Syed Shaheen Shah

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Personal Account DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100135
THE
CHEMICAL
Present Status and Future Prospects of
RECORD Jute in Nanotechnology: A Review
Syed Shaheen Shah,[a, b] M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh,[a] Mohd Yusuf Khan,[a]

Md. Almujaddade Alfasane,[c] Mohammad Mizanur Rahman,[d] and Md. Abdul Aziz*[a]
Abstract: Nanotechnology has transformed the world with its diverse applications, ranging from
industrial developments to impacting our daily lives. It has multiple applications throughout
financial sectors and enables the development of facilitating scientific endeavors with extensive
commercial potentials. Nanomaterials, especially the ones which have shown biomedical and
other health-related properties, have added new dimensions to the field of nanotechnology.
Recently, the use of bioresources in nanotechnology has gained significant attention from the
scientific community due to its 100 % eco-friendly features, availability, and low costs. In this
context, jute offers a considerable potential. Globally, its plant produces the second most
common natural cellulose fibers and a large amount of jute sticks as a byproduct. The main
chemical compositions of jute fibers and sticks, which have a trace amount of ash content, are
cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. This makes jute as an ideal source of pure nanocellulose,
nano-lignin, and nanocarbon preparation. It has also been used as a source in the evolution of
nanomaterials used in various applications. In addition, hemicellulose and lignin, which are
extractable from jute fibers and sticks, could be utilized as a reductant/stabilizer for preparing
other nanomaterials. This review highlights the status and prospects of jute in nanotechnology.
Different research areas in which jute can be applied, such as in nanocellulose preparation, as
scaffolds for other nanomaterials, catalysis, carbon preparation, life sciences, coatings, polymers,
energy storage, drug delivery, fertilizer delivery, electrochemistry, reductant, and stabilizer for
synthesizing other nanomaterials, petroleum industry, paper industry, polymeric nanocomposites,
sensors, coatings, and electronics, have been summarized in detail. We hope that these prospects
will serve as a precursor of jute-based nanotechnology research in the future.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, jute, nanocellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, carbon
[a] S. S. Shah, Dr. M. N. Shaikh, Dr. M. Y. Khan, Dr. M. A. Aziz 1. Introduction

Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology (CENT), King
Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), KFUPM Box Technology is one of the most important driving components
5040, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia to economic growth at all levels. At present, numerous
Tel: + 966-13-860-3744 authorities around the globe are investing greatly in nano-
Fax: + 966-13-860-7264 technology and considering it a powerful tool towards the next
E-mail: maziz@kfupm.edu.sa
[b] S. S. Shah
industrial revolution. The conceptual origin of nanotechnology
Physics Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, can be traced back to December 29, 1959, when Prof. Richard
Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia Feynman delivered a talk titled “There’s Plenty of Room at the
[c] Dr. M. A. Alfasane Bottom” at the American Physical Society meeting at Caltech.[1]
Department of Botany, Curzon Hall Campus, University of Dhaka, He predicted that there would come a time when we will be
Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
[d] Dr. M. M. Rahman making things at the atomic level. The term “nano” is just a
Interdisciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials, King Fahd prefix for 10 9, but it makes the materials world fascinating
University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia once the size of materials reaches below 100 nanometers.
Chem. Rec. 2021, 21, 1631 – 1665 © 2021 The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH GmbH Wiley Online Library 1631
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Personal Account THE CHEMICAL RECORD
One of the foremost reasons for developing nanotechnol- essential characteristics contain thermal conductivity,
ogy is that, at the nanoscale, fundamental physical and enhancement of the surface area, charge capacity, melting
chemical characteristics of systems and materials are intended temperature, tensile strength, electronic conduction, and even
to enhance in comparison to its bulk counterparts. These color. This makes an intriguing context in which a system
Syed Shaheen Shah received his Bachelor’s (2015) Md. Almujaddade Alfasane received his M.Sc. in
and Master’s (2017) degrees from the Department of Botany in 1998 from the University of Dhaka,
Physics, University of Peshawar, Pakistan. He is Bangladesh. In 2008, he earned his Ph.D. in Botany
currently a Ph.D. student at the Physics Department, from the same University. Since June 2003 he has
King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, been working as a faculty member in the Department
Saudi Arabia. His research interests focus on the of Botany, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh. At
development and mechanistic investigation of ad- present he is serving as a Professor of Botany, Faculty
vanced nanomaterials for energy harvesting and of Biological Sciences at the University of Dhaka. His
storage applications such as supercapacitors, electro- main research areas of interest are biotechnological
chemical water splitting, and electrochemical sensors. application of plant materials, phycology, limnology,
hydrobiology, biodiversity and conservation.
M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh received his Ph.D. in 2009
from Kyungpook National University, South Korea, Mohammad Mizanur Rahman received his PhD in
under the guidance of Prof. T.-J. Kim. He worked as polymer coatings from Pusan National University,
a post-doctoral fellow for a year in the Medical South Korea in 2008. He is currently working as a
College Hospital at the same university. Then, he Research Scientist -II (Associate Professor) in Inter-
moved to Saudi Arabia as a post-doctoral fellow at disciplinary Research Center for Advanced Materials
the department of chemistry in King Fahd University at King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals,
of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) and later Saudi Arabia. His research interests are the concep-
joined the Center of Research Excellence in Nano- tion, development, and exploitation of surface
technology (CENT), Research Institute (RI), as structures in green polymeric material for their
Research Scientist-III. He was promoted to Research application in diverse areas of protection for offshore
Scientist-II in the year 2019. He has received a medal platform, pipeline, ship hull, and concrete structures.
for the best inventor award in Saudi Arabia in the
Md. Abdul Aziz received his M.Sc. in organic
year 2018. His current research interest focuses on
chemistry in 2001 from the University of Dhaka,
designing advanced functional metal nanoparticle
Bangladesh. In 2009, he earned his Ph.D. in
materials for heterogeneous catalytic applications. He
chemistry from Pusan National University, Republic
developed numerous superparamagnetic iron-oxide
of Korea. He then worked as a postdoctoral fellow in
nanoparticles (SPIONs) and MOF-based reusable
the Department of Material Chemistry, Kyoto
nanomaterials for hydrogenation, coupling reactions
University, from 2009–2011. He is now a Research
and applications. He is also working as a Lab
Scientist-II at Center of Research Excellence in
Manager of the CENT in KFUPM.
Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum
Mohd Yusuf Khan completed his M.Sc. in Industrial & Minerals, Saudi Arabia. His main research interests
Chemistry from Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, are preparation, immobilization, and functionaliza-
India in 2006 and was awarded Gold Medal for tion of nanomaterials and carbonaceous materials,
achieving first grade in M.Sc. In 2012, he received and their application in chemical and biochemical
his Ph.D. degree in Polymer Science, from Chemical and gas sensors, water oxidation, and supercapacitors
Engineering Department, Yeungnam University, etc.
South Korea. Later, Yusuf worked as a Foreign
Research Professor at the Department of Organic
Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University,
South Korea. Since 2014, he has been working at
Center of Research Excellence in Nanotechnology,
KFUPM, Saudi Arabia. Currently, his research
focuses on designing and synthesizing advance
membrane materials for gas separations applications.
might have one arrangement of properties on the bulk scale efficient nanotechnology applications.[9] Thus applications of
and an alternate arrangement of properties at the nanoscale. sustainable, renewable, and low-cost materials are becoming
The rationale behind this is the fact that there is a continuous increasingly important to produce a diverse range of valuable
development in the characteristics of materials with altering products with minimal environmental impact. Scientific
sizes.[2,3] studies of green nanotechnology have drawn interests of many
Nanotechnology is the technique of synthesizing and researchers because such environment-friendly nanomaterials
designing nanostructured materials for diverse applications. It turn out to be a viable alternative solution to the energy crisis,
is a vital technology that helps us to understand and tune the environmental pollution, ever depleting non-renewable resour-
physical and chemical properties of nanomaterials, which have ces, and global warming. In this regard, cellulose-based
at least one dimension of about 1 to 100 nm.[4] At the biomass has attracted a considerable attention due to its
nanoscale level, discovering novel materials, processes, versatile abundance and nontoxic nature.[12,20]
phenomena, and new theoretical and experimental approaches Jute is one of the vital bioresources of cellulose. It is now
provide us plenty of innovative and fruitful nanostructured universally recognized that jute (Corchorus spp.) is the English
materials. This field has opened new corridors and venues in version of the current Bengali word “Pat”, a kind of fiber
science and technology, and in fact it is now even possible to obtained from two species of the genus Corchorus belonging to
synthesize unique and desired nanostructured materials. The the family Tiliaceae. Jute fiber is popularly known as the
development of nanoscale devices has recently become one of “golden fiber”. Jute usually goes by two names in the trade:
the most emerging research areas. Enhancing the surface area white jute (Corchorus capsularis) and tossa jute (Corchorus
of active nanomaterials without increasing the dimensions of olitorius).[29] Jute is traditionally cultivated for the production
the devices leads to more efficient applications in various fields, of fibers extracted through a simple process called retting
such as solar cells, sensors, detectors, targeted drug delivery, (Figure 1) and is considered a valuable crop in Asia,
antibacterial agents, energy conversion and storage, nano- particularly in Bangladesh, Pakistan, and India.[20]
generators, and catalysis.[5–20] The main chemical compositions of jute fibers and sticks
This directs us to the rapidly growing field of nanodevices are carbohydrates and lignin (cellulose (~ 65 % in fibers and
development and complex nanostructured systems. The adjust- ~ 41 % in sticks) and hemicellulose (~ 22 %)) and lignin(~ 11 %
ment of material properties is based on the size that leads to an in fibers and ~ 24 % in sticks) but they also contain a trace
investigation of relatively more diverse possibilities that no one amount of ash content (~ 1 % in stick and 1 to 2 % in fibers)
had imagined before, such as a solid that transforms into a and fat (~ 2 % in stick and ~ 0.5 % in fibers).[30–33] Both jute
liquid at room temperature (e. g., gold),[21] a stable material fibers and sticks have high proportions of oxygen (~ 46–49 %)
that turns into a flammable material (e. g., aluminum),[22] an and carbon (~ 44 %)[33,34] and are thermally stable at
opaque substance that becomes transparent (e. g., copper),[23] ~ 250 °C.[35] Each year, the world generates ~ 3 and ~ 7 million
and insulators that become conductors (e. g., silicon).[24] The metric tons of jute fibers and sticks, respectively.[32] Yet, the
nanoscale features, greatly enhanced from its bulk form had use of jute fibers has decreased because of the wide accessibility
led to much of research interests in nanotechnology during the of long-lasting and fashionable synthetic fiber products in the
last couple of decades. Another fascinating attribute of nano- market. Consequently, the scientists were drawn by the
technology is its widespread applications and not being availability of vast amounts of unused, cheap, and environ-
constrained to a specific field of science. Nanotechnology has mental-friendly jute fibers and sticks for its utilization in
massively upgraded the control and delivery qualities as nanotechnology.
medications shift to the nanoscale.[25] The main aim of this review is to describe the latest
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are steering humankind developments and future aspects of jute in nanotechnology,
into new realms of efficient and miniature tools and including the preparation and applications of jute-derived
appliances. Nanotechnology is harnessing the potential of the nanocellulose, just as scaffolder for other nanomaterials,
combination of physics, chemistry, material science, biotech- catalysis, carbon preparation, life sciences, coatings, polymers,
nology, and engineering to create atomic-scale materials with a energy storage, drug delivery, fertilizer delivery, electrochemis-
larger number of exposed atoms on the surface. This results in try, reductant and stabilizer, petroleum industry, paper
improved properties, including catalytic effects in terms of industry, polymeric nanocomposites, sensors, coatings, and
activity, selectivity, and stability, by several folds.[26–28] One of electronics. We aspire that these prospects will serve as a
the major challenges of the 21st century is to develop a more precursor of jute-based nanotechnology research in the future.
sustainable and greener chemical industry because a noticeable The utilization of jute (high cellulose-based biomass) in the
amount of toxic chemical waste is produced and disposed of nanomaterials area could bring prosperity and economic
into the environment every year.[9] Such environmental advantages, especially from an environmental perspective.
challenges have stimulated interests in exploring new and
Figure 1. Sticks and fibers extraction process from jute plants. Reproduced with permission.[20] Copyright 2020, The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH
GmbH.
the technologies to gather multifunctional and self-assembled

2. Nanocellulose
cellulose from plants, investigate its properties at the nanoscale,
Cellulose is a sustainable feedstock that is abundantly available, and further improve the existing technologies to such an extent
it has also been viewed as a polymeric raw material with that the industry will produce remarkably innovative, cost-
potential as nanomaterials.[36] Cellulose possesses a nano- competitive, and advanced cellulose-based products. Nano-
fibrous structure and self assembles into well-defined architec- cellulose and its applications are gaining unprecedented
tures at various ranges from macro to nanoscales. Moreover, attraction in both industry and research because of its
cellulose exhibits the capability to be used as a renewable appealing properties, such as excellent mechanical properties,
resource that can be converted into multifunctionality nano- rich hydroxyl groups for modification, high surface area, and
materials and possibly replace several non-renewable materials. natural characteristics with 100 % environmental friendliness.
Over the past few years, there has been a growing awareness Numerous sources, such as agricultural crops and its by-
about the significance of eco-friendly designs of chemical products, algae, cotton, wood, grass, animal, grape skin,
substances and its preparation processes. The idea of sustain- wastepaper, herbaceous plants, rice straw, and bacterial sources
able developments is robustly improving the scientific could be used as raw materials to extract nanocellulose.[7,20,36,41]
community, which is progressively concentrating on minimiz- Among these, jute is the most important source due to its
ing the usage of toxic materials and implementing green tremendous properties, as reported in our earlier report.[20] Jute
synthetic approaches from renewable resources.[9,20] In this is the cheapest, the second most valuable source of fiber, and
regard, cellulose, being a biocompatible, biodegradable, cost- can easily be cultivated in all types of soil.[39] Jute is a low-cost
effective, and abundant natural material, has attracted sub- vegetable fiber with a high cellulose content (~ 60 % in fiber
stantial research interests due to its variety of applications in and 41 % in stick) and cultivated extensively in South
energy storage, water treatment, paper, tissue engineering, Asia.[42,43] As a result, jute fibers and sticks have been employed
textiles, pharmaceuticals, coatings, implants, sensors, and for extracting nanocelluloses, which have been utilized in
many other industries.[20,37,38] The advancement of nano- different applications. The preparation of nanocellulose from
cellulosic substances is a relatively new and fast-developing jute and its applications are described in the following sections.
research field. Nanocellulose exhibit excellent characteristics,
such as low-cost, high strength, high stiffness, biodegradability,
2.1. Extraction of Nanocellulose from Jute
and renewability.[39,40] The modern world situation compels
the need for materials, with more environmental-friendly The schematic representation for the typical extraction of
features that can replace human-made unsustainable materials, nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass is shown in Fig-
resulting in the rapid use of natural fibers. ure 2(a), comprised of two major steps. In the first step, the
However, more investments in research and developments non-cellulosic parts, like hemicellulose, lignin, and other extra
are needed in science and engineering sector to utilize the full entities, are eliminated by the pre-treatment process.[44,45]
potential of cellulose-based nanotechnology. This will expand Whereas in the second step, nanocellulose is extracted from
Figure 2. (a) Schematic representation for the typical extraction of nanocellulose from lignocellulosic biomass and the chemical structures of (b) lignin, (c)
hemicellulose, and (d) cellulose.
cellulose fibrils through different extraction techniques.[44,45] of the prepared jute nanofibers with diameter in the range of
The chemical structures of lignin, hemicellulose, and cellulose 50 to 120 nm. The conversion of jute fibers into jute
are shown in Figure 2(b–d). nanofibers can lead to the development of green nanofillers
The nanocellulose production processes mainly include that can be used to develop new materials holding a great deal
mechanical, enzymatic, chemical, physical, or combined of promise for the future.
techniques.[46,47] Baheti et al.[48] reported the extraction of Similarly, Thomas et al.[52] used the steam explosion
nanocellulose from waste jute fibers via chemical treatment process to isolate nanocellulose from alkaline-treated jute
followed by ball milling. Similarly, the synthesis of nanofibers. The isolated nanocellulose fibers exhibited an average
cellulose from jute fibers was also reported by the same group diameter of 50 nm. Nibedita et al.[42] prepared cellulose micro-
in another study through chemically pre-treated jute fibers and fibrils by H2SO4 acid hydrolysis from alkali-treated and
ball milling though the chemical treatment was different. -bleached jute fibers. Jahan et al.[53] extracted nanocellulose
Jabbar et al.[49] also prepared nanocellulose from waste jute from jute fibers through acid hydrolysis. But before acid
fibers using a similar way. The prepared composites were hydrolysis, they treated the jute fiber with formic acid,
evaluated for fracture toughness, fatigue, flexural, tensile, and peroxyformic acid, and bleaching agents. Two different nano-
dynamic mechanical properties. The results showed improve- particles, such as micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) and nano-
ment in composite properties with the increase in nanocellulose whiskers (NCW), were also extracted from jute.[54–56]
cellulose coating over jute reinforcement.[50] A novel approach Cao et al.[57] extracted cellulose nanowhiskers (over 80 %
was developed by Abraham et al.[51] to acquire a water-based yield) from alkali and dimethyl sulfoxide treated jute fibers
stable colloid suspension of nanocellulose fibrils from jute using a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical/NaBr/Na-
fibers. A steam explosion technique followed by a mild ClO system through mechanical homogenization and selective
chemical treatment was adopted for the extraction of oxidization. Similarly, Jinyou et al.[58] reported nanocellulose
nanocellulose.[51,52] The field emission scanning electron micro- extraction from jute fibers via pre-treatments followed by the
scopy (FESEM) image of the jute fibers nanocellulose 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical-mediated oxida-
dispersions is shown in Figure 3(a). It was found that the tion and mechanical disintegration. The extracted nanocellu-
diameter of nanocellulose in the dispersion was in the range of lose exhibited a diameter of 5 to 20 nm with a length of several
15 to 25 nm irrespective of the type of fibers. Kunal et al.[40] micrometers and were assembled into cellulose aerogels by the
prepared jute nanofibers by treating jute fibers with alkali and lyophilization of the as-prepared nanofibrils dispersions with
dimethyl sulfoxide followed by acid hydrolysis. The FESEM several concentrations. The jute nanocellulose-based aerogel
image (Figure 3(b)) shows both spherical and elliptical shapes
Figure 3. (a) FESEM image of jute nanocellulose dispersion. Reproduced with permission.[51] Copyright 2011, Elsevier. (b) FESEM image of jute nanofibers.
Reproduced with permission.[40] Copyright 2010, American Chemical Society.
preparation mechanism with 2D membrane-like skeleton and jute fibers by chemical oxidation. They emphasized that jute is
the 3D porous network is shown in Figure 4. a suitable material for acquiring extremely crystalline and pure
Dheeraj et al.[59] simultaneously extracted lignin and carboxylated cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) via the oxidation
cellulose from waste jute bags by utilizing the soda cooking using ammonium persulfate. CNC showed tremendous
pre-treatment method. However, such method resulted in potential as a practical candidate for applications in various
reduced lignocellulose, as the steps involved the conversion of fields. The preparation of nanocellulose from jute, reported in
hydrolyzed hemicellulose into sugars, which were consequently the literature, is summarized in Table 1.
washed to extract the products. Bashar et al.[60] described the
extraction of highly carboxylated nanocellulose crystals from
Figure 4. (A) Schematics for the jute nanocellulose-based aerogel formation through lyophilization: jute nanofibrils (a) homogeneous aqueous solution, (b) in
freezing ice, (c) aerogel and (d) hierarchical structure of the jute nanofibrils aerogel. (B) (a) A photo, (b) 3D microtomography image, and (c and d) different
magnifications FESEM images, of the jute nanofibrils aerogel. Reproduced with permission.[58] Copyright 2014, Elsevier.
Table 1. Preparation of nanocellulose from jute reported in the literature.

Type Pre-treatment Method Pre-treatment Chemicals Nanocellulose Preparation Method Shape/Diameter Ref.
Sticks Leavitt-Danzer method C6H5CH3, C2H6O, and Acid treatment 100–150 nm [30]
(Chemical) TiO2
Fibers Pulverization and chemical NaOH and H2SO4 Ball milling Nanoparticles/100– [48]
500 nm
Fibers Alkalization and bleaching NaOH and NaClO2 Acid treatment followed by steam explo- Nanodipersion/15– [51]
sion 25 nm
Fibers Alkalization and bleaching NaOH and NaClO2 Acid hydrolysis followed by steam ex- Nanofibrils/50 nm [52]
plosion
Fibers Reflux and bleaching Formic Acid and NaOH Acid hydrolysis Nanofibers/ 15–40 nm [53]
Fibers Chemical NaOH and DMSO Chemical treatment followed by me- Nanowhiskers/3–10 nm [57]
chanical
homogenization
Fibers Chemical NaOH, DMSO, and TEMPO-oxidation and mechanical dis- Nanofibrils/5–20 nm [58]
Na2CO3 integration
Fibers Dewax (Chemical) Toluene, ethanol, alkali Acid hydrolysis Nanoparticles/30–50 nm [59]
Jute Chemical NaOH, H2SO4, and Acid hydrolysis Nanoparticles/80 nm [40]
felts DMSO
Jute Chemical NaOH and DMSO Acid-catalyzed hydrolysis Nanofibrils/8–10 nm [61]
felts
Fibers Washing, ball milling, and NaOH and NaClO2 Acid hydrolysis Micro- and nano-rods/ [62]
bleaching 5–6 μm
Jute Washing and acidic treatment NaOH, H2SO4, and Acid hydrolysis Nanofibrils/50–250 nm [63]
felts DMSO
Fibers Chemical NaOH Ball milling 20 nm to 50 nm [64]
Fibers Chemical NaOH, NaOCl, and Ball milling Nanofibers/443 nm [65]
Na2SO3
Fibers Chemical NaOH, NaOCl, and Ball milling Nanoparticles/640 nm [66]
Na2SO3
Fibers Chemical NaOH and H2SO4, Ball milling Nanoparticles/ < 500 nm [67]
Sticks Chemical NaOH and HCl Acid hydrolysis … [68]
Fibers Alkalization and bleaching NaOH and NaOCl Ball milling/Chemical ~ 57.40 nm [49,
69]
3. Applications of Jute in Nanotechnology polymorpha filaments,[7] date palm leaves,[71] banana leaves,[14]
nettle fiber clone,[72] and jute,[13,20,73] have been employed as
3.1. Nanocarbon Preparation from Jute and its
sources for the preparation of low-cost carbon materials.
Applications
However, due to eco-friendly, biodegradable nature, and high
Lignocellulose-based biomass can also be converted into carbon and low ash content, enormous research work has been
carbon materials through pyrolysis, since there is a demand to carried out to convert jute into novel carbonaceous materials,
prepare carbon with excellent quality for use in various including nanocarbon for valuable applications, such as energy
applications. Biomass pyrolysis can be defined as the thermal storage, sensors, and waste-water treatment.[5–7,11,13,14,20,70,73]
decomposition (generally at a temperature > 400 °C) of Over the last several years, considerable research activities
biomass cellulosic materials into carbonaceous materials under have been dedicated to the jute-derived carbon (JC), including
an inert environment. The features of prepared carbon nanocarbon production through direct pyrolysis to tune the
materials are incredibly reliant on biomass types and the characteristics of carbon materials, such as morphology, pore
preparation procedures.[20] Pyrolysis, activation, and pre-treat- characteristics, surface functionality, and surface area, to
ment of raw materials are the major steps in preparing novel improve its capability for practical applications.[12,20]
carbon materials.[8,20] Different biomass resources have highly Similarly, activation is a very important step in preparing
variable compositions and features; therefore, biomass feed- high-quality carbon materials, in which biomass is converted
stock’s characterization is quite important in expressing its to activated carbon (AC). The activation process is further
suitability for conversion into carbon materials. Various categorized as physical activation and chemical activation. The
agricultural byproducts, including Albizia procera leaves,[5,10,70] comprehensive details of the activation process has been
tal palm leaves,[6] Syzygium cumini leaves,[11] Pithophora reported by our group.[20] Some of the preparations of jute-
derived nanocarbon are also described here briefly. Aziz Raziyeh et al.[76] have prepared a series of nanoporous JAC
et al.[34] prepared jute-derived activated carbon nanosheets with different pyrolysis temperatures (700, 800, and 900 °C),
(JACNS) from jute sticks using NaHCO3 as an activating activation agent (KOH) to carbon ratios (3, 4, and 5), and
agent at 800 °C. The JACNS preparation process is repre- activation times (60, 90, and 120 minutes). The prepared JAC
sented schematically in Figure 5. Further, they performed mainly consisted of nanofibers morphology and exhibited high
carboxylic acid functionalization of the JACNS by a simple surface area (up to 2579.55 m2/g). The JAC was used as a
acid treatment. The carboxylated JACNS showed a much nano adsorbent and evaluated its applicability for CO2 and
higher surface area than conventional nanocarbon like H2S adsorption. The FESEM micrographs of JAC prepared at
carboxylated CNTs.[34] The carboxylated JACNS showed different experimental conditions are shown in Figure 6. Both
excellent performances to remove heavy metal, Pb2 +, from physical and chemical activation procedures were used by
water. A simple activation method was also adopted by Nanaji Asadullah et al.[77] to produce JAC from jute sticks. Various
et al.[74] for the preparation of porous jute-derived carbon activating agents, including ZnCl2,[13,77–79] H3PO4,[19,80–84]
(JAC) with a graphene-like structure from jute-sticks. More- NaHCO3,[34,73] KOH,[33,74,75,85,86] steam,[35,77–79] CO2,[78,84] and
over, the same group reported jute-sticks as the source of JAC CuCl2,[87] were explicitly used for the successful conversion of
with graphitic porous nanosheet type morphology in another jute (fibers and sticks) into JAC via physical and chemical
study.[75] The prepared JAC were separately applied as activations. Generally, all JAC can be considered as nano-
electrode materials for ultrafast supercapacitor[74] and Li-ion carbon due to its pore or actual particle sizes in nano ranges.
battery.[75] Recently Shaheen et al.[73] developed highly efficient So far, JC/JAC have been applied in the area of electro-
porous hierarchical JACNS through the pyrolysis of jute sticks chemical energy storage,[73–75,88] sensors,[13,34] and water
via simple pyrolysis. Two kinds of activated carbon (i) treatment.[32,77,78,82] The detailed preparation and utilization of
commercially available AC and (ii) the developed JACNS were JC and JAC could be studied from our earlier report[20] and
used as electrode materials, and its electrochemical energy the following section 3.4.
storage performance was evaluated and compared. Electro-
chemical double-layer supercapacitor devices were assembled
3.2. Jute as Scaffolder of Other Nanomaterials for Catalysis
utilizing the activated carbons with glycerol-based bio-electro-
Applications
lyte. The JACNS based supercapacitor generated maximum
specific capacitance of 150 F/g at a scan rate of 10 mV/sec, In this decade, the difficulty of meeting the world’s catalysis
which is quite higher than the specific capacitance of demand is heavily compounded by the rising concerns on the
commercially available AC-based supercapacitor (29 F/g, at environmental impact. Researchers are looking into developing
10 mV/sec). The JACNS-based supercapacitor illustrated a product-selective, clean, low-cost, earth-abundant, and reus-
specific energy density of 20 Wh/kg at a specific power density able catalysts with higher environmental credentials. In this
of 500 W/kg with a fabulous performance after 10,000 charge/ context, solid-supported catalysts are suitable candidates
discharge cycles. The authors have compared performances of because they require only post-reaction separation from
the commercially available AC and the JACNS without products by centrifugation, precipitation, or filtration. How-
conductive additives for supercapacitor applications and ever, all these separation techniques affect the prospects of
reported that the processed JACNS indicated promise as higher reusability of catalysts due to gradual but monotonous
energy storage materials. loss of catalytic activity in every cycle.[89] Recently, the concept
Figure 5. Schematic representation for JACNS preparation from jute sticks. Reproduced with permission.[34] Copyright 2019, Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany,
part of Springer Nature.
Figure 6. FESEM micrographs of JAC prepared at different experimental conditions (a–b) JAC-1.3-800-90, (c–d) JAC-2-700-60, (e–f) JAC-2-900-60, (g–h)
JAC-3-800-90, (i–j) JAC-3-800-140, (k–l) JAC-4-700-60, (m-n) JAC-4-900-60, and (o–p) JAC-4.7-800-90. Reproduced with permission.[76] Copyright 2021,
Elsevier.
of “dip-catalyst” has drawn a lot of attention due to the higher demonstrated excellent catalytic reactivity and selectivity.[95]
efficiency, ease of fabrication, higher reusability, and above all, However, nanoscale metal nanoparticles always aggregate on
effortless deployment and removal to/from the reaction the inorganic metal-oxide surface due to its high surface
system.[90,91] The term “dip-catalyst” refers to the easy insertion energy, reducing the number of accessible active sites and
or removal, high recyclability, and ability to turn the reaction diminishing the reactivity.[96]
on or off almost instantly.[92] The field of “dip-catalyst” has Furthermore, leaching out of metal nanoparticles from the
largely remained unexplored. A few reports on the fabrication conventional support surface due to weak binding further
of “dip-catalyst” have recently appeared in the literature.[92–94] restricts its reusability. The lack of inherent channeling
For instance, Pd-PVA thin film-based “dip-catalyst” has architecture, which restricts the active metal center’s diffu-
sional movement over substrates, is another drawback. There- can be recycled, and (iv) design simplicity of readily available
fore, judicious choice of support in heterogeneous catalysis is catalysts, which can be fine-tuned for robustness. However,
critical. The cellulose, obtained from natural plants with highly designing the catalyst for TH of unsaturated compounds using
periodic fibrous macro- and micro-structures, is often recog- much greener and sustainable sources is a challenge, and this is
nized as one of the most benign and efficient alternatives as a an area in which there is room for improvements if we are to
solid support for heterogeneous catalysis. This is well justified achieve the targets of green chemistry.
by Zheng et al.[97] and Faria et al.[98] with the excellent Palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) supported on jute stick
outcome from the catalytic substrates composed of cellulose pieces (Pd@JPS) were developed for the TH of quinolines, N-
paper decorated with metal nanoparticles. Like the varieties of heteroarenes, and differently substituted olefins.[92] Pd@JPS is
inorganic supports, the composition of raw biomass from jute a form of “dip-catalyst” that was fabricated by immersing oven-
sticks is diverse, consisting of primarily α-cellulose (~ 41 %, dried jute-stick slices with a dimension of 10 mm × 5 mm ×
only glucose), hemicellulose (~ 22 %), and lignin (~ 24 %). 1 mm into the salt of Pd precursors, resulting in black strips
Notably, hemicellulose is a heteropolysaccharide composed of following the addition of formic acid under heating con-
different monomers, such as arabinose, galactose, glucose, ditions. The homogeneously distributed PdNPs (15–20 nm)
glucuronic acid, mannose, and xylose. However, lignin is on the cellulosic support surface were demonstrated by
constructed by Brønsted acidic moieties of propyl phenol units FESEM, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and en-
containing a large number of hydroxyls, ethers, and in some ergy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping.
cases, even carboxylic acid functional groups.[99] Mostly metallic Pd with very low contamination (< 5 %) of
Interestingly, the concept of natural plant stem-supported PdO were detected on the surface of Pd@JPS strip. Quinoline
“dip-catalyst” has gained relevance due to ease of support was quantitatively reduced to 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline in
preparation, better inter-pore connectivity, availability of many water, the most benign solvent, using 3.1 equivalents of
anchorable organic functional groups responsible for additional tetrahydroxydiboron as a hydrogen source at 60 °C in 40 min.
stability, and seamless anchoring of metal nanoparticles on the Unfunctionalized olefins, which are known to resist hydro-
plant stem by a green synthesis route. In addition, slightly genation of its C=C bond, were also tested. The results showed
acidic nature of the retted jute-sticks may even supersede that 33 % of tri-substituted olefins, such as trans-α-meth-
existing counterparts’ performances as a heterogeneous cata- ylstilbene, were reduced with > 99 % selectivity in tetrahydro-
lytic support. In a continued effort to achieve better perform- furan using 4 equivalents of tetrahydroxydiboron in 24 h.
ance, jute-stick slices have been used as a catalytic support and Around 49 % of cyclooctene was converted to cyclooctane at
applied to numerous catalytic organic functional group 60 °C in 24 h. The superiority of Pd@JPS was tested by a
conversions, which are discussed in the subsections below. comparison of the obtained results with the results of another
standard catalysts used for the hydrogenation of quinolines.
The performance of Pd@JPS was found to be better than the
3.2.1. Jute-based “Dip-Catalyst” for Transfer
contemporary catalysts, such as Pd/C, Pd@PVP, and PdNPs,
Hydrogenation and Hydrogenation
in terms of activity, selectivity, and recyclability. The higher
The hydrogenation method is one of the most fundamental reactivity of Pd@JPS resulted from the suppression of
organic functional group transformations for the industrial agglomeration of the very small PdNPs on the surface of the
production of fine chemicals, polymers, and cellulosic support compared to the inorganic metal oxides and
pharmaceuticals.[100,101] However, this approach requires highly bare surface PdNPs.[104,105] The higher selectivity towards
flammable molecular hydrogen with high pressures (50– 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroquinoline was attributed to the effective
100 bar), which requires special equipment, such as autoclave, hydrogen-bonding interaction of the organonitrogen of the
for safe handing. Moreover, high pressures of H2 can also heterocyclic ring in quinoline with the active metal center in
affect the selectivity and functional group tolerance of the strip.[106] In addition, the presence of a large number of
molecules if not handled carefully. Thus, one way of polar hydroxyl, phenolic, and carboxyl groups on the surface
mitigating such concerns would be to replace molecular H2 of the support may positively affect the instantaneous micro-
with a non-H2 source.[102] The discovery of transfer hydro- environment around the metal center.[107] The robust nature of
genation (TH) procedures in 1903 by Knoevenagel et al.[103] PdNPs on jute stick pieces (JPS) has been proven by 32
opened up an attractive research area using inexpensive consecutive reusability cycles with > 95 % conversion with
chemicals, such as formic acid, isopropyl alcohol, formate salts, exclusive selectivity. The strong attachment of PdNPs on the
and borohydrides, as a hydrogen source. The main advantages support surface may arise from strong interactions with the
of TH are: (i) it does not require pressurized H2 gas, (ii) abundant polar groups of cellulosic support.
hydrogen donors used for the reaction are inexpensive, readily M. N. Shaikh et al.[94] also fabricated an efficient and
available, and easy to handle, (iii) byproducts of the reactions reusable “dip-catalyst” by anchoring platinum (Pt) NPs on JPS
and applied it for the hydrogenation of unfunctionalized complexes are shown to be very effective, and this could be
olefins, N-heteroarenes, and imines. The dried JPS were due to the facile interchange in their multiple oxidation states,
immersed in 0.1 mmol K2PtCl4 solution and heated at 50 °C like Pd(II) and Pd(IV) or Pd(0) and Pd(II) species.[112] Several
for 30 minutes. Afterwards, 3 mmol Formic acid (as reducing literature reports the successful application of Pd-phosphine-
agent) was added to the solution, and after constant stirring, based homogeneous catalysts for the coupling reactions.[113–115]
the solution colour turned dark brown due to the formation of However, these catalysts have several drawbacks, such as
PtNPs by reduction. After further 2 hours of stirring, the toxicity, stability, and recoverability. In this context, Pd
Pt@JPS “dip-catalyst” were obtained. A preparation process for catalysts with solid supports, such as zeolite,[116] silica,[117]
the “dip-catalyst” is shown in Figure 7. The developed catalyst polymer,[118] alumina,[119] metal-organic frameworks,[120,121] car-
demonstrated a higher tolerance towards various functional bon nanotubes (CNTs),[122] and magnetic nanoparticles,[123,124]
groups and achieved > 99 % chemoselectivity. In another minimizes the usage of toxic chemicals whilst realizing high
study, M. N. Shaikh et al.[93] reported Pt@JPS as a remarkable reusability, stability, and excellent reactivity and selectivity.
catalyst for hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to produce However, the imposition of strict national and United
ethers from alcohols with a very high conversion rate. The Nation’s (UN) environmental legislations have forced the
catalyst fabrication process and the conversion of alcohols to scientists to look for more innovative, eco-friendly, and natural
ethers via Pt@JPS will contribute to the development of green resource-based solid-support catalytic systems. Keeping this in
chemistry applications. mind, Kalanthoden et al.[125] explored the decoration of
cellulosic jute plant-based support for catalysis. They devel-
oped PdNPs@JPS, which was successfully applied for the
3.2.2. Jute-Based “Dip-Catalyst” for Coupling Reaction
Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions.
Transition-metal-catalyzed C C bond-forming reactions have PdNPs@JPS catalyst was prepared by reducing the Pd
created a new research arena to prepare complex organic precursors in water using NaBH4 instead of formic acid as
molecules by modifying one or more C H/C X bonds in a shown in Figure 8. The catalyst strip was imaged by FESEM
substrate.[108] For C H activation, sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized and its homogeneous distribution was determined by EDS
bonds can be used for coupling, although the latter is elemental mapping. The particles size (7-10 nm) was measured
particularly challenging. Cross-coupling reactions, such as by TEM analysis and supported by the dynamic light
Suzuki-Miyaura, Mizoroki-Heck, and Sonogashira, are consid- scattering (DLS). Pd loading (0.022 mg) on the surface of the
ered to be one of the most powerful tools for the preparation strip (dimension: 10 mm × 5 mm × 1 mm) was increased sig-
of biaryls,[109] internal alkenes,[110] and alkynes[111] in the nificantly compared to the formic acid reduction method
presence of a suitable base. In this context, Pd and its
Figure 7. Schematic representation for the Pt@JPS “dip-catalyst” preparation protocol. Reproduced with permission.[94] Copyright 2020, Wiley-VCH GmbH.
Figure 8. Schematic illustration of the synthesis of Pd@GS. Reproduced with permission.[125] Copyright 2019, The Chemical Society of Japan & Wiley-VCH
GmbH.
(0.014 mg). A probable reason could be the smaller size of the a strengthening agent. They reported that as the nanocellulose
PdNPs achieved by the borohydride reduction. concentration increases, the fracture toughness, tensile mod-
Air-dried PdNPs strip was used to catalyze the Suzuki- ulus, and flexural strength of the composite also increases but
Miyaura cross-coupling reactions using iodobenzene and the tensile strength decreases. Shafiul et al.[126] reported
phenylboronic acid as a benchmark substrate. Several reaction biomedical applications of the cellulose gelatin nanocomposite
parameters, such as bases, solvents, and temperature, were prepared from jute. The composite demonstrated outstanding
optimized.[125] A series of bases, including K2CO3, Na2CO3, and unusual mechanical properties due to the development of
NaHCO3, TEA, and KOH, was tested in an aqueous medium a stiff filler cellulosic network in the gelatin matrix, which
at 90 °C. Using KOH, performance of the catalyst was found could be a potential scaffold material for biomedical applica-
to be the best with conversions up to 98 % for the coupling tions, for example, in wound healing. Similarly, Rahman
products. Lower yields were obtained when using relatively et al.[127] reported jute-derived crystalline cellulose and poly-
weaker bases like Na2CO3, K2CO3, and NaHCO3, and the vinyl alcohol (PVA) bio-composite for promising biomedical
lowest yield in an aqueous medium was observed when using applications. The reported bio-composites indicated no
triethylamine. Hence, the reactivity trend of the catalyst with cytotoxicity and prohibited microbial growth. Therefore, the
the bases in water can be established as KOH > K2CO3 > jute-derived crystalline cellulose can be a potential material for
Na2CO3 > NaHCO3 > TEA. Aprotic (DMF) and non-polar biomedical applications, such as wound-healing accelerators.
(toluene) solvents negatively affected the conversion rates, M. Rabbi et al.[128] impregnated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
whereas protic solvents were found to be best suited in the into jute-extracted nanocellulose by in situ reductions of silver
presence of KOH. When a substituted boronic acid was used nitrate solution through a green synthetic procedure. The
with halobenzene (X = I, Br, and Cl), conversions of up to prepared nanocomposite was appropriate for applications in
95 % with maximum selectivity were achieved in 1 h from the hygienic materials, health products, antimicrobial filters, textile
reaction between iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid. How- products, coating for medical equipment, and wound dressing.
ever, 4-acylphenyl boronic acid produced 97 % of the coupling The reported nanocomposite was also useful for the catalytic
product with iodobenzene. No noticeable electronic donating activities of the reductive degradation of organic contaminants,
or withdrawing effect on the conversion was observed. such as dye molecules. Moreover, jute cellulose was used to
make a sustainable nanofiller with substantial potential
applications.[129] Nanocellulose fibrils acquired from jute fibers
3.3. Jute Nanocellulose-Based Composites
were employed as reinforcing nanofiller in polymer matrices,
Nanocellulose, which is also known as cellulose nanoparticles, which improved resultant polymers.[40] Nanocellulose coated
is desirable for applications in several areas, including nano- woven jute/green epoxy composites were synthesized to
composite materials[6,13,20] and surface modified materials[37,44] enhance the composite’s dynamic and mechanical
with unique functions, due to its biodegradable nature, performance.[49] The prepared cellulose exhibits many desirable
environmental friendliness, strength and other excellent prop- features, including abundance, low-cost, high strength/stiff-
erties. It has caught the eye of many companies and individuals ness, renewability, low density, low weight, large surface-to-
who are looking to develop the next generation of biodegrad- volume ratio, high aspect ratio, low thermal coefficient
able, high-performance, and lightweight cellulose nanocompo- expansion, and biodegradability. Such outstanding features
sites. Jabbar et al.[49] prepared nanocomposites using green enable the nanocellulose to be used in a variety of applications,
epoxy-resin as a matrix and nanocellulose-coated jute fabric as like rheology modifiers, tissue engineering scaffolds, reinforce-
ment for nanocomposite materials, moisturizing masks for The antibacterial nature of jute-stick support (JSP) and
cosmetic applications, adsorbents, filtration media, and paper buoyant nature of Cu2O/Cu-coated JSP were explored by
reinforcement. Randhir et al.[133] to develop beaded necklace-like strands,
which could be floated on potable water to prevent aerial
contamination as demonstrated in Figure 10. Leaching of Cu
3.4. Jute-Reinforced Nanocomposites for Other
from both Cu2O and Cu-coated JSP into the water was found
Applications
to be below the permissible limit of Cu in drinking water.
Natural fiber composites are drawing considerable interest due Recently, Manjakkal et al.[134] reported natural jute fiber
to their potential to replace synthetic composites at a lower applications for eco-friendly energy systems in terms of
cost with enhanced environmental sustainability. However, the supercapacitors and sensors. They developed supercapacitor-
composites of natural fibers suffer from poor interfacial and powered fabricated sensors using sustainable and biocompat-
mechanical properties. To overcome this issue, Forkan ible jute fibers, and thus, demonstrating an attractive environ-
et al.[130] coated natural jute fibers with graphene flakes (GF) mental solution in various industrial applications. Food pack-
and graphene oxide (GO) as shown in Figure 9. GF and GO aging is an intrinsic part of the food industry and it helps to
coating on jute fibers enhanced the interfacial tensile and shear store food and beverages in a hygienic manner to regulate food
strengths by ~ 96 % and ~ 236 %, respectively. Such outcomes safety. Different packaging materials, namely, plastic, poly-
can lead to the development of environmental friendly and ethylene, and other materials, can release toxins, which are
high-performance composites of natural fibers, which can dangerous to human health. For the use of food safety,
potentially substitute synthetic composites in various applica- nanocellulose paper will be an excellent resource for packaging.
tions, including in naval vessels, household products, automo- Cellulose nanofibers are biodegradable food-packing materials
tive industry, and aerospace industry. Ammayappan et al.[131] and are highly desirable, considering food safety standards and
coated AgNPs on jute fibers by in-situ method. The results environmental consciousness. They have been used for
revealed that AgNPs (diameter 19 to 100 nm) were coated on agricultural food packaging.[135] Nanocellulose has been used as
the jute fiber surface and it did not reduce the tensile packaging films for the food industry[136] and hydrophobic
properties of jute fibers. The coated AgNPs were stable on the coatings and reinforcing agents to hydrophobic polymer for
jute fibers for up to fifteen home launderings. Additionally, nanocomposites.[137] Nanocellulose-based bio-composites are
due to the antimicrobial and antibacterial properties of AgNPs, among the extraordinary achievements of nanotechnology to
the economical and functional processes for preparing con- replace non-biodegradable conventional petroleum-based plas-
ductive natural fibers via modification with AgNPs may be tics for packaging applications. Moreover, a study showed that
used in a variety of sensing and monitoring applications.[132] nanocellulose-based bio-composites could be a promising
replacement for conventional packaging materials with en-
Figure 9. Coating of GF and GO onto natural jute fibers for interfacial and mechanical characteristics improvement. Reproduced with permission under the
terms of the CC-BY license.[130] Copyright 2018, Forkan Sarker et al..
Figure 10. Prevention of aerial contamination in potable water via Cu2O or Cu-coated JSP at an air-water interface. Reproduced with permission under the terms
of the CC-BY license.[133] Copyright 2019, Randhir Rai et al..
hanced properties.[138] Arfaoui et al.[139] reported the potential groups to improve the coating composite properties.[39,67,149,150]
of jute fibers modified with ZnO nanorods to be used as a Jute fibers are also used in polymers to improve their
superhydrophobic composite after further treatment with a properties.[39,151] Various polymers, such as epoxy,[49,64,69,150–152]
fatty acid. Such natural, smart, and low-cost treatment of jute PVA,[61,66,150] polyurethane (PU),[150] polylactic acid
fibers could be employed industrially to stimulate the adhesion (PLA),[65,150] and rubber,[52,150] were treated with JNC and jute
between matrix and reinforcement in jute fiber-reinforced fibers in variable ratios.
composite parts. Hydrophobic polymer might be used for The addition of JNC in polymers can improve the polymer
cryopreservation of plant genetic materials. Nanocellulose was glass transition temperature (Tg), storage modulus, and
also used as an ultrafiltration membrane[140–142] and thermomechanical properties. Kunal Das et al.[61] used different JNC
electric paper.[143] Gebald et al.[144] showed that amine-based contents (5, 10, and 15 wt.%) in starch/PVA matrix film, the
nanofibrillated cellulose acts as an adsorbent for CO2 capture best properties were obtained with 10 wt.% JNC content.
from air. This finding will help to promote research on Baheti and Militky[66] also used JNC in PVA films to improve
photosynthesis in plants and reduce global warming. the films thermal stability. In another research, Baheti et al.[65]
used JNC in PLA film. A higher mechanical property, Tg, and
storage modulus were recorded using 5.0 wt.% JNC content.
3.5. Utilization of Nanocellulose/Carbon in Organic
The tensile strength increased to 170.59 %, the Tg increased
Coating and as a Reinforcing Agent
to 11 °C, and the storage modulus increased to 5 × 108 Pa using
Organic coating/film has wide applications in many different 5.0 wt.% JNC in PLA film. Padel et al.[64] also used JNC in
sectors for both protection and decoration purposes.[145,146] epoxy film and with the addition of 3.0 wt.% JNC, the tensile
Usually, the conventional organic coating/film is not up to strength increased by 96 %. Maiti et al.[63] and Rahman
mark in protection. Many different methods have been applied et al.[62] used JNC to improve the biodegradability of polymer
to improve their properties. A traditional way to improve the films. They found that a higher biodegradability is achieved
coating/film properties is by using different monomers (to using JNC in polyester and PLA films, and also reported the
make it multifunctional), crosslinkers, and fillers.[146–148] Since antibacterial activity using JNC in PLA film. These improve-
the last decade, the use of filler in coating/film is prioritized ments might be translated into biomedical, packaging, and
due to the excellent improvement of mechanical, chemical, automotive plastics applications.
and thermal properties. The popular fillers are clay, CNTs, Thomas et al.[52] used JNC as a reinforcing agent with
hydroxyapatite, oil fly ash, and carbon. Recently, biodegrad- rubber to improve its mechanical properties. A three-dimen-
able and non-toxic fillers are attracting the industry due to sional cross-linkable rubber, JNC, and crosslinker structure
their environmental friendliness and cost-effectiveness.[39] The play a significant role in enhancing the mechanical properties.
use of natural resourced nanocellulose filler and fiber have A Jabbar et al.[49,69] also used 3.0, 5.0, and 10.0 wt.% JNC
risen in the coating sector in the last decade. Jute-based content on an epoxy coating to improve its mechanical
nanocellulose (JNC) is one of the cheapest sources of natural properties. They found a significant increase in fatigue life,
resourced nanocellulose. Two different nanoparticles MFC tensile modulus, and flexural modulus, and credited the
and NCW were also modified by attaching certain functional hydrogen bonding between JNC and epoxy resin for such
improvements. Cataldi et al.[153] used JNC in the methacrylic-

4.1. Utilization of Jute-Derived Carbon
siloxane coating to improve its hydrophobicity, hardness, and
mechanical properties. This coating was then used for wood The utilization of carbon materials derived from low-cost and
protection. Salem et al.[154] showed a higher water uptake renewable natural sources is a highly attractive research field in
without sacrificing the mechanical strength of PU film, and the current climate. Recently, significant attention has been
this composite can be used for outdoor purposes. To make a focused on developing renewable nanocellulose products,
transparent epoxy composite, the epoxy was mixed with jute including jute-derived carbon materials.[20] Low-cost, metal-
fibers. The transparent composite can be considered as an free, eco-friendly, and tunable characteristics, such as specific
alternative to expensive transparent wood.[155] surface area, oxygen functional groups, and porosity are
essential properties of jute-derived carbon. Various techniques
have been established to prepare jute-derived carbon, but its
commercialization for practical applications is still a challenge.
4. Future Perspectives
There are many future scopes to develop different nanosized
Nanotechnology has the potential to revolutionize material use jute-derived carbon materials and enhance their crystallinity.
in the twenty-first century. Lignocellulosic and related biomass Furthermore, jute-derived carbon materials demonstrate the
provide the primary materials platform for the sustainable possibilities for a broad range of applications, such as electro-
development of clean, recyclable, and environmentally pref- chemical, electrical, electronics, pharmaceuticals, drug delivery,
erable products to meet the needs of people in the modern steel preparation, fuel cells, solar cells, oil enhancement
society. The merging of lignocellulosic biomass and nano- recovery, catalysts, and coatings. Further information on
technology is important to accurately meet the basic and advanced applications and future aspects of jute-derived carbon
advanced needs of humans’ life, including food, cloths, materials can be found in our review on the topic.[20]
protection, business, and other products required for quality of Biomass has recently become a new source for producing
life. The use of lignocellulosic biomass, such as jute stick, as an graphene because of its carbon-rich structure and sustainable
effective and sustainable renewable industrial nanomaterial nature.[158–161] Graphene and its derivatives are new products
that also allows the use of other nanomaterials in combination that have not yet achieved their technical potential. Graphene
with lignocellulosic products to provide greater functionality, manufacturing is hampered by its development costs, even
is critical to moving forward with nanotechnology for renew- though graphite (a major source of graphene) is inexpensive
able biomaterials. and available in abundance. Biomass waste can help to address
The jute-based materials (including JNC, nano-lignin, and this issue while simultaneously lowering environmental issues.
nanocarbon) can be considered a useful class of futuristic The nanosheet-type morphology and high conductivity of
materials due to its physicochemical features. A further jute-derived activated carbon[13,20,73] makes it a suitable
advantage of such materials is that they could be further candidate material to produce graphene. The production of
extended to various applications and modifications. Jute- graphene through the green synthesis route represents a
derived nanocellulose, nanocarbon, and their composites significant advancement in graphene science. One of the many
exhibit many potential applications, such as adsorption of benefits of jute-derived activated carbon is its ability to
heavy metal ions from aqueous solution, solar cells, electronics produce large quantities of multilayer graphene, GO, and
and electrical industry, construction, cosmetic, biomedicine, reduced GO.
filtration membranes, paper, energy, packaging, textiles,
building materials, and bioethanol.[46,156] Rising global aware-
4.2. Nano (Cellulose or Lignin)-Reinforced Polymer
ness of the environment is a motivation to explore the
Nanocomposites for Diverse Applications
opportunities of jute in nanotechnology due to its eco-friendly
characteristics.[157] Furthermore, to be renewable and abun- With nanotechnology’s progress, researchers are fascinated to
dant, jute-based nanocomposites combine chemical inertness, extract nanocellulose from several natural resources, such as
excellent stiffness, high strength, low coefficient of thermal jute, abaca, sisal, bamboo, and rice husk, and utilize them for
expansion, low density, dimensional stability, and the ability different advanced applications.[162] Among the various natural
to modify its surface chemistry. Future perspectives of the jute resources, jute is the richest (~ 60–70 %) cellulose source. The
in nanotechnology are comprehensively described in the below shape, size, and surface morphology of nanocellulose vary
sections. depending on the source of lignocellulosic biomass, prior
treatment, and preparation processes. Nanocellulose-reinforced
polymers are gaining the utmost interest by ameliorating
resultant composites’ strength and stiffness.[163–165] CNC
possesses numerous exceptional characteristics, like highly
crystalline nature, high specific contact surface area due to the contaminating agents, oxygen, moisture, light, and foreign
nanosized dimensions, and the availability of hydroxyl groups, agents.[174] The CNC derived from jute, reinforced with
providing an opportunity for the functionalization and to methylcellulose and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC),
form hydrogen bonding.[166] In addition to the advantages of displayed better mechanical, thermal, and moisture barrier
sustainable development and the use of “green” raw materials, properties of the neat polymer, which is of great importance in
the polymeric materials from natural sources provide tremen- packaging industries.[166,175,176] It was reported that the addition
dous potential for preparing advanced and novel of nanocellulose to HPMC resulted in 22 % increase in tensile
applications.[167] These attributes of nanocellulose make it an strength and 55 % in Young’s modulus, and the nanocellulose
ideal candidate as reinforcing material in the polymer matrix. only decreased 3–6 % in transparency.[176] The second most
Therefore, nanocellulose-reinforced polymer composites are abundant natural polymer on earth after cellulose is lignin,
likely to gain intriguing prospects for the applications which comprises of hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups.[177]
described below. The usage of NFC with a high percentage of lignin has been
investigated to produce PLA bio-composites possessing superi-
or mechanical, thermal, and barrier features.[176] PLA is gaining
4.2.1. Mechanical Properties of Jute-Reinforced Polymer
attention as a packaging polymer for various fresh food
Nanocomposites
products for vegetables and fruits in containers, films, and
Nanocomposites reinforced with jute as a natural fiber are very coatings.[178] Additional biopolymers, like starch, cellulose,
alluring due to its high specific strength.[168] The mechanical corn-derived PLA, microorganism-derived polyhydroxyalka-
properties of nanocomposites depend on the matrix, interfacial noates and polyhydroxy butyrate (PHB), and bacterial cellulose
strength, fiber, orientation, and dispersion.[169,170] The im- have also been explored as packaging materials.[179] Due to the
provement in the properties of reinforced matrices is possibly non-toxic, mechanical, thermal, and moisture barrier proper-
due to strong interactions through hydrogen bonding between ties of jute-derived nanocellulose and nanocarbon, they can be
CNC and polymer matrix.[49] The most widely used matrices applied to prepared polymeric nanocomposites for food pack-
in nanofiber cellulose (NFC), to improve its mechanical aging.
performance, are polymers (thermoplastic and thermoset) due
to their lightweight, and they can be treated at low
4.2.3. Nanocellulose Blended or Reinforced Polymer
temperatures.[170] The matrix provides a barrier against adverse
Nanocomposites Membranes
environments and protects the fibers’ surface from mechanical
abrasion and transfers the load to fibers. Most natural fibers Membrane technology using polymeric and nanocomposite
employed for reinforcement purposes in nanocomposite are membranes for wastewater treatment and industrial gas
thermally unstable above 200 °C.[171] Therefore, only thermo- separation applications has attracted a growing interest in
plastics, such as polyethylene (PE), propylene (PP), polyvinyl recent years. The combination of nanocellulose unique
chloride, and polystyrene, and thermosets that soften below attributes, like chemical inertness, high strength, hydrophilic
200 °C are useful as a matrix.[170] Certainly, PP and PE are the nature, and better specific surface area, might make it a very
two primarily applied thermoplastic matrices for NFCs. The promising material for high-performance membranes.[180,181]
foremost thermosets used are unsaturated epoxy resin, poly- Sosibo et al.[182] deposited gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) films on
ester, phenol-formaldehyde, and vinyl ester resins.[170] How- a porous semipermeable cellulose membrane. Because the
ever, PLA is better from a mechanical property perspective and cellulose membrane has the ability to bind electropositive
has been shown to provide greater strength and stiffness with metal ions, the AuNPs film adhered strongly to the membrane
natural fibers than PP.[172] The high mechanical stability of and the first layer of nanoparticles was formed within the
jute fibers with high tensile strength, flexural strength, and cellulose matrix pores, as illustrated in Figure 11. The nano-
impact strength[64,173] makes them feature candidate materials composite membrane structure formation and the resultant
for the preparation of jute-reinforced polymer nanocompo- properties and their fundamental studies on the physicochem-
sites. ical interactions of AgNPs and nanocellulose are essential to
comprehend the limitations and driving forces towards
structuring of AgNPs@nanocellulose hybrid materials.[183]
4.2.2. Jute-Reinforced Polymer Nanocomposites for Food
There are numerous literature reports using nanocellulose
Packaging
composite membranes for wastewater treatments.[183,184] Nano-
Another potential application of polymer nanocomposite cellulose-blended hybrid membranes on the other hand are
(PNC) is in the food packaging industry. These PNC prolong relatively less explored for gas separation applications.[184] The
the shelf life of packaged food by restraining unwanted changes green hydrocarbons synthesis from CO2 is essential for
induced by microbial deterioration, temperature variations, chemistry and energy transition.[185,186] Studies utilizing nano-
Figure 11. (a) Chemical structure of cellulose and (b) illustration of the experimental setup (i) before and (ii) after the reaction. Reproduced with permission.[182]
Copyright 2012, Elsevier.
cellulose as nanofillers for CO2 capture and separations have could be used in green chemistry. Biowaste-derived hemi-
been reported.[180,187] Moreover, a report on biomass-derived cellulose and lignin are believed to contain terpenoids, which
nanocarbon blended with polyetherimide mixed matrix mem- can serve as reducing agents as well as stabilizers for
branes for enhanced CO2 separation was recently nanoparticles.[189–191] Hong et al.[192] developed a green, micro-
published.[188] The transport mechanism inside these mem- wave-assisted, and straightforward technique for synthesizing
branes should be further studied, and nanocellulose or AgNPs in an aqueous medium that employed glucose as a
biomass-derived nanocarbon procured membranes might be a reducer and bamboo hemicelluloses as a stabilizer. They
topic of intense study in the future due to its low-cost, reported the effects of initial concentrations and irradiation
accessibility, and renewability. time of AgNO3, glucose, and bamboo hemicelluloses on the
preparation of AgNPs, as shown in Figure 12. The process for
AgNPs synthesis was eco-friendly and rapid. Shilin et al.[193]
4.3. Utilization of Hemicellulose and Lignin as Reductant,
reported a new method for the preparation of magnetic
Stabilizer, and Complexing Agent for Preparation of
nanocomposite fibers that proceeded through an efficient in-
Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
situ synthesis of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in the
The conversion of hemicellulose and lignin to valuable cellulose fibers. The developed method was easy to perform,
products is an important step in the direction of worldwide versatile, and indicated that a wide range of functional
sustainable developments. Hemicellulose and lignin are usually cellulose fibers can be consistently fabricated by a template
obtained from industrial and agricultural wastes and thus incorporating optical and electrical nanoparticles into fibers,
Figure 12. (A) Photographs of the prepared AgNPs and (B) the corresponding UV–vis spectra with AgNO3 (0.004 M) starting precursor and 120 s irradiation
time. ((a) hemicelluloses (2.0 mg/mL), glucose (0.0 mg/mL); (b) hemicelluloses (0.0 mg/mL), glucose (2.0 mg/mL); and (c) hemicelluloses (2.0 mg/mL), glucose
(2.0 mg/mL)). Reproduced with permission.[192] Copyright 2013, Elsevier.
which may open a new application range of cellulose. Xiaobo to their low-cost, widespread use as a filler in food items, and
et al.[194] reported an efficient technique for preparing Pd, Pt, the capacity to encapsulate fertilizers directly. The jute fibers
and nanoparticles in water using hemicellulose and lignin as are cheap and biodegradable materials with a relatively high
the stabilizing and reducing agents. Both hemicellulose and strength to weight ratio, high aspect ratio, moderate tensile
lignin exhibited excellent ability in the reduction of metal strength, and reasonable low density.[67] that can be effectively
precursors. Green synthesis of nanoparticles is a technique, used as fertilizer carries. The aim of utilizing JNC is to develop
which utilizes natural products as a reductant, stabilizer, or a low-cost and controlled fertilizer delivery system to plant
complexing agent. Therefore, it is possible to apply the jute- roots and thus enhance the efficiency of fertilizers.
derived hemicellulose and lignin as an alternative natural
product source.
4.5. Utilization of Nanocellulose/Carbon in
Electrochemical Applications
4.4. Utilization of Nanocellulose in Fertilizer Delivery
Nanocellulose has emerged as promising and sustainable
The use of fertilizers has a significant effect on all aspects of nanomaterials due to its natural abundance, superb properties,
the agricultural industry, both directly and indirectly, by and unique structures. Due to its attractive electrochemical
varying the expense of growing and the relative productivity of characteristics, including stability over a wide operating
agricultural products.[195] The current increase in food costs potential window and excellent stability in most solvents,
resulting from the corresponding increase in fertilizer expenses nanocellulose has been extensively used as binders, electrolytes,
has underlined the necessity to lower the excessive use of separators, and substrate supports for various electrochemical
fertilizers in the agricultural industry. There have been growing applications.[197] Renewable materials have received a lot of
interests in improving the delivery of fertilizers to tackle the coverage in recent years because of their use in reducing
ineffective use of fertilizers.[195] Fertilizers with increased environmental pollutions. Hamidreza et al.[198] summarized the
efficiency help to provide desirable nutrients to plants and applications of Zea mays (corn) wastes in electrochemical
release them over a longer period of time. The efficiency and energy storage devices (EESDs). All main parts of EESDs,
effectiveness of fertilizers would have to be improved by including separator, electrolyte, binder, and electrodes, can be
delivering it to the crops efficiently. Fertilizers neither should prepared from corn waste. The abundant and low-cost
be lost nor it should affect the crops, which could lead to biomasses not only decrease environmental pollution but also
starvation. Lucas et al.[196] reported that nanocellulose can be significantly improve electrochemical properties of EEDSs,
used in biopolymeric matrices to create improved fertilizer such as high specific capacitance and electrochemical durabil-
delivery systems. Drew et al.[195] demonstrated the controlled ity. Moreover, nanocellulose-derived carbonaceous materials
and targeted fertilizer delivery nanocellulose hydrogel matrix. have also attracted growing research interest in eco-friendly
Nanotechnology has offered the viability of exploring nano- energy storage owing to their raw-material abundance, low-
scale materials as fertilizer carriers to efficiently deliver cost, high conductivity, and moderate electrochemical
fertilizers to plants’ roots and provide all the essential amenities effectiveness.[20,197] The cheap and eco-friendly nature of
to improve their effectiveness and decrease costs. Nanocellulose nanocellulose and its derivatives, in addition to the straightfor-
materials can fill the role of a controlled fertilizers delivery due ward fabrication methods, make nanocellulose-based electro-
chemical techniques as promising candidates for the future of To explore a real eco-friendly and green gel polymer electro-
“green” and renewable electronic/energy systems. The utiliza- lyte, the natural lignin was used as a matrix to prepare gel
tion of nanocellulose (especially JNC) in various electro- polymer electrolytes. The fabrication method is quite simple
chemistry fields may boost the economic developments of and can easily be prepared using lignin, liquid electrolyte, and
electronic industries. water.[207] A biodegradable composite polymer membrane was
prepared by producing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) on the
lignin matrix, and then the appropriate gel polymer electrolyte
4.5.1. Utilization of Cellulose/Hemicellulose/Lignin/Nano-
was developed by the absorption of liquid electrolyte.[208] Solid
cellulose as Solid Electrolyte
polymer electrolytes have been considered as a promising
One of the most recent electrochemistry developments is the replacement for the liquid electrolytes in lithium-ion batteries
fabrication of solid ionic conductors with optical, mechanical, due to its non-leaking, flexible, and non-flammable properties.
and electrical characteristics explicitly designed for a practical Hengfei et al.[209] reported that NFC could be applied to
application. Furthermore, a special interest is manifested in the prepare solid electrolytes, as described in Figure 13. The ionic
materials with low-cost and low-environmental impact on conductivity of the NFC-based solid electrolytes increases due
recycling and sustainability.[199–201] By considering these con- to enlarged surface charge density. The newly prepared solid
cerns, solid-state electrolytes were developed from the regen- electrolyte provides high electrochemical stability at high
erated nanocellulose that meets the conditions necessary for temperature (~ 60 °C), promising to replace liquid electrolyte
electrochemical applications.[200–202] Solid electrolytes have in lithium-ion batteries. By considering the applications of
proven to be prospective candidates for advanced electro- cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and nanocellulose in the
chemical applications based on their characteristics, such as development of solid electrolytes, jute can be applied as an
flexibility, viscoelasticity, and ionic conductivity. Solid electro- efficient and green source in solid electrolytes development.
lytes find applications not only in lithium-ion batteries, but
these materials may be used in other electrochemical devices,
4.5.2. Utilization of Nanocarbon as Electrode Materials
such as fuel cells, supercapacitors, and electrochromic
devices.[203] Solid polymer electrolytes have various advantages Carbonaceous materials are important for numerous electro-
over liquid electrolytes, for instance, no leakage of electrolytes, chemical applications due to their tunable charge storage and
no internal shorting, and the formation of noncombustible electron-transfer properties. All allotropic forms of carbon,
reaction products at the surface of electrodes. Due to its including graphene, graphite, nanotubes, nanofibers, amor-
distinctive linear chain molecular structure comprising con- phous carbon, and activated carbon, are widely used as
tinual glucose units with numerous surface hydroxyl groups, essential electrode materials in all fields of modern electro-
cellulose can be chemically modified to conduct ions at room chemistry. For example, graphene and amorphous/activated
temperature and be applied as an ion-conducting carbons are used as electrode materials for electrochemical
electrolyte.[204,205] energy storage applications,[8,10,11,210,211] electrochemical
Similarly, hemicellulose and lignin also play a vital role in sensors,[6,13,72,212] and electrochemical water oxidation.[5,70] Bare
developing solid electrolytes for electrochemical applications. A electrodes frequently exhibit poor reproducibility, a surface
gel polymer electrolyte with high performance was prepared fouling effect, poor electrocatalytic properties, and may
from green natural lignocellulose for lithium-ion batteries.[206] eventually fail to distinguish individual identities during
Figure 13. Flexible CNC-based solid electrolyte for lithium-ion batteries. Reproduced with permission.[209] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
electrochemical detection. Therefore, the modification of bare carbonized nanocellulose fibers form a strongly interconnected
electrodes with nanocarbon can significantly improve their composite with AC and are used to enhance the performance
electrochemical performance, including sensing of electrodes, which are applied in supercapacitors.[219,220]
efficiency.[6,13,212] Apart from the many functional aspects of Renewable sources and environmental protection for energy
activated carbon electrodes, there are many fascinating and storage remains an important topic until today. The major
essential fundamental aspects to investigate, such as transport challenges in the current century that humanity faces are
phenomena, molecular sieving activity, the relationship be- energy conversion, storage, and supply to protect the environ-
tween electrochemical behavior and surface chemistry, and so ment effectively. In this situation, nanocellulose has come up
on. Xianwen et al.[213] summarized various nanocarbon for as a promising and sustainable nanomaterial with its distinctive
electrochemical systems, including energy storage, electro- structure and incredible properties, such as excellent stability
catalysis, and sensing. The use of nano-architecture carbon in in most solvents, natural abundance, high specific modulus,
electrode design will help supercapacitor devices deliver more and low toxicity. Its eco-friendly nature, low-cost, easy
power and improve the performance of electrochemical availability, and simple synthesis techniques makes the nano-
sensors.[214] This also represents an important future direction cellulose as a promising candidate for the fabrication of green
for nanocarbon in electrochemistry. There have been numer- renewable energy storage devices.[221]
ous carbon-based active materials produced; therefore, it is Electrodes are critical components in the fabrication of
necessary to develop smart and practical tools to guide and high-performance supercapacitors, which demands excellent
optimize selecting materials to suit the desired applications. electrochemical performance and versatility.[7,8,14,210] Nano-
Due to their excellent electrical conductivity, high specific cellulose and graphene are outstanding electrode materials for
surface area, porous morphology, and unique stability jute- supercapacitors. Nanocellulose are commonly used as substrate
derived activated carbon electrodes can be used as efficient materials for electronic systems thanks to its good chemical
electrodes for electrochemical sensors, separation processes by reactivity, mechanical flexibility, and biodegradability. Jinghao
electro-adsorption, and electrochemical energy conversion and et al.[17] reviewed the design, structure, and assembly of the
storage. In addition to their relevant physicochemical proper- nanocellulose and graphene composites for supercapacitors. A
ties, jute-derived carbonaceous materials can be produced at schematic representation for nanocellulose and graphene-based
very low-costs and obtained in a variety of forms with supercapacitors is shown in Figure 14. The performance of
reasonably adaptable porosity, conductivity, and surface nanocellulose-based supercapacitors from earlier reported data
functionality. is summarized in Table 2.
Similarly, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the major
power supply for portable electronic devices due to their large
4.5.3. Utilization of Manocellulose in Batteries/Supercapa-
output voltage, high energy density, and considerable
citors as Electrode Materials with Other Conducting Mate-
lifespan.[16] A lithium-ion battery consists of three main
rials
components, including electrodes, electrolytes, and separators.
Nanocellulose is a promising nanomaterial for advanced Among them, electrode materials are the major component to
electrochemical energy storage.[16] Due to modern society’s fast evaluate the performance of batteries. Nanocellulose can be
development, the rapidly increasing demand for energy has integrated with other conductive materials to further develope
become a severe challenge and will continue to be in the as efficient electrodes for lithium-ion batteries.
future. Considerable attention has been paid to develop Among several applications, nanocellulose has received
sustainable, eco-friendly, and low-cost energy storage devices. growing attention for energy storage based on its intrinsic
Electrochemical energy storage devices, such as batteries and properties and structures, as shown in Figure 15. A fundamen-
supercapacitors, have shown tremendous potential in powering tal understanding will reveal the remarkable application
hybrid electric vehicles, portable electronics, and huge energy possibilities of nanocellulose materials in energy storage
storage systems.[16,215] Besides safety and performance improve- applications. This study demonstrated that nanocellulose holds
ments, the most challenging concerns for the development of an application potential and extraordinary value as energy
energy storage systems are to decrease the overall costs, the storage support nanomaterials. With advanced preparation,
realization of eco-friendly processes, the utilization of abun- processing, and characterization techniques, JNC might soon
dant and green raw materials, and the development of become substantial and powerful multifunctional nanomateri-
straightforwardly systems. als with a huge potential for electrochemical energy storage
Along with various candidates, nanocellulose-derived mate- applications.
rials have received growing attention as appealing components
of numerous electrochemical energy storage devices.[216–218]
Because of the large number of surface functionalities,
Figure 14. Schematic representation for nanocellulose and graphene-based supercapacitors. Reproduced with permission.[17] Copyright 2019, Elsevier.
Table 2. The performance of nanocellulose-based supercapacitors, adopted from the previously reported data in the literature.
Electrode Materials Energy Density Power Density Specific Capacitance Ref.
(Wh/kg) (kW/kg) Capacitance Retention,
(F/g) Cycles
Graphite/Ni/Activated-carbon@cellulose paper (negative electrode) and 80 25.6 1737 ~ 96 %, 20000 [222]
Graphite/Ni/Co2NiO4-cellulose paper (positive electrode)
Nanocellulose-fibers/MoS2/reduced GO 45.7 mWh/cm2 8.56 mW/cm2 916.42 ~ 98 %, 5000 [223]
PEDOT:PSS/SnO2/rGO/nanocellulose … … 445 ~ 84 %, 2500 [224]
Nanoporous cellulose paper/CNTs 13 1.5 36 …, 100 [225]
Cellulose-Paper/CNTs/MnO2/CNTs 32.91 283.63 295 ~ 95 %, 2000 [226]
N,P-co-doped bacterial cellulose 7.76 186 204 …, 4000 [227]
Nanocellulose-fibers/rGO/CNTs 28.4 μWh/cm2 9.5 mW/cm2 252 ~ 99 %, 1000 [228]
Nanocellulose-fibers/CNTs/PANI/carbon-cloth … … 318 ~ 72 %, 1000 [229]
Meso-microporous carbon generated by regeneration of cellulose 13 27 286 ~ 89 %, 2000 [230]
Hydrophilic graphene/CNC fiber 5.1 mWh/cm3 496.4 mW/cm3 123.3 ~ 92 %, 1000 [231]
their restricted electrolyte wettability and poor thermal dimen-

4.5.4. Preparation of Nanocellulose-Based Separators
sional stability, which are unfavorable to the effectiveness and
Separator is a crucial component of electrochemical energy safety of such devices. From a practical perspective, nano-
storage devices, especially in supercapacitors and lithium-ion cellulose is a promising alternative for the next generation of
batteries. Its structure and properties perform an indirect but high performance and high safety devices owing to its excellent
pivotal role in boosting the performance of electrochemical thermal stability and superb wettability, along with the low-
energy storage devices, including power density, energy cost production and environmental benignity.[234–237] It is also
density, operational life, and safety.[232,233] Various factors important to mention that the sources of nanocellulose are
should be taken into consideration while selecting the abundant, and the performance of separators prepared by
appropriate separators for such devices. Consequently, high different nanocellulose raw materials is entirely different.
electrolyte wettability, tensile strength, and thermal stability Hence, investigating the fundamental characteristics of various
are prerequisites for applying separators in practical electro- nanocellulose separators is essential for developing sustainable
chemical applications.[234] Separators used in modern electro- electrochemical energy storage devices.[238,239] Tuukkanen
chemical energy storage exhibit some drawbacks, particularly et al.[240] reported the fabrication of a disposable and printable
Figure 15. Schematic representation for structural and functional design of nanocellulose and their applications in energy storage. Reproduced with permission.[16]
Copyright 2018, Royal Society of Chemistry.
supercapacitor using CNTs based materials as electrodes and supercapacitors/batteries, and it is also essential for temper-
nanocellulose as a separator. The nanocellulose was examined ature-sensitive electrochemical products. Efficient insulation
to be a robust separator material used rather than conventional based on renewable materials is a vital component of
polymeric separators. Such low-cost and green materials technology. Cellulose has a low thermal conductivity that
improve the efficiency of energy storage devices in autonomous makes cellulose-based materials useful for thermal insulation.
intelligence and disposable low-end products. Many plants The distinctive and appealing characteristics of CNC are well
could be used as resources for nanocellulose extraction and the documented in the literature, which encouraged the researchers
ultimate preparation of separators. Still, the use of JNC can to concentrate on developing practical uses for this nanoscale
bring prosperity and economic benefit to electrochemical material, for example in developing insulating cases for
energy storage devices, particularly from an environmental electrochemical devices. Nanocellulose dominates a compre-
point of view. The jute fibers are made up of crystalline and hensive network of flexible fibers with identical crystalline and
amorphous parts, in which the amorphous areas are mostly amorphous regions.[241] D. L. Bras et al.[242] reported dielectric
implied to the fiber extensibility, flexibility, and softness and properties of nanocellulose for the applications of electrical
the crystalline areas are linked mainly with the swelling, insulators. The study concluded that the solid-state properties
density, and rigidity of the fibers structure.[39] Therefore, JNC of nanocellulose could control its dielectric properties when it
fibers with high thermal stability extracted by an eco-friendly comes to the applications of electrical insulators. Renewable
procedure will emerge as a promising solution to achieve biomaterials are widely used for insulations in electrochemistry
sustainable and safe separators in large-scale electrochemical but their insulating performance is comparatively inadequate
applications. and inferior to commercially available insulating materials, like
PU and polystyrene.[243] Warm clothes have been specifically
designed and developed utilizing jute-based fibers, thus,
4.5.5. Nanocellulose-Based Insulating Case
highlighting the thermal insulation properties of JNC.[244] In
Thermal and electrical insulations are important for the this context, careful modifications to the JNC structure could
transportation and storage of electrical energy produced by bring about further enhancements to its thermal properties.
JNC are expected to overcome obstacles in thermal insulation structured materials through physical or chemical deposition is
of electrodes in electrochemistry and can be used as a possible thanks to the template structure, high specific surface
commercial source for developing insulating cases for electro- area, and active surface groups of lignocellulose.
chemical devices. Nanocellulose has also sparked widespread interest in
nanotechnology and can be used as a standalone usable
material, template support, or composite material reinforce-
4.6. Utilization of Jute Fiber/Sticks as Support for Other
ment unit. Nanocellulose contains many reactive groups on
Nanomaterials
the surface, allowing it to be modified by physical adsorption.
The most abundant renewable natural resource on earth, Qing et al.[245] highlighted that nanocellulose is an excellent
lignocellulosic biomass, has tremendous potential as a sustain- supporting substrate to load nano-structured materials. The
able feedstock to produce chemicals and materials. The unique synergistic effect of nanocellulose and nanomaterials leads to
morphological properties, outstanding mechanical strength, unique properties, which prompts a variety of applications as
biocompatibility, and biodegradability of lignocellulosic mate- shown in Figure 16. Various nanomaterials have significant
rials obtained from natural renewable resources have attracted disadvantages, such as continuous loss of precious metal,
enormous interest for various applications in many areas. unwieldy separation, and usage of toxic solvents. Also, their
Surface modification and the incorporation of various nano- limited reusability prevents them from being
Figure 16. Applications of nanocellulose loaded with nanomaterials. Reproduced with permission.[245] Copyright 2020, Elsevier.
commercialized.[92] Nonetheless, existing environmental regu- stances. Hence, it is better to use drilling fluids, which contain
lations place stringent restrictions on the use of hazardous biodegradable, natural, and clean materials rather than
chemical processing whilst encouraging a transition to cleaner chemicals harmful to the environment and personnel. To
and greener technical endeavors. Immobilization of the catalyst address the increasing problems and enhance the efficacy of
is one of the obvious choices to greener synthesis. It is well drilling fluids in the petroleum industry, nanoparticles have
established that the existence of support has a significant been utilized with growing frequency.[18,248] Research
impact on the operation of catalytic and energy systems. findings[249] have demonstrated that nanocellulose-based mate-
Consequently, choosing the right support is crucial. Recently, rials could be applied as environmentally clean and biodegrad-
there has been a lot of focus on developing solid supports from able additives for drilling fluids with a defined filtration and
biomass, as they are used as long-term support materials in rheological characteristics and consequent thermal stability.
catalysis and energy storage applications. Cellulose supports One of the innovative and promising areas with great potential
have become increasingly important because of their ease of for enhancing the safety of drilling operations whilst preserving
use, uninterrupted channeling, robustness, and productivity is to utilize aerogels as a protective coating in the
recyclability.[90,92,95,125] The utilization of jute sticks/fibers as a extraction and exploration of oil and gas.[246] Further, JNC
nanomaterial support for different applications, including could be explored in such an area given it has many features,
catalysis and energy storage has significant advantages. Jute such as thermal stability, and its composites have shown
sticks/fibers are green solid supports, which are economically promising uses, such as nanoscale fillers of dispersion. In
sustainable, non-toxic and can separate/adsorb nanomaterials addition, the utilization of JNC would be a completely new
from the reaction system. They offer tremendous superiority and promising area in the petroleum industry. JNC-containing
due to their abundant availability, low-costs and reusability. aerogels may produce thermal insulation of deep-water pipe-
lines, increase resistance to deep-sea pressure, develop isolation,
and reduce overall drilling costs.
4.7. Utilization of Nanocellulose/Carbon in the Petroleum
Industry
4.7.2. Separation of Pollutants
During the extraction, transportation, and processing of petro-
leum, technology needs to be advanced, equipment should be The petroleum industry generates different concentrations of
reliable, and the applied materials should contain predefined sulfur and heavy metals, which significantly contributes to
characteristics, such as high thermal stability, reliability, and environmental pollution. Over the past few years, growing
chemical corrosion resistance.[246] One of the encouraging areas of attention has been given to the environmental impact
applied research is the advancement of standards for acquiring the minimization. Due to this, a range of naturally prepared
properties of polymeric compounds and nanocomposites.[247] materials has been developed for removing heavy metals,
Cellulose-based nanomaterials, such as CNC, NFC, nanocarbon sulfur, and organic pollutants, such as benzene, toluene,
and their nanocomposites, can be directly applied in various ethylbenzene, xylene (BETX), and dyes. Particular efforts have
applications of the petroleum industry. Despite the significant been devoted to the usage of natural materials and their
structural, mechanical, and chemical properties of nanocellulose- modifications.[250] In this regard, nano-biosensors may find
based compounds, these nanomaterials have been inadequately potential applications for environmental monitoring and
analyzed for oil and gas applications. Additionally, it is necessary disease diagnosis. Nanocellulose can be used for the collection
to investigate the characteristics of various kinds of nanocellulose of pollens from different plant sources as well as for the
and mechanisms of how they interact with other substances. adsorption of air pollutants from the grain surface. A report
Particularly, JNC biomass constitutes natural fibers, which can has been published on the adsorption of air pollutants on the
replace petroleum-based polymers due to its excellent eco-friendly grain surface of Japanese cedar pollen.[251] Nanocellulose is also
properties. used for air purification.[252] Nanofiber air filters are capable of
high-temperature stability to remove pollutants from different
pollution sources.[253] Recently, Tshikovhi et al.[254] have
4.7.1. Utilization of Drilling Fluid Blended with Bio-Based
comprehensively reviewed the nanocellulose-based composites
Nanomaterials
reinforced with activated carbon, CNTs, GO, metals and non-
During the process of drilling fluid in the petroleum industry, metals, and ceramics as adsorbents for diverse organic and
it is imperative to manufacture robust, durable, and protected inorganic contaminants in water. Nanocellulose materials have
channels, linking the productive horizon through the surface. gathered much spotlight for their applications in water
It should be noted that the efficacy of drilling and the lifetime treatment[255] and dye removal.[256] JNC materials are relatively
of drilling well rely on the capability of drilling fluids to deliver inexpensive, abundantly available, and have considerable
for its functions in various technical and geological circum- potential for modification that can be explored for their
abilities to separate pollutants from petroleum. Similarly, the the end product, a quality paper. The properties of nanocellulose
hydrophobic nature of JACNS with excellent oxygen determine the prospective increase of the strength properties;
functionality[257] offers tremendous potential for it to be used therefore, applying multifunctional JNC will ultimately improve
for removing metallic pollutants and organics molecules. the overall qualities of the paper industry. Implementation of this
strategy would decrease the expenses, complexities, and applica-
tions of the paper industry as well as contribute to the sustainable
4.8. Utilization of Nanocellulose in the Paper Industry
development and the circular economy of the process.
Being a biodegradable material with high potential, paper is used
as a replacement for plastic in the preparation of bags and
4.9. Utilization of Nanocellulose in Sensor
packages. However, the paper industry is continuously facing
challenges by several aspects, including limitations in the Due to its extraordinary characteristics, nanocellulose is consid-
manufacturing costs, the decline of recycled fibers because of the ered one of the most desirable nanomaterials used in biomaterials
increasing recycling rate results in loss of fibers, and growing the and biosensors applications.[262,263] Nanocellulose has been used
necessary conditions of physical, mechanical, and printing proper- extensively as a supportive nanomaterial for enzymes/proteins
ties to achieve the high-quality demands of paper products.[258,259] immobilization,[264,265] and for optical and electrical transduction
Nanocellulose has earned considerable interest in the paper applications.[266,267] Besides, nanocellulose specifically exhibits a
industry due to its eco-friendly, renewable nature and abundant high surface area supporting an easy analyte immobilization.
availability of its sources. Nanocellulose received considerable Various sensing and biosensing applications of nanocellulose are
attention by the paper industries due to its unique features like illustrated in Figure 17. Nanocellulose is suitable for the
high stiffness, high strength, and low weight. Nanocellulose can application of nanofilm and biosensor, where different types of
enhance paper quality, and numerous studies have demonstrated plant nanocellulose have been applied.[268,269] It was also used for a
that its addition to the pulp suspension improves the mechanical nano-enzyme sensor for three adenosine triphosphate
characteristics of the recycled papers.[260,261] The production of metabolites.[270] For the first time, Katrin et al.[271] reported a
JNC from recycled jute sticks and fibers is viable in enhancing colorimetric-based biosensor, using nanocellulose, for glucose
Figure 17. Applications of nanocellulose in sensing and biosensing. Reproduced with permission.[266] Copyright 2017, American Chemical Society.
detection in point-of-care. A CNTs based biosensor was used for

4.11. Utilization of Nanocellulose/Carbon in Electronics
alga cell detection.[272] Detection of chemical agents and biological
species using nanostructured materials has shown worthy Since the past few years, interest in nanocellulose materials has
attention and rapid progress in current years. The prepared increased for different applications, from rheological modifiers
biosensor was also used for environmental monitoring as there is to composite strengthening. Recently, nanocellulose has been
a high demand for such types of superior analytical tools. demonstrated to have significant potential in electronics.[274]
Fluorescent-labelled CNCs have been used for bioimaging The strong, tough, and flexible nanocomposites composed of
applications.[273] The role of bioimaging is to identify microbes nanocellulose and coated with carbon-based materials (i. e.,
and plant pollens with the help of a fluorescent antibody flexible GO sheets) exhibit outstanding mechanical properties
technique. and optical transparency visible range, flexibility, and electrical
Consequently, JNC will offer sufficient improvements if conductivity.[275,276] The characteristics of nanocellulose to
applied in colorimetric sensor technology, which aims to form self-standing thermally stable films have proved to be
demonstrate analytic information associated with various utilized to develop smooth and transparent substrates for
fields, such as physical or mechanical sensing, clinical or electronics. Other than substrate development, the applications
medical diagnostics, labelling bioimaging applications, food of nanocellulose in the electronics field include inks for
safety, and environmental monitoring. In fact, JNC platforms printing, numerous methods for processing, and the manufac-
might be considered an emerging technology to fabricate cost- turing of flexible electronic devices. A comprehensive illustra-
effective, simple, efficient, and disposable electrical/optical tion of the use of nanocellulose in printed electronics,
sensors for several sensing applications. We anticipate that including substrates, inks, and the associated applications and
many of the colorimetric sensors currently based on conven- processes is shown in Figure 18. The strengthening effects of
tional paper, glass, or plastic platforms will shortly be shifted JNC has been frequently used in less sophisticated products
to JNC. This generation of sensing platforms could revolu- and substances. Therefore, it is reasonable to suppose that the
tionize conventional sensing technology. utilization of JNC for more sophisticated and complex
electronic applications can compensate its real value and does
not enforce any limitations in the production of high-quality
4.10. Utilization of Nanocellulose/Carbon in
products on a larger scale. In such a context, JNC, in the shape
Anti-Corrosion Coating
of nanofibers or nanocrystals, has established itself as a
It is clear from the discussion in section 4.4 that JNC and jute promising substance and platform for the next generation of
fibers can improve thermal and mechanical properties of a the high-performing electronic industry. The commercializa-
polymer. The optimum content depends on the polymer’s nature. tion of the JNC in advanced electronic applications has been
However, most of the published articles have not fully utilized suggested as the next significant breakthrough. It is well-
the practical applications of JNC and jute fibers. Besides, their known that JNC exhibit exceptional mechanical strength,
functionalization with proper functional groups can also improve flexibility, and delivers a load-bearing capability. Hence, the
the surface property, and thus increase their application scope. JNC will open new opportunities for the design of electronic
Very recently, we showed various form of carbon from jute.[20] materials/devices, which is particularly important in developing
We summarized a different way of carbon preparation from jute green nanomaterials for future generations. Noncarbon materi-
sticks and fibers. We also found different morphology, crystal- als are promising candidates to be used in electronics, which is
linity, pore size, and surface area of carbons. It has been proved a branch of solid-state physics that studies electron transport
that a proper carbon material (such as CNTs, graphene, and phenomena in vacuum, gases, and solids. They generate two-
carbon) can improve polymer and their coating properties dimensional (2D) sheets with conducting states that exist only
dramatically. Unfortunately, most of the carbon sources are toxic in certain momentum space directions.[277] From a physics
and very expensive, and thus the commercial applications based point of view, 2D carbon nanosheets are interesting and can
on those carbon-based materials are very limited. The jute-based be utilized to make resistive electronic elements. A single sheet
carbon can be considered an alternative source of that toxic of carbon atoms bound in the sp2 configuration of a hexagonal
carbon-based material. Proper functionalization of jute carbon lattice structure makes up graphene. Graphene has a peculiar
can also improve other properties. The carbon-based coating will band structure in which the conduction and valence bands are
be a future coating due to a combination of easy source, easy almost touching, creating a semiconductor with an exact zero-
preparation process, cost-effectiveness, and environmental friend- band difference (also known as a semi-metal).[278] Longyan
liness. et al.[279] reported carbon nanoparticles for high-performance
flexible field emitters. Carbon nanoparticles were prepared on
highly flexible, conductive, and robust carbon fabric and
applied as a flexible to enhance their field emission perform-
Figure 18. Applications of nanocellulose in the printed electronics field. Reproduced with permission.[274] Copyright 2016, Royal Society of Chemistry.
ance. The JACNS with its 2D nanosheets type morphology, applicability of nanomedicine. The capability of nanomedi-
high conductivity, and porous nature can be applied as an cines to target particular sites depends on the particle size,
active candidate for electronic industry. Also, the ability and hydrophobicity, surface modification, and surface charge,
JACNS to produce graphene can replace expensive materials in which establishes their interaction with the targeted area and
many electronic applications. their penetration through the physiological drug barriers.[282]
Hence, the cytotoxicity of a range of living organisms’ cell
types, biodegradability, and the mechanism of cellular uptake
4.12. Utilization of Nanocellulose in Drug Delivery
of nanocellulose-based delivery systems must be investigated.
A chemical substance employed in diagnosing disease, treat- Materials can be used as drug delivery systems only if it
ment, and cure or utilized to improve mental or physical well- contains the essential properties, including high biocompati-
being is referred to as a drug. Drugs have long been used to bility, the capability of loading selected drug molecules, zero
improve health and extend lives. Drug delivery refers to premature release, and maintain crucial local concentration by
methods or formulations designed to carry a pharmaceutical releasing the drug molecules with a proper rate.
compound to a precise location in a body to achieve maximum Efficient drug delivery systems display effective targeting,
therapeutic effect. The practice of drug delivery has changed drug stability, reduced clearance, improved solubility, thera-
dramatically in the last few decades, and even more significant peutic effect, and controlled drug release. Most of these
changes are anticipated soon. A method of delivering drug activities have been dedicated to developing nanocellulose as a
molecules to the body of living organisms in such a way that suitable medicinal product and carrier. Jute is one of the most
enhances the concentration of drug molecules in the affected significant sources of fibers that has not been fully exploited
areas of the body compared to other parts is called targeted yet. JNC possesses unique features that could resolve the
drug delivery, also termed as smart drug delivery (SDD). Due problems in nanomedicine effectively if efficiently used in
to its unique structure, low cytotoxicity towards animal and SDD. Furthermore, research efforts need to be carried out to
human cells, and nanosized dimensions, nanocellulose pre- enhance the performance parameters in SDD by utilizing the
sented unending opportunities to various industrial applica- low-cost JNC. JNC illustrates the potential to be a genuinely
tions, including biomedical fields such as SDD.[280,281] eco-friendly nanomaterial with multiple valuable character-
Selecting an appropriate system that is biocompatible, able istics, such as high surface area, better mechanical character-
to target, control, encapsulate the release of a drug, and istics, tolerability of surface chemistry, and an anisotropic
biodegradable is extremely critical towards the successful shape, making it an efficient material for an extensive range of
applications in the field of SDD. Novel natural biomaterials techniques. The production of polysaccharide nanofibers with
are in high demand due to their properties of being physico-mechanical properties is close to natural skins.[285]
biodegradable, biocompatible, readily available, reusable, and These nanofibers can also be used for plant tissue culture
low in toxicity. The jute-derived nanocarbon can also be used techniques. The application of nanocellulose to produce
in the field of SSD as porous structure, mechanical stability, natural skin in various realms of life will be explored in-depth
chemical stability, good biocompatibility, low-toxicity, and to contribute to the next generation of biological implants.
large surface area of carbonaceous materials are promising for Nanocellulose has been used for decontamination of microbes
applications in SDD.[72,283] Currently, there is limited research and viruses.[286–288] It was also used as a bio-interface by cell
on nanocellulose polymer-based formulations for drug delivery growth of bacteria.[289] Cellulose nanofibers have been used for
systems, which demands vital research into the utilization of a study of antimicrobial activity.[290,291] Membranes based on
the novel properties of jute nanocellulose, including its cellulose nanofibers and activated carbon were used to remove
capability to enhance the gel strength, improve continual Escherichia coli bacteria from water.[292] There are lots of
delivery of drugs through hydrophilic interactions, and reduce possibilities to study in-vitro antimicrobial activity against
gel dissolution rate. human pathogenic bacteria.
The modified CNC showed a good affinity with micro-
algae during cultivation and demonstrated a potential for the
4.13. Utilization of Nanocellulose for Life Science and
production of reversible flocculation systems.[293] Microalgae
Biomedical Applications
are used for the application of biofuels production. Woefully,
This review introduced recent advances in the utilization of JNC, for such production the costs are high due to the considerable
which are the principal ingredients for various emerging energies needed to separate microalgae from the growth
applications. It will provide knowledge to stimulate further medium because of their small size and low concentrations
research works in the field of nanotechnology. Although the during the cultivation period. Microalgae are also stabilized in
literature of nanocellulose, produced from several natural sources suspension by the presence of carboxylate and phosphate
using different approaches, has been intensively studied over the groups on their cell surface. CNC help to produce flocculation
past 20 years, it is demonstrated here that nanocellulose shows to solve this problem.[293] CNTs-cellulose was used as the
useful features and can be an excellent material of choice for a pellicle for glucose biofuel cells.[294] A few reports studied the
widespread range of applications in the field of life science, application of nanocellulose in wood adhesives, paper, and
biomedical engineering, and material science. It exhibits a high cardboards[295–297] and strong, self-healing, and transparent
potential for evolving industries. On the other hand, nano-lignin, artificial wood nanostructures.[298] Recently, Hossain et al.[299]
a tough fiber type, was also used for the same purposes. With the applied various strategies to incorporate functionalized CNC
emergence of cost-effective commercial sources of nanocellulose/ in polymeric materials. Dialdehyde CNC and dicarboxylated
nano-lignin, a new dimension is opened to improve the CNC were synthesized by functionalizing CNC at two
application and technique of nanocellulose/nano-lignin of jute, different glucose moiety positions using a selective chemical
which can be employed in various industries.[157] Therefore, oxidation process. The mechanical properties of the developed
further research activities need to be conducted to fulfil current CNCs were successfully improved by incorporating them in
gaps, from laboratory scale to industrial or commercial produc- poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels.
tion and application. We expect that nanocellulose/nano-lignin The remarkable features of nanocellulose, as stated above
based materials from jute will certainly improve the quality of life (i. e., high surface area to volume ratio, high strength, and
of people with the development of next-generation materials for tunable surface chemistry), have also attracted applications in
advanced applications. A continued investigation of cost-effective biomedical fields. A potential application is to produce
technologies is required to attract industries for producing nanocellulose reinforced hydrogel composites that improve the
nanocellulose/nano-lignin derived products. Applications of re- mechanical properties of polymeric gels and have the desirable
newable resources in daily life commodities has fueled the need properties of both reinforcement and host matrix phases.[300,301]
for eco-friendly products from nature. There are considerable Sampath et al.[302] reported a new hydrogel with a semi-
opportunities in the nanotechnology field for future generations. interpenetrating polymer network possessing better pH sensi-
The field is very promising because the availability of raw tivity and mechanical properties for pharmaceutical and gene
materials is very common and cheap. It can be extracted from delivery applications. Moreover, thermal, mechanical, and
household waste, industrial waste, and cell walls of all plants. viscoelastic properties of PVA hydrogels can be improved
Carbon nanoparticles have been used as substrates for cell significantly by reinforcing lignin-containing CNC.[303] Nano-
adhesion and growth.[284] It could be used as a growth composite developed from electrospun poly(ɛ-caprolactone)/
promoter as well as an inhibitor of plant cells. Furthermore, it NC composite fiber was applied as a support for biomedical
could be applied for plant breeding and tissue culture applications.[304] Crystalline cellulose derived from jute was
used with PLA to enhance crystallinity, thermal stability, and research on these materials will make new achievements in the
antimicrobial properties of composites, which could be utilized field of energy storage, sensors, catalysis, and filtration. Also,
for the application of regenerative bone tissues.[62] carbon materials with high accessibility toward active sites,
Based on a detailed literature survey of the importance of such as nanosheets with large pores, can be deemed as
nanocellulose, it can be concluded that nanocellulose is a promising catalysts and electrode materials. By tuning the
widely applicable material throughout the world. The most experimental conditions, the JACNS can also be further
important source of nanocellulose is jute plant, which can be modified and converted into other valuable carbon materials,
applied in a variety of applications. including graphite, graphene, and highly reduced GO. Jute
has been applied as an active scaffolder for other nanomaterials
in the form of “dip-catalyst” for transfer hydrogenation and
coupling reactions. It is also revealed that jute nanocellulose-
5. Conclusions
based composites and their composites with other nano-
This review presented a progressive overview of recent jute materials have tremendous technological applications.
(lignocellulosic biomass) trends that could potentially be utilized The utmost focus of this review also includes the potential
for next-generation nanotechnology. Researchers are replacing future applications of jute in nanotechnology. Jute, a cost-
many of the relatively unsophisticated available technologies with effective commercial source of nanocellulose, exhibits a space
highly efficient and eco-friendly nanotechnologies, which meet for new applications and enhancement of the already existing
the desired goals, guidelines, sustainability principles of green ones, which could be used in different industries that need
chemistry and green engineering. Jute-based lignocellulosic materials with advanced features. Furthermore, to be renew-
biomass offers an essential platform for the sustainable production able and abundant, jute-based nanocomposites combine
of environmentally preferable, recyclable, and renewable raw chemical inertness, excellent stiffness, high strength, low
materials for making products and goods to meet the needs of coefficient of thermal expansion, low density, dimensional
people. Nanotechnology would increase the industrial ability to stability, and the ability to modify its surface chemistry. Jute-
manufacture new high-performance consumer goods using jute in derived nano (cellulose, lignin, carbon) and hemicellulose can
a sustainable approach. be applied for diverse applications, such as reinforced polymer
Various critical applications of jute (sticks and fibers) in nanocomposites, reductant and stabilizers, fertilizers delivery,
nanotechnology, including nanocellulose extraction, nanocarbon electrochemistry, support, petroleum industry, paper industry,
preparation, supports, composites preparation, coating, and sensors, anti-corrosion coating, electronics, drug delivery, and
electrochemical applications, have been summarized. Jute-based various life science and biomedical applications.
green materials have multiple excellent characteristics, which We believe that jute will improve the quality of life by
makes them ideal for a wide range of applications in materials developing the next generation of nanomaterials. It can be
science and biomedical engineering. Their high potential for realized that lignocellulosic-based nanomaterials would seem to
developing industries has also been highlighted. Several strategies have enormous potential in nanotechnology and could acquire
for the extraction of nanocellulose from jute have been discussed. the potential to be used as resources for renewable nano-
Even though lignocellulosic biomass is abundantly available in materials, which can replace several non-renewable materials.
nature and exhibits various excellent characteristics, the extraction As lignocellulosic biomass-based nanotechnology is promising;
of nanocellulose is still a major challenge. Nevertheless, various therefore, we expect that this review will contribute to realizing
complex strategies are always involved in the pre-treatment, which the potential and significance of cellulose-based biomass
requires a longer time, uses toxic chemicals, and produces (especially jute) and will enable the identification of research
wastewater. Consequently, a scientific research is necessary to fields for future developments.
further fill up the current loopholes through practical transitions
from a lab-scale to industrial production as well as accomplish the
feasibility of the final materials and introduce them in the market.
Acknowledgement
Regardless of the challenges mentioned above, we hope that jute-
based materials will undoubtedly enhance the quality of lives for The authors would like to thank numerous colleagues for their
humans in the future by developing next-generation materials. expert support in the preparation of this review article. The
Further advances included the applications of jute-derived authors also acknowledge Center of Research Excellence in
hierarchical porous nanocarbon, where their diverse micropore Nanotechnology, King Fahd University of Petroleum &
to mesopore size distribution has transformed them into highly Minerals for providing the resources utilized in the execution
active nanomaterials for many electrochemical applications. of this Review.
Therefore, hierarchical porous JACNS may be considered as
an apparent breakthrough, and it is expected that future
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15280691, 2021, 7, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/tcr.202100135 by CAPES, Wiley Online Library on [27/01/2023].

Syed Shaheen Shah,[a, b] M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh,[a] Mohd Yusuf Khan,[a]

[a] S. S. Shah, Dr. M. N. Shaikh, Dr. M. Y. Khan, Dr. M. A. Aziz 1. Introduction

the technologies to gather multifunctional and self-assembled

Table 1. Preparation of nanocellulose from jute reported in the literature.

improvements. Cataldi et al.[153] used JNC in the methacrylic-

their restricted electrolyte wettability and poor thermal dimen-

detection in point-of-care. A CNTs based biosensor was used for

References [25] S. Parvaz, R. Taheri-Ledari, M. S. Esmaeili, M. Rabbani, A.

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