NAME : John Miel N.

Reyes
GRADE & SECTION: Grade 10-SSC B11
MATRIX FOR REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
RESEARCH PROBLEM / TOPIC: AcaWaCon (The Effectiveness of Aroma Plant (Acacia farnesiana)extract as water conditioner for the growth of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) )

FOR RELATED LITERATURE

Author(s)/Year/Title/Page No. for Books, Principles, Theories, Concepts, Opinions, Statements, News, Quotable Quotes, etc.
Volume Issue No., Date for Newspapers, Magazines & Journals

“Plant Database Entry for Sweet Acacia (Vachellia Farnesiana) with

31 Images, One Comment, and 52 Data Details.” Sweet Acacia
(Vachellia farnesiana) - Garden.org. Accessed November 30,
2022. https://garden.org/plants/view/79652/Sweet-Acacia-
Vachellia-farnesiana/.
Acacia farnesiana is a little tree or shrub with clusters of tiny puffball-like golden-yellow blooms that have a lovely aroma.
Many bees and butterflies visit the area because of the blooms. While Sweet Acacia is evergreen in warmer temperatures, it
is deciduous in other regions. Once established, the plant can tolerate some drought, but it retains its leaves better when
provided enough water. In various regions of the world, Acacia farnesiana is regarded as a pest plant of concern and has
the potential to naturalize.

Michael. “How Tannins Affect Aquarium. Pros and Cons.” Shrimp Tannins turn water a different color. Algal growth is significantly impacted by discolored water! Less algae grows in tanks
and Snail Breeder, September 1, 2021. that are darker. This explains why algal blooms are nearly never a problem in blackwater aquariums with a lot of tannin.
https://aquariumbreeder.com/tannins-in-aquarium/.
The lighting is everything.

The cichlid and tilapia families of fish include the Nile tilapia. It has a compacted, deep-bodied form. This species has a
ventrally white color and a dorsal and lateral color of bronze to brownish-gray. It features a caudal fin that is truncated
“Nile Tilapia.” Florida Museum, August 19, 2022. and has a pinkish-red posterior border and numerous thin black bars. Nile tilapia have bicuspid jaw teeth and two to three
https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/discover-fish/florida-fishes- little inner rows in their small mouths. The body of breeding males gets a pinkish-red flush, and their dorsal fins get a
gallery/nile-tilapia/. black edge. The front portion of the dorsal fin has a black "tilapia patch," which is particularly noticeable on young
animals. Nile tilapia are typically found with aquatic vegetation in canals, creeks, rivers, and lakes .

Staff. “Nile Tilapia Fish Characteristics, Feeding, Breeding.” ROYS A fish species with an extremely rapid rate of growth is the nile tilapia. It is a fish species that is highly valued
FARM, September 2, 2022. https://www.roysfarm.com/nile- economically and is raised in many nations across the world.
tilapia-fish/.
The average lifespan of these fish is nine years. They can survive in temperatures ranging from 8 to 42 °C and can
withstand brackish water. It is a fish with a significant deal of market demand and is quite excellent.
In general, a wide range of items that are intended to prevent lime-scale build-up on heat-exchange surfaces when hard
water is heated are referred to as water conditioners (sometimes known as physical water conditioners or physical water
“Water Conditioning.” UKWTA, April 30, 2021. treatment devices). Water conditioners typically function by changing the chemistry of the precipitation reaction, as
https://ukwta.org/technology-areas/water-conditioning/.
opposed to softeners or filters, which remove the ions (hardness salts) that cause lime-scale to form. This includes
suppressing lime-scale formation, reducing the rate of scaling, or by changing the form of the scale or the chemistry of the
precipitation mechanism itself. There are many various product types and stated working mechanisms available on the
market.
 NAME : John Miel N. Reyes
GRADE & SECTION: Grade 10-SSC
MATRIX FOR REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
RESEARCH PROBLEM / TOPIC: AcaWaCon (The Effectiveness of Aroma Plant (Acacia farnesiana) extract as water conditioner for the growth of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis
niloticus) )

FOR RELATED Research Objectives Methodology (research Results (Salient Conclusion Recommendations
design, sampling method,
STUDIES or Statement of the sample size, instruments & Findings)
Author(s)/Year/ Problem STATISTICAL TOOLS USED
Title/Page No. for every specific problem)
Theses,
Dissertations/School
/Research Journal

This research was This experimental It is observable that there Terminalia catappa leaf
conceptualized to study used Completely was a decrease in turbidity extract possesses potential
respective to the natural coagulant for
Nozaleda, Bryan. investigate the Randomized Design. treatments of Terminalia surface water treatment
“Terminalia potential of Terminalia The experiment catappa due to
Catappa (Talisay) catappa leafstock investigated the leaf stock solution ranging its ability to remove
solution as ability of Terminalia from log101.81 NTU to turbidity. However,
Leaves as log101.33 NTU. A Terminalia
a primary natural catappa leaf stock
Coagulant for coagulant in treating solution of
concentration of 5 ml/L of catappa leaf extract has no
Terminalia catappa worked effect on the basicity and
Preliminary ...” surface water. varied concentrations best in terms of turbidity acidity of the water sample.
Research Gate, The effectiveness of in turbidity removal, removal among the four Furthermore, it has no
May 2019. the coagulant is its effect treatments of the stock observable antibacterial
solution at log101.33 NTU. property on water. To
https://www.resear measured on the to the pH and coliform
Consequently, determine the relationship
chgate.net/publicat final turbidity, pH count of the water. transmittance values show between the tannins or
ion/333515847_Te level, and coliform Primarily, also the same data pattern protein content to turbidity
count of the Jar test equipment vis-à-vis turbidity as removal, the isolation and
rminalia_catappa_ water after the was used for the shown in the same table. characterization of
talisay_leaves_as_ treatment. coagulationflocculatio 72.4% coagulation active agent in
coagulant_for_prel transmittance was Terminalia catappa’s leaves
n process. There were observed at 5 ml/L through Fourier
iminary_surface_ replicates for the Jar concentration, Transform Infrared
water_treatment. testing in order to considerably lower than Spectroscopy (FTIR)
utilize averaging on 83.3% transmittance for analysis is
the turbidity, 5ml/L of Alum.The results recommended.
of the previous table is Furthermore, to strengthen
pH level and coliform supported by the data the results
count of the water at shown in Table 2. It was of this study, using other

López-Portillo, Jorge, Ana The aim of this paper was
to analyze the distribution
Laura Lara-
and temporal dynamics of
Domínguez, Gabriela chemical variables of water
Vázquez, and José A. (nutrients and folin-phenol
Aké-Castillo. “Water active substances, FPAS) in
Quality and four lagoons that differ in
Mangrove-Derived morphology and their
connection to the sea. In
Tannins in Four
addition, we explore the
Coastal Lagoons from relationship between
the Gulf of Mexico mangrove area and its
with Variable adjacent central basin
Hydrologic using FPAS as indicators of
the mangrove suspended
Dynamics.” Allen
organic matter in the
Press. Allen Press,
lagoon (Aké-Castillo and
March 1, 2017. Vázquez, 2008; Kalesh,
https://meridian.allen Sujatha, and Nair, 2001;
press.com/jcr/article/ Maie, Pisani, and Jaffé,
doi/10.2112/SI77- 2008). We aimed to answer
the following questions: (1)
004.1/28367/Water-
is there spatial variation in
Quality-and-
average wet and dry season
Mangrove-Derived- water quality among
Tannins-in-Four. lagoons? (2) If so, what is
driving that spatial
variation? and (3) Does
mangrove distribution
affect spatial variation of
water quality?
the end of
the treatment
The data in this paper was
obtained from previous
works conducted in
different years, in the dry
and rainy seasons (Aké
and Vázquez, 2008; Lara-
Domínguez et al., 2008;
Vázquez, unpublished
data; Table 1). In all
lagoons, sampling stations
were located to cover the
different environmental
conditions (Figures 2a–d).
The water column depth
was measured in each
sampling station, and
salinity, dissolved oxygen
and surface and bottom
water temperature were
recorded in situ with an
YSI-85 handheld system
(YSI-Inc.; Yellow Springs,
Ohio, U.S.A.). A
potentiometer (Barnant
Mod. 20) was used to
measure pH and the water
column transparency were
determined with a Secchi
disc.
observed that as the techniques and
amount of coagulant dose experimental design in
increases its capacity to probing the potential of
remove turbidity also Terminalia catappa as
increases. Best result was coagulant is encouraged.
observed at optimum dose
of 5 ml/L at which 88%
turbidity was removed from
the water sample. This
suggests that the extract of
Terminalia catappa leaves
has potential to remove
turbidity of the raw water
sample.
Mangrove forest cover was Mangroves contribute
4 times smaller in La important amounts of
Mancha compared to El litterfall (mainly of leaves,
Ostión (Table 1). Overall, propagules, branches,
the proportion between stipules and flowers) in
mangrove cover and tropical coastal lagoons
central basin water cover that range from 1.3 to 18.7
(M:W) was higher in La Mg ha−1 y−1 (Saenger and
Mancha and El Ostión Snedaker, 1993). Local
(1.05 and 1.00, studies indicate that
respectively), lower in litterfall ranged from 1.7 to
Sontecomapan (0.71) and 16.7 Mg ha−1 y−1 in La
lowest in Chica y Grande Mancha (Agraz-Hernández
(0.45). Considering et al., 2011) and 1.16 Mg
Thiessen polygons (Figure ha−1 y−1 in Sontecomapan
2), mangroves dominated (Aké-Castillo, Vázquez, and
(M:W>1) in 5 out of 10 López-Portillo, 2006).
polygons at La Mancha and Leaves contribute most of
3 out of 8 at El Ostión the litterfall (e.g., 51–67%,
(Figure 2 b, d) whereas in Agraz-Hernández et al.,
Chica y Grande and 2011). When leaves fall in
Sontecomapan lagoons, the water or in humid
mangrove dominated in mangrove soil, leaching
only 2 out of 10 polygons and microbial degradation
(Figure 2 a, c). ensures, producing
important amounts of
The lowest (0.44 m) and dissolved organic matter
highest (0.85 m) mean (DOM) (cf. Kathiresan and
transparency were Bingham, 2001), that
recorded in El Ostión in contains dissolved organic
the dry and rainy seasons, carbon (DOC), phenols (i.e.
respectively (Table 2). tannins), and sugars. After
Mean water temperature 36 days of incubation in a
was between 25.2 °C and laboratory experiment,

López-Portillo, Jorge, Ana
Laura Lara-Domínguez,
Gabriela Vázquez, and José
A. Aké-Castillo. “Water
Quality and Mangrove-
Derived Tannins in Four
Coastal Lagoons from the
Gulf of Mexico with
Variable Hydrologic
Dynamics.” Allen Press.
Allen Press, March 1,
2017.
https://meridian.allenpres
s.com/jcr/article/doi/10.2
112/SI77-004.1/28367/
Water-Quality-and-
Mangrove-Derived-
Tannins-in-Four.
28.2 °C in the dry season, Maie et al. (2006) found
and between 30.7 °C and that total phenols
30.8 °C in the rainy amounted to 24% of the
season. The highest oxygen DOM leached from
levels in both seasons (> 6 Rhizophora mangle leaf
mg/l) were recorded in samples.
Sontecomapan; but oxygen
concentrations were < 6
mg/l in the other three
lagoons.
Mangroves contain high Thirty-three tanks of 1 m3 The levels of salinity, Increasing leaf litter
levels of tannins (1x1x1 m) were used to test temperature, and DO did concentrations did not
(Robertson, 1988), the effects of decomposing not differ significantly have a significant effect on
which can rise as much as mangrove leaves on between the treatments DO, tannin and H2S
20% of the dry weight of water quality and on the throughout the experiment concentrations and means
plant material (Hernes et growth and survival of P. (Table 1). Since the were randomly divided over
al., 2001). Tannins, monodon PL. The experimental tanks are the treatments (Table 1
generally divided into experimental plastic tanks closed system, the salinity and 3). However, the pH
hydrolyzed and condensed of 1 m3 levels significantly decreased
tannins, are anti- were filled with ± 5 cm fluctuated between 19 and with increasing leaf litter
nutritional elements with pond bottom substrate, 25 ppt (mean 22±1 ppt) concentrations, and the
zero clay-loam soil (pH 6.5) and and the water temperature NH3-N concentration
nutritional value, affecting 800 liters of brackish water between 27.2 and increased
protein utilization and (salinity 21 ppt). The 33.3°C (mean 30.6±1.4 °C) to levels critical and lethal
nutritional digestibility of prawn PL were stocked 4 but the DO slightly varried for the shrimp PL. The
various herbivorous and days later to let the from 6.3 to 6.9 mg L-1 relatively higher NH3-N
detritivorous crustaceans suspended particles (mean 6.7±0.5 mg L-1 concentrations in the A.
and fish species (Neilson et sediment. The ). marina
al., 1986; Conde et al., water in the tanks was not Although the DO treatments may be due to
1995 cited by Erickson et exchanged but the volume concentration of the its high protein content
al., 2004; Becker & was maintained by adding culture media was high and rapid nutrient leaching
Makkar, 1999; Maitra & water from the same and in the upper side of rates. The decrease in pH
Ray, 2003; Hammann & source regularly. Each the with increasing leaf litter
Zimmer, 2015). The tank was continuously recommended range (+4 concentrations could be
negative impact aerated using Resun® LP- mg L due to the tannin content
of R. apiculata mangrove 60 low noise air pump to -1 in the leaves as was
on shrimp performance maintain ) all recorded salinity, observed in previous
(Primavera, 2000) was dissolved oxygen level temperature, and DO studies (Chyau et al.,
confirmed in an above 5 mg L concentrations were 2006; Nugroho et al.,
experiment -1 considered as optimal for 2016). In contrast, Hai &
that showed that leaf , thus largely above the P. monodon PL. Yakupitiyage
concentrations higher than recommended level and the (2005) observed tannin
0.5 g L-1 were very lethal 3 mg L being significantly
where leaf effects differed -1 Shrimp biomass relatively correlated with DO (r = -
between mangrove species generally found in silvo- increased with increasing 0.482), pH (r = 0.595) and
(Hai and Yakupitaga, aquaculture (Boyd, 1989; concentrations of H2S (r =
2005). Using R. apiculata Binh et al., 1997; Johnston decomposing mangrove 0.738), but not with the
as a reference species, this et al., 2002). The leaves in total ammonia nitrogen

López-Portillo, Jorge, Ana
Laura Lara-Domínguez,
Gabriela Vázquez, and José
A. Aké-Castillo. “Water
Quality and Mangrove-
Derived Tannins in Four
Coastal Lagoons from the
Gulf of Mexico with
study aimed to assess experimental tanks were R. apiculate than in A. (TAN). Hai & Yakupitiyage
whether tannin was covered with dark netting marina (Table 3A). In A. (2005) suggested that a
released by the to reduce water marina tanks, the highest combination of these
decomposing leaves of A. temperature fluctuation growth rate (SGR) was factors could increase the
marina and R. and light found in toxicity of tannins to
apiculata and which form intensity. the 0.125 g L-1 shrimp growth and
of their leaves litter that concentration, while in R. survival.
contribute more on water apiculata tanks, the
quality degradation cvg, highest was in the 0.5 g L-
whether this affected the 1
growth and survival rate of concentration.
P. monodon. A significantly higher mean
shrimp biomass was also
observed in minced leaf
litter (5.16 ± 0.2 % day-1
)
and leaf litter leachate
(5.24 ± 0.3 % day-1
) compared to leaf litter
(4.03 ± 1.1% day-1
) in the 0.125 g L-1
treatments (H = 34.534, df
= 2, P < 0.001) (Table 3B).
In A. marina tanks, shrimp
body weight was
significantly higher in the
0.125 g L-1
leachate concentration
than in the 0.125 g L-1
leaf litter
concentration (Dunn’s post
hoc, Q = 4.769), while in R.
apiculata tanks, shrimp
body weight in the 0.125
g L-1 minced leaf litter was
significantly higher than in
the 0.125 g L-1
leaf litter concentration
(Dunn’s
post hoc, Q = 4.491).
In this study, PAC and The following figures show The turbidity removal from
moringa were used as the IR spectrum of synthetic turbid water
reference of chemical In this study, the water biocoagulants and PAC. sample treated by using
coagulant and sample was a synthetic Figure 2 and Fig. 3 show biocoagulants has been
biocoagulant in the white clay-turbid water. that the several evaluated. In
evaluation Artificial turbid water was main peaks with different general, protein-based and
of biocoagulant based on treated by intensities were detected at tannin-based
protein (i.e. chickpea) and chemical-based coagulants different frequencies. A biocoagulants were good
Variable Hydrologic
Dynamics.” Allen Press.
Allen Press, March 1,
2017.
https://meridian.allenpres
s.com/jcr/article/doi/10.2
112/SI77-004.1/28367/
Water-Quality-and-
Mangrove-Derived-
Tannins-in-Four.
tannin (i.e. avocado seed)
in the artificial turbid
water treatment.
The aims of this study were
exploring the performance
of biocoagulant and its
application on the removal
of turbidity
from water. There is no
significant side effect
observed by using these
biocoagulants in
wastewater treatment since
it
was reported that the
biocoagulant as non-toxic
and biodegradable
material.
and biocoagulant based on
protein and tannin.
Protein-based biocoagulant
was moringa
seed (Moringa oleifera) and
chickpea (Cicer arietinum)
while tannin-based
biocoagulant was avocado
seed (Persea
americana). PAC was used
as reference of chemical
coagulant while moringa
was used as reference of
biocoagulants.
Figure 1 shows the
schematic diagram of this
study. Biocoagulants
performance test was
carried out by treating the
synthetic turbid water in
different dosages of
coagulant.
Synthetic turbid water was
prepared by adding 1 g of
white clay into 1 L of tap
water. The suspension was
stirred
for 1 h to achieve a
uniform dispersion of clay
particles [11]. Then, the
suspension was directly
used as low organic
content sample pursuing
for turbid water treatment.
The performance of
biocoagulant was evaluated
by using turbidity
removal, total dissolved
solid (TDS) and electrical
conductivity (EC).
broad absorption peak in
the range of
3200–3650 cm−1 (3285
cm−1 for moringa, 3275
cm−1 for chickpea and
3410 cm–1 for avocado
seed), which could be
assigned to the stretching
vibrations of –OH groups
and N-H stretching of
amide bond [13]. The
peaks in the range of
2800–3000 cm−1 (2922
and 2853 cm−1 for
moringa, 2924 and 2854
cm−1 for chickpea, and
2920 cm–1 for avocado
seed) were attributed to the
stretching vibration of –
CH– and CH2. The peaks
in the range of 1600–2000
cm–1 (1745
and 1650 cm–1 for
moringa and 1744 for
chickpea) were attributed
to the stretching of C–N
vibration of the
superimposed C=O group
[14]. The band at 1650 cm–
1 could be attributed to the
stretching of C=C vibration
[15]. The
peaks in the range of
1200–1600 cm–1 (1535
cm–1 for moringa and
1535 cm–1 for chickpea)
were attributed to the
bending of NH2 (amine)
group [14]. Figure 3 shows
that the IR spectrum of
PAC exhibited a broad
absorption peak
in 3015 cm−1 could be
assigned to the stretching
vibrations of –OH groups
[16]. The peak in 1634
cm−1 was attributed
to the bending vibrations of
biocoagulant for turbid
water. IR spectra showed
that these materials have
several functional groups
that acting as active sites
in the coagulation-
flocculation process.
The performance of the
biocoagulants was also
compared with the PAC
and moringa as references.
The addition of
0.01 g of chickpea and
avocado seeds decreased
the turbidity, TDS, and EC
successfully. The turbidity
decreased by
up to 78 % and followed by
the increase of Tyndall
effect from 228 to 420 Lux
after treatment. The
increasing of TDS
and EC cannot be avoided
while using PAC and
moringa as coagulant due
to the presence of organic
matter in these
materials. However, the
use of biocoagulant did not
bring the toxic effect and
was not harmful to human
health.
 C=O group. In conclusion,
FTIR spectra show that the
–OH and C=O groups in
coagulants
act as an active site in the
coagulation process so that
can decrease the turbidity
of water.
López-Portillo, Jorge, Ana In recent times, some This study investigated the Condensed tannin is The study showed that
Laura Lara-Domínguez, research studies have effect of seasonal variation suitable for synthesizing extraction procedures and
Gabriela Vázquez, and José targeted improving the (i.e. winter and summer) cationic coagulants due to seasonal variation
A. Aké-Castillo. “Water quality and yield of tannin on tannin extracts from its nucleophilic influenced the composition
Quality and Mangrove- extract from spruce bark spruce bark as characteristics [10], [25]. of the extracts and this in
Derived Tannins in Four by optimizing the hot-water biocoagulants for water As shown in Fig. 2, turn affected the quality of
Coastal Lagoons from the extraction procedure [17], treatment applications. extracts from the bark of the tannin coagulant.
Gulf of Mexico with [20], [22]. Kemppainen [20] Tannins were extracted the winter-harvested Winter-harvested spruce
Variable Hydrologic claimed an increase in through three different spruce from the various contained a higher amount
Dynamics.” Allen Press. tannin yield and a relative water extraction extraction procedures of condensed tannin in
Allen Press, March 1, reduction in the amount of procedures: cold-water contained a higher amount various extraction
2017. carbohydrates in hot-water extraction (21 °C), cold- of condensed tannin. The procedures, and with
https://meridian.allenpres extracts by using sodium water plus hot-water tannin content in the CHW regard to the synthesized
s.com/jcr/article/doi/10.2 bisulphite and sodium extraction (85 °C) and and HW extracts from the tannin-based coagulants,
112/SI77-004.1/28367/ carbonate as extraction direct hot-water extraction winter-sampled spruce WCHW tannin was
Water-Quality-and- chemicals. Nonetheless, (85 °C). 1H nuclear bark was ∼ 135% higher considered the most viable.
Mangrove-Derived- the additional extraction magnetic resonance than that collected during This was attributed to a
Tannins-in-Four. chemicals reduce the spectra showed that the the summer. Furthermore, slower degradation of
purity of the tannin and cold-water plus hot-water a higher amount of tannin phenolic content during
the sustainability of the extractions possessed the was recorded in cold-water the winter season and an
extraction process. Ding et highest proportion of extracts from winter bark advantageous cold-water
al. [17] and Bianchi et al. phenols. Electrospray when compared to the pre-extraction procedure.
[22] recorded an increase ionization-mass summer counterpart. The The cold-water pre-
in the purity of tannin from spectrometry indicated low tannin content in the extraction procedure
spruce bark by employing that a preliminary cold- cold-water extracts significantly reduced
a sequential cold- and hot- water extraction indicates that only a monomeric sugars and
water extraction method. sufficiently reduced the negligible fraction of tannin simple carbohydrate
Extracts with higher non-phenolic constituents is extracted with cold compounds in the WCHW
tannin purity were (monosaccharides and water, and a more spectrum. Coagulation
obtained during the sugars) from the winter aggressive extraction studies were performed
subsequent hot-water bark in the cold-water plus method is required to with coagulants obtained
extraction, as free mono- hot-water extraction but extract a significant from the SCHW and
and oligosaccharides were not from the summer bark. amount of tannin from WCHW extracts and the jar
effectively removed in the The synthesis of tannin- spruce bark. This is in test experiment showed
preliminary cold-water based coagulants was agreement with previous that the WCHW coagulant
extraction (30 °C) [17]. The performed through the studies by Ding et al. [22] slightly outperformed the
current study also uses the Mannich reaction using and Bianchi [26], who SCHW coagulant in the
cold- and hot-water formaldehyde and reported a low studied kaolin/river water
extraction approach and ethanolamine. Coagulants concentration of tannin mixture due to its higher
examines how this with the highest charge when cold water was used charge density. The study
extraction procedure densities (3.379 ± 0.012 as the solvent for spruce demonstrated that a cold-
affects the properties and meq/g) were produced with bark. In their studies, Ding and hot-water extraction
the performance of tannin extracts obtained et al. [22] carried out procedure increased the
biocoagulants. Although from the winter bark cold- extraction with water with quality of tannin extract
some studies have been water plus hot-water a temperature of 10 °C from winter-harvested
published on optimizing extractions. Water while Bianchi [26] used 30 spruce bark, but no similar
the tannin extraction treatment experiments °C water benefit was observed with
process [17], [19], [20], with the coagulants from summer-harvested spruce.
[22], no study has been the winter and summer Other technologies such as
conducted to explore the bark cold-water plus hot- membrane filtration might
correlation between tannin water extractions be needed to improve the
extraction optimization and demonstrated that they quality of the extract
the coagulative were effective for particle further.
performance of tannin- settling. The study proved
based coagulants. In this that the tree harvesting
study, tannins were season and extraction
extracted from the spruce procedure play a critical
bark of winter- and role in obtaining high-
summer-harvested trees quality spruce tannin for
using the cold-water (CW), the synthesization of
sequential cold- and hot- tannin-based
water (CHW) and hot-water biocoagulants that provide
(HW) extraction methods. better coagulative
The composition of the performance.
extracts was investigated
by electrospray ionization-
mass spectrometry (ESI-
MS), proton nuclear
magnetic resonance (1H
NMR) spectroscopy and X-
ray photoelectron
spectroscopy (XPS). The
extracts were pulverized by
freeze drying before being
cationized through the
Mannich reaction. The
influence of seasonal
variations and extraction
methods on the properties
and performance of the
synthesized coagulant was
studied through charge
density measurements and
water purification
experiments.