Kuantan, Pahang

Subject Name/Code : TECHNICAL COMMUNICATION AND WRITING/HTE2012(02)

Program Name/Code : DIPLOMA IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING (INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRONICS)/ET101

Assignments : TECHNICAL REPORT

Student Name :

1. MUHAMMAD AMIRUL BIN AZIZUL (PTM190711654)

2. MUHAMMAD IRFAN ZIKRY BIN MOHD YAZID (PTM190711619)

3. MUHAMMAD AMIR FIRDAUS BIN MOHD RUSLI (PTM190711527)

Submitted to : HASNI SUHANA BINTI MAT HASAN

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the study

According to (Roy et al., 2012), a flood warning system is an emergency device

that is often used in monitoring water level levels. It can even be inferred as a

warning tool for flood warning. This system is widely used in areas at high risk for

flooding and lowland backgrounds. yet if viewed broadly, this existing system in

our country, is still not sufficiently effective to warn. sometimes it does not work

well. there are many areas that still do not have this system where the area is

often flooded.

According to (Controls, 2019), there are many benefits of water levels indicators

after I researched about this system. It very easy to install, very little

maintenance and compact design. The compact design of this system have

automatic water level indicators that ensure no overflows or running of dry

pumps. Then, it also can help avoid seepage of walls and roofs due to tanks

overflowing. Then, it can shows incitation of water levels in any type of tank. This

system actually use for control the water level in the tank but the function are

same with flood issues.

According to (Mohd Sabre m, Abdullah, 2019) Flooding is one of the major

disasters occurring in various parts of the world including Malaysia. To reduce

the effect of the disaster, a flood warning and monitoring are needed to give an

early warning to the victims at certain place with high prone to flood. By

implementing Internet of Thing technology into the system, it could help the

victim to get an accurate status of flood in real-time condition. This paper is

develop a real-time flood monitoring and early warning system using wireless

sensor node at a high prone area of flood. This system is based on NodeMCU

based technology integrated using Blynk application. The wireless sensor node

can help the victims by detecting the water levels and rain intensity while giving
an early warning when a flood or heavy rain occurs. Basically, the sensor node

consists of ultrasonic sensor and rain sensor controlled by NodeMCU as the

microcontroller of the system which placed at the identified flood area. Buzzer

and LED started to trigger and alert the victim when the flood had reached

certain level of hazard. Data detected from the sensors are sent to the Blynk

application via wireless connection. Victim will get to know the current status of

flood and rain by viewing the interface and receiving push notification that

available in Blynk application via IOS or Android smartphones. The flood level’s

data sent to the email could help various organizations for further improvement of

the system and flood forecasting purposes. After a test had been conducted, it

was found that this prototype can monitor, detect and give warning with

notification to the victim earlier before the occurrence of floods.

According to (Odli Z, Izhar T, 2016) The early warning systems for flood

management have been developed rapidly with growth of technologies. These

warning systems help to alert the people earlier. Many proposed system used

sophisticated techniques to alert flood such as Short Message Service (SMS) via

Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), however, they are still

complex to program and interface, in addition to their high cost. This paper

proposed a simple, portable and low cost of early warning system using Arduino

board, which is used to control the whole system and GSM shields to send and

receive data. The proposed model determines the water levels using ranging

sensors. Then it analyses the collected data and determine the type of danger

present. The GSM network is used to connect the overall system units via SMS.

The system has been designed and implemented based on two components,

hardware and software. The system units are powered from the rechargeable

batteries. Two additional temperature sensor and humidity sensor also

embedded as to relating the water level with the current temperature and
 humidity. The early data obtained by the SMS is used in determining the of flood

impact toward the population by using the assessment table.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

According to (sam evans, 2014), advantages is the impact of flooding is reduced.

Besides that, warnings give people time to move possessions upstairs, put

sandbags in position and to evacuate. Disadvantages is warnings don't stop a

flood from happening and living in a place that gets lots of warnings could make

it difficult to get insurance. People may not hear or have access to warnings.

According to (Landscape, 2020), hard engineering management involves using

artificial structures, such as dams and embankments. Soft engineering

management is a more natural approach to manage flooding, such as floodplain

zoning. Soft engineering does not involve building artificial structures, but takes a

more sustainable and natural approach to managing the potential for river

flooding. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages. The

environmental agency monitors rivers and issues warnings via newspapers, TV,

radio and the internet when they are likely to flood so people can prepare.

According to (Cre8tiveit.solutions, 2020) Developing a system of alerting people

to the risk of flooding. In the UK the Environment Agency is responsible for

warning people about flooding through the TV, Radio, Internet, newspapers and

apps. Advantages is the impact of flooding is reduced as people are better

prepared. There is more time for people to move things upstairs, put sandbags

and other flood defences in place and evacuate. Disadvantages is warnings do

not stop a flood event. Not all people will be aware of flood warnings.
According to (Askvillle, 2012), flooding can severely impact on the lives, and

businesses of people. On top of, the social and economic impacts, flooding can

have severe environmental consequences, which affect humans, animals and

all other living organisms. Floods can destroy habitats, erode the land, lead to

food shortages, and, to the contamination of water supplies to name but a few.

So it is not surprising that people look for ways to prevent floods from

happening, this is where flood management strategies come in. Flood

management strategies are put in place to protect, homes, businesses and the

environment. Unfortunately, flood management is expensive, and due to this

there isn't enough money to protect everywhere, deciding where flood defences

should be built/placed is done using cost-benefit analysis. It is important that

money is spent wisely, and as many people and businesses as possible benefit

from flood management schemes, this means that large residential and large

industrial areas are more likely to be protected from flooding, than,

small residential areas or farmland. The impact of flooding through severe

weather can also be reduced through early warning systems. The environment

agency warns people who live in flood prone areas of impending floods.

They monitor weather forecasts, river discharge and rainfall in order to predict

impending floods and determine when a warning needs to be sent

out. This advance warning gives people the chance to protect their

property and evacuate the area before a flood happens. The advance warning

not only saves lives, it can also help to reduce the financial impacts of

flooding and help the emergency services to prepare for a flood event.

1.3 Significance of the study

The research we did was the Indicator of Water Level Monitoring System. Based

on this research, there are many benefits to all parties. It will benefit individuals

such as students or educators, especially those related to electrical learning. In

addition, it also helps engineers and employees to make references in carrying

out tasks and producing their projects. Through this they can also find ideas and

find solutions in upgrading and repairing their projects. With this, technicians can

refer to the information and view the procedure to carry out the wiring work of

their project easily and quickly. It can also save on manufacturing costs as the

required capital is not too high. Later, our research is very useful for all parties to

make references and studies about the system. this research can also be an

important resource for electrical students to be used as a platform to produce

their projects.

Based on this project, there are many benefits of Indicator of Water Level

Monitoring System. After I researched about this system, it is very easy to install,

very little maintenance and compact design. The compact design of this system

have hardware and software. Then, it also can avoid citizen get late awareness

message. Then, it can help citizen for prepare their preparation before the

disaster.

In my opinion, Indicator of Water Level Monitoring System are important for

many different industries and irrigation system in every building and construction.

Without this system, we need to manually check whether the flood disaster is

coming or not.
2.0 PURPOSE AND METHOD OF RESEARCH

2.1 PURPOSE

For our research we choose the Indicator of Water Level Monitoring System to use in

Flood Warning System to replace the Alarm System. Our objective for this project is to

give the early warning for citizen by using this Indicator of Level Monitoring System.

This research to find this Indicator of Level Monitoring System is better than the old

system, Alarm System. This Indicator of Level Monitoring System is functioning with fast

and easy to get the information about flood status from time to time for general

knowledge citizen.

This system advantage is citizen can save their important things and plan to prepare for

the flood. For example, they can carry the important things at flood gathering center

such as important document.

This system is also portable and low cost of early warning system using Arduino board,

which is used to control the whole system and Global System for Mobile

Communications (GSM) shields to send the data.

In addition, this system will be designed and implanted based on two components which

is hardware and software. For this material system it will not cost much because it only

give the awareness message to the citizen into their mobile phone by Short Message

Service (SMS) and it saved the cost for buy a material.

 2.2 METHOD

This research will go through a few methods for the investigation. First is by doing the

research, which is by studying the research and findings obtained by other researchers

on the related topic. This is to improve the understanding of this research area as well

as can collect more valid and precise data.

Second method is by having an interview . This interview will be done by the

experienced electrical engineer and there will be a few questions asked. For example,

what is the advantages, what is the disadvantages to the environment and safety. From

this interview, there are many information will be obtained from the engineer.

Other than that, the last method is by doing the laboratory experiment, It can help to find

the discussion about this project and can find how this project will function. This

laboratory report will help to find a good result or bad result and will help to make a

conclusion all of this project.

3.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

3.1 WATER LEVEL INDICATOR ( WHAT IS IT ? / THE USE )

According to (Lewis, 1987) A Water Level Indicator may be defined as a system by

which we can get the information of any water reservoir. Water level indicator system is

quite useful to reduce the wastage of water from any reservoir, while filling such

reservoir. Water is most essential thing on earth .Safe drinking water is essential to

human and other life forms even though it provides no calories or organic nutriants. The

total amount of water available on Earth has been estimated at 1.4 billion cubic

kilometers, enough to cover the planet with a layer of about 3 km. About 95% of the

Earth's water is in the oceans, which is unfit for human consumption. About 4% is locked

in the polar ice caps, and the rest 1% constitutes all fresh water found in rivers, streams

and lakes which is suitable for our consumption. A study estimated that a person in India

consumes an average of 135 litres per day. This consumption would rise by 40% by the

year 2025. This signifies the need to preserve our fresh water resources [1].

According to (Lewis, 1987) However, some observers have estimated that by 2025 more

than half of the world population will be faced water based vulnearbility. The presence of

water level indicator in reservoir can help control wastage and water indeaquacy in such

reservoir. Water level indicator is used to show level of water in an over head tank, this

keeps the user informed about the water level at all time avoids the situation of water

running out when it is most needed. Indicators circuits have also alarm features. It not

indicate amount of water present in overhead tank but also gives an alarm when tank is

full. Advantages of the proposed water level controller are, very less maintenance, very

low cost, very simple construction and the circuit involved is also relatively simpler. It can

be easily made at home [5]. After assembling the system, what remains is to observe its

operation and efficiency. This can be done by breaking down the activity of the controller

from the detection of water to the working of the pump. We go over the responses

obtained when water reaches the sensors and the logic employed behind it. We also try
to justify how a system as simple as ours can compete with those available

commercially.

3.2 THE ADVANTAGES OF USING WATER LEVEL INDICATOR

According to (Water Level Control, 2019) 1. Power Saver Living in an age where we

need to be more conscious of the energy that we use, a water level controller is ideal at

saving power. Normally, regulating water levels can consume electricity and waste

water. However, with automatic controllers, the electricity usage is limited as well as less

water needed to regulate supply. 2. Money Saver A water level controller helps save

money by limiting the waste of water and electricity. These devices accurately regulate

how much energy is used to protect against any unnecessary water/electricity usage.

Over time, the money saved is quite substantial. 3. Automatic Another notable

advantage with these devices is that they regulate on their own. Eliminating manual

operations with a timer switch, the frustrations of manual monitoring water tanks are

minimized. Water levels are maintained at the appropriate levels thanks to the automatic

operations of these devices. 4. Water Maximization On average, water pumps are used

more during midday. A water level controller can maximize the water usage provided

during midday while automatically lessening the water usage at night. This results to an

appropriate level of water at all times being maintained, while providing you with the

maximum use of your water at the appropriate times.

According to (Water Level Control, 2019) 5. Reliable Electronic Design Only available

with WLC controllers Addressing the durability problems found in earlier designs, the

solid-state electronics in the newer models help to eliminate them. Not only do they help

to eliminate the durability issues, but they also create considerable savings of the life

span of the unit with an advanced modular design. In order to minimize problem areas of

these designs, the only moving parts are the relays. These relays are easily replaced

and tested by any skilled operator or electrician while being an inexpensive part. 6. New

Control Minimize Fouling & Deterioration Only available with WLC controllers Proving to
be less costly, over time, than the original float design for the ‘toilet tank’. The solid-state

electronics are designed to minimize volt usage (less than 1 volt). This directly

minimizes the mineral fouling, plating, rusting, and deterioration of probes, proving to be

safer and more efficient. These factors extend the life span of the controllers

significantly, which saves money and energy. 7. Easy Installation with LED Monitoring

Only available with WLC controllers These new solid-state electronics and integrated

electronics offer superior performance, hassle-free installation, and lower cost to operate

over time when compared to the lifespan of the original design. For continuous

monitoring, the integrated firmware and digital dry-contact circuitry easily and quickly

connect to the automation systems of a building. Each function of the integrated

electronics and relays use LED lights to offer operators the ability to visually scan them

in order to verify proper operations.

3.3 MONITORING SYSTEM ( WHAT IS IT ? / THE USE )

According to (Natividad, 2018) to develop a real-time flood monitoring and early

warning system in the northern portion of the province of Isabela, particularly the

municipalities near Cagayan River. Ultrasonic sensing techniques have become mature

and are widely used in the various fields of engineering and basic science. One of

advantage of ultrasonic sensing is its outstanding capability to probe inside objective

non-destructively because ultrasound can propagate through any kinds of media

including solids, liquids and gases. This study focuses only on the water level detection

and early warning system (via website and/or SMS) that alerts concern agencies and

individuals for a potential flood event. Furthermore, inquiry system is also included in this

study to become more interactive wherein individuals in the community could inquire the

actual water level and status of the desired area or location affected by flood thru SMS

keyword. The study aims in helping citizens to be prepared and knowledgeable

whenever there is a flood. The novelty of this work falls under the utilization of the

Arduino, ultrasonic sensors, GSM module, web-monitoring and SMS early warning
system in helping stakeholders to mitigate casualties related to flood. The paper

envisions helping flood-prone areas which are common in the Philippines particularly to

the local communities in the province. Indeed, it is relevant and important as per needs

for safety and welfare of the community.

According to (Imlahapun & Ukui, 2010) Alert message will be performed in two stages as

follows. 1. Following receiving natural disasters information. 2. In the case of

emergency, the authorized person can use the system to send the warning messages.

Web-based technology is the service with low cost. It does not require specialists’

knowledge in the communication field. The well-designed system facilitates the entire

process from receiving data system, detects changes in critical variables, publish the

emergency notifications to provide early warnings. The early warning module was

successfully established for sending the alert text messages from e-mails to mobile

communication devices and e-mails. It can be linked to alert in a case of emergency

more rapidly and better decision making.

3.4 THE ADVANTAGES OF USING MONITORING SYSTEM

According to (UKCC10, 2006) Flood warning is the provision of advance warning of

conditions that are likely to cause flooding to property and a potential risk to life. The

main purpose of flood warning is to save life by allowing people, support and emergency

services time to prepare for flooding. The secondary purpose is to reduce the effects

and damage of flooding (Defra, 2004).The benefits associated with flood forecasting and

warning are inextricably linked with the effectiveness of the warning dissemination

programmes and the activities of the public and supporting agencies (both voluntary and

official) in their response. The total benefits can be defined as ‘the reduction in losses

(tangible and intangible) resulting from the provision of a warning when compared to the

situation prior to the operation of the warning system’. Tangible losses are the cost of

the damage arising as a consequence of the physical contact of floodwater with property
(direct losses), and the losses which are consequent upon direct flood damage (indirect

losses). Flood warning systems can provide a reduction in direct losses through:

• the timely operation of flood control structures (e.g. gates, temporary flood defences)

preventing inundation of property and land;

• Pre-event maintenance operations to ensure free channel conveyance;

• the installation of flood resilience measures (e.g. sandbags, property flood barriers);

• the removal of property to somewhere above the flood level or out of the flood plain.

Intangible losses include loss of life and injury, and the damage caused to human health

and long-term well-being. Such losses are extremely difficult to quantify in economic

terms, but are important considerations when evaluating the benefits of any flood

management scheme, particularly flood warning where significant impacts can be made

through facilitation of timely evacuation of those at risk.

Organisations represented by the PSG have recognised that a revised flood warning

system benefit assessment methodology is required that takes appropriate account of

both tangible and intangible benefits. This report documents a scoping study

undertaken by HR Wallingford, John Chatterton (J Chatterton Associates), and Maureen

Fordham (Northumbria University) of the range of approaches adopted to date, and

recommends potential components and characteristics that could be used within the

development of future methodologies.

4.0 CONCLUSION

In recent years, floods Often result in material, financial and even loss of life. The absence of

an early warning system when floods occur makes people less aware of the occurrence of

floods. In this study, Researchers designed a flood detection system that works

automatically to monitor water levels and send early flood warnings. This water level

monitoring system uses the ultrasonic sensors and based on IOT to provide real-time the

data to find out the water level created at Certain levels. This system is connected online

that displays real-time water level data on the things peak platform and is integrated with the

telegram application as a flood early warning. The results of the test of this system design

have accuracy of ultrasonic sensors on the which produce an average error rate of 0.78%

and an average error of 1 cm.

This work proposed the development of the technology for disaster control in Malaysia

mainly for flooding disaster to minimize the loss of property and life. This project can help

authorities to control the flood situation throughout Malaysia through the use of robust

sensor network system compared to the existing systems. It was able to record the water

level and transmit the data to the base station using the GSM technology.

The project contributes towards economy and the citizens. It envisions a safe, prepared and

less casualty community before, during and after typhoon devastation. The model also

promotes the use of real-time monitoring system through the developed web-based

application and SMS notification system as an easy medium in disseminating information

particularly in the remote areas. By allowing the system in two-way communication, it gives

more flexibility in providing important information to the community. Finally, the developed

flood monitoring and early warning system that utilizes ultrasonic sensor to detect water

level, functions perfectly according to the specification provided. It successfully passed

several tests based on the different parameters.

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