HELLO… GOOD AFTER NOON.

EVERYONE…
 A small review of last class..

a) Latest and best type of transmission medium

b) Uses light, glass or plastic fiber cables for transmission
c) Due to infinite bandwidth, can handle large information and
have many advantages like flexibility, safety, noise immunity
d) Optical fiber consists of CORE, CLADDING, BUFFER
COATING.
SOME MORE POINTS…

 About refraction, index of refraction, snell’s law and finally

came to total internal reflections.
 Critical angle: the minimum angle of incidence which results
in an angle of refraction of 90 degrees or greater.
 Modes of operation: 1.single 2.multi.
 Index profile: 1.step 2.graded.
 Losses in optical fibers

 Losses in optical fiber result from attenuation in the material itself

and from scattering, which causes some light to strike the cladding
at less than the critical angle
 Bending the optical fiber too sharply, can also cause losses by
causing some of the light to meet the cladding at less than the
critical angle
 Losses vary greatly depending upon the type of fiber
 Plastic fiber may have losses of several hundred dB per kilometer
 Graded-index multimode glass fiber has a loss of about 2–4 dB
per kilometer
 Single-mode fiber has a loss of 0.4 dB/km or less
 POWER LOSS OR ATTENUATION

 Power loss is often called as attenuation and it results in

the reduction in the power of light wave as it travels down
the cable
 Attenuation has several adverse effects on performance.
including reducing the system’s bandwidth, information
transmission rate, efficiency and overall system capacity.
POWER LOSS - FORMULA

The standard formula for expressing the total power loss in an

optical fibre cable is

A(db) = 10 log( Pout / Pin )

where

A(db) = total reduction in power level

Pout = cable output power ( watts )
Pin = cable input power ( watts )
 Losses In Optical Fiber Cables

 The predominant losses in optic Fibers are:

 Absorption losses due to impurities in the Fiber material
 Material or Rayleigh scattering losses due to microscopic irregularities in the Fiber
 Chromatic or wavelength dispersion because of the use of a non-monochromatic source
 Pulse spreading or modal dispersion due to rays taking different paths down the Fiber
(ms/km) and PMD.
 Radiation losses caused by bends and kinks in the Fiber
 Coupling losses caused by misalignment & imperfect surface finishes
ABSORPTION LOSSES

 Absorption loss is analogous to the power dissipation in copper

cables.
 Impurities in the fibre absorbs the light and convert it to heat.
 This are of three types
- Ultraviolet absorption
- Infrared absorption
- Ion resonance absorption
TYPES OF ABSORPTION LOSSES

 Ultraviolet absorption
It is caused by valence electrons in the silica material from
which fibres are manufactured. Light ionises the valance
electrons which results in transmission loss of the fibre.
 Infrared absorption
It is a result of photons of light that are absorbed by the atoms of the
glass core molecules.
 Ion resonance absorption
It is caused by OH- ions in the material. Iron, copper, and
chromium molecules also contribute to ion absorption .
Absorption Losses In Optic Fiber

6
Rayleigh scattering
5 & ultraviolet
Loss (dB/km)

4 absorption

3 Peaks caused
Infrared
by OH- ions
2 absorption
1
0
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
Wavelength (mm)
 Scattering
• Scattering is due to irregularity of materials
• When a beam of light interacts with a material, part of it is
transmitted, part it is reflected, and part of it is scattered
• Scattered light passes through cladding and is lost
• Over 99% of the scattered radiation has the same frequency as the
incident beam.
• This is referred to as Rayleigh scattering
• A small portion of the scattered radiation has frequencies different
from that of the incident beam.
• This is referred to as Raman scattering
 Dispersion

 Dispersion is the spreading out of a light pulse as it

travels through the fiber
 Dispersionin fiber optics results from the fact that in
multimode propagation, the signal travels faster in
some modes than it would in others.
Three Types of Dispersion

 Three types:
 Modal Dispersion
 Chromatic Dispersion
 Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Modal Dispersion

 Modal Dispersion
 Spreading of a pulse because different modes (paths)
through the fiber take different times
 Only happens in multimode fiber
 Reduced, but not eliminated, in graded-index fiber
Chromatic Dispersion

 Different wavelengths travel at different speeds through

the fiber
 This spreads a pulse in an effect named chromatic
dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion occurs in both single mode and
multimode fiber
 Larger effect with LEDs than with lasers
 A far smaller effect than modal dispersion
 Polarization Mode Dispersion

 Light with different polarization can travel at different speeds,

if the fiber is not perfectly symmetric at the atomic level
 This could come from imperfect circular geometry or stress on
the cable, and there is no easy way to correct it
 It can affect both single mode and multimode fiber.
RADIATION LOSSES

 Radiation losses are caused mainly by small bends and kinks

in the fiber.
 There are two types of bends
- micro bends
- constant radius bends
 Micro-bending occurs as a result of differences in the thermal
contraction rates between the core and the cladding material.

 Constant-radius bending are caused by excessive pressure

and tension and generally occur when fibres are bent during
handling or installation.
COUPLING LOSSES

 Coupling losses are caused by imperfect

physical connections.
 There are four types of coupling losses.
- Axial or lateral displacement
- Gap displacement
- Angular displacement
- Imperfect surface finish
Fiber Alignment Impairments

Axial displacement Gap displacement

Angular displacement Imperfect surface finish

Causes of power loss as the light travels through the fiber!

That’s it for today…..
This is K.S.Vamsi Krishna
signing off….