Fiber Optics: Fiber Fabrication

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Fiber Optics: Fiber Fabrication

Multi mode fibers

• If more than one mode is transmitted through optical fiber, then it is
said to be a multimode fiber.

• The larger core radii of multimode fibers make it easier to launch

optical power into the fiber and facilitate the end to end connection of
similar powers.
Some of the basic properties of multimode optical
fibers are listed below :
• More than one path is available
• V-number is greater than 2.405
Fiber Optics: Fiber Fabrication

Types of fibers based on Refractive Index Profile

Based on the refractive index profile of the core and
cladding, the optical fibers are classified into two
types:

– Step index fiber

– Graded index fiber
Fiber Optics: Graded Index Fiber

Graded index fiber

• The refractive index n in the core varies as we move away

from the center changes radially.

• The refractive index of the core is made to vary in the form of

parabolic manner such that the maximum refractive index is present at
the center of the core.
Fiber Optics: Graded Index Fiber

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Number of Modes =
Fiber Optics: Graded Index Fiber

Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) Multimode Graded Index Fiber Single mode Fiber

650 nm

850 nm 850 nm

1300 nm, 1550 nm 1310 nm

1490 - 1625 nm

For fiber optics with glass fibers, we use light in the infrared region which has wavelengths longer than visible light,
typically around 850, 1300 and 1550 nm.

Why do we use the infrared?

Because the attenuation of the fiber is much less at those wavelengths. The attenuation of glass optical fiber is
caused by two factors, absorption and scattering.
Fiber Optics: Graded Index Fiber
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion

Attenuation – Attenuation & Dispersion

Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and Cladding
losses
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion

Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and Cladding
losses,
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion

Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and Cladding
losses,
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion
Scattering Losses
Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and
Cladding losses,
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion
Scattering Losses
Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and
Cladding losses,
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion
Rayleigh Scattering Losses
Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and
Cladding losses,
Oxides
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion
Rayleigh Scattering Losses
Attenuation –
Absorption losses,
Scattering losses,
Bending Losses,
Core and
Cladding losses,
Fiber Optics: Attenuation & Dispersion
Bending Losses