To detect one Anion and cation in the given salt no,_. Theory Qualitative analysis is a method of Analytical chemistry that deals with the determination of elemental composition of inorganic salts. It is mainly concerned with the detection of ions in an aquegii@gplution of the salt. Two basic principles of great use in the analysis are: (i) the Solubility product; and oO (ii) the Common ion effect. Common ion effect: Shift in equilibrium on adding a substance that provides more MBnic species already present in the dissociation equilibrium. SS Solubility product: It is product of the ionic concentration in a saturated soluti lonic product: It is the product of ionic concentration at any concentration lution. When ionic product of a salt exceeds its solubility product, a. lace. lonic product of salt is controlled by making use of common ion effect. Material Required * Boiling tube + Test tubes Test tube stand » Test tube holder ilter paper,Burner SS * Reagents Write in past tense lonic equations should be written on un ruled weeQ Step- 1 Preparation of original solution. & Step 2 Analysis of salt for group present. vO If group-Ill is absent, pass HS gas in the sol up-lil for a few minutes. Ifa precipitate appears (white, black or flesh coloured), this indicates the presence, IV cations. Step-3 Confirmatory test. Analysis of Anions: RS Wiensasine «QD Experiment Observation inference Treated 0.1 g of salt wit| No effervescence and CO3*, SOs*, S*, NOx, dil, 2504 and warmes evolution of vapours. CHsCOO absent. Heated 0.1 ¢ of sang Poc No gas evolved. CP, Br, Fr, NOs, CoO are conc. H2S04, absent. Acidified ImL of aqueous salt No yellow precipitate PO;* absent. solution with conc, HNO3. ‘Warmed the contents and then added 4-5 drops of ammonium molybdate solution.‘Acidified water extract of the ‘Awhite ppt. is obtained Presence of SOx? confirmed. salt with dil. HCl and then ‘which is insoluble in cone. HNOs added 2mL of BaCh solution. and cone. HCl. Took 2-3 ml of 0.S. and then White precipitate appeared. added 1 ml of lead acetate solution. Added excess of White precipitate dissolved. eo ‘ammoniumacetate solution to the hite precipitate. Tonic equations should be written on unruled page. BaS0z, $150. and PbSO. are insoluble; CaSO is sparingly soluble. ow o Barium chloride solution added to the test solution acidified with dilute yao pe gives a white precipitate of barium sulphate: Ba""(aq) +S0."(2q) HO. does the same thing with barium ions; however the origin. be tested for. would then be very acidic, so that should ‘The addition of HCI destroys any carbonate or sulphite ions p revents the spurious positive result due to the precipitation of these barium salts. Barium nitrate solution&tqge Used instead of barium chloride. Lead ethanoate solution gives a precipitate of white | "@ jaq) Tonic equations should be written of page. Step-1 Analysis of Zero group cation, ren (a) Take 0.1 g of salt in a tes ind add 1-2 mL of NaOH solution to it and heat. If there is a smell of ammonia, this indicat: nce of ammonium ions. Bring a glass rod dipped in hydrochloric acid near the mouth rll - White fumes are observed. > PbSOx(s) Write in past tense {(b) Pass the gas thyoulyMBssler’s reagent. Brown precipitate is obtained. sep 2cntmandg Analysis of Experiment ‘Observation Inference Noted the colour of the given salt. White Cu”, Fe™, Ni?*,Co™, Mn* are absent. Prepared a paste of the salt with cone. HCI__| Nodistinct colour ofthe | Ca”, Sr, Ba®, Cu® may be and performed the flame test. fiame seen. absent. Took 0.1 g of salt in a test tube and added 1-2 | Ammonia gas was evolved | NHs" indicated. mL of NaOH solution to it and heated. (examined by smell). Brought a glass rod dipped inhhydrochloric | White fumes were observed. | NH," indicated.acid near the mouth of the test tube. Passed the gas through Nessler’s reagent. | Abrown colouration or —_| Presence of NHa’ confirmed . brown colour ppt. obtained. Chemistry of Confirmatory Tests for NH" ion (a) Ammonia gas evolved by the action of sodium hydroxide on ammonium salts reacts with loric acid to give ammonium chloride, which is visible as dense white fume, 0 (INHa)2S0q + — 2NAQH ~-e-e-eeeeeveenemen > NaSO; + 2NH3 + 2H)0 NH + HC] ——— > NHACl Y (On passing the gas through Nessler’s reagent, a brown colouration ora rest mercury(I) amido- iodine is formed. Doge + = NHs # 3KOH —————>HgO.Hg(NH)I + 71 Basic mercury (Il) amido-iodine (Brown precipitate), Result The given salt contains: Anion : SO.” Cation : NH" Precautions (2) Always use an apron, an eye protector and hand glove: ree inthe chemistry laboratory. (b) Before using any reagent or a chemical, read the way bottle carefully, Never use unlabelled reagent. (c) Do not mix chemicals and reagents unnecessari taste any chemical, (d) Be careful in smelling chemicals or vapours. Al n the vapours gently towards your nose, (e) Always pour acid into water for dilution. N ‘water to acid. (f) Be careful while heating the test tube. Th ibe should never point towards yourself or towards your neighbours while heating or adding a reat (g)Always use the reagents in minimum . Use of reagents in excess, not only leads to wastage of chemicals but also causes damage to tl ronment. § S e Le