to the traders is a source of
additional income for the villagers.

People pursuing different professions like doctors, nurses, teachers who earn their income with their
services are also found in the village community. Thus, in a village both farming and non-farming
activities form a source of income.
II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTIONS:

1. Most of the population in the rural areas are dependent on __________.

a) agriculture b) waving

c) trading d) fishing

Ans: a) agriculture

2. In coastal villages, ___________ is also an important occupation.

a) fishing b) trading

c) hunting d) working in factory

Ans: a) fishing

3. In India, most of the farmers are either small farmers or ____________.

a) money lenders b) middle farmers

c) landless labourers d) large farmers

Ans: c) landless labourers

4. Small farmers or landless labourers have to rely on ____________ for income.

a) criminal activities b) non-farming activities

c) begging d) none of these

Ans: b) non-farming activities

E1. Name the different types of farmers.

Ans: The different types of farmers are large farmers, middle farmers, and small farmers and landless
labourers.

E2. Who are landless farmers?

Ans: Landless labourers are farmers who do not own land and work as agricultural labourers in the
fields of richer farmers.

E4. What is the primary occupation in rural areas?

Ans: The primary occupation in rural areas is agriculture and farming.

F2. List the other occupations undertaken by people in villages.

Ans: People in rural areas also depend upon collection from forest, animal husbandry, dairy produce,
fishing, etc. Collection of tendu leaves, honey, herbs from the forests and their sale to the traders is a
source of additional income for the villagers. People pursuing different professions like doctors,
nurses, teachers who earn their income through their services are also found in the village community.
II. A WORKSHEET:

1. Giving water to the crops is known as

a) weeding b) harvesting

c) planting d) irrigation

2. What is the basic occupation of 80% of Indians?

a) Agriculture b) Business

c) Trading d) Garments

3. What is the main occupation of people living in rural areas?

a) Working on farms b) working in banks

c) Working at shops c) None of the above

4. Which one is not a farming activity?

a) ploughing b) harvesting

c) basket making d) weeding

III. B WORKSHEET ANSWERS:

1. (d) 2. (a), 3. (a), 4. (c).

IV. HOMEWOK:

1. You have read about the economic activities in Ballavpur. Which of these, do you think, would be
the most important one and why?
 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
CHAPTER 7. COMPUTER – SCRATCH PROGRAMMING- INTRODUCTION TO GAME
CREATION
I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
 Working with blocks.
 Working with Sprites.
 Working with multiple Sprites.
 Changing the background of the stage.
II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Control think movement Looks faster

A. Fill in the blanks with the help of the given words.

1. You can make the Sprite say something using think or say bubble.
2. blocks belongs to control category.
3. The background of the Stage can be changed using the blocks under the Looks category.
4. When the costumes of the Sprite change continuously, it gives an illusion of movement.
5. Change “wait 1 sec” to “wait 0.5 sec” to make dance1 dance faster .
B. Tick the correct answer.
1. To add musical note or change the volume of sound, use blocks from:
a. Sound
b. Pen

2. belongs to which category of Blocks Palette?

a. Motion
b. Control

3. Belongs to which category of Blocks Palette?

a. Sensing
b. Looks
4. Which block is used to play sound?

a. b.
Ans: b
5. Which command will you use to remove the voice bubble?

a. b.
Ans: b
C. Answer the following questions.
1. Write the steps to paint new Sprite?
Ans: - Steps to paint a new sprite are:
Step 1: Clock Paint new sprite
Step 2: Draw a character of your choice. The tools are similar to the tools you learnt in
Paint or Tux Paint.
Step 3: Change the name of the Sprite.
 2. Write the steps to change the background.
Ans: - Step 1: Click the Stage icon
Step 2: Click the Backgrounds Tab
Step 3: a) To create your own background
PaintPaint EditorOk
b) To choose from available list background
ImportImport Background
Step 4: Click BackgroundsClick OK
3. What is the purpose of using multiple costumes in a Sprite?
Ans:- Purpose of multiple sprite is that when the costumes of the Sprite change continuously, it
gives an illusion of movement.
III. WORKSHEET
1. Write three ways to delete multiple Sprites.
2. What are the main parts of a Scratch window?
3. What is the default sprite in Scratch?
4. How will you add a sprite from the library?
5. What is a backdrop?
IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS:
1. Ans: - Three ways to delete a Sprite:
 To delete a sprite from its thumbnail, right-click on it and select Delete.
 Alternatively, select the scissors from the upper middle-right menu and click the required sprite
to delete.
 Another method is to drag sprites off the viewing area and drop them in the block palette and
they are automatically shift while you click.
To delete many sprites, hold down shift while you click.
2. Following are the main parts of the Scratch window:
a. Menu bar
b. Stage
c. Sprite’s list
d. Scripts tab
e. Costumes tab
f. Sounds tab
g. Blocks Drawers
h. Blocks Palette
i. Scripts Area
3. The default sprite in Scratch is the Cat.
4. There are several ways to add a sprite:
a. Choose a sprite from the library.
b. Paint a new sprite.
c. Upload a sprite from file.
d. Insert a new sprite from camera.
5. A backdrop is the background view for the stage.
V. Homework
1. Explore the stamp option in Scratch.
2. Try the following code and share your observation.
When <green flag> clicked
Stamp
Move 100 steps
Change color effect by 25
Stamp
 Move 100 steps
Change color effect by 25
3. Change the background & create a dialog between two characters. Present the story in the class.
4. Animate your name using Scratch Programming.

CHAPTER 8. HTML- AN INTRODUCTION

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
 HTML programming and its features.
 Structure of HTML
 HTML editor.
 Creating, saving and viewing an HTML document.
 HTML tags and attributes.
II. TEXBOOK SOLUTIONS

HTML OFF tag ON tag <p> <br> <hr>

A. Fill in the blanks with the help of the given words.

1. HTML is used for designing webpages on World Wide Web.
2. The first tag is known as the opening or ON tag and the end tag is known as the closing or OFF
tag.
3. <br> tag is used to insert line breaks. It is an empty tag and does not have any attributes.
4. <p> tag marks the beginning of the new paragraph in a webpage.
5. <hr> tag is used to insert a straight horizontal line across the webpage.
B. Tick the correct answer.
1. Which of the following is not an example of WYSIWYG editor.
a. Microsoft Frontpage
b. Adobe Dreamweaver
c. WordPad
d. Microsoft Expression Web.
2. Which of the following is not an example of text editor?
a. Notepad
b. Access 2013
c. WordPad
d. Microsoft Expression Web
3. Which tag is used to display the text slightly bigger and bolder than the normal body text and has
six levels of headings?
a. <hn>
b. <hr>
c. <b>
d. <i>
4. Which tag defines the document body that includes text, images and links?
a. <title>
b. <i>
c. <body>
d. <font>
5. This tag is also known as the root element.
a. <html>
b. <body>
c. <head>
d. <title>
 C. State True or False
1. WYSIWYG stands for What You See Is What You Get.
Ans-True
2. ON tag is preceded by slash (/) with angular brackets.
Ans-False
3. Text editor use HTML tags to create a webpage.
Ans-True
4. <b>, <i> and <u> tags are empty tags.
Ans-False
5. The tag name and attributes are case sensitive.
Ans-False
D. Answer the following questions
1. Which tag is used to enclose the entire HTML code for a page?
Ans: - HTML tag is used to enclose the entire HTML code for a page.
2. Differentiate between container and empty tags used in HTML.
Ans: - Container element and Empty tag.
Container tags- The tags that have both starting tag and an ending tag to an HTML element are
called container tags.
Empty tags- The tag that has only starting tag and no closing tag to an HTML element is called
Empty tags.
3. What is <BR> tag? How do you use it?
Ans:- the browser does not recognize formatting or lines by using Enter key in the HTML code.
Hence, <BR> tag is used to insert line breaks. It is an empty tag and does not have any
attributes.
4. How can you change the background color of a webpage?
Ans:- the <font> tag is used to change the size, color and typeface of the text on an HTML
page. The attribute color sets the color of the text. Example: <font color =”blue”>
5. List the attributes of <HR>tag. Describe the use of each attribute.
Ans: <hr> Tag is used to insert the straight horizontal line across the webpage. It is an

empty tag. By default, the line appears shaded and the length is equal to the width of the
browser window. It has following attributes.:
Attributes Description Example
size It sets the thickness of the horizontal line in <hr size=”6”>
pixels. The default value of the size attribute is 2
pixels.
width It sets the horizontal width of the line. <hr width=”60”>
The value can be given in pixels or in percentage. <hr width=”60%”>
align I sets the placement of the line on the web page. <hr align=”left”>
The values to be used are : left, right, center.
color It sets the color of line. <hr color=”yellow”>
Noshade It does not have a value. It displays a solid stripe <hr noshade>
across the page.
Using all the attributes:
<hr size=”12” align=”center” color=”orange” width=”50%”>
III. WORKSHEET
1. Give the difference between the following:
a. <HEAD> tag and <BODY> tag
b. HTML tag and HTML tag attribute
 c. WYSIWYG Editor and Text Editor.
2. Can you add images in the webpage? Which tag will be used? Discuss.
3. Find the various tags that are used in the given screenshot and mark them. Also, write about their
uses.
<html>

<head>

<title>Activity Studio</title>

</head>

<body>

<h1><p align =”center”>What makes up the Earth size =”12”</p></h1>

<hr color=” red” align=” center” width=”35%” size=”12”>

<p align=” justify”>

<font face =” Arial” size=”14” color=” #FFFF00” >

<br> The Earth is one of the eight planets that move around the Sun.

Three quatres of the Earth’s surface is covered with water.

<br> One quarter of the Earth’s surface is covered with land.

The Earth is surrounded by a layer of air called the atmosphere.

</p>

</body>
IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS:
</html>
1. Ans: Various tags that are used are:
 <H1>: Horizontal rule, add a line below the text.
 <p align=”center”>: aligns paragraph to the center.
 <p align=”justify”>: Justifies paragraph.
 <font face =”Arial”> : changes font face of the text.
 <font size=”14”>: changes font size of the text.
 <font color=”#FFFF000”> : changes font color of the text.
 <br>: add a line break
 <p>: separates paragraphs as text.
2. Ans:
a. <HEAD> tag and <BODY> tag:
<HEAD> tag: Head tag is the first element under the HTML tag that contains in formation
about the HTML document.
<BODY> tag: Body tag is used to define and display the text, images, link on the web page.
b. HTML tag and HTML tag attribute:
HTML tag: HTML tag is used to identify the program as a standard HTML document.
HTML tag attribute: The HTML tag attribute provides the additional information about
HTML element.
c. WYSIWIG Editor and Text Editor
 YSIWYG Editor: WYSIWYG stands for “What you see is what you get”. This editor allows
you to create a web page without the use of the HTML tags.
Text Editor: Text editor allows you to create a web page with the use of HTML tags.
3. The <img> tag defines an image in an HTML page.

V. HOMEWORK:
1. Write a code to demonstrate the use of <Hn> tag and <P> tag.
2. Design a webpage to share the services of an upcoming travel agency.

CHAPTER 9. INTERNET- ONLINE SURFING- I

I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
 Email service.
 Concept of URL.
 Advantages of menial.
 Creating and using an email account.
 Adding contacts.
 Sending an email.
 Reading, replying and forwarding an email.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

sending receiving blind carbon copy Ray Tomlinson antivirus compose

A. Fill in the blanks with the help of the given words.

1. Email is a process of sending and receiving messages.
2. Ray Tomlinson initiated the use of @ sign.
3. To create a new email, click the compose button.
4. Bcc stands for blind carbon copy.
5. The attached file is verified by an antivirus software.
B. Tick the correct answer.
1. You type brief information about the email
a. Subject
b. To
c. From’
d. Bcc
2. This is a file sent with an email.
a. Download
b. Upload
c. Artwork
d. Attachment
3. A button that is used to send an email.
a. Send
b. Forward
c. Delete
d. Go
4. This is an email address that is saved in an email account.
a. Drafts
b. Contacts
c. Send Mail
d. List
 5. This option is used to respond an email to multiples users.
a. Reply
b. Forward
c. Reply All
d. Forward All.
C. State True or False.
1. You cannot send audio/video files through email.
Ans: False
2. To forward a mail click Reply.
Ans: False
3. In an email ID, the user name is followed by * sign.
Ans: False
4. .gov is used for government agencies.
Ans: True
5. URL stands for Unlimited Resource Location.
Ans: False
D. Answer the following questions.
1. What is an email?
Ans: - Mail that you send using the internet is called an electronic mail or email.
2. Explain email address with an example.
Ans:- Email address is a combination of a username and a hostname.
Email example: cambridgeconnection@yahoo.in. The ‘@’ (at the rate) symbol separates the
emailID from the domain name. For example, in the email address
cambridgeconnection@yahoo.in, terabytes is the email ID and yahoo.in is the domain name.
3. Differentiate between Cc and Bcc.
Ans: - Cc: Cc is short form of carbon copy. Type the email address of the person to whom
you want to send a copy of the email.
Bcc: Bcc stands for blind carbon copy. It also contains the email address of person to whom
you want to send a copy of the email at the same time without letting the person know in
‘TO’.
4. You have completed writing an article. How will you send it as an attachment by email?
Ans: - To send an email with an attachment, follow these steps.
Step 1. Create a new email by clicking the Compose button and type the required details.
Step 2: Click Attach File in the toolbar.
Step 3: Browse and Select the file from the ‘Open’ dialog box displayed.
Step 4: Click Send.
5. List benefits of using an email.
Ans: - Using email has following benefits:
 An email reaches faster than a letter send by post. So, it saves the time taken to
transfer the message.
 An email can be sent to many people at the same time.
 An email can consist of pictures, text documents and other files with it.
 You need not be online to receive our message. Any message sent to us can be
viewed at your convenience.
 Email is eco-friendly as it does not involve paper, envelopes, and stamps

III. WORKSHEETS:
1. What is URL? Explain the format of URL.
2. What is DNS or Domain name system?
3. Name a few means of communication that you have used or heard about.
 4. What do you understand by the phrase ‘composing an email’?
5. List the limitations of email.
6. Why it is advised to sign out from your email account?
7. Match the following:

1. Username a. Blind carbon copy

2. Email b. Name given by user
3. DNS c. username@hostname
4. Hostname d. Worldwide systems of servers
5. BCC e. Email server name

IV. WORKSHEETS SOLUTION:

1. Ans: - URL: Uniform resource locator. It is the internet address.
The format of the URL is: Protocol://host/path/filename.
For example, in the URL, https://www.cambridgeindia.org.
Protocol is http
Host computer name is www.
Lower level domain name is cambridgeindia
Upper level domain name is org
Filename is default.aspx
2. Ans: - DNS or Domain name system is an internet server that helps to identify address.
3. Ans: - means of communication:
 Telephone
 Bus
 Radio
 Newspaper
 Mobile phone
 Letter
 Television
 Laptop/Computer
4. Ans: - Composing an email means creating an email and then sending it to the recipients.
5. Limitations of Email:
 Since your email address is stored on the mail server, you may also receive some
unwanted mails.
 Email is not necessarily private as somebody knows your password can easily access
your account.
 Some people misrepresent themselves by creating an email account with false
personal details.
6. Ans: - It is important to close your email account properly. It ensures that no one else can
access it without the password.
7. Ans: - 1. Username - b. Name given by user
2.Email - c. username@hostname
3.DNS - d. Worldwide systems of servers
4.Hostname - e. Email server name
5.BCC - a. Blind carbon copy.
V. HOMEWORK
 Find out information about personalities who are behind creating email.
 CHAPTER 10. INTERNET- ONLINE SURFING II
I. CHAPTER AT A GLANCE
 Storing and sharing data using Google Drive.
 Explaining online services of e-commerce.
 Creating a blog and a podcast.
 Differentiating between a website and a blog.

II. TEXTBOOK SOLUTION

Applications personal Smart card news and views company

Microblogs Email Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT)

A. Fill in the blanks with the correct words.

1. Google Apps is a suite of GOOGLE application that brings together essential services.
2. Smart Card looks similar to credit or debit card but it has a small microprocessor chip
embedded in it. It stores customer’s information.
3. Electronic Fund Transfer (EFT) is a method to transfer money from one bank account to
another account.
4. Personal, News and Views, Company, Micro blogs are the different types of blogs.
5. You can also share your blog on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn or Email.
B. Tick the correct option.
1. Which files you can edit in Google Drive?
a. Videos
b. Music
c. Docx
d. Audio
2. The type of files on Google Drive for Collecting and organizing data.
a. Drawing
b. Forms
c. Documents
d. List
3. An instant messaging and voice over Internet is referred to as:
a. Hangouts
b. Atalk
c. DMessenger
d. GVoice
4. The type of files you cannot create and share on Google Drive.
a. Drawings
b. Spreadsheets
c. Zip files
d. Documents
5. .________ is an Internet service of buying and selling of goods.
a. E-reservation
b. E-banking
c. E-commerce
d. E-learning
C. State True or False
1. Google drive does not only stores files but also allows to create, share, and manage documents
with its own apps.
Ans- True
2. Gmail is paid mail service by Google.
Ans- False
3. If you share a file with a limited number of people, they may not sign in with a Google account
to view or edit the file.
Ans- False
4. Podcast is a series of episodes of Audio Files.
Ans- True
5. Google photos is used to find, edit and share your photos.
Ans- True

D. Answer the following questions.

1. Write five apps that you use often?
Ans-The five apps that we use often are as follow:
 Google Maps
 Google Chrome
 You tube
 Gmail
 What’s App
2. Write the steps to create a Google Docs File.
Ans- To create a Google Doc, follow the steps:
Step 1: Select New button.
Step 2: Choose the type of file you want to create.
Step 3: Select the text Untitled Document.
Click the text Untitled Document and type a file name you want.
3. Why it is not essential to save a file if created in Google Docs?
Ans- It is not essential to save a file if created in Google Docs as Google Drive uses Auto save
feature. The file is automatically and immediately saved while you edit it.
4. What are the advantages and disadvantages of e-commerce?
Ans- Advantages of E-Commerce:
 Online Shopping is convenient.
 It is accessible round the clock.
 The price comparison and Quality comparison of the products and service is possible.
 The Product will be delivered at your door step.
 You need not to travel, get stuck in traffic or face parking constraints as in real world
shopping.
Disadvantages of E-Commerce:

 One cannot feel or touch items.

 Online Stores often fail to offer warranties and guarantees.
 Returning an item online is also a cumbersome process than in local stores. You need to send
the product and wait for its arrival after being changed or wait for the amount to get credited
in your bank account.
 Credit card security issues are another major disadvantage, despite the fact that how secures
the website claims to be.
 5. What is blog and how it is useful?
Ans- A blog is a frequently updated online personal diary or informative article on specific topic.
The articles that are uploaded on a blog are called posts. A blog is normally public that means
everyone can see it. Posts can be text, pictures, audio, and video and so on. Blog is like our own
website; we have to update it regularly.

III. WORKSHEETS:
1. What is Smart Card?
2. Which type of files we can store on Google Drive?
3. How much free storage space do you get with Drive?
4. Name the software that is similar to Power-point that is provided by Google Drive.
IV. WORKSHEET SOLUTIONS
1. Ans- Smart card looks similar to Credit card or debit card but it has small microprocessor chip
embedded in it. It stores customer’s information.
2. Ans- There are two main types of files we can store on Google drive:
Files we can edit: office 2013 files, PDF files and other text-based files
Files we cannot edit: Music files, videos, Compressed (Zip files)
3. Ans- 15 GB is available free storage we get on drive.
4. Ans- Google Slides similar to Power-point that is provided by Google Drive.
V. HOMEWORK:
 Create a text document on “Seven Wonder of the World”, upload the same file on your Google drive
and then share it with your friends.