Group7 Bridge (4L) Study3

Republic of the Philippines
DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

Villa de Bacolor, Pampanga
College of Engineering and Architecture
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
AND BRIDGE SUPER STRUCTURE
BRIDGE ENGINEERING
STUDY OF OSMENA BRIDGE

ST
(1 Mactan-Mandaue Bridge)
Study 2
PREPARED BY GROUP 7
LEADER:
ANDREA REYES
MEMBERS:
BERLIN MANALASTAS
JOHN PAUL LULU
REA MARIANETTE SANTOS
JOAN GUEVARRA
SHERWIN PAYAWAL
JAKE SARMIENTO
OTHER REQUIREMENTS
CLEARANCE
Clearance of a bridge is design to consider higher clearance and the vertical clearance such as
shipyards, fuel terminals and other establishments with facilities.
The Mactan Channel at the west side of the 1st Cebu-Mactan Bridge needs to maintain a
navigational clearance of 40m above sea level in order to allow bigger ships transportation. On the
other hand, structures cannot be built any higher than 45m from the runway level of Mactan-
Mandaue International Airport due to its aviation limit.
According to DPWH Region VII Office, 1st Mandaue-Mactan Bridge has the navigation clearance
of:
Vertical Clearance: 22.860 m above Mean High Water Level

Horizontal Clearance: 112.780 m
because many big vessels/ships are navigating under the bridge. And the navigation clearance has
been take on to the design of 2nd Mandaue-Mactan Bridge constructed about 1.4 km northeast in
Mactan Channel. The Mactan-Mandaue Bridge has a water way below it that needs clearance for
the ships to enter. But some bridges has tunnels, highway or underpasses.
The DPWH Office of the secretary released an order for Navigational Clearance for Bridges over
Navigable Waterways:
To promote safety of life and property in the course of navigation. All concerned Offices of this
Department are hereby directed to comply with the provisions of Philippine Coast Guard (PCG)
Memorandum Circular No. 01-14 (Annex 'A') dated 16 April 2014: Navigational Clearance for
Road Bridges and Other Structures over Navigable In land Waters, as follows:
A. The construction, establishment, alteration or modification of all road bridges and other
structures over navigable waters such as bays, rivers and lakes have to be referred to the PCG for
issuance of appropriate clearance confirming that the structure would not be hazardous to
navigation in order to ensure safe passage of all vessels and watercraft.
B. The location, site preparation and completion of the construction, establishment, alteration and
modification of structures shall not destroy, affect or cause damage to any marine environment
such as coral reefs, mangrove areas and the likes.
C. Vertical clearance provided in the design/construction for road bridges and other structures over
navigable inland waters shall be computed as follows to allow safe passage of vessels or watercraft
and other sea going vessel as approved by the concerned PCG District Commander:
Vertical Clearance= HWL + HV + K
Where in:
HWL - is the highest water level recorded within the area of responsibility
HV - height of vessel
K - Is a constant 1 meter allowance
Note: Refer to Annex ''B” for further definition of the above variables In order to ascertain
compliance to the above provisions, prior clearance shall be secured from the concerned PCG
District Commander as a requirement in design and construction of bridges over navigable waters.
THRUGH TRUSS BRIDGE
The Mactan-Mandaue Bridge is an extra dosed cabled stayed type of bridge and is one of the
widest and longest bridge span in the Philippines
According to the Department of Public Works and Highways information Region VII office, the
Mactan-Mandaue Bridge, officially named was Sergio Osmeñia Bridge is a kind of truss bridge
with has a total length of 854 m (2, 802 ft.) with a width of 9 m (30 ft.) and has a longest span of
145 m (476 ft.) with a vertical clearance of 22.860 above Mean High Water Level.
DEPRESSED PORTION
Mactan Mandaue Bridge carried 2 lanes 82 N 82 Mandaue - Mactan Road the pedestrian sidewalks
as crossed Mactan located in the Cebu. The 1st Mactan-Mandaue Bridge is expected to meet the
traffic demand at the center of Mactan City and Mandaue City.
CURB AND SIDE WALKS

Bridges are not made only for vehicles, every bridge or most of the bridge are required to have
pathways not only for vehicle but for the convenient of people. And this is so called the curb
sidewalks, the word sidewalk refers to a paved footpath alongside a street or a road. The sidewalk
is usually raised above the level of the road. The curb is a stone or concrete edging between the
road and the sidewalk.
Mactan Mandaue Bridge curb sidewalks
The 1st Mactan Mandaue bridge carries a 2 lane vehicular traffic and two available curb design
sidewalks on both side of the bridge. This sidewalk span as same as the length of the bridge
and is basically made of concrete elevated at least .20 m from the base of the road and .80 m width
on both left and right side, while the overall width including the sidewalk of the bridge is 9.2 m.
TRAFFIC RAILING
Railing is provided on bridges for the protection of vehicles and pedestrians that use the
structure. It is normally placed along bridge sides to prevent users from going off the edge, but
railing is also used to separate vehicle from pedestrian traffic and to protect exposed structural
components. The four basic types of bridge railing are vehicular, pedestrian, bicycle, and
combination railing.
All types of bridge railing must be strong enough to contain the intended traffic, be resistant to
damage, be economical in construction and maintenance, and have a pleasing functional
appearance. Specific design requirements for railing geometry and loads are given in AASHTO.3
These requirements represent the minimum criteria for railing design, but allow the designer
moderate flexibility in determining the most appropriate configuration and materials for a specific
structure.
In the case of 1st Mactan Mandaue Bridge, the available railing is only pedestrian or bicycle railing
and no combination nor vehicular railing. The railing is made out of steel which is “Horizontal
rails on vertical posts” type of railing.
Horizontal rails on vertical posts railing
1st Mactan Mandaue Bridge Railing
BRIDGE GEOMETRY
The Mactan–Mandaue Bridge, also known as the Sergio Osmena Bridge, is a truss bridge in
Metro Cebu, Philippines, that connects the cities of Mandaue and Lapu-Lapu. There are two
bridges that span the Mactan Channel, connecting the islands of Cebu and Mactan. The first is
the First Mandaue-Mactan Bridge and the second is the Second Mandaue-Mactan Bridge or
more popularly known as the Marcelo Fernan Bridge. Both bridges have become major
landmarks of Cebu and they directly connect Mandaue City to Lapu-Lapu City.
The First Mandaue-Mactan Bridge is a box truss type of bridge that is 846 meters long (2,775
feet) and 9 meters wide (29 feet), and was constructed during the term of the late President
Ferdinand Marcos.
BRIDGE SUPER STRUCTURE

BRIDGE ALIGNMENT
The bridge alignment is the process of determining the center line of the communication route
that will be carried by the bridge at the chosen location. Being in the low lands coastal regions,
the topography of the Mactan Mandaue Bridge which is an example of a normal bridge has its
alignment and surrounding areas is mainly flat to virtually level. It is part of the Philippines'
Central Physiographic Province, which is made up of cordilleras, lowlands, troughs, and
offshore basins. The province of Cebu has a low risk of earthquake on a provincial scale of risk
assessment. Seismic hazards and differential settlement were highlighted as geologic hazards
that could have an influence on the planned project.
Design Truss Bridge
Total length 864 metres (2,835 ft)
Width 9 metres (30 ft)
Longest span 145 metres (476 ft)
SPAN ARRANGEMENT
Span is the distance between two intermediate

supports for a structure, e.g. a beam or a bridge.
A span can be closed by a solid beam or by a
rope. The first kind is used for bridges, the
second one for power lines, overhead
telecommunication lines, some type of antennas
or for aerial tramways.
In the case of Sergio Osmeña Bridge, it is a Truss bridge with a length of 854 m (2,802 ft) and divided
into 6 spanswhere in the longest is 145 m (476 ft) and consider as its main span. Clearly there is an even number of
spans matching the ideal placement of piers.
Minor Bridges must only have single-span in order to avoid building pier on it.
Two-span bridges should be avoided to in order to remove the possibility of building a

pier in the center of the river. Alternatives like adjusting the piers and shortening its
distance to the stream channel may be buyable.
An odd number of spans must also be avoided like the one in two-span bridges the will
cause the pier to be place in the center of the river where the rapid stream flow occurs
containing large debris, they can damage the pier in the long run.
Other important consideration on choosing the appropriate no. of span in the Bridge
in relation to its Piers:
• Low substructure costs (for example, a low bridge or rock shallow depth) indicate that
smaller spans should be adopted with an increased number of piers. This is applicable
because the height of the pier is smaller
• High substructure costs (for example, deep soft soils) indicate that longer spans should
be adopted to reduce the number of piers. Probably true because it will cost allot if because
the piers need to be constructed high.
• The use of long spans for a low height bridge would not be appropriate as it can cause for
the larger and costly damage than putting additional/ appropriate number of piers.
• For stream across river channels, especially where the debris load is high, the number of
piers should be reduced to the minimum. This may require longer span length across the
channel and shorter spans across the flood plains. As it is dangerous for the piers and can
cause blockage if the piers are too near to each other.
• For navigable streams, a longer central span may be required to cross the defined
navigation channel. Like the Osmeña Bridge as it is being utilize for navigational purposes.
• The aesthetics of the bridge should be considered, and the span arrangement planned to
increase the aesthetic value as the adjustment can be than though different alternative than
can utilize to preserved the Physical appearance of the structure.
Types of Bridges based on Span

Culvert Bridge
When the bridge span length is below 6meters then it is called as Culvert Bridge.
Minor Bridge
If the bridge span length is in between 8 to 30 meters, then it is called minor bridge.
Major Bridge
For major bridge, the span is generally about 30 to 120 meters.
Long Span Bridge

When the span of bridge is more than 120 meters then it is termed as long span bridge.
CLEAR WIDTH OF BRIDGE
In accordance with National Bridge Inventory (NBI) requirements, all bridges are rated for
functional criteria to determine if a bridge is classified as Functionally Obsolete; this includes deck
geometry which evaluates a bridge’s clear roadway width (curb to curb). The required minimum bridge
width is based on traffic volume, number of lanes, and the type of roadway. A rating value from 0
to 9 is assigned with any rating below a 4 resulting in the bridge being classified as Functionally
Obsolete. This minimum width is described in Recording and Coding Guide for the Structure
Inventory and Appraisal (SIA) of the Nation’s Bridges as the “the minimum tolerable limit”. For new
or replacement bridges, Federal funding may be jeopardized by not meeting the functional
criteria. At a minimum, establish a bridge width that will not result in the bridge being classified
as functional obsolete
The AASHTO Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets provides guidance roadway
for widths based on the functional classification of the roadway. The recommended roadway
widths often exceed the criteria established in the NBI. While most of the Interstate system and
roadways constructed over the last 50 years were designed with shoulders meeting AASHTO
criteria, a large portion of the system constructed prior does not. There are many roadways and
bridges that only provide 24 feet of clear roadway where AASHTO criteria would call for 6–10-
foot shoulders. Reconstructing miles of these roadways to meet these standards is not feasible
given the financial, environmental and right of way constraints. Therefore, when establishing
bridge width, the starting point should be to first meet the minimum NBI requirements for deck
geometry. Second, the lane widths on the bridge should match the approach roadway lane
widths. In general, shoulder widths on bridges should match the approach roadway width at the
bridge if this is wider than the NBI requirements. If the existing approach roadway narrows for a
short distance (<200 feet) to tie in at the bridge, then the bridge typical section should be
widened to match the predominant approach roadway section beyond the short-narrowed section
right at the bridge. For longer bridges (length greater than 200 feet), consider carrying a reduced
shoulder width across the structure, as allowed by NBI. Any reduction in shoulder width should
take into consideration the functional classification of the roadway, traffic volumes including
percentage of heavy trucks, accident data, sight distance for curved bridges, and the need to
accommodate bicycles.
Looking at Osmeña Bridge, this sits astride the northern end

of the Mactan Channel, which is a gateway to the Cebu
International Port which is managed by the Cebu Port
Authority, where about 80% of domestic and international
shipping operators and shipbuilders in the Philippines are
located. The bridge only accommodates two lanes with a
Width of 9 meters and the reason why they made another
bridge, the Marcelo Fernan Bridge is located about 1.6
kilometers (0.99 mi) north of the bridge. Visible from the
images on the internet that the Osmena Bridge follows the
minimum bridge span of 24ft roadway. The width of the
bridge with its curb is 9 meters or 30 ft. this will allow
vehicles to have a 2 lane with a side walk.
LENGTH OF BRIDGE AND SPAN LIMIT
The Osmena Bridge is a truss bridge with a length of 864 meters (2,835 ft), a width of 9 meters
(30 ft) and a greatest span of 145 meters (476 ft). This bridge spans the Mactan Channel at its
northern end, serving as a gateway to the Cebu International Port, which is run by the Cebu Port
Authority and is home to around 80% of the Philippines’ domestic and international maritime
operators and shipbuilders. On the south side of the bridge, there is only one pedestrian path. The
bridge is accessible from Mandaue, Cebu Island, via A. C. Cortes Avenue. The Bridge
Management System established by the DPWH is also followed by the bridge.
BRIDGE CLASSIFICATION
Bridge is divided into different classification. This classifications will determine the capability of
the bridge and what actions should be done for building and maintaining its strength. At this section
we are to show the classification of Osmena Bridge.
According to Materials
At this part we are tasked to look for the materials on the main structural member of the bridge.
Materials has 3 divisions these are:
 Timber Bridge - a low cost bridge for a short span. Most of the structural member are made
of timber.
 Concrete Bridge – this is divided into reinforced concrete and prestressed concrete. These
are bridges made of concrete. Reinforced concrete are usually constructed on site and
contains reinforcing bars, while prestressed are those constructed site false work that is to
be assembled on site.
 Steel Bridge – is is divided into 3, Steel I-Beam, Steel plate girder, Steel Box Girders, and
Steel Truss
In the case of Mactan-Mandaue Bridge, its main structural members are steel which means that it
is a steel bridge. The span range for steel truss bridge is 40 m to 130 m.
As shown on this image, the bridge is made up of steel truss. According
to an article created by the U.S. BRIDGE (2020) these are the advantaged
of steel truss bridge:
1. Strong load-bearing capacity
2. Effective use of materials
3. Affordable to construct
4. Versatile and adaptable design
5. Professional bridge engineering
According to Usage
Bridge are also divided on based on their usage, of course they are made as a passageway but this
part talks about the life span of the bridge. There are category to be considered, these are:
 Temporary - A bridge with a short life span due to deterioration and/ or design limitations,
including Timber trestle bridge that normally requires members to be replaced after three
years. And -Bailey bridges not designed in accordance with a Bridge Code and subject to
early fatigue failure, subject to the number of load cycles.
 Permanent – from the word permanent this will take up to 50 years age.
The Sergio Osmena Bridge is built during the term President Ferdinand Marcos, the bridge was
opened on the year 1972 and is still functioning until this year 2021. The bridge has been
functioning for about 50 years now this means that in the usage category it can be called a
Permanent Brigde.
According to System of Design
Bridges also differ on its system of design. This design sill determine the capability of the bridge.
Here are examples of designs:
 Arch Bridge – can be long span up to 400 m and short span up to 15 m.
 Suspension Bridge – span up to 600 to 2000 m
 Cable-stayed Bridges – span up to 150 m to 850 m
 Truss Bridge – 40 m to 130 m span
In the case of Sergio Osmena Bridge, it span takes up to 864 m and it is classified as a truss bridge.
NUMBER OF GIRDERS
A girder is a support beam used in construction. It is the main horizontal support of a structure
which supports smaller beams. Girders often have an I-beam cross section composed of two load-
bearing flanges separated by a stabilizing web, but may also have a box shape, Z shape, or other
forms. (WIKI)
Two lane truss bridge, this is the physical structure of Osmena Bridge and this means it has a 6.70
min roadway and 4 rural girders.
REFRENCES
https://usbridge.com/steel-truss-bridge-construction/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactan%e2%80%93Mandaue_Bridge
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mactan%E2%80%93Mandaue_Bridge
https://www.google.com/amp/s/www.everythingcebu.com/attractions/places/mandaue%25E2%2
580%2593mactan-bridges-i-and-ii/amp/?espv=1
https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/12146080_03.pdf
http://www.dot.state.mn.us/bridge/pdf/insp/USFS-
TimberBridgeManual/em7700_8_chapter10.pdf

Group7 Bridge (4L) Study3

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Republic of the Philippines

DON HONORIO VENTURA STATE UNIVERSITY

STUDY OF OSMENA BRIDGE

Vertical Clearance: 22.860 m above Mean High Water Level

Vertical Clearance= HWL + HV + K

THRUGH TRUSS BRIDGE

CURB AND SIDE WALKS

Mactan Mandaue Bridge curb sidewalks

Horizontal rails on vertical posts railing

1st Mactan Mandaue Bridge Railing

BRIDGE SUPER STRUCTURE

Span is the distance between two intermediate

Two-span bridges should be avoided to in order to remove the possibility of building a

Types of Bridges based on Span

Long Span Bridge

CLEAR WIDTH OF BRIDGE

Looking at Osmeña Bridge, this sits astride the northern end

LENGTH OF BRIDGE AND SPAN LIMIT

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