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ENGLISH VOWELS
(Monophthongs)
Horizontal
movement
of
the tongue front front central back back
retracted advanced
Vertical
movement
of the tongue
narrow
close variation iː uː
(high)
broad ɪ ʊ
variation
narrow ɜː
mid- variation e
open
(mid)
broad ə
variation
Narrow ʌ ɔː
variation
open
(low) broad æ ɒ
variation ɑː
Reference
1. Borisova, L.V., Metlyuk, A. A. 1980. Theoretical phonetics. Минск:
Вышэйшая школа. 144 p. (pp. 19–21)