Chapter 4 fundflow

bernoulli'sequation

4 1 describe patuline etc

steady unsteady uniformflow
halal formula
Istantinfangent
continuity equation
gin gout
where to apply
steady
uniform flow tone Had
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to viceroa
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continuityequation

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actual
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chapter4
FL U I D F LO W CONCEPT S
and F L O W ME A S U REM EN T

fluid flow streak line

concept show direction of particular
particle as it moves ahead
hydrostatic
streamline
hid not in motion imaginary tone that is draw
shear stress do not tangetially to velocity of fluid
exist particles
hydrodynamics visualizing the flow
hidin motion several steam tones make
due sheer stress
to up flow pattern

find speed u
f
flow rate Q Av
Cms see velocity Cm s

How quantity of fluid how fast what direction

that passes point a fluid flows
per unit time
f Of
Qq
average velocity can s
sometimes DQ
rate of change of Varg
a
quantity
pathline discharge how much is
imaginary vine which traces flowing
path of an individual
fluid particle at Q All Con3 s
intervals of time starting
from a given point
Utf
 thid flow RÉÉ Re
d diameter
classification
pug p funddensity
v velocity find
us dynamicviscosity
rotational
If flow
turd particles
irrotational
flow
turdparticles donot
real find ideal fund rotate about its
rotate about
viscosity is no viscosity its axis axis
flow willresult no sheerstress
stress
in sheer
everylosses
energylosses 7g y
ID flow
flow parameters
VP elevation
varyonly direction of
in
compressible incompressible flow
gases ceasy liquids Cdifficult 2D flow
compressibleflow
density remain
density depends
on pressure at
differen pointsof
constant IT ppayameittation
2direction of flow
vary in

flow
3D flow
Steady flow
How remain Haw do not How parameters can be
constantwith remain constant resolved into 3 mutually
mean with time perpendicular axes

uniform flow non uniform flow

with space withspace
flow remain flowdo not
constant remain constant

one acts
laminar flow turbulentflow
fluid flowin a fluidmoves
welldefinedpath irregular random
in orderly
manner A closed channel
closed conduit Re 2000
Re22000 open Channel
openchannel re 500
Re 500
 principles
amount of work needed to
move element ofthud across
principles of flow a certain distance d
streamtube FE Fd
d V FE
animaginary tube whose
boundary has streamlines
I Ppf Y PI
volume flow rate must be
same for all crosssection
Id energy PE t KE t FE
in streamtube

E
if In
ft Eg E w

pg
contuinity can
Qi Q2
am g f
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Eg Ppg

expressed in terms of head

A O Qin Qout
O Az µ z
Ig Ppg

massflowrate f
elevation vdeocity
p AU PLAN pressure
ma head
energy equation
bernoulliequation
m a energy ability to do work
Joule a work resultof application of theorem totalenergy allpoints
a forcethrough a distance along a steady continuous
moving fluid processenergy streamline an ideal
incompressible fluidflow
1 potentialenergy PE is constant
energy possessed by an element of
field due to its elevation
m mass
Pit
PI t pghi Put
PI t pgha

PE Mgh g gravity
h height
I
tWz
Ig 2
Igtug 2 the thq up

2 Kinetic energy
motion
energy of his energyloss dueto friction
object that has motion whether I headloss between 122
vertical or horizontal
form vibrational rotational to removed fromturbine
translational
hq energy
Ke WI t added
t mu me ng hp energy by pump
2g
 TEL HEL

represent graphically the change

or head from one form to another
in a flow
total energy tone CIEL
gives amount of total energy
total head at any pointalong
flow
hydraulic grade tone CHEL
a plot that gives sum of
elevation pressureheads
velocity head
vertical distance between
TEL HAL

Eat
Fg Eg 2

HAL Ipg z

EAL
Ig
EGL HGL
of pressure head
energy grade time sum
elevation head z Ig
sum of hydraulicgrade
velocity head sum of static pressure elevation
Ig
present total head available
head
with respect to chosen datum also aspiezometic head
height of fluidcolumn would rise
constant for frictionless flow
 flowmeasurein close Herschel Venturi
Venturimater
conduit openchannel
to determine flowrate through a
close conduit
pipe
measure velocity in closed conduit
venturemeter orifice horizontal vertical inclined
Clangelsmall 2
differential pressure
open channel pressuredifferencebetween
pitot tube anotch I D Id
Creetangular triangular
3parts converging throat
flow measurement diverging
instrument used to measure 1 I 1 I
velocityinclosed conduit open
channel evenvelocity It at Idi
1 I
f
purpose hemeddry
ensureadequatewaterdistribution
network to deliver waterfrom
I
sources to consumers diff head
evaluateperformanceof a fund h h Pl Pl
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pg
to detectanyleakage which
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QT Al AL
factors in selecting instrument ht
cost accuracy range Ai Azz
energy losses me
or Ag
pitot tube pressure measuring ymtf x.tt
most accurate forvelocity measurement
VT 12Gt Qaet Cd Qt
V2 O
In

fluidvelocity u
theory Tigh Qtheory AV

Vactual k tight Qaetual ayyy

deficient

Qaet AVaet Q at Cd Qt
Ak 2gT Cd Align
 orifice
opening either at side base of tank t on
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contract
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rectangular or triangular
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orifice
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step apply bernoulli eqn point A C

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step apply bernoulli eqn point A B

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rectangular measureflow leaving

through an
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4

B
s
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Q at Cd x Qt

triangular measure low flowrate

B
a

H
J BA
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trapezoidal

T IH
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dDa x Qtto t Cdt xQTy

rectangle triangle
stepped notch

43
a o
90 th s
gift
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3 BIG H H
find one by one sum