Aim To detect one Anion and cation in the given salt no._. Theory Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of elemental ‘composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an aqueous solution of the salt. ‘Two basic principles of great use in the analysis a (i) the Solubility product; and (ii) the Common ion effect. Common ion effect: Shift in equilibrium on addi present in the dissociation equilibrium. ‘Solubility product: It is product of the ionic concentration in a saturated solution. lonic product: It is the product of ionic concentration at any concentration of the solution. ‘When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation takes place. lonic product of salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect. Material Required * Boiling tube + Test tubes «Test tube stand + Test tube holder «Filter paper,Burner + Reagents & & « ogc: ~S Texture: Power & Write in past tense S onic equations should be written on un ruled page. e Step- 1 Preparation of original solution. Step- 2 Analysis of salt for group present. a substance that provides more of an i ic species already If group-Iilis absent, pass H.S gas in the solution of group-II for a AQ Ifa precipitate appears (white, black or flesh coloured), this indicates the presence of group-V cations. o Step-3 Confirmatory test. Analysis of Anions: Ww Write in past tense ~Experiment, Observation Inference Treated 0.1g ofssalt with mL _| No effervescence and COs, SOs, S*, NO, dil.H:SO4 and warmed. evolution of vapours. CHsCOO- absent. Heated 0.1 g of salt with 1 mL. No gas evolved. CF, Br, F, NOs=, C04 are conc, HS04, absent. Acidified 1mL of aqueous salt No yellow precipitate PO: absent. solution with cone. HNOs. Warmed the contents and then added 4-5 drops of ammonium molybdate solution. Acidified water extract of the Awhite ppt. is obtained Presence of SO,” confirmed. salt with HCl and then. which is insoluble in conc. HNO3 added 2mL of BaCh solution. and conc. HCI. Took 2-3 ml of 0.S, and then White precipitate appeared. added 1 ml of lead acetate solution. Added excess of White precipitate dissolved. Presence of SQ? ammoniumacetate solution to the one hite precipitate. lonic equations should be written on unruled page. BaSOx, SrSO. and PbSO. are insoluble; CaSOs is sparingly soluble. &< Barium chloride solution added to the test solution acidified with dilut \cid gives a white precipitate of barium sulphate: Ba™(aq) +502?(2a) Ve fs) HS0, does the same thing with barium ions; however the solution would then be very acidic, so that should be tested for. The addition of HCI destroys any carbonate or suf Foresent so prevents the spurious positive result due to the precipitation of these barium salts. Barium nitr ion can be used instead of barium chloride. Lead ethanoate solution gives a eee lead sulphate: O (aa) + $04" (aq) ———-—> PbSO,(s) Analysis of Cations: Experiment, Observation Inference Noted the colour, jen salt. White ‘Cu, Fe”, Ni*,Co”, Mn* are absent. Prepared a jesalt with cone. HCI__| No distinct colour ofthe | Ca®, Sr, Ba®, Cu may be and per fe flame test. flame seen. absent. Heated 0.Nof salt with 2 mL NaOH solution. | Ammonia gas was not NHe? absent. evolved (examined by smell). Took a small amount of original solution(aq. | white precipitate appeared. | Pb™ may be only) and dil. HCI was added. present(indicated) Took a small amount of original solution(aq. _| A yellow precipitate was Presence of Pb” confirmed .Chemistry of the Confirmatory Tests of Pb** ions ( on unruled page) Lead is precipitated as lead chloride in the first group. The precipitate is soluble in hot water. 1. On adding potassium iodide (KI) solution, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is obtained which confirms the presence of Pb2+ ions. PbCl, + 2Kl-—---—---> Pbly + 2KCI {Hot solution) Yellow precipitate This yellow precipitate (PbI2) is soluble in boiling water and reappears on cooling as shinit Is, 2. On addition of potassium chromate (K2CrO4) solution a yellow precipitate of lead chrofatis obtained. This confirms the presence of Pb2+ ons. ww PoC, KyCrOmmnneme> PEED, # —2KCI A (Hot solution) Lead chromate ae” (Yellow precipitate) The yellow precipitate (PbCr04) is soluble in hot NaOH solution. PbCrOy + 4NaQH —-—-------> Nag[Pb(OH}4] + NayCrO4 Sodium tetra hydroxoplumbate (I) Result The given salt contains: Anion: SO Cation : AY) Precautions (2) Always use an apron, an eye protector and ha hile working in the chemistry laboratory. (2) Always pour acid into water for allutigipReNer add water to acid. (f) Be careful while heating the test t ‘test tube should never point towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding Nes¥ent. (g)Always use the reagents in migina Quantity. Use of reagents in excess, not only leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes dat ie environment, < YY