VW 80972 1 en

Group standard VW 80972-1
Issue 2016-06
Class. No.: 8FL40
Descriptors: radio, tuner, receiver, broadcast, broadcasting, AM, FM, VW 80972, VW 80972-1, VW 80972-2,
VW 80972-3
Radio Receivers for Motor Vehicles

Requirements and Measuring Methods for the Reception Characteristics of
FM and AM Radio Receivers
Preface
This standard is the result of merging and restructuring the following Volkswagen standards:
VW 80972: 2014-04, VW 80972-1: 2009-11, VW 80972-2: 2006-09, and VW 80972-3: 2006-09.
The VW 80972 series of standards describes the measuring conditions and requirements for radio
receivers with various modulation types. This document describes the requirements for receivers
used for analog AM and FM radio.
This standard supersedes the older country-specific standards listed in earlier issues and is speci‐
fied for global use. If required, country-specific requirements are added to the relevant individual
requirements.
Previous issues
VW 80972-1: 2009-11; VW 80972-2: 2006-09; VW 80972-3: 2006-09; VW 80972: 2014-04
Changes
The following changes have been made to VW 80972: 2014-04:
– Standard completely revised (see preface)
Contents
Page
1 Scope ......................................................................................................................... 3
2 Definitions .................................................................................................................. 3
3 Symbols and abbreviations ........................................................................................ 4
4 General requirements ................................................................................................ 6
Always use the latest version of this standard.

This electronically generated standard is authentic and valid without signature. Page 1 of 57
The English translation is believed to be accurate. In case of discrepancies, the German version is alone authoritative and controlling.
Technical responsibility The Standards department

EECF/3 Janis Köstermann Tel.: +49 5361 9 17904 EKDD/2 Dirk Beinker EKDD
I/EE-552 Karl Adler Tel.: +49 841 89 92223 Tel.: +49 5361 9-32438 Thomas Behrens
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be provided to third parties or reproduced without the prior consent of one of the Volkswagen Group’s Standards departments.
© Volkswagen Aktiengesellschaft VWNORM-2015-07d
Page 2
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
4.1 Applicable laws and regulations ................................................................................. 7

5 General radio requirements and measurement conditions ........................................ 7
5.1 EMC acceptance ........................................................................................................ 7
5.2 Operating ranges ....................................................................................................... 7
5.2.1 Operating voltage ....................................................................................................... 7
5.2.2 Operating temperature ............................................................................................... 8
5.3 General test conditions .............................................................................................. 8
5.3.1 Voltage source ........................................................................................................... 8
5.3.2 Test temperature ........................................................................................................ 8
5.4 Standard measurement conditions and measurement prerequisites for AM and
FM .............................................................................................................................. 8
5.4.1 Special settings in measuring mode .......................................................................... 8
5.4.2 Preferred measurement frequencies .......................................................................... 9
5.4.3 Standard modulations for the measurement ............................................................ 10
5.4.4 Antenna connection between DUT and measuring equipment ................................ 10
5.4.5 Coupling network for multi-tuner measurements ..................................................... 11
5.5 Radio audio requirements ........................................................................................ 12
5.5.1 Audio phase for FM and AM .................................................................................... 12
5.5.2 Audio frequency responses (radio) .......................................................................... 13
5.5.3 Tone adjustment depending on reception quality (audio processing) ...................... 15
6 AM requirements ...................................................................................................... 17
6.1 Standard measurement conditions .......................................................................... 18
6.2 AM analog radio requirements ................................................................................. 18
6.2.1 AM tuner input impedance ....................................................................................... 18
6.2.2 Noise-limited sensitivity (E'N) .................................................................................... 19
6.2.3 Background noise increase ...................................................................................... 20
6.2.4 Equalization (audio AGC) ......................................................................................... 21
6.2.5 Signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the HF level, SNR = f(E') .............................. 21
6.2.6 Evaluation of reception quality ................................................................................. 23
6.2.7 Suppression of interfering frequencies ..................................................................... 23
6.2.8 Large-signal behavior ............................................................................................... 25
6.2.9 Power line suppression ............................................................................................ 29
6.2.10 Requirements for multi-tuner systems ..................................................................... 29
6.3 Additional AM requirements for TI ............................................................................ 30
6.3.1 Automatic selection of current TI frequency ............................................................. 30
6.3.2 TI announcement level ............................................................................................. 31
6.3.3 TI audio/audio frequency response .......................................................................... 31
7 FM requirements ...................................................................................................... 32
7.1 Standard measurement conditions .......................................................................... 33
7.2 FM analog radio requirements ................................................................................. 33
7.2.1 FM tuner input impedance ....................................................................................... 34
7.2.2 FM noise-limited sensitivity, E'I ................................................................................. 34
7.2.3 Automatic frequency control (AFC) .......................................................................... 35
7.2.4 Evaluation of reception quality ................................................................................. 35
7.2.5 Seek time to run through the entire frequency band ................................................ 36
7.2.6 Equalization .............................................................................................................. 36
7.2.7 Background noise increase ...................................................................................... 36
7.2.8 Deviation compatibility ............................................................................................. 37
7.2.9 Extreme deviation compatibility ................................................................................ 37
7.2.10 Signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the HF level, SNR = f(E') .............................. 38
7.2.11 Suppression of interfering frequencies ..................................................................... 40
7.2.12 Large-signal behavior ............................................................................................... 41
Page 3
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.2.13 Requirements for multi-tuner systems ..................................................................... 49

7.2.14 Stereo requirements ................................................................................................. 51
7.3 Additional FM requirements for RDS/RBDS ............................................................ 55
7.3.1 General RDS requirements ...................................................................................... 55
7.3.2 RDS decoding sensitivity ......................................................................................... 56
7.4 Additional FM requirements for VICS/DARC ........................................................... 56
8 Applicable documents .............................................................................................. 56
9 Bibliography ............................................................................................................. 57
1 Scope
This document applies to all the standard radio receivers used within the Volkswagen Group.
2 Definitions
Adjustable during development

Values and value ranges described this way are fine-tuned during field testing, and it must be pos‐
sible to adjust them in development test mode.
Adjustable in a brand-specific manner

The specified values or value ranges will be specified in greater detail as per the Group brands'
specifications. This is normally done during the requirements management process.
Channel separation
Difference between the audio output levels for the left and right channels under the condition that
only one of the two channels is modulated on the station side
Control
Every element (button, knob, display, and media) that can be used to operate, use, or control the
system
Desired station
Station tuned in to listen to
Equalization
Compensation of audio level fluctuations as a function of the reception level
Full stereo
HF input level at which channel separation is 6 dB lower than the maximum channel separation
Functional status
See VW 80000; "Functional statuses" section
High cut
Method used to cut off frequencies above a certain level for interference suppression purposes
Page 4
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Hiss noise
High-frequency noise; in this document used as the term for the specified measuring method
Interfering station
Station interfering with the desired station
Loudness
Loudness compensation as per ISO 532
Measurement limit
Required specification value for the target characteristic being measured, with specified permissi‐
ble tolerance
Measurement value
Primary value being measured that defines the measurement limit
Mono
1-channel sound reproduction
Nonlinear distortion factor

Level of nonlinear audio distortion, indicated as a %
Reference audio output voltage

Audio reference level that needs to be set and that is used as a reference for specified limits or
characteristics
Seeking speed
The time it takes to seek through an entire frequency band with a start/stop only at one station in
the band with good enough reception quality; preferably 1 080 kHz
Stereo
2-channel sound reproduction
Stereo start
HF input level at which channel separation is 3 dB
XM/SIRIUS
Satellite radio service provided by US-based Sirius XM Radio Inc.
3 Symbols and abbreviations

AC Alternating current
AF Alternative frequency (term from the RDS standard)
AM Amplitude modulation (MW as well)
BERRDS Bit error rate for the RDS data stream
BMG Build sample approval
BT-LAH Component Performance Specification
Page 5
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting (digital radio standard)

DARC Data Radio Channel as per DIN EN 300751.
DC Direct current
DRM Digital Radio Mondiale as per ETSI ES 201 980 [1]
DSP Digital signal processor
DUT Device under test
E' HF level at antenna input downstream of connection network
E'I HF level of interfering signal
E'I1 HF level of interfering station 1
E'N HF level for noise-limited sensitivity
E'N-SINAD HF level for which the SINAD measured value is 26 dB
E'N 60 °C HF level for noise-limited sensitivity at 60 °C
E'N max Upper limit of specified sensitivity range
E'OL HF level for the large-signal strength limit
E'k 10% HF level for which the nonlinear distortion factor exceeds 10%
EMC Electromagnetic compatibility
EU European Union
FM Frequency modulation (also VHF)
Frq Rsp Frequency response
HF High frequency (> 100 kHz)
HW Hardware
IA Current over the antenna internal conductor
IBOC In-Band/On-Channel (modulation method)
IF Intermediate frequency
L Left stereo channel
LAM Target market definition for Latin America
LF Low frequency; audio frequency range (20 Hz to 20 kHz)
LSM Last situation memory
MW Medium wave (also AM)
NAR Target market definition for North America
OM Operating mode
PLF Audio output power
R Right stereo channel
RA-LF Audio frequency dummy load
RBDS Radio Broadcast Data System
RDS Radio Data System
ROW Target market definition for rest-of-the-world; applies to requirements not
assigned to specific regions
RT Room temperature, (+23 ±2) °C and (50 ±5)% relative humidity as per
VW 50554 – 23/50-2
Ri Internal resistance
SAT Satellite
SDARS Satellite Digital Audio Radio Service
SINAD Signal-to-noise and distortion ratio
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
SW Software
TI Traffic Information (Japan)
TMC Traffic Message Channel (term from the RDS standard)
Page 6
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
TP Traffic Program (term from the RDS standard)

VA Signal generator voltage with 50-Ω rated load
VB Battery voltage/operating voltage at the electronic control unit's connection
block
VHF Very high frequency (also FM)
VICS Vehicle Information and Communication System
VLF-R Reference audio output voltage at terminated loudspeaker connection
Vant Antenna operating voltage at the antenna jack
Vt Terminal voltage on DUT
Wi-Fi Wireless Fidelity (in the sense of a WLAN-capable device)
aV-LF Audio output voltage reduction
acnw Coupling network attenuation
dB Decibels; unit of measurement for the logarithmic ratio of levels relative to
each other
dBFS Logarithmic level ratio relative to the "full scale" reference value
dBµV Logarithmic level ratio relative to a reference value of 1 µV
fD Frequency of the desired station
fI Frequency of the interfering station
fLF Audio frequency/modulation frequency; see LF
fOff Frequency offset
fdev high Frequency deviation in the high range
fdev low Frequency deviation in the low range
fdev mid Frequency deviation in the medium range
fn nth transmitter in multiple-transmitter measuring methods
k Nonlinear distortion factor
kmax Maximum nonlinear distortion factor
m Modulation depth for AM as a %
tSeek Time for seeking through an entire frequency band
|ZAM| Rated AM receiver impedance
|Z| Impedance
Δfk 10% Frequency deviation at which the nonlinear distortion factor exceeds 10%
∆f Frequency deviation for FM in kHz
4 General requirements
The test and measurement conditions are based on the specific standards for the individual modu‐
lation types.
The functional scopes of the various car radios do not always include all the functions described
below. Because of this, whether or not individual requirements apply must be determined on a re‐
ceiver-specific basis.
The following radio requirements apply only in conjunction with the relevant project-specific Fea‐
ture Performance Specifications. The specifications, test conditions, and any design-specific devia‐
tions in these Feature Performance Specifications apply.
Deviations from this standard are only permissible if a special application makes this necessary, if
deviating values are defined during field testing, or if new solutions not yet considered in this speci‐
fication produce better overall performance.
Page 7
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Deviations from this standard must be specified in the component drawing or in a deviation list with
the corresponding reason for the deviations. These deviations take precedence over this standard.
Various specifications in this standard are general cross-brand specifications, and it must be possi‐
ble to adjust them based on the Group brands' specific requirements. These specification items are
referred to as being "adjustable in a brand-specific manner."
In addition, various values are provided as reference values only and will be systematically defined
during field testing. These specification items are referred to as being "adjustable during develop‐
ment." In order to make this possible, it must be possible to change the parameters for these varia‐
bles in a development test mode.
The values determined here must be incorporated into the manufacturer's Product Development
Specification. Unless otherwise specified, a tolerance of ±2 dB applies to these values.
4.1 Applicable laws and regulations

All applicable laws and regulations (e.g., for USA, Canada, ECE, EC, Australia, China), as well as
all other relevant national regulations, must be complied with. In the case of tests required by law,
the current version of the law must always be applied.
The manufacturer is responsible for proof of compliance.
5 General radio requirements and measurement conditions
5.1 EMC acceptance

For the original use, EMC acceptance will be carried out by the appropriate Volkswagen AG de‐
partments within the scope of the vehicle type approval process.
Compliance with the legal requirements in UN ECE R10 [2] as per the version applicable at the
time of the type approval process is absolutely mandatory.
In order to ensure that a BMG will be issued, it is absolutely mandatory to meet the applicable
EMC guidelines defined by the Volkswagen Group.
In order to make it possible to conduct the EMC tests, appropriate sample versions with full docu‐
mentation regarding the components' EMC qualification must be submitted, as must be measure‐
ment reports from the department carrying out the measurements. For the EMC release, sample
devices representing the production status must be submitted.
5.2 Operating ranges
5.2.1 Operating voltage

Operating voltage ranges as per VW 80000, "Voltages and currents" and "Electrical requirements
and tests" sections.
The functional statuses in the undervoltage and overvoltage ranges must be taken into account.
The operating voltage must be clean enough to meet superimposed AC voltage requirements.
Frequency drift resulting from the operating voltage changing is impermissible.
Page 8
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
5.2.2 Operating temperature

Operating temperature range as per VW 80000, "Temperatures" section as per the packaging
space classification.
Within the operating temperature range, all limits and parameters must be adhered to as per the
applicable specifications. Permissible deviations and limits are specified for the relevant require‐
ments.
Frequency drift resulting from the ambient temperature changing is impermissible.
5.3 General test conditions

All DUTs must meet all the requirements in VW 80000. All parts must completely fulfill their speci‐
fied function both during and after the test phase. The requirements apply to the entire voltage and
temperature operating ranges.
Functional status A as per VW 80000 also includes the unlimited persistence of data within the
specified climatic limits and for the power supply.
All measurements must be performed with suitable, calibrated measuring equipment.
5.3.1 Voltage source

The power supply's voltage and frequency must have the rated values (standard measurement
conditions, use of "HF-proof" power supply units/voltage transformers with line filters and isolation
from the power source as per DIN EN ISO 14982, DIN EN 55013, DIN EN 61000-3-2, and
DIN EN 61000-3-3).
Ground loops and ground currents must be avoided.
Test voltage Vt = (14 ±0.1) VDC (terminal voltage on device)
Internal resistance Ri < 0.1 Ω (if applicable, artificial network as per VW 80000)
5.3.2 Test temperature

Measurements without specified temperatures are performed at RT.
Deviating temperatures are specified in the relevant sections and must be adhered to.
All specified temperatures must be adhered to within a tolerance of ±2 °C.
5.4 Standard measurement conditions and measurement prerequisites for AM and FM

The measurement results must record and reproduce the way the device will behave when used
by customers. Because of this, the basic measurement must be carried out in customer mode.
All SNR reference values are influenced by the audio frequency response. Because of this:
– Vehicle-model-specific audio frequency response correction (equalizing) must be turned "off."
– Tone controls must be set to neutral.
5.4.1 Special settings in measuring mode

Modern car radio receivers have various dynamic functions that can be used to improve sound re‐
production and that will have an influence on the measurement results.
Page 9
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
In order to ensure that the basic characteristics can be compared, the device must have a special
measuring mode that is used to turn these functions on and off as required for the measurements
described.
The measurements in customer mode must be complemented with expanded measurements with
defined operating states as indicated below:
– Tone adjustment depending on reception quality (high cut): "Off"
– Dynamic selection (IF bandwidth control): "Fixed" (FM: 180 kHz/AM: 4.5 kHz)
– Mono-stereo-mono transition time hysteresis: "Off"
– Diversity systems: Every signal path individually and in combination
The switching state must be documented.
A notice indicating that a supplementary measurement with the relevant switching state is required
is added to the relevant measurements after they are performed.
Opting whether or not to perform the supplementary measurement in order to obtain "better meas‐
ured values" is impermissible; the measurements in customer mode and in measuring mode must
complement each other.
Audio outputs and HF signal outputs that are not used must be terminated with a matched impe‐
dance.
5.4.2 Preferred measurement frequencies

The following HF measurement frequencies and audio frequencies are reference values and serve
as default settings for the tests and requirements described below.
5.4.2.1 HF measurement frequencies
See table 1.
Table 1 – Preferred HF measurement frequencies
Source Preferred measurement frequencies Unit
AM(MW) 540 1 080 1 350 1 530 kHz
FM 89.1 94.1 99.1 106.1 MHz
FM(Japan) 79.5 83.5 88.5 94.1 MHz
FM(Brazil) 79.5 83.5 94.1 106.1 MHz
Location-specific deviations required due to any local interfering radio stations must be documen‐
ted. If there is interference, substitute frequencies must be selected that are at a large enough dis‐
tance from the local station frequencies.
5.4.2.2 Audio measurement frequencies

The standard audio frequency must be as independent from tone adjustments (bass, treble; loud‐
ness) as possible and is defined at fLF = 1 000 Hz.
Deviating audio frequencies used to differentiate between sources when performing reliability or
functional tests are permissible. These audio frequencies must be clearly different from each other
and must not have a whole-number ratio relationship relative to each other (fundamental frequency
Page 10
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
and harmonic). Unless otherwise specified, "preferred audio frequencies" as per ISO 266 must be
selected.
5.4.3 Standard modulations for the measurement

If an external audio generator is used as an audio signal source (e.g., as part of the audio ana‐
lyzer), the output and input impedances of the audio signal path from the audio generator to the
external audio input on the signal generator must be taken into account. When the impedances are
matched (same impedances for the source and sink), the audio signal level will be halved as a re‐
sult, in which case the audio signal level must be boosted in order to compensate for this.
Unless otherwise specified for specific measuring points, the following standard modulations must
be used:
AM 1 000-Hz standard reference audio frequency
30% modulation depth
FM 1 000-Hz standard reference audio frequency
±40 kHz as typical frequency deviation (represents the current average sta‐
tion deviation)
Additionally for stereo 19-kHz pilot tone
±7.5-kHz frequency deviation
Additionally for RDS 57-kHz pilot tone
±2-kHz frequency deviation
The audio output voltage present under these conditions will be the 0-dB reference voltage for
most of the requirements in which there are audio level specifications. Whenever level specifica‐
tions are based on other reference voltages, this is indicated.
5.4.4 Antenna connection between DUT and measuring equipment

The radio receivers operate with active antennas with an antenna output impedance |Z| = 50 Ω.
When defining HF level E', an ideal impedance matching of |Z| = 50 Ω is assumed. The exception
to this consists of radio receivers from vehicle projects with high-impedance AM antennas. For ra‐
dio receivers with high-impedance AM antennas, impedance matching that is not taken into ac‐
count in the HF level definition must be implemented.
The network decoupling and combination network losses must be taken into account. The permis‐
sible impedance tolerances are specified in the corresponding section for the modulation methods
described individually below.
E' = VA - acnw (1)

Legend
E' Terminal voltage at the terminated output, in dBµV
VA Signal generator voltage with 50-Ω rated load
acnw Coupling network attenuation, in dBµV
5.4.4.1 Coupling network configuration

Following is a description of the configuration of the coupling network used to connect the DUT to
the measuring equipment (see figure 1 and table 2).
Page 11
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
The coupling network must perform the following tasks:

– Generator decoupling
– Loading the car radio's remote power supply in order to power the active antennas via the HF
neutral wire
– DC isolation from the signal generator
Using standardized industrial components for generator decoupling (HF attenuators), loading the
antenna remote power supply (load resistor), and achieving DC isolation from the signal generator
(bias tee) is possible.
The resistor used to load the antenna remote power supply must be a power resistor. The target
load for the current source is 90 mA. This yields a resistance of 100 Ω for the load resistor.
The capacitor used for DC isolation from the signal generator must be a ceramic capacitor.
The coupling network must be used both for the AM and FM measurements.
A configuration with four signal generator inputs is also possible if necessary due to component
selection restrictions.
Audio outputs and HF signal inputs that are not used must be terminated with a matched impe‐
dance.
Figure 1 – DUT antenna connection
Table 2 – Examples of components for the connection network

Component designation Component example
Three-way combiner Mini-Circuits ZF3RSC-542+
Two-way splitter Mini-Circuits ZMSC-2-1+
Decoupling Two Mini-Circuits VAT-3+ units
Bias tee Mini-Circuits ZX85-12G-S+
5.4.5 Coupling network for multi-tuner measurements

Following is a description of the configuration of the coupling network used to connect the DUT to
the measuring equipment for multi-tuner measurements (see figure 2 and section 7.2.13).
Page 12
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
With the exception of the missing components for mixing the signals from the HF signal sources,
this configuration also has the characteristics specified in section 5.4.4.1.
Figure 2 – DUT connection for multi-tuner measurements
5.5 Radio audio requirements
5.5.1 Audio phase for FM and AM

The interaction between the tuner and audio signal processor must ensure that the decoded audio
signal is decoded with the correct phase and without dynamic phase shifts. For the audio signal,
the following signal behavior is required at the loudspeaker output and at all other (including digital)
interfaces:
Frequency modulation (FM):
– An antenna signal frequency increase produces positive audio modulation.
– An antenna signal frequency decrease produces negative audio modulation.
Amplitude modulation (AM):
– Amplitude increase is positive half-wave of audio signal.
– Amplitude decrease is negative half-wave of audio signal.
Current tuner designs are increasingly using a second IF level for down conversion. In addition, the
tuner decides how the local oscillator is injected (high-side/low-side injection). However, this can
result in additional and sometimes dynamic inversions of the demodulation signal phase. The tuner
Page 13
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
or the audio DSP is expected to take this into account and to counter this effect by means of targe‐
ted signal inversion. Otherwise, a uniform and correct acoustic phase will not be guaranteed. In ad‐
dition, uncontrolled cancellations would occur during the blending of analog and digital signals
(IBOC blending with Sync/No Sync). This is not acceptable.
5.5.2 Audio frequency responses (radio)

The audio frequency responses are defined in a design-specific and brand-specific manner as per
the relevant Performance Specification or drawing.
Expected behavior: As per figure 3 and figure 4
Measurement conditions:
Frequency deviation ∆f = ±12.5 kHz
for FM
Measurement procedure:
– Tuner tuning and signal generator settings under standard measurement conditions as per
section 6.1
– Record the audio output voltage as a function of audio frequency and show it in relation to the
reference audio output voltage (0-dB reference).
Page 14
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
A Audio level, in dB
B Frequency, in Hz
Figure 3 – AM frequency response with minimum high cut (static high cut)
Page 15
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
B Frequency, in Hz
Figure 4 – FM frequency response with minimum high cut (static high cut)
5.5.3 Tone adjustment depending on reception quality (audio processing)

The following frequency response diagrams are provided as a reference. The final audio frequency
response will be defined in a design-specific and brand-specific manner as per the relevant Per‐
formance Specification or drawing.
5.5.3.1 General high cut requirements

The transition from reception-based high cut, set to its maximum setting, to static high cut under
normal conditions is as smooth as possible, covering an HF input level difference ≈ 20 dB.
When there are brief individual level jumps for t ≤ 5 ms, the dynamic high cut functionality is deacti‐
vated briefly without delay and then activated.
If, due to inadequate signal quality (frequent interference), the system switches to the maximum
high cut setting, it is only permissible to activate the static high cut functionality if the signal quality
experiences a steady improvement. The static high cut functionality is then activated slowly and
continuously over a period ≥ 20 s.
Page 16
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
5.5.3.2 AM high cut

Expected behavior: As per figure 5
HF input level E' = 20 dBµV
section 6.1, but with HF input level as per the measurement conditions above.
Legend
B Frequency, in Hz
Figure 5 – AM frequency response with maximum high cut
5.5.3.3 FM high cut

HF input level E' = 6 dBµV
Frequency deviation ∆f = ±12.5 kHz
Page 17
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
section 6.1, but with HF input level as per the measurement conditions above.
Legend
B Frequency, in Hz
Figure 6 – FM frequency response with maximum high cut
6 AM requirements
The band limits listed in table 3 must be taken into account based on the intended locations of use.
The limits are the upper and lower frequency limits that can be set. Countries/continents that are
not listed must be categorized into one of the listed groups based on their infrastructure.
For devices intended for more than one of the listed locations of use, the relevant band limits are
coded based on the specific location of use.
Page 18
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Table 3 – AM band limits

Location of use Band frequency limits that Channel spacing, De-emphasis
can be set, in kHz
in kHz
Europe and ROW 531 to 1 602 9 None
(China, South Africa, Korea)
North, Central, 530 to 1 710 10 Not taken into accounta)
and South America
Japan 522 to 1 629 9 None
Australia 522 to 1 710 9 None
a) Possible pre-emphasis from various AM stations in NAR is not compensated for, as not all stations use the same pre-emphasis and
the latter's relevance is decreasing with the increasing adoption of IBOC.
6.1 Standard measurement conditions

DIN EN 60315-3 is the basis of the AM measuring method described below.
The following basic settings apply to all measurements described below unless otherwise defined
in the relevant section due to necessary measurement-specific deviations.
Measurement frequency: fD = 1 080 kHz
Modulation: m = 30% and fLF = 1 000 Hz
HF level: E' = 60 dBµV
Audio frequency dummy load RA-LF: 4 Ω real/per audio channel
Reference audio output voltage:
– ULF-R = 1.414 V ≙ PLF = 0.5 W/4 Ω
– Deviating reference output voltages must be at least 10 dB lower than the distortion-limited
output voltage limit.
– The reference value corresponds to the 0-dB reference level line.
6.2 AM analog radio requirements

This section describes the basic requirements that apply to a conventional AM receiver regardless
of the design being used.
Various parameters and limits need to be adjustable during development. These values, and the
corresponding tolerances, are fine-tuned during field testing, and it must be possible to adjust them
in development test mode.
The parameters to which this applies are identified.
6.2.1 AM tuner input impedance

The tuner impedances for all AM tuners must be shown as an impedance vs. frequency curve
spanning the entire frequency band. In addition, large signals at 540 kHz, 1 080 kHz, and
1 530 kHz with 100 dBµV must be taken into account (i.e., individual curves for each tuner).
50 Ω is considered the standard design for all projects.
Rated receiver impedance |ZAM| = 50 Ω
Reflection coefficient < -10 dB (50 Ω)
Page 19
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
This means that the tolerance range for the rated impedance is 25 Ω to 100 Ω. This value range
must not be exceeded or fallen below at any reception level of up to 100 dBµV, and applies to the
entire AM band and to the tuned frequency.
The permissible tolerance range must not be exceeded or fallen below when multiple tuners are
used on a single antenna, regardless of whether they are used in a static or dynamic arrangement.
The tuner impedance must be determined at the device's antenna jack; if necessary, the device
must be adjusted in order to switch it to the various operating states.
A high-impedance design is considered an exception only considered for projects in which opera‐
tion using passive antennas and without antenna diagnostics must be ensured.
The input impedance for this AM circuit must be ≥ 200 Ω for all input levels. This value must not be
fallen below even under large-signal conditions E ≥ 86 dBµV.
6.2.2 Noise-limited sensitivity (E'N)

For the limits for AM noise-limited sensitivity, see table 4.
Table 4 – Limits for AM noise-limited sensitivity

Location of use Limita) Note
Europe and ROW 14 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 22 dBµV —

NAR 14 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 20 dBµV IBOC-compatible
Japan 10 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 18 dBµV —
a) Adjustable during development
Level difference ΔE'N within the relevant AM band must not exceed 3 dB.
The specified values are for RT.
Significant differences between equivalent measurements that are different from each other in
terms of the measuring method used based on SNR and SINAR are not acceptable.
SNR = 26 dB with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
1. The sensitivity is determined based on the SNR.
The sensitivity must be determined over the entire band and shown as a curve.
2. The sensitivity is determined based on the measurement of the SINAD value over the entire
band.
When determining the sensitivity with the SINAD measurement, the reception level range
specified under "Limit" is aimed for.
3. E'N as a function of audio frequency
4. SNR as a function of HF input level E'
5. SNR as a function of ambient temperature
6. Nonlinear distortion factor k as a function of the HF input level
7. SINAD as a function of the HF input level
Page 20
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Single-signal measurement, connect to coupling network, tuner tuning and signal generator
settings under standard measurement conditions, set the reference audio output voltage on
the DUT
– Turn off HF input voltage E', starting point for measurement.
– Continuously increase the HF input level.
– Measure HF input level E'N for SNR = 26 dB.
– Measure HF input level E'N-SINAD for SINAD = 26 dB.
– Graph SNR = f(E'), indicating the nonlinear distortion factor.
– Determine SINAD = f(E').
– Graph E'N as a function of audio frequency E'N = f(fLF).
– Determine E'N for other operating frequencies.
– Determine E'N for other operating temperatures and graph SNR = f(T).
The number of measuring points and the measuring speed must be adjusted as per the character‐
istics of the signal generator and tuner.
Repeat the measurement in measuring mode as per section 5.4.1.
6.2.3 Background noise increase

For the limits for the AM background noise increase, see table 5.
Table 5 – Limits for AM background noise increase

Location of use Valuea)
ROW 20 dB ≤ SNR ≤ 30 dB
NAR/LAM 12 dB ≤ SNR ≤ 20 dB
a) Adjustable during development
HF input level with full equalization with receivable test signal
HF input level with full equalization with receivable white HF noise
Evaluation and measurement with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
– Single-signal measurement, connect to coupling network
– Tuner tuning and signal generator settings under standard measurement conditions
– Set and record the reference audio output voltage.
– Turn off HF input voltage E'.
– Measure the audio background noise increase level with and without an HF noise signal.
In systems with the "soft mute" function, the point where the "soft mute" function is applied, as well
as its time response, must be taken into account in order to avoid errors in measurement; if neces‐
sary, turn off "soft mute" in measuring mode.
Alternatively: Take the value for the background noise increase from the SNR = f(E') graph from
section 6.2.2.
Page 21
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
6.2.4 Equalization (audio AGC)

Definition of maximum permissible audio level reduction relative to the audio level at the sensitivity
HF level with HF level reduction E' at the value of noise-limited sensitivity E'N.
Limits:
aV-LF ≤ 6 dB (maximum permissible reduction of audio output voltage relative to audio output volt‐
age at E'N)
The signal-to-noise ratio must remain ≥ 16 dB.
Measurement value E' = E'N - 6 dB
– Set HF input voltage E'N and record the audio output voltage.
– Adjust the HF input level to the measurement value defined above.
– Determine the ratio for the audio output voltages for the measurement value (E'N).
Alternatively: Take the values for aV-LF and SNR from the SNR = f(E') graph from section 6.2.2.
Definition of equalization application

Limits:
20 dBµV ≤ E' ≤ 35 dBµV (adjustable during development)
Audio output power 3 dB below reference output power as per standard measurement conditions
– Connect to coupling network, tuner tuning and signal generator settings under standard meas‐
urement conditions, tune the tuner to desired signal.
– Reduce the HF level until the LF level drops 3 dB.
The HF level value serves as the reference.
6.2.5 Signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the HF level, SNR = f(E')

In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio must be SNR ≥ 50 dB for a received power of 60 dBµV.
Deviations from the qualitative contour of the standard curve require consultation with the appropri‐
ate department.
Page 22
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
A Audio output level, in dB
B HF reception level E', in dBµV
C Signal curve
D Noise curve
E Sensitivity as defined SNR
F Background noise increase as audio output level without signal reception
G Equalization application as audio output voltage under standard measurement condi‐
tions (3 dB)
H Signal-to-noise ratio above equalization application
I Reference audio output voltage as per standard measurement conditions
Figure 7 – AM signal-to-noise curve
Evaluation with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
– Vary HF input level E' and plot the resulting
– Signal-to-noise curve
– SINAD measured values
Page 23
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
6.2.6 Evaluation of reception quality

A complex evaluation of the reception quality that has at least the following parameters as a basis
and allows for a daytime/nighttime evaluation must be performed:
– Received field strength
– Level of adjacent-channel interference
– Level of co-channel interference
– SNR
– Envelope analysis of desired station:
SNR in connection with carrier symmetry relative to ±n kHz
Values are fine-tuned in the field by determining the stations that can be received at a suitable lo‐
cation and comparing the results for daytime and nighttime. The individual stations' propagation-
related fading must be taken into account.
The goal of fine-tuning values in the field is to minimize the percentage of stations that are not re‐
ceived with good enough reception quality without losing stations with usable or good reception
quality in the process.
6.2.6.1 Seek time

Limits:
Seeking through the entire frequency tSeek ≤ 20 s (including the required time for quality eval‐
band uation)
Manual tuning 10 tuning steps per second
Equal to (100 ±10) kHz for NAR/LAM/SAM
Equal to (90 ±9) kHz for EU and ROW
A station in the band with good enough reception quality
– Tuner tuning under standard measurement conditions
– Set the reference audio output voltage.
– Start the function for seeking a station.
– Measure the time until the start frequency is tuned again (tSeek).
Test the tuning function for manual tuning while the tuner is seeking through the entire frequency
band (seek function continuously activated = target seek).
6.2.7 Suppression of interfering frequencies

If an infrastructural adjustment to the measurement frequencies at the measurement location is re‐
quired (strong local station), this must be documented separately in the measurement report.
Page 24
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
6.2.7.1 Noise caused by internally generated interference

Limits:
Background noise caused by internally generated interference is impermissible. This includes all
radio-based communication modules (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) and clock frequencies in electronic
components (e.g., processors, DC-DC converters).
HF desired level E' = 60 dBµV
Testing frequencies Full AM band, in 9-kHz or 10-kHz steps
– Tuner tuning and signal generator settings under standard measurement conditions at desired
frequency for the measurement fD = Start of band
– Record and graph the SINAD measured value.
– Both the signal generator and receiver must be set one step closer to the next frequency; the
interfering signal must be evaluated and the process must be continued until the full band is
run through completely.
– Repeat the measurement in measuring mode as per section 5.4.1.
6.2.7.2 Total nonlinear distortion factor

Graphed as per formula (2)
k = f(E') (2)
For the limits, see table 6.
Table 6 – Limits for AM total nonlinear distortion factor

E' k
0 dBµV to E'N < 10%
E'N to E'OL < 0.5%
E'OL to 120 dBµV < 10%
HF input level variable within a range of 0 dBµV to 120 dBµV
– Set the reference audio output voltage; continuously increase the HF input level.
– Determine the nonlinear distortion factor.
Graph k = f(E') within the specified range together with SNR (graph as per section 6.2.2).
Page 25
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Adjust the number of measuring points and the measuring speed as per the characteristics of the
signal generator and tuner.
6.2.8 Large-signal behavior
6.2.8.1 Large-signal behavior in the presence of an interfering station/HF dynamic range

Limits:
HF level of interfering station E'OL ≥ 86 dBµV
HF dynamic range E'OL/E'N ≥ 66 dB
Low frequency signal-to-noise ratio SNR = 20 dB; evaluation with filter weighted relative to
1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
Desired station fD = 1 080 kHz
m = 30% and fLF = 1 000 Hz
E' = 18 dBµV (= E'N max)
Interfering station fI = fD ±100 kHz
m = 80% and fLF = 1 000 Hz
– Couple fD and fI to the receiver using the coupling network.
– Turn fI HI level off at first; tune receiver to fD and set reference output audio level and record
reference audio output voltage.
– Increase fI HF level to the limit and turn off desired station modulation.
– Keep increasing the interfering station HF level until the LF signal-to-noise ratio is 20 dB rela‐
tive to the reference output audio level.
The interfering station's HF level serves as the reference.
6.2.8.2 Desensitization (sensitivity loss under large-signal interference)

Limits:
Permissible sensitivity reduction ΔE'N ≤ 3 dB
Blocking Impermissible (≤ 1 dB)
Interfering station: fI = 1 080 kHz
m = 80% and fLF = 1 000 Hz
E' = 80 dBµV
Desired station frequencies (fD) 540 kHz, 810 kHz, 1 017 kHz, 1 143 kHz, 1 350 kHz,
1 530 kHz
Page 26
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Evaluation with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
– Couple fD and fI to the receiver using the coupling network.
– Turn fI HF level off at first. Tune receiver to desired station frequency.
– Turn on fI HF level with E' = 80 dBµV and determine any LF level reduction (blocking).
– Determine the noise-limited sensitivity under large-signal interference as per section 6.2.2 at
the specified fD desired frequencies.
The difference between the sensitivity values without and with large-signal interference is the refer‐
ence for desensitization.
6.2.8.3 AM-FM intrusion

Limits:
HF input level E'I1 = E'I2 ≥ 90 dBµV
Receiver tuning fD = 900 kHz
Interfering station 1 fI1 = 96.1 MHz
Interfering station 2 fI2 = 97 MHz
Modulations m = 30% and fLF = 1 kHz
– Set fI1 to fD (AM: fD = 900 kHz, m = 30% and fLF = 1 kHz, E' = 60 dBµV), fI2 = "off".
– Tune radio to fD, set reference output power, record reference audio output voltage.
– Set fI1 and fI2 to FM interfering frequencies.
– Modulate fI1 with m = AM 80% and 1 kHz; fI2 remains unmodulated.
– Keep increasing E'I1 and E'I2 with identical levels until the product is 10 dB below PLF (0.45 V
and 4 Ω); use high-pass filter (e.g.: Mini Circuits BHP_25).
The determined HF input level of the interfering station is the reference for the FM to AM intrusion.
6.2.8.4 Selection/dynamic selection (one-channel/two-channel selectivity)
One-channel selectivity
Page 27
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
A Signal-to-noise ratio
B HF frequency of interfering station fI, in kHz
C Maximum selectivity: No interference from interfering station
D Signal-to-noise ratio with interfering station as adjacent channel to desired channel
E Minimum selectivity: Desired channel fully interfered with by interfering station
SNR Signal-to-noise ratio
Figure 8 – One-channel selectivity
Receiver tuning fD = 1 080 kHz
Interfering station frequency range Sweep fI = 1 000 kHz through 1 160 kHz.
Interfering station level E' = 60 dBµV
Modulations m = 30% and fLF = 1 kHz
– Sweep the interfering station through the frequency range specified above and plot the audio
output power vs. HF frequency.
Page 28
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Two-channel selectivity

Table 7 – Limits for AM selection
Frequency offset ±9 kHz/±10 kHza) ±18 kHz/±20 kHza)
MW (1 080 kHz) E'I ≥ 70 dBµV E'I ≥ 80 dBµV
a) ±10 kHz and ±20 kHz for NAR variant only
– E'I values for the interfering station level in dBµV

– The desired station's reference output power (0.5 W) must not be reduced by the interfering
station (without modulation) by more than 2 dB at the E' values specified above (blocking).
– If there is an interference signal (caused by an interfering station), e.g., 10 kHz, it must be
20 dB below the desired signal (0.5 W) (interference carrier without modulation).
HF desired level E' = 24 dBµV (= E'N max)
Frequency offset ±9 kHz/±18 kHz
±10 kHz/±20 kHz
LF signal-to-noise ratio 20 dB
Interfering station modulation mI = 80%
– Couple the desired and interfering stations under standard measurement conditions using the
coupling network.
– Turn HF level for interfering station E'I "off" at first.
– Tune receiver to desired station fD using the seek function.
– Set the HF level for the desired station as per the measurement conditions for E'D; set and re‐
cord the reference audio output voltage.
– Turn the desired station modulation off.
– Increase the HF level for the interfering station until the LF signal-to-noise ratio is 20 dB. This
HF level serves as the reference.
The interfering station's HF level serves as the reference.
6.2.8.5 Intermodulation (2 stations)

Limits:
HF input level E'I1 = E'I2 ≥ 74 dBµV
Interfering station 1 fI1 = 840 kHz
Interfering station 2 fI2 = 960 kHz
Page 29
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Use 1-Hz filter.

– Couple fI1 and fI2 using the coupling network.
– Set fI1 to fD and tune the radio to fD; set PLF = 0.5 W with full equalization.
– Set fI1 and fI2 to interfering frequencies.
– Keep increasing E'I1 and E'I2 with identical levels until the intermodulation product is audible
(e.g., 20 dB below the reference audio output voltage, beating 1-kHz tone).
– Turn off modulation for fI2 and retune fI1 until PLF is at its maximum level.
– Keep adjusting E'I1 = E'I2 with identical levels until the intermodulation tone is 20 dB below the
reference audio output voltage (0.14 V/4 Ω).
6.2.8.6 Hiss noise (THD via LF)

Limits:
100 Hz to 500 Hz k ≤ 1.5%
500 Hz to 2 000 Hz k ≤ 0.5%
HF desired level E' = 60 dBµV to 100 dBµV
Modulation depth m = 30% to 80%
Modulation frequency fLF = 100 Hz to 2 000 Hz Measured with low-pass > 2 kHz
– Couple the DUT using the coupling network.
– Tune the tuner and measuring equipment under standard measurement conditions.
– Determine the nonlinear distortion factor data as specified under the measurement conditions.
6.2.9 Power line suppression

Suppression of interference caused by high-voltage cables
6.2.9.1 Line frequency suppression (50 Hz/60 Hz)

Interference caused by the line frequency must not exceed an audio level of 20 dB below the de‐
sired signal
6.2.9.2 Corona interference suppression

Interference caused by shot noise (also referred to as "Poisson noise") must not exceed an audio
level of 20 dB below the desired signal.
6.2.10 Requirements for multi-tuner systems

Mutual interference between the tuned stations by the two tuners is impermissible.
Page 30
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
The value for the 1st IF and the 2nd IF and the injection position used must be used to determine
whether this test is necessary. The rated IF values are provided by the manufacturer when the
samples are submitted.
If the oscillators can be used to set frequencies that fall within the tuning range of the stations or
are factors or multiples of the IF, the interference magnitude must be determined.
Limits:
Signal-to-noise ratio ≥ 52 dB
Measurement with two stations (fI = Interfering frequency; fD = Desired frequency)
Measurement with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
– Tune tuner 1 to the first possible tuning frequency (start of band) and set the LF reference lev‐
el.
– Turn modulation off.
– Sweep tuner 2 through the frequency range.
– Monitor the signal-to-noise ratio during the second tuner's sweep and record the smallest sig‐
nal-to-noise ratio.
– Monitor the signal-to-noise ratio during the second tuner's sweep and record the smallest sig‐
nal-to-noise ratio.
– Tune tuner 1 to the next possible frequency and repeat as before until reaching the last tuning
frequency.
6.2.10.1 Auxiliary tuner background operation on an antenna

In the case of multi-tuner designs with auxiliary tuner functions such as updating the learning mem‐
ory, a maximum sensitivity reduction of 3 dB is permissible when both tuners are tuned to the
same frequency.
The permissible limits for the tuner impedance must be taken into account.
In the case of designs with dynamic second-tuner operation, changes to the role of the tuner used
must not result in changes to the audio.
6.3 Additional AM requirements for TI

Additional TI requirements apply only to AM receivers in Japan.
The Japanese TI traffic information system is broadcast, depending on the region, on two AM fre‐
quencies (1 620 kHz and 1 629 kHz) by small transmitters with a limited range.
The modulation depth is designed for speech.
The behavior for specific designs may deviate from the behavior described in the following sec‐
tions, and must be taken from the relevant function description or the latest device-specific Per‐
formance Specification.
6.3.1 Automatic selection of current TI frequency

Traffic Information in Japan is local traffic information broadcast on AM frequencies 1 620 kHz (pri‐
mary frequency) and 1 629 kHz (alternative frequency).
Page 31
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
6.3.2 TI announcement level

Limits:
The audio level must be increased (3 ±1) dB, with the specific increase being adjustable in a
brand-specific manner, in order to compensate for the lower modulation depth.
As per section 6.1
– Couple the DUT using the coupling network.
– Tune the tuner and measuring equipment under standard measurement conditions.
– Deliver identical modulation on the TI channel and tune the DUT to the TI channel as per the
operating design.
– Record the audio output voltage and show it in relation to the reference audio output voltage.
6.3.3 TI audio/audio frequency response

The frequency response diagrams in figure 9 are provided as a reference.
The final audio frequency response will be defined in a design-specific and brand-specific manner
as per the relevant Performance Specification or drawing.
Page 32
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
B LF frequency of test station fLF, in Hz
C Comparison frequency response without TI mode: Curve for audio output voltage with
full dynamic high cut
D Comparison frequency response without TI mode: Curve for audio output voltage with
static high cut
E Curve for audio output voltage with static high cut in TI mode
F Curve for audio output voltage with full dynamic high cut in TI mode
G 3-dB increase in audio level in TI mode (see section 6.3.2)
Figure 9 – Japan TI frequency response
7 FM requirements
The band limits listed in table 8 must be taken into account based on the intended locations of use.
The limits are the upper and lower frequency limits that can be set. Countries/continents that are
not listed must be categorized into one of the listed groups based on their infrastructure.
For devices intended for more than one of the listed locations of use, the relevant band limits are
coded based on the specific location of use.
It must be technical possibility to tune every frequency within the range from 76 MHz to 108 Mhz,
with 50-kHz spacing. Normally, the values specified in the following table must be implemented.
However, these values must be adjustable in a brand-specific manner.
Page 33
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Table 8 – FM frequency limits

Band frequency limits
Channel spacing, De-emphasis,
Locations of use that can be set,
in kHz in µs
in MHz
Europe and ROW
87.5 to 108.0 100 50
(Australia, South Africa)
North, Central, 200
87.75 to 107.9 75
and South America 1st step: 150
Japan 76.0 to 95.0 100 50
Korea 87.5 to 107.9 100 75
China 87.0 to 108.0 100 50
Brazil 76.1 to 107.9 200 75
7.1 Standard measurement conditions

DIN EN 60315-4 is the basis of the FM measuring method described below.
The following basic settings apply to all measurements described below unless otherwise defined
in the relevant section due to necessary measurement-specific deviations.
Measurement frequency fD = 94.1 MHz
Deviation Δf = ±40 kHz
Modulation tone fLF = 1 000 Hz
HF level E' = 60 dBµV
Pre-emphasis 50 µs or 75 µs, depending on target market
LF reference level PLF = 0.5 W/4 Ω
Preferred FM measurement frequencies 89.1 MHz, 94.1 MHz, 99.1 MHz, 106.1 MHz
Noise measurement – Frequency deviation Δf = ±0 kHz or no signal at external signal generator
modulation input if, for example, the audio analyzer's audio generator is used as a modulation
source. In both cases, the FM stereo modulation always remains activated.
Stereo – 19-kHz pilot tone; channel separation of 0 dB (left and right channels with identical modu‐
lation); RDS carrier with suitable RDS test data set. If, due to technical constraints, only an FM sig‐
nal modulated in mono is available (for example, there are audio analyzers that only support fre‐
quency responses and SNR measurements in mono mode), this must be discussed with the ap‐
propriate department.
If an infrastructural adjustment to the measurement frequencies at the measurement location is re‐
quired, they must be documented separately in the measurement report.
7.2 FM analog radio requirements

This section describes the basic requirements that apply to a conventional FM receiver regardless
of the design being used.
Various parameters and limits need to be adjustable during development. These values, and the
corresponding tolerances, are fine-tuned during field testing, and it must be possible to adjust them
in development test mode.
The parameters to which this applies are identified.
Page 34
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.2.1 FM tuner input impedance

Rated receiver impedance |ZFM| = 50 Ω
Reflection coefficient < -10 dB (50 Ω)
This means that the tolerance range for the rated impedance is 25 Ω to 100 Ω. This value range
must not be exceeded or fallen below at any reception level of up to 106 dBµV, and applies to the
entire FM band and to the tuned frequency.
The tuner impedances for all FM tuners must be shown as an impedance vs. frequency curve
spanning the entire frequency band. In addition, large signals at 87.7 MHz, 94.1 MHz, and
107.9 MHz with 106 dBµV must be taken into account (i.e., three graphs per tuner).
7.2.2 FM noise-limited sensitivity, E'I
For the limits for RT, see table 9.

Table 9 – Limits for FM noise-limited sensitivity
Location of use Limit Note
Europe, Japan, and ROW -6 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 0 dBµV —
NAR -6 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 0 dBµV IBOC-compatible
Level difference ΔE' within the FM band must not exceed 3 dB.
Significant differences between equivalent measurements that are different from each other in
terms of the measuring method used based on SNR and SINAR are not acceptable.
SNR = 26 dB with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
1. The sensitivity is determined based on the SNR.
The sensitivity must be determined over the entire band and shown as a curve.
2. The sensitivity is determined based on the measurement of the SINAD value over the entire
band.
When determining the sensitivity with the SINAD measurement, the reception level range
specified under "Limit" is aimed for.
3. E'N as a function of the audio frequency; a frequency deviation of Δf = 12.5 kHz is used for this
measurement
4. SNR as a function of HF input level E' (with Δf = 40 kHz as when using standard measurement
conditions)
5. SNR as a function of ambient temperature
6. Nonlinear distortion factor k as a function of the HF input level
7. SINAD as a function of the HF input level
– Single-signal measurement, connect to coupling network, tuner tuning and signal generator
settings under standard measurement conditions
– Turn off HF input voltage E', starting point for measurement.
– Continuously increase the HF input level.
Page 35
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Measure HF input level E'N for SNR = 26 dB (as per "Noise measurement" in section 7.1).
– Measure HF input level E'N-SINAD for SINAD = 26 dB.
– Graph SNR = f(E'), indicating the nonlinear distortion factor.
– Graph SINAD = f(E').
– Graph E'N as a function of audio frequency E'N = f (fLF); determine E'N for other operating fre‐
quencies.
– Determine E'N for other operating temperatures and graph SNR = f(T).
The number of measuring points and the measuring speed must be adjusted as per the character‐
istics of the signal generator and tuner.
7.2.3 Automatic frequency control (AFC)

Limits:
The retuning capability for desired frequencies outside the target frequencies must be limited to
±20 kHz.
The AFC speed must be limited to ±5 kHz per second.
A system for automatically controlling the desired frequency that is designed independently from
the tuner (e.g., as part of the signal demodulator) must also remain within the restrictions specified
above (maximum frequency offset and maximum AFC speed).
In the event of brief interruptions in the received signal, the signal demodulator must remain tuned
close to the last medium frequency that was receivable in order to make it possible to resume sig‐
nal demodulation quickly.
NOTE 1: These measures are intended to prevent undesired demodulation of FM signals within
the 50-kHz spacing.
– Determine the retuning capability for desired frequencies outside the target frequency.
– Plot the signal tuning curve (connect to coupling network, tuner tuning and signal generator
settings under standard measurement conditions, tune the tuner to desired signal).
– Lock range:
Sweep through the HF frequency range ±200 kHz while plotting the resulting SINAD value.
– Capture range:
Test signal HF frequency: ±200 kHz above and below the DUT's receive frequency
Sweep through the HF frequency range ±200 kHz until reaching the tuned receiver frequency.
Plot the resulting SINAD value in the process.
7.2.4 Evaluation of reception quality

A complex evaluation of the reception quality that has at least the following parameters as a basis:
– Received field strength
– Level of interference caused by multipath propagation
– Level of adjacent-channel interference
– Level of co-channel interference
Page 36
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– RDS error rate (for devices with RDS/RBDS functions)

– Signal-to-noise ratio
In the case of multi-tuner systems, all the tuners used must meet this requirement independently of
each other.
7.2.5 Seek time to run through the entire frequency band

Limits:
– The time for seeking through the entire frequency band, starting and stopping at 94.1 MHz, is
tSeek ≤ 10 s
– The tuning speed for manual tuning while the tuner is seeking through the entire frequency
band (continuous activation) is (1 ±0.1) MHz/s (corresponds to 10 tuning steps per second).
Start Seeking start
End LF switched through after seeking stop (device connected to signal genera‐
tor with 1 signal)
– Determine the seek time for a run through the entire frequency band and the tuning speed.
7.2.6 Equalization
– 6 dBµV ≤ E' ≤ 12 dBµV, adjustable during development
– The maximum useful output power must still be reached when readjusting via the volume con‐
trol (gain reserve).
Audio output power 3 dB below reference output power as per standard measurement conditions.
– Reduce the HF level until the LF level drops 3 dB.
The HF level value serves as the reference.
7.2.7 Background noise increase

Limits:
Signal-to-noise ratio 20 dB ≤ SNR ≤ 30 dB
A tolerance of ±3 dB applies to the values determined during the road tests.
Page 37
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
At a low signal-to-noise ratio SNR ≤ 6 dB, equalization must already be applied to its maximum
level, regardless of whether this low signal-to-noise ratio is the result of a low HF input level under
laboratory conditions or of high ambient noise produced by the surrounding vehicle systems.
Evaluated and measured with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
Signal-to-noise ratio relative to reference output power at full equalization if the HF level is turned
off
– Turn off the HF signal.
– Record the audio output power under background noise increase conditions with and without
HF noise signal.
7.2.8 Deviation compatibility

Limits:
E'k 10% ≤ 12 dBµV
Frequency deviation Δf = ±75 kHz
– Decrease the HF input level until k = 10%.
– The determined HF input level E' serves as the reference.
7.2.9 Extreme deviation compatibility

Depending on the target market, there may be reception situations in which FM signals with an ex‐
tremely high frequency deviation need to be demodulated. In order to ensure that these extreme
deviation signals will be received without interference, a maximum IF bandwidth of ±250 kHz must
be usable in general or as a result of market-specific coding on the device.
In addition, the outer edges of spectrally wide extreme deviation signals to which the radio has
tuned as desired stations must be prevented from being incorrectly identified as adjacent-channel
interfering stations.
Limits:
Δfk 10% ≥ 250 kHz
Page 38
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Modulation Mono FM
Frequency deviation Varies
Nonlinear distortion k = 10%
factor
– Increase the frequency deviation until the audio signal's nonlinear distortion factor is k = 10%.
7.2.10 Signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the HF level, SNR = f(E')

In addition, the signal-to-noise ratio must have the following values at the following received pow‐
ers:
Mono 40 dBµV < E' < 54 dBµV SNR ≥ 54 dB
E' ≥ 54 dBµV SNR ≥ 58 dB
Stereo 40 dBµV < E' < 54 dBµV SNR ≥ 48 dB
E' ≥ 54 dBµV SNR ≥ 52 dB
The signal-to-noise curves, the stereo channel separation, the application of equalization as per
section 7.2.6, and the SINAD measured values must be plotted on the plotted measured curves.
Deviations from the qualitative contour of the standard curve require consultation with the appropri‐
ate department.
Page 39
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
C Signal curve
D Noise curve
E Sensitivity as defined SNR
F Background noise increase as audio output level without signal reception
G Equalization application as audio output voltage under standard measurement condi‐
tions (3 dB)
H Signal-to-noise ratio
I Reference audio output voltage as per standard measurement conditions
Figure 10 – FM signal-to-noise curve
Modulation: Stereo with identical modulation on left and right channels/stereo with maximum sta‐
tion-side channel separation
– Vary HF input level E' and plot the resulting
Page 40
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Stereo signal-to-noise curve (as per the descriptions in section 7.1)

– Stereo signal-to-noise curve (with maximum station-side channel separation)
– SINAD measured values
Repeat the measurement in measuring mode as per section 5.4.1; soft mute must remain activa‐
ted.
7.2.11 Suppression of interfering frequencies

The following measurement is used only in the case of relevant reception solutions depending on
the IF used. The manufacturer must specify the solution-specific IF and the relevant injection posi‐
tions of the local oscillator in the sample report.
Injection position: Within the scope of tuner and decoder digitization, variable mixer designs are in‐
creasingly being used for IF generation purposes. In these solutions, the local oscillator is not nec‐
essarily above the desired frequency anymore. Depending on the specific solution, or dynamically
(as a function of reception), the local oscillator frequency can also be below the desired frequency.
7.2.11.1 Specifications regarding the suppression of interfering frequencies

Limits:
Background noise caused by internally generated interference is impermissible. This includes all
radio-based communication modules (e.g., Bluetooth, Wi-Fi) and clock frequencies in electronic
components (e.g., processors, DC-DC converters).
Effects caused by the characteristics of the configuration of the tuner and its auxiliary components
(e.g., common AM/FM and DAB cable routing and antenna input) must not have any impact on the
audio output signal.
Interference sources on tunable frequencies are impermissible.
HF desired level E' = 60 dBµV
Testing frequencies FM: Full FM band, in 100-kHz or 200-kHz steps
– Tuner tuning under standard measurement conditions at desired frequency for the measure‐
ment fD = Start of band
– Record and graph the SINAD measured value.
Both the signal generator and receiver must be set one step closer to the next frequency; the inter‐
fering signal must be evaluated and the process must be continued until the full band is run
through completely.
7.2.11.2 AM suppression
Limits:
Page 41
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Modulation 1 FM: Δf = 75 kHz/fLF = 400 Hz
Modulation 2 AM: 80%/fLF = 1 000 Hz
Input level E' = 60 dBµV
– Connect the DUT using the coupling network under standard measurement conditions.
– Tune the receiver to the FM measurement frequency.
– Apply the test-case-specific measurement conditions (FM: Δf = 75 kHz/fLF = 400 Hz).
– Record the reference audio output voltage.
– Then subject the carrier to the AM modulation in addition, and set the desired station modula‐
tion's frequency deviation to Δf = 0 kHz. Evaluate the modulation frequency with a selective LF
level meter.
7.2.12 Large-signal behavior
7.2.12.1 Single-station large-signal behavior

Limits:
FM HF input level ≥ 106 dBµV
FM deviation Δf = ±75 kHz
– Connect the DUT to the coupling network as per standard measurement conditions.
– Tune the DUT to the signal generator.
– Increase the HF level for fD until k = 10%.
The value of HF level E' serves as the reference.
7.2.12.2 Desensitization (sensitivity loss under large-signal interference)

Limits:
– Permissible sensitivity reduction ΔE'N ≤ 3 dB
– Blocking is impermissible (≤ 1 dB).
Page 42
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Interfering station FM HF input level E' ≥ 80 dBµV
Reference output power PLF = 0.5 W
FM deviation Δf = ±75 kHz
Desired station frequencies 89.1 MHz, 90.1 MHz, 91.1 MHz, 92.1 MHz, 93.1 MHz,
fI, 95.1 MHz, 96.1 MHz, 97.1 MHz, 98.1 MHz,
99.1 MHz, 100.1 MHz, 101.1 MHz, 102.1 MHz,
103.1 MHz, 104.1 MHz, 105.1 MHz, 106.1 MHz,
107.1 MHz
– Couple fD and fI to the receiver under standard measurement conditions using the coupling
network.
– Turn fI HF level off at first. Tune receiver to desired station frequency.
– Turn on fI HF level with E' = 80 dBµV and determine any LF level reduction (blocking).
– Determine the noise-limited sensitivity under large-signal interference as per section 6.2.2 at
the specified fD desired frequencies.
7.2.12.3 Microphonics, feedback

Neither microphonics nor acoustic or electrical feedback are permissible at any input level within
the entire range of reception.
7.2.12.4 Large-signal behavior in the presence of an interfering station

Limits:
– Evaluation with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468 [3]
– Measurement with two stations (fI = Interfering frequency; fD = Desired frequency)
Desired station
Measurement fre‐ fD = 94.1 MHz
quency
Modulation fLF = 1 000 Hz, Δf = 22.5 kHz
HF level 6 dBµV (= E'N max + 6 dB)
Interfering station
Measurement fre‐ fI1 = 93.2 MHz
quency fI2 = 95.0 MHz
Modulation fLF = 1 000 Hz, Δf = 75 kHz
HF level E'I = 94 dBµV
Page 43
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Couple fD and fI under standard measurement conditions using the coupling network.
– Turn HF level for fI off at first; tune receiver to fD.
– Set the test-case-specific measurement conditions for fD (Δf = 22.5 kHz, E' = 6 dBµV).
– Turn off desired station modulation as per the descriptions in section 7.1, "Standard measure‐
ment conditions"; turn on the interfering station.
The signal-to-noise ratio relative to the reference output power serves as the reference. If the re‐
quired signal-to-noise ratio is not adhered to, the interference level at which the signal-to-noise ra‐
tio is 26 dB must be determined.
7.2.12.5 Selection, selectivity

Table 10 – Limits for interfering station for FM selection

E'S at frequency offset,
HF level, E'D,
in dBµV
in dBµV
±100 kHz ±300 kHz
20 ≥ 20 ≥ 80
46 ≥ 46 ≥ 106
E'I values for the interfering station level, in dBµV Once the HF limit for the interfering station is set
(modulation "off"), the desired station level must not drop by more than 3 dB (blocking).
HF desired station level E' = E'D as per table 10
Desired station modulation Δf = ±22.5 kHz/fLF = 1 kHz
Interfering station level modulation Δf = ±40.0 kHz/fLF = 1 kHz
LF signal-to-noise ratio SNR = 26 dB
Desired station frequency: fD = 94.1 MHz
Interfering station frequency fI = fD + frequency offset
coupling network.
– Turn HF level for interfering station E'I "off" at first.
– Tune receiver to desired station fD using the seek function.
– Set the test-case-specific measurement conditions for fD (Δf = 22.5 kHz, E' = As per table 10).
Page 44
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Turn off desired station modulation as per the descriptions in section 7.1.
– Increase the HF level for the interfering station until the LF signal-to-noise ratio is 26 dB. This
HF level serves as the reference.
7.2.12.6 Dynamic selection

The effectiveness of dynamic selection depends on:
– The filter bandwidth
– The desired station modulation
– The adjacent channel modulation
– The controlling software (the right filter at the right time)
NOTE 2: Because of this, it does not make sense to specify an absolute number of filters.
Test in customer mode

Expected behavior: As per figure 11, figure 12, and figure 13
Legend
A Selectivity in dB
B HF frequency of interfering station fI, in MHz
C Maximum selectivity: Desired station not interfered with by interfering station
D Minimum selectivity: Desired station fully interfered with by interfering station
E Selectivity curve with noise as interfering station modulation
F Selectivity curve with audio as interfering station modulation
G HF frequency of desired station fD
Figure 11 – Selection – Interference from audio and noise interference sources
Page 45
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
A Selectivity in dB
E Selectivity curves as a function of the interfering station's frequency deviation
F HF frequency of desired station fD
Figure 12 – Selection – Dependency on frequency deviation
Page 46
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Legend
A Selectivity in dB
E Selectivity curves as a function of the interfering station's HF level
Figure 13 – Dependency on interfering station's HF level
Desired station
quency
Modulation Δf = 0 kHz and fLF = 1 000 Hz
HF level E'D = 6 dBµV (= E'N max + 6 dB)
Interfering station
Measurement fre‐ Sweep fI = 93.9 MHz through 94.3 MHz.
quency
Modulation fLF = 1 000 Hz or uncorrelated noise
Δf = ±25 kHz to ±75 kHz, variable
HF level E'I = 40 dBµV to 80 dBµV, variable
Page 47
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
coupling network; record the reference output power.
– Sweep through the range for interfering station frequency fI and plot the audio output power
under each of the following conditions: With interfering station modulation fLF = 1 kHz and with
uncorrelated noise
– With variable interfering station frequency deviation as per the measurement conditions
– With variable interfering station HF input level E'I as per the measurement conditions
Testing the filter properties

In a special test mode, all filter bandwidths must be set manually and fixed, and the selectivity as
per section 7.2.12.5 must be plotted for each individual filter as a function for the interfering sta‐
tion's HF frequency.
Legend
A Selectivity in dB
E Selectivity curves as a function of the IF filter setting and the interfering station's HF fre‐
quency
Figure 14 – Selection – Filter properties
Page 48
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Dynamic selection behavior

Measurement frequency fD = 94.1 Hz
Modulation Δf = ±22.5 kHz and fLF = 1 000 Hz
FM HF input level E' = 40 dBµV
coupling network; record the reference output power.
– Plot the signal tuning curve over FD ±200 kHz.
– Test the dynamic control.
In a special test mode, the relevant, currently set filter is displayed.
Monitor the filters' switching transitions and check the nonlinear distortion factor.
Indifferent states are not permissible.
7.2.12.7 Intermodulation 2
Limits:
Single-tuner systems: E'I1 = E'I2 ≥ 73 dBµV
Dual-tuner systems: E'I1 = E'I2 ≥ 70 dBµV
Receiver tuning fD1 = 2fI2 - fI1 = 94.1 MHz
fD2 = 2fI1 - fI2 = 91.1 MHz
Interfering station frequencies fI1 = 92.1 MHz
fI2 = 93.1 MHz
Interfering station modulation Δf = ±40 kHz/fLF = 1 kHz
– Couple fI1 and fI2 under standard measurement conditions using the coupling network.
– Set fI1 to fD and tune the radio to fD; set PLF = 0.5 W with full equalization.
– Set fI1 and fI2 to the interfering frequencies.
– Keep increasing E'I1 and E'I2 with identical levels until the intermodulation product is audible
(beating 1-kHz tone).
– Turn off modulation for fI2 and retune fI1 until PLF = Maximum.
– Keep adjusting E'I1 = E'I2 with identical levels until the intermodulation tone is 20 dB below PLF
(0.14 V/4 Ω); use 1-kHz filter.
The measurement must be performed for both desired frequencies one after the other. Only the
interference signal that comes in with a factor of 2 is modulated.
Page 49
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.2.12.8 Intermodulation 3
Limits:
HF level (E'I1, E'I2, E'I3) ≥ 72 dBµV
Measurement with 3 stations (fI1 = 1st interfering frequency; fI2 = 2nd interfering frequency; fI3 = 3rd
interfering frequency; fD = Desired frequency)
Receiver tuning fD = 96.8 MHz (fD = fI1 + fI3 - fI2)
Interfering station frequencies fI1 = 90.9 MHz
fI2 = 94.4 MHz
fI3 = 100.3 MHz
Interfering station modulation Δf = ±40 kHz and fLF = 1 kHz
– Measuring method as per section 7.2.12.7, but with "three-way signal combiner".
– Only one single interfering station (any one of them) is modulated at a given time.
7.2.12.9 Hiss noise (THD via LF)

Limits:
Nonlinear distortion factor k ≤ 0.2%
HF desired level E' = 60 dBµV to 100 dBµV
FM deviation Δf = 22.5 kHz, 40 kHz, and 80 kHz
Modulation frequency fLF = 100 Hz to 10 kHz
Pre-emphasis "Off"
Measured with low-pass 20 kHz
– Single-signal measurement, connect to coupling network, tuner tuning under standard meas‐
urement conditions
– Vary the modulation frequency and plot the nonlinear distortion factor measurements.
– Repeat the measurement with the other specified frequency deviations.
7.2.13 Requirements for multi-tuner systems

Limits:
Signal-to-noise ratio ≥ 52 dB, measured with filter weighted relative to 1 kHz as per ITU-R BS.468
[3]
Page 50
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Mutual interference between the tuned stations by the two tuners is impermissible.
The value for the 1st IF and the 2nd IF and the injection position used must be used to determine
whether this test is necessary. The rated IF values are provided by the manufacturer when the
samples are submitted.
If the oscillators can be used to set frequencies that fall within the tuning range of the stations or
are factors or multiples of the IF, the interference magnitude must be determined.
– Tune tuner 1 to the first FM frequency (87.5 MHz) and set the LF reference level.
– Turn modulation off.
– Sweep tuner 2 through the frequency range.
– Monitor the signal-to-noise ratio during the second tuner's tuning process and record the low‐
est SNR value.
– Tune tuner 1 to the next FM frequency and repeat as before until reaching the last tuning fre‐
quency.
7.2.13.1 Auxiliary tuner background operation on an antenna

In the case of multi-tuner designs with auxiliary tuner functions such as TP background reception,
determining the RDS AF, updating the learning memory, and TMC, a maximum sensitivity reduc‐
tion of 3 dB is permissible when both tuners are tuned to the same frequency.
7.2.13.2 Antenna diversity requirements

For systems with internal diversity, only dual-tuner systems based on the "phase diversity" method
are permissible.
A special ratio test mode that makes it possible to select a single tuner must be implemented.
7.2.13.2.1 Signal without interference

Sensitivity increase ≥ 2 dB for single-tuner operation under E'N values determined in section 7.2.2
Measurement frequency fD = 94.1 MHz
HF level E'1 = E'N1
E'2 = E'N2
– Split the signal from the signal generator with the coupling network for multi-tuner measure‐
ments as per standard measurement conditions.
– Determine E'N at SNR = 26 dB for each individual tuner.
– Use a step attenuator to set the relevant value for E'N.
– Determine the new SNR value; it must be > 26 dB.
Page 51
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.2.13.2.2 Signal with interference

Expected result: Significant distortion reduction at audio output
The method described below is used to provide laboratory verification of the signal improvement
achieved with diversity when a signal is affected by interference.
The actual effectiveness of the diversity system under dynamically changing signal conditions will
be fine-tuned in the release-relevant field tests during development and documented audiovisually
using an appropriate method.
Because of this, the method description is only of a general nature and does not quantify the signal
improvement.
Alternative, qualitatively comparable methods for determining the effectiveness of diversity sys‐
tems when there are reception conditions affected by interference are permissible.
Testing the signal improvement achieved with diversity systems based on the reduction in the non‐
linear distortion factor
quency
HF level E'1 = Variable from 10 dBµV to 100 dBµV
E'2 = Variable from 10 dBµV to 100 dBµV
– Split the signal generator's signal with the coupling network for multi-tuner measurements as
per standard measurement conditions.
– Subject both signal paths to different distortion.
– In the measuring mode, select individually for each tuner and plot the nonlinear distortion fac‐
tor vs. the HF input level.
– In the measuring mode, turn on the diversity system and again plot the nonlinear distortion fac‐
tor vs. the HF input level.
The diversity signal's nonlinear distortion factor must be significantly lower than that for the individ‐
ual signals with interference.
7.2.14 Stereo requirements
7.2.14.1 Channel balance

Limits:
Permissible LF level difference between both channels ≤ 1.5 dB
Modulation – Measurement 1 fLF = 1 kHz, only left audio channel modulated
Modulation – Measurement 2 fLF = 1 kHz, only right audio channel modulated
Page 52
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
– Connect to coupling network, tuner tuning under standard measurement conditions.
– Measure the audio output level on the left audio channel during measurement 1 and on the
right audio channel during measurement 2. The level ratio of measurement 1 to measure‐
ment 2 serves as the reference for the channel balance.
7.2.14.2 Basic mono-to-stereo transition behavior

Legend
A Audio output power, in dB
C HF level at start of stereo (6 dB channel separation)
D HF level at full stereo (maximum channel separation – 3 dB)
E Channel separation between left and right audio channels
R Right audio channel
L Left audio channel
Figure 15 – Stereo transition definitions
The transition from mono to stereo and back to mono must be as smooth as possible over an HF
input level difference ≈ 20 dB.
When there are brief individual level jumps for t ≤ 5 ms, the system switches to mono briefly with‐
out delay and then goes back to stereo.
Page 53
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
If, due to inadequate signal quality (frequent interference), the system switches to mono, it is only
permissible to activate the stereo functionality if the signal quality experiences a steady improve‐
ment. The stereo functionality is then activated slowly and continuously over a period ≥ 20 s.
The ranges for stereo application (L/R channel separation = 6 dB) and full stereo (maximum chan‐
nel separation – 3 dB) are defined as a function of HF level E' and audio frequency fLF.
The maximum channel separation is limited due to the constantly changing reception conditions
with frequent transitions between stereo and mono.
7.2.14.3 Mono-to-stereo transition – Specifications

The stereo start HF level must be adjustable within a range of 20 dBµV to 36 dBµV during develop‐
ment.
General conditions:
Frequency deviation 12.5 kHz
Audio frequency 1 kHz
The full stereo HF level must be adjustable within a range of 40 dBµV to 56 dBµV during develop‐
ment.
General conditions:
Frequency deviation 12.5 kHz
Audio frequency 1 kHz
The channel separation vs. HF level curve must be variable as a function of the LF frequency.
Accordingly, the stereo start and full stereo HF levels must be amplifiable by 12 dB within an LF
frequency range of 1 kHz to 8 kHz.
Under standard measurement conditions, this results in a qualitative curve as per figure 15 and
figure 16.
Perform the measurement with pre-emphasis turned off.
Page 54
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
Figure 16 – Mono-stereo as a function of audio frequency
7.2.14.4 Measurement procedure for determining the time hysteresis

For the limits, see section 7.2.14.2.
Stereo to mono
At full channel separation, E' = 80 dBµV with single-channel modulation (L or R), switch the HF
level to E' = 20 dBµV and measure the time until the left level = the right level.
Mono to stereo
Switch the level back to E' = 80 dBµV and measure the time until there is full channel separation
(channel separation 3 dB lower than the maximum channel separation).
Page 55
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.2.14.5 Pilot tone and subcarrier suppression

Limits:
Interference suppression for 19-kHz pilot SNR ≥ 40 dB
tone
If the switch is set to "mono", audio must be reproduced exclusively in mono, i.e., if there a stereo
indicator, it must not appear during the test.
The indicator must not respond to external signals.
– Standard measurement conditions
– Channel balance and in-phase stereo channels
Tone controls linear; depending on the device-specific frequency response, a corresponding cor‐
rection factor must be taken into account if necessary.
Under standard measurement conditions, measure the interference level of the 19-kHz pilot tone
with an audio analyzer selectively at the loudspeaker output.
7.3 Additional FM requirements for RDS/RBDS

The measuring method for RDS receivers described below is based on DIN EN 62634.
The type and design of all RDS receivers must adhere to DIN EN 62106.
All RBDS receivers must adhere to United States RBDS Standard NRSC-4-B [4].
Standard measurement conditions: Coupling network and standard measurement conditions as
defined in the corresponding sections, plus:
RDS carrier 57-kHz pilot tone
RDS deviation ±2 kHz
7.3.1 General RDS requirements

The decoding scope and the processing of RDS data vary from design to design and are an inte‐
gral part of the corresponding Performance Specification.
The reception quality must not be negatively affected by the analysis of RDS data.
The RDS data's recording and monitoring must be "inaudible".
Audible mutes for test purposes must be avoided as much as possible.
For single-tuner systems, this means: Minimizing and avoiding unnecessary AF verifications, which
can be achieved with an "AF switch if required or if a minimum quality level is fallen below" AF
switching strategy.
Mutes and incorrect modulations are impermissible for dual-tuner systems (deal breaker).
"Advanced AF check with best AF always tuned" applies in terms of the AF switching strategy
here.
Page 56
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
7.3.2 RDS decoding sensitivity

Limits:
Minimum input level E' ≤ 20 dBµV
Maximum RDS deviation Δf = 15 kHz
Maximum large-signal strength E' = 109 dBµV
RDS bit error rate BERRDS = 50%
Connect the DUT using the coupling network under standard measurement conditions. For the
measurement, each one of the parameters specified under "Limits" is varied at a time while the
other parameters are set to standard measurement condition settings.
Set the radio's test mode to reading the block error rate, then set the parameters specified in
section 7.1 and section 7.3. Vary each of the parameters specified under "Limits" until a value that
corresponds to an error rate of 50% is reached. Before measuring the next parameter, set the pa‐
rameters specified in section 7.1 and section 7.3 back to the specified values.
If deviating scales are used in different test modes, a value conversion that corresponds to the
above specifications must be carried out.
The requirement applies to all tuners used, including pure data tuners, e.g., TMC.
Repeat the measurement for the other parameters specified under "Limits."
7.4 Additional FM requirements for VICS/DARC

The decoding scope and the processing of VICS data vary from design to design and are an inte‐
gral part of the corresponding Performance Specification.
Decoding signals:
The reception quality must not be negatively affected by the analysis of VICS data.
The VICS data's recording and monitoring must be "inaudible". Audible mutes and incorrect modu‐
lations are impermissible.
All parameters and limits must be adjustable during development. These values, and the corre‐
sponding tolerances, are fine-tuned during field testing, and it must be possible to adjust them in
development test mode.
8 Applicable documents
The following documents cited in this standard are necessary to its application.
Some of the cited documents are translations from the German original. The translations of Ger‐
man terms in such documents may differ from those used in this standard, resulting in terminologi‐
cal inconsistency.
Standards whose titles are given in German may be available only in German. Editions in other
languages may be available from the institution issuing the standard.
Page 57
VW 80972-1: 2016-06
VW 50554 Standard Atmospheres and Room Temperatures; Requirements on

Standard Atmospheres
VW 80000 Electric and Electronic Components in Motor Vehicles up to 3,5 t - Gen‐
eral Component Requirements, Test Conditions and Tests
DIN EN 300751 Radio broadcasting systems - Data Radio Channel (DARC) - System for
wireless infotainment forwarding and teledistribution (Endorsement of
the English version EN 300751 V 1.2.1 (2003-01) as German standard)
DIN EN 55013 Sound and Television Broadcast Receivers and Associated Equipment -
Radio Disturbance Characteristics - Limits and Methods of Measurement
DIN EN 60315-3 Methods of measurement on radio receivers for various classes of emis‐
sion - Part 3: Receivers for amplitude-modulated sound-broadcasting
emissions
DIN EN 60315-4 Methods of measurement on radio receivers for various classes of emis‐
sion - Part 4: Receivers for frequency-modulated sound broadcasting
emissions
DIN EN 61000-3-2 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-2: Limits - Limits for Har‐
monic Current Emissions (Equipment Input Current <= 16 A per Phase)
DIN EN 61000-3-3 Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) - Part 3-3: Limits - Limitation of
Voltage Changes, Voltage Fluctuations and Flicker in Public Low-Volt‐
age Supply Systems, for Equipment with Rated Current <= 16 A per
Phase and Not Subject to Conditional Connection
DIN EN 62106 Specification of the radio data system (RDS) for VHF/FM sound broad‐
casting in the frequency range from 87,5 MHz to 108,0 MHz
DIN EN 62634 Radio Data System (RDS) - Receiver Products and Characteristics -
Methods of Measurement
DIN EN ISO 14982 Agricultural and Forestry Machines - Electromagnetic Compatibility -
Test Methods and Acceptance Criteria
ISO 266 Acoustics - Preferred frequencies
ISO 532 Acoustics; Method for calculating loudness level
9 Bibliography
[1] ETSI ES 201 980, "Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM); System Specification"; found at
http://www.etsi.org/standards-search#Pre-defined%20Collections
[2] UN ECE R10 "Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to
Electromagnetic Compatibility"; found at http://www.un‐
ece.org/trans/main/wp29/wp29regs1-20.html
[3] ITU-R BS.468 "Measurement of Audio-Frequency Noise Voltage Level in Sound Broad‐
casting" (formerly CCIR 468); found at https://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-BS.468/en
[4] NRSC-4-B "Specification of the Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS)"; found at
http://www.nrscstandards.org/standards.asp

VW 80972 1 en

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

VW 80972 1 en

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Group standard VW 80972-1

Radio Receivers for Motor Vehicles

Always use the latest version of this standard.

Technical responsibility The Standards department

4.1 Applicable laws and regulations ................................................................................. 7

7.2.13 Requirements for multi-tuner systems ..................................................................... 49

Adjustable during development

Adjustable in a brand-specific manner

Nonlinear distortion factor

Reference audio output voltage

3 Symbols and abbreviations

DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting (digital radio standard)

TP Traffic Program (term from the RDS standard)

4.1 Applicable laws and regulations

5 General radio requirements and measurement conditions

5.1 EMC acceptance

5.2 Operating ranges

5.2.1 Operating voltage

5.2.2 Operating temperature

5.3 General test conditions

5.3.1 Voltage source

5.3.2 Test temperature

5.4 Standard measurement conditions and measurement prerequisites for AM and FM

5.4.1 Special settings in measuring mode

5.4.2 Preferred measurement frequencies

5.4.2.1 HF measurement frequencies

5.4.2.2 Audio measurement frequencies

5.4.3 Standard modulations for the measurement

5.4.4 Antenna connection between DUT and measuring equipment

E' = VA - acnw (1)

5.4.4.1 Coupling network configuration

The coupling network must perform the following tasks:

Figure 1 – DUT antenna connection

Table 2 – Examples of components for the connection network

5.4.5 Coupling network for multi-tuner measurements

Figure 2 – DUT connection for multi-tuner measurements

5.5 Radio audio requirements

5.5.1 Audio phase for FM and AM

5.5.2 Audio frequency responses (radio)

5.5.3 Tone adjustment depending on reception quality (audio processing)

5.5.3.1 General high cut requirements

5.5.3.2 AM high cut

5.5.3.3 FM high cut

Table 3 – AM band limits

6.1 Standard measurement conditions

6.2 AM analog radio requirements

6.2.1 AM tuner input impedance

6.2.2 Noise-limited sensitivity (E'N)

Table 4 – Limits for AM noise-limited sensitivity

Europe and ROW 14 dBµV ≤ E'N ≤ 22 dBµV —

a) Adjustable during development

6.2.3 Background noise increase

Table 5 – Limits for AM background noise increase

a) Adjustable during development

Repeat the measurement in measuring mode as per section 5.4.1.

6.2.4 Equalization (audio AGC)

Definition of equalization application

6.2.5 Signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the HF level, SNR = f(E')

6.2.6 Evaluation of reception quality

6.2.6.1 Seek time

6.2.7 Suppression of interfering frequencies

6.2.7.1 Noise caused by internally generated interference

6.2.7.2 Total nonlinear distortion factor