Aim: To detect one anion and one cation in given salt. Theory Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of el composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an aqueous tthe salt. ‘Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are: (i) the Solubility product; and (ii) the Common ion effect. ‘Common ion effect: Shift in equi controlled by making use of common ion effect. Material Required Texture: Analysis of Anions: Write in past tense © m on adding a substance that provides more “ftaQie tones already present in the dissociation equilibrium. Solubility product: Itis product of the ionic concentration in a saturated soluti lonic product: It is the product of ionic concentration at any concentration When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, precipitation oO tion. ing tube ¢ Test tubes © Test tube stand * Test tube hj fer paper,Burner * Reagents Observation Inference No effervescence and ‘Os, SOs", S*, NO, evolution of vapours. CHsCOO™ absent. Heated 0.16 th 1 mt A colourless gas with pungent smell. CP may be present. cone. H. ‘when a rod@pped in ammonium hydroxide is brought near the mouth of the test tube. dense white fumes produced. ‘Cr may be present. Take 0.1 g of salt in a test tube, add a pinch of manganese dioxide and 3-4 drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Heat the reaction mixture. Greenish yellow gas evolved. ‘gas evolved may be chlorine gas. Took water extract and add silver nitrate solution. A curdy white precipitate is obtained which is soluble in ammonium hydroxide solu Ci confirmed. Took 0.1 salt and a pinch of solid potassium dichromate in a test tube, add conc. H250s, heat and pass the gas evolved through sodium hydroxide solution. It A yellow precipitate is formed. ‘CI confirmed. Race. lonic product of salt isbecomes yellow. Acidify with acetic acid and add lead acetate solution. onic equations should be written on unruled page. fon treatment with warm conc. H2SO¢ the salt gives a colourless gas with pungent smell or and if thé@gs which gives dense white fumes with ammonia solution, then the salt may contain CI-ions and th following reaction occurs. cho HASO« > HSOr HCI+ NHs > NHAC Ammonium chloride (White fumes) HCI Ifa salt gives effervescence on heating with conc. H2S0s and Mn02 and is evolved, t MnO2 + 2CI + 2HzS0, Salt solution acidified with dilute HNO3 on addition of silver solution. This indicates tl soluble in ammonium hydro Cr + AgNOs ——> NaNO: + AgCl + 2NHsOH Diammine silyer Mix a little amount of salt and an equal add cone. H2504 to it. Heat the test Ifa yellow solution is obtained. Aci yellow precipitate of lead ch chromyl chloride test. om at indicates the presence of Cr ions. > $04" + MnSO4 + 2H20 + Claf Ae Iver ch e ate) TAs(NHs}2 Icl ow 2#20 tae Hydrogen chloride(Colourless gas) \ oO nish yellow pungent gas fifion gives a curdy white precipitate \ce of CI" ions in the salt. ‘solid potassium dichromate (K2Cr207) in a test tube and the evolved gas through sodium hydroxide solution. fh acetic acid and then add lead acetate solution. Formation of a irs the presence of chloride ions in the salt. This testis called > 2KHSO4 + © 2CrOxC_ + © ANBHSO4 + 340 + (Chromyl wy chloride) CrO2Clz + 4NaOl < --> NazCr04 + 2NaCl + 2H20 (CHsCOO) 2Pb o> NazCrOa + 2CHsCOONa Sodium chromate Lead chromate. (Yellow precipitate) Anal of Cation: Experiment Observation Inference Noted the colour of the given salt. White Cu, Fe?*, Ni?*,Co**, Mn** are. absent. Prepared a paste of the salt with conc. HCI__| No distinct colour of the Ca’, SP, Ba, Cu may be and performed the flame test. flame seen. absent. ‘Took 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and added 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and heated. ‘Ammonia gas is evolved (examined by smell). Brought a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the mouth of the test tube. White fumes are observed. Passed the gas through Nessler’s reagent. ‘A brown colouration or brown colour ppt. obtained. Presence of NHa" confirmed .Chemistry of Confirmatory Tests for NHq* ion (a) Ammonia gas evolved by the action of sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts reacts with hydrochloric acid to give ammonium chloride, which is visible as dense white fume. (NHs}2SO, + = 2NaQH — > NaSOz + 2NHs + 24,0 NH3 + HCI ——--——--> NHeCl amido-iodine is formed. 2KHgle + = NH3 + = 3KOH —~ ‘On passing the gas through Nessler’s reagent, a brown colouration or a precipitate of “é > HgO.Hg[NH2)l + 7KI+2H:0 G o Basic mercury (II) amido-iodine AN (Brown precipitate) » Result The given salt contains: Anion : CI" Cation: NHa* Precautions (a) Always use an apron, an eye protector and hand gloves wl in the chemistry laboratory. reagent. (c} Do not mix chemicals and reagents unnecessarily. any chemical. (d) Be careful in smelling chemicals or vapours. fhe vapours gently towards your nose. (e} Always pour acid into water for dilution. Neve ater to acid. (f) Be careful while heating the test tube. RX fe should never point towards yourself or towards your (b) Before using any reagent or a chemical, read the “a carefully, Never use unlabelled te neighbours while heating or adding a reaget (g)Always use the reagents in minim Use of reagents in excess, not only leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes damage ronment. (2 ~ we < e