Edbn 1403

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ICT in Education
EDBN 1403
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EDBN 1403
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gvKmy`v †eMg, cÖKí Kg©KZ©v (cÖkvmb I A_©), wUwKDAvB-2 cÖKí
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cÖ_g gy`ªb: wW‡m¤î 2018

cyb:gy`ªb: gvP© 2020
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evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq, MvRxcyiÑ 1705|
(¯§viK b¤î: 37.00.0000.082.14.005.18.100 ZvwiL: 31 RyjvB 2019 Bs‡iwR, 16 kÖv eY 1426 evsjv Abyhvqx
Aby‡gv`bµ‡g TQI-II cÖK‡íi AvIZvq cÖYxZ RvZxq weGW †cÖvMÖv‡gi cvV¨cy¯ÍK evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq KZ…©K
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ISBN: 978-984-34-0105-2
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wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (BGm 104)
BDwbU 1 wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: RvZxq I AvšÍRv©wZK †cÖ¶vcU c„ôv b¤î
1.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv 2
1.2 GKwesk kZ‡Ki wk¶K †hvM¨Zv Ges ICT Gi ¸iæZ¡ 3
evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vq ICT-i ¸iæZ¡: RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, AvBwmwU gnvcwiKíbv Ges ICT
1.3 6
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3.1 36
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3.3 †Uwej hy³ Kiv I m¤úv`bv Kiv 42
3.4 Qwe I AvK…wZ (‡kc) hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv 46
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6.1 92
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6.2 Kjvg, mvwi I wk‡ivbvgmn mvaviY †¯úªWwkU ˆZwi 96
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7.2 ‡mvm¨vj wgwWqv Ges wk¶vq Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv 124
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8.1 B-eyK, AbjvBb †Kvm© 142
8.2 wk¶vg~jK eøM, DBwK, †gvevBj jvwb©s 148
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9.2 Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs, fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm 163
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BDwbU-1
wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: RvZxq I AvšÍRv©wZK †cÖ¶vcU
G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~n−
1.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

1.2 GKwesk kZ‡Ki wk¶K †hvM¨Zv Ges ICT Gi ¸iæZ¡
1.3 evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vq ICT-i ¸iæZ¡: RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, AvBwmwU gnvcwiKíbv
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1

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wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³: RvZxq I AvšÍRv©wZK †cÖ¶vcU
eZ©gv‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ ev AvBwmwU (Information and Communication Technology-ICT) gvby‡li
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we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡ †Ìqv n‡q‡Q|
1.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

ICT n‡”Q Information and Communication Technology-Gi msw¶ß iƒc (Acronym) evsjvq hv Z_¨ I
†hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bv‡g cwiwPZ| GKKfv‡e ICT-Gi me©Rb¯^xK…Z †Kvb msÁv †Ìqv KwVb| †Kbbv wewfbœ‡¶‡Î
wewfbœfv‡e ICT-Gi cÖ‡qvM NU‡Q|
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Ges Technology ev cÖhyw³|
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n‡jv ICT|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (ICT) Z‡_ï Av`vb cÖ`vb, msiÿY I eë¯’vcbvq Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Ggb GK AmvaviY
my‡hvM mwó K‡i‡Q hvi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z ¯^v”Q›`gq AvaywbK Rxeb wPšÍvB Kiv hvq bv| e¨w³Rxe‡bi DrKl© mvab, RvZxq
Rxe‡bi DbœwZ I cÖMwZ Ges we‡k¦i RvwZmg~‡ni cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mngwg©Zvi eÜ‡b Ave× GK Awfbœ cwiev‡ii
†mvbvjx ¯^cœ †`wL‡q‡Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³|
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ we‡k¦i Ávb I Z_¨fvÊv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki Amxg m¤¢vebvi Øvi Ly‡j w`‡q‡Q| ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb,
†hvMv‡hvM, A_©‰bwZK Kg©KvÐ, †gavPP©v I m„RbkxjZvi weKvk, we‡bv`b BZ¨vw` mKj †ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
eënvi DË‡ivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| eZ©gv‡b GwU gvby‡li gvbm¤úbœ Kg©m¤úv`‡bi GK kw³kvjx nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ AR©b
K‡i‡Q| DbœZ we‡k¦ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³-wbf©i DcKiY eënv‡ii d‡j wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg n‡q D‡V‡Q
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki, AvKlY©xq I êwk¦K| G‡Z GKw`‡K †hgb wkLb Kvh©µ‡g wkÿv_©x‡ì AskMÖnY e„w× †c‡q‡Q, †Zgwb
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2

RM‡Z GK bvUKxq cwieZ©b G‡b‡Q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhwy ³| djkÖæwZ‡Z AvaywbK wek¦ bZyb bZyb `ÿZvi wKsev `ÿZvi
bevqb cÖ‡qvRb †eva Ki‡Q| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb cÖR‡b¥i G `ÿZv AR©‡bi my‡hvM cÖPwjZ wkÿvµ‡g G‡Kev‡iB
AcÖZzj| hvi cÖfv‡e cÖhyw³ eënviRwbZ êlg¨ (wWwRUvj wWfvBW), mvgvwRK I A_©‰bwZK êlg¨, †eKviZ¡, `vwi`ª¨
BZ¨vw` mgm¨v¸‡jv A`~i fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv cÖKU n‡q †`Lv †`qvi Avk¼v i‡q‡Q|
1.2 GKwesk kZ‡Ki wk¶K †hvM¨Zv Ges ICT-Gi ¸iæZ¡

GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki `¶Zvmg~n‡K ms‡¶‡c Ges mywbw`©ó K‡i msÁvwqZ Kiv AZ¨šÍ KwVb KvR| Z‡e mvaviYfv‡e
ejv nq GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki `¶Zv n‡”Q- wk¶‡Ki Ávb, cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶ZvwfwËK KvR Kivi my-Af¨vm Ges wKQy
AvPiwYK êwk‡óï mgš^q| Z_vwc wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vejx myôyfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi wbwg‡Ë wk¶‡Ki `¶Zvmg~n‡K
wPwýZ Kivi j‡¶¨ †gj‡evb© wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ZZ¡veav‡b Cisco, Intel Ges Microsoft Gi Avw_©K mnvqZvq A‡÷«wjqv,
wdbj¨vÛ,cZ©yMvj, wmsMvcyi, hy³ivR¨ Ges gvwK©b hy³iv‡ó«i 60wU wk¶v cÖwZôv‡bi 250 Rb M‡el‡Ki mgš^‡q MwVZ
Assessment and Teaching of 21st Century Skills (AT21CS) consortium GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki `¶Zv‡K
eënvwiK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K 2wU K¨vUvMwi‡Z Dc¯’vcb K‡i:
(A) GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki we‡kl `¶Zvmg~n

21 kZ‡Ki †cÖ¶vc‡U wk¶v_©x‡ì Kg©¶g, AvšÍR©vwZK cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq cvi½g Ges RwUj ivR‰bwZK P¨v‡j‡Äi Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx fwel¨r bvMwiK wn‡m‡e wkw¶Z Ki‡Z n‡j wk¶K‡ì wKQy we‡kl `¶Zv _vKv cÖ‡qvRb| The American
Association of Colleges for Teacher Education (AACTE) advisory group †m‡Þ¤î 2010 “21st Century
Knowledge and Skills in Educator Preparation” kxl©K GK Kg©kvjvq GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶K‡ì †h we‡kl
`¶Zvmg~n _vKv Avek¨K e‡j D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv n‡jv:
1| SyuwK MÖnYKvix (The risk taker): wk¶v cÖwZôvb ev Ab¨ †Kvb Drm †_‡K cÖvwßi A‡c¶v bv K‡i †kÖwYKvh©
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk‡¶vcKiY wk¶K‡ì wb‡Ri D‡`¨v‡M msMÖn Ki‡Z m¶gZv _vK‡Z n‡e| G e¨vcv‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq SyuwK wb‡ZI wk¶KMY cÖ¯‘Z _vK‡eb|
2| mnvqZvKvix (The Collaborator): wk¶K Zvui wk¶v_©x‡ì webvg~‡j¨ AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki cÖhyw³ wbf©i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Z_¨fvÊv‡ii †LuvR-Lei †`qv Ges mieivn Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
3| g‡Wj (Model): wk¶K n‡eb GKRb my-wPšÍK, mnbkxj, êwk¦K m‡PZb, AvZ¥wek¦vmx, mywePviK, wk¶v_©xi cÖwZ
AZ¨šÍ AvšÍwiK, m`vjvwc cÖf…wZ ¸‡Yi AwaKvix †hb Zvui e¨w³Z¡c~Y© Av`k© wk¶v_©x‡ì Dci cÖwZdwjZ n‡q fwel¨‡Z
my-bvMwiK m„wó nq|
4| †bZv (The leader): eZ©gvb kZ‡K ev¯Íe Rxe‡b wewfbœ Kv‡R mdjZv AR©‡bi †¶‡Î †bZ…Z¡`v‡bi `¶Zv AZ¨šÍ
¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wk¶v_©xiv fwel¨‡Z GB †bZ…Z¡ †hb memgq BwZevPK †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i, KLbB †hb †bwZevPK †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM
bv K‡i †m g~j¨‡eva m…wó‡Z wk¶K AZ¨šÍ cvi`k©x n‡eb|
5| `~i`k©x (The visionary): wk¶K‡ì KíbvcÖeY n‡Z n‡e| Zvuiv me mgq BwZevPK `„wófw½ wb‡q mgmvgwqK
cÖhyw³i m¤¢vebvgq w`K¸‡jvi mv‡_ wkÿv_©x‡ì cwiPq Kiv‡eb, wk¶vµ‡gi mv‡_ mgš^q mvab Ki‡eb Ges mv‡_ mv‡_
fwel¨r Kg© cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z m¶g n‡eb|
6| fv‡jv wkÿv_©x (learner): wk¶K‡ì m`v cwieZ©bkxjZvi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Pjgvb cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq Ávb I `¶Zv AR©‡b m‡Pó _vK‡Z n‡e A_©vr GKRb fv‡jv wk¶K AvRxeb QvÎ|
7| †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcbKvix (Communicator): 21 kZ‡Ki wk¶K‡ì Z_¨ cÖhyw³ AZ¨šÍ mvejxjfv‡e eënv‡ii
†hvM¨Zv _vK‡Z n‡e| cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Zvu‡ì Aek¨B ga¨cš’x wn‡m‡e KvR Kivi g‡bvfve wb‡q mn‡R
Ab¨‡K DÏxß Kiv, †h †Kv‡bv cwiw¯’wZ wbqš¿Y Kiv Ges cwiPvjbv Kivi `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
3

8| Awf‡hvRb ¶gZvm¤úbœ (The adaptor): ¯’vb-Kvj-cv‡Îi E‡aŸ© †_‡K mg‡qvc‡hvMx I bZyb wk¶vµg Abyhvqx
wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©vejx cwiPvjbv Kiv, bZyb AwfÁZv AR©b, cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨-cÖhwy ³MZ cÖwk¶‡Y BwZevPK gvbwmK
cÖ¯‘wZ cÖf…wZ †¶‡Î msMwZ weavb Kivi `¶Zv _vK‡Z n‡e|
(Av) GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki wWwRUvj `¶Zvmg~n

University College London (UCL) (Public Research University) Gi Aax‡b E-Learning Environments
cÖ‡R± KZ©…K Av‡qvwRZ ÒThe Digital Department-Workshop at 2012 AUA ConferenceÓ GKyk kZ‡Ki
wk¶‡Ki 33wU wWwRUvj `¶Zvi cÖ¯Íve K‡i| 15 Ryb 2012 AbjvB‡b Clive Young KZ…K cÖKvwkZ †mB 33wU
`¶Zv‡K Avgv‡ì †`‡ki wk¶K‡ì `xN©w`‡bi †ckvMZ `¶Zv Ges Z_¨ cÖhyw³MZ Ávb I `¶Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i
K‡qKwU K¨vUvMwi‡Z fvM K‡i Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
(K) mvaviY `¶Zv
1| webvg~‡j¨ cÖvß mdUIqvi ev AbjvB‡b wewfbœ Uyjm eënvi K‡i wWwRUvj AwWI ˆZwi I GwWU Kivi `¶Zv|
2| webvg~‡j¨ cÖvß mdUIqvi ev AbjvB‡b wewfbœ Uyjm eënvi K‡i wWwRUvj Qwe ˆZwi I GwWU Kivi `¶Zv|
3| webvg~‡j¨ cÖvß mdUIqvi ev AbjvB‡b wewfbœ Uyjm eënvi K‡i wfwWI msMÖn Ges cÖ`k©b Kivi `¶Zv|
4| wewfbœ ai‡bi †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Ges †kqvi Kivi `¶Zv, †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Ges cÖ`k©b Kivi `ÿZv GKRb
wk¶‡Ki Rb¨ LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
5| AbjvB‡b webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq Ggb Qwei fvÊvi Lyu‡R †ei Kiv Ges Zv cÖ‡qvR‡b wcÖ›U Kivi `¶Zv|
6| mwVK Keyword Gi mvnv‡h¨ ¯^í mg‡q Kvh©Kix Search query eënvi Kivi `¶Zv|
7| Z_¨-cÖhyw³i †¶‡Î eënvi Dc‡hvMx wewfbœ ai‡bi B‡j±ªwbK wWfvBm eënvi Kivi `¶Zv|
8| †kÖwY I cvV Dc‡hvMx cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges wbfi©kxj I‡qemvBUwfwËK Kb‡U›U Luy‡R †ei Kiv Ges Zv g~j¨vqb Kiv|
9| †kÖwYK‡¶ wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vg~jK wfwWI-AwWI m¤^wjZ I‡qemvBU †hgb: YouTube eënv‡ii
Dcvqmg~n Rvbv _vK‡Z n‡e|
(L) wPšÍvg~jK Ges mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zv

10| mvgvwRK I‡qemvBU eënv‡ii gva¨‡g mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_ AvšÍt‡hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i †ckvMZ `¶Zv
Dbœqb, cwiea©b I cwigvR©b Kivi `¶Zv|
11| dvBj †kqvwis Uyjm eënvi K‡i AbjvB‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi WKy‡g›U Ges dvBj Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kivi `¶Zv|
12| wewfbœ ai‡bi Web browser eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Website Gi Bookmarking list ˆZwi Ges
wewfbœ di‡g‡Ui dvBj WvDb‡jvW K‡i Zv wk¶v_©x‡ì mievivn Kiv|
13| †kÖwYK‡¶ eënvi Dc‡hvMx I‡qe Kb‡U›U hvPvB-evQvB Kivi `¶Zv|
14| wewfbœ ai‡bi Task management tools eënvi K‡i wbR¯^ Kg© cwiKíbv ˆZwi Kiv Ges Zv
wk¶v_©x‡ì mieivn Kivi `¶Zv|
15| †h‡Kv‡bv mdUIqvi eënv‡i KwcivBU AvBb m¤ú‡K© wb‡R m‡PZb _vKv Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì gv‡S m‡PZbZv
m„wó Kiv|
16| wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ wbivc` I Zv‡ì c‡¶ mn‡R eënvi Dc‡hvMx wewfbœ ai‡bi AbjvBb wk¶vg~jK
DcKi‡Yi Drm Lyu‡R eënv‡ii `ÿZv|
17| AvKl©Yxq aviYv m¤^wjZ Ges `„wób›`b Sticky notes eënv‡ii `¶Zv|
18| AbjvB‡b KvR Kivi mgq we‡kl wbivcËv MÖnY Kivi `¶Zv|
19| †kÖwYK‡¶ wewfbœ web page Gi †Kv‡bv D×…Zvsk‡K UxKv wn‡m‡e wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ †kqvi Kivi `¶Zv|
4

(M) Mfxi wPšÍvg~jK `¶Zv
20| Bb‡dvMÖvd ˆZwi Kiv Ges cÖ`k©b Kiv, gv‡S gv‡S wewfbœ Z_¨ AbjvBb †_‡K msMÖn K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì
mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Kiv|
21| Polling software eënvi K‡i †kÖwYK‡¶i cwi‡ek, wk‡¶vcKi‡Yi ¸YMZ gvb, wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
c×wZi gvb cÖf…wZ w`‡Ki wi‡qjUvBg mv‡f© Kivi `¶Zv|
22| wk¶v_©x‡ì eyw×gËvi cÖ‡qvM Ges †gavi weKv‡k mnvqK wewfbœ wmgy‡jkb (cvVmnvqK wfwWI †Mg)
eënv‡ii wb‡`©kbv cÖ`vb Kivi `¶Zv|
23| wewfbœ Collaborative tools eënvi K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi wk¶vg~jK †jLv Dc¯’vcb I
m¤úv`b Kivi `¶Zv|
24| wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì Awc©Z KvR m¤úbœ Ki‡Z B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K Ab¨ Kv‡iv m¤úvw`Z KvR mivmwi Kwc Ki‡Q
wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡Z Plagiarism tools eënvi Kivi `¶Zv|
25| AbjvB‡b wewfbœ tools eënvi K‡i wk¶K-wk¶v_©x DfqB wb‡R‡ì Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ Electronic
Profile ˆZwi Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv cÖ`v‡bi `¶Zv|
26| DBwKwcwWqvq AskMÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ AbjvBb cwimi ˆZwi Kivi `¶Zv|
(N) D”PZi `¶Zv

27| webvg~‡j¨ cÖvß ev AbjvBb mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i Screen capture wfwWI Ges wfwWI wUD‡Uvwiqvj ˆZwi Kiv|
28| wk¶v_©x‡ì wk¶vi ¸YMZ gvb hvPvB Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨ wWwRUvj KyBR ˆZwi Kiv Ges Zv g~j¨vq‡b wWwRUvj Uyjm
eënvi Kivi `¶Zv|
29| AbjvB‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Uyjm eënvi K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq †bvU, Kb‡U›U msMÖn Kiv Ges Zv wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ †kqvi
Kivi `¶Zv|
30| wewfbœ Screen casting tools †hgb: aTubecatcher or Open Source †_‡K †h †Kvb Uz‡ji mvnv‡h¨ Screen
shot wb‡q wUD‡Uvwi‡qj ˆZwi K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì mieivn Kiv|
31| wk¶v_©x‡ì Group Assignment Kv‡R Group messaging tools eënvi Kivi `¶Zv|
32| wewfbœ Digital tools eënvi K‡i M‡elYv mnvqK Z_¨, M‡elYv cÎ msMÖn Kivi `¶Zv|
33| AbjvB‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi wWwRUvj Uyjm eënvi K‡i wk¶K‡ì evrmwiK wk¶v-K¨v‡jÛvi ˆZwii `¶Zv|
Avgv‡ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wWwRUvj `¶Zvmg~n

Avgv‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v, mvs¯‹…wZK cwi‡ek, ag©xq I ˆbwZK g~j¨‡eva, wk¶K‡ì Z_¨-cÖhyw³MZ Ávb I `¶Zv,
wk¶v cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi eZ©gvb AeKvVv‡gv, Z_¨-cÖhyw³MZ my‡hvM cÖf…wZi Dci wfwË K‡i Ges D‡jøwLZ †idv‡i‡Ýi
Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq `¶Zv¸‡jv n‡jv:
1. wWwRUvj AwWI ˆZwi Ges m¤úv`bv Kiv|
2. wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ Ges wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡a¨ wkLb mnvqK Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ mvgvwRK eyKgvK© eënvi Kiv|
3. wk¶v_©x‡ì AbjvBb cøvUdg© ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ eøM Ges DBwK eënvi Kiv|
4. †kªwYK‡¶ wWwRUvj Qwe/wP‡Îi eënvi|
5. wk¶v_©x‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z †kÖwYK‡¶ wfwWI mvgMÖx eënvi|
6. wk¶v_©x‡ì DÏxß Kivi Rb¨ Z_¨ QK eënvi Kiv|
5

7. mnKg©x‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †mvk¨vj †bUIqvwK©s mvBU eënvi Kiv Ges †mB mv‡_ †ckvMZfv‡e wb‡R‡K
Av‡iv `¶ Kiv|
8. cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi, Dc¯’vcb Ges cÖwk¶Y †mkb ˆZwi Kiv Ges Zv Ab¨ mnKg©x‡ì gv‡S weZiY
Kiv|
9. wb‡Ri Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU wWwRUvj B-‡cvU©‡dvwjI MVb Kiv|
10. wk¶v_©x‡ì G¨vmvBb‡g›U hvPvB Kivi mgq †cøRvwiRg kbv³ Ki‡Z m¶g nIqv|
11. w¯Œb K¨vcPvi K‡i wfwWI wUD‡Uvwiqvj ˆZwi Ki‡Z cviv|
12. ‡kÖwYK‡¶ Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ I‡qemvBU n‡Z Kb‡U›U msMÖn Kiv|
13. wk¶v_©x‡ì wkLb eë¯’vcbv cwiKíbvgvwdK m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì gv‡S wewfbœ Uyj mieivn I eënv‡i
DrmvwnZ Kiv|
14. ‡kÖwY‡Z ev¯ÍewfwËK Rwic cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z wewfbœ AbjvBb mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv| †hgb, mv‡f© gvswK, ¸Mj
dig BZ¨vwì|
15. KwcivBU Ges AbjvBb mvgMÖxi eënv‡i AvBbMZ welq¸wj †g‡b Pjv|
16. KzBR ˆZwii Rb¨ wWwRUvj g~j¨vqb mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡Z m¶g nIqv|
17. mwVK I bxwZMZfv‡e I‡qewfwËK Kb‡U›U eënvi Kiv|
18. mgq eë¯’vcbv D‡Ï‡k¨ wWwRUvj miÄvg eënvi|
19. wk¶v_©x‡ì Rb¨ AvKl©Yxq Uyj mieivn Kiv †hb Zviv mn‡RB K¬vm †bvU MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
20. AbjvBb/AdjvBb w÷wK †bvU eënvi Kiv BZ¨vw`|
1.3 evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vq AvBwmwUi ¸iæZ¡: RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, AvBwmwU

gnvcwiKíbv Ges AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv
RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, AvBwmwU gnvcwiKíbv Ges ICT bxwZgvjv cwieZ©bkxj Ges cÖPÊ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvc~Y© we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj
wgwj‡q Avgv‡ì †`k GwM‡q P‡j‡Q| GwM‡q P‡j‡Q Dbœqbkxj †`k †_‡K DbœZ †`k nIqvi c‡_| Dbœqb n‡q‡Q
mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©bxwZK Ges mvs¯‹…wZK †¶‡Î| Dbœq‡bi †Qvuqv †j‡M‡Q Avgv‡ì wk¶v‡¶‡ÎI| hvi cªgvY
cvIqv hv‡e wewfbœ wek¦we`¨vj‡qi fwZ©i Rb¨ AbjvB‡b dig c~iY, †iwR‡÷«kb I dj cÖKvk BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv j¶¨
Ki‡j| wewfbœ K‡jR ev wek¦we`¨vjq fwZ©, gš¿Yvjq-Awa`ßi-`ßimg~‡ni wPwVcÎ Av`vb-cÖ`vb, wb‡qvM, B-eyKmn
wewfbœ †¶‡Î Z_¨ I cÖhyw³i †mev †cŠu‡Q †M‡Q| G‡Z Kv‡Ri MwZ †e‡o‡Q, Revew`wnZv, ¯^”QZv †e‡o‡Q, `yb©xwZ
K‡g‡Q| gva¨wg‡K 30 nvRv‡iiI †ewk ¯‹yj-gv`ªvmvq gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiyg Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| Av‡iv 50 nvRvi cÖwZôv‡b
gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæg Pvjy n‡e PjwZ eQ‡iB| cÖv_wgK n‡Z D”Pwk¶v ch©vq ch©šÍ wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i
eënvi ev¯Íevq‡bi KvR Pj‡Q| GLv‡b RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, wk¶v AvBb, gv÷vi cø¨vb Ges wk¶vq AvBwmwU bxwZgvjvmg~n
ch©v‡jvPbv mv‡c‡¶ evsjv‡`‡ki wk¶vq AvBwmwUi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvM Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010-G wk¶vq AvBwmwUi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvM

RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ-2010 ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q RbMY Z_v RvwZi AvKv•Lv I cÖZ¨vkvi cÖwZdjb NwU‡q| mKj wkïi Rb¨
wk¶v wbwðZ Kiv GKwU †gŠwjK welq| gvbm¤§Z, hy‡Mvc‡hvMx I AvaywbK wk¶v jvf K‡i bZzb cÖRb¥‡K `¶ gvbe
m¤ú‡` i~cvšÍi Kivi Rb¨ GB wk¶vbxwZ‡Z Kw¤úDUvi I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wk¶v †ek ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| †MvUv c„w_ex‡Z Z_¨
cÖhyw³i †h wecøe ïiæ n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`kI Zvi Askx`vi n‡q Dbœqbkxj †`k wn‡m‡e `vwi`ª¨ we‡gvP‡bi GKwU AfvweZ
6

my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| ivó« cwiPvjbvq ¯^”QZv G‡b `yb©xwZi g~‡jvrcvUb Kivi †¶‡Î Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eo f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z
cv‡i| RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ‡Z Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wk¶vi g~j j¶¨ wba©viY n‡q‡Q `ywU-
1| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Ávb m¤úbœ Ges AvšÍR©vwZK gvb m¤úbœ wkw¶Z I cÖwkw¶Z Rbej ˆZwii cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv|
2| Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡K ïaygvÎ Kw¤úDUvi weÁv‡bi gv‡S mxwgZ bv †i‡L †gvevBj, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, †bUIqvwK©s
wKsev mKj Z_¨ msMÖn, msi¶Y I cÖwµqvRvZKi‡Yi e¨vcK A‡_© eënvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci ¸iyZ¡
Av‡ivc|
†KŠkj
1| wk¶vi G‡Kev‡i cÖv_wgK ¯Íi †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi‡K wk¶v`v‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv n‡e|
2| gva¨wgK ch©v‡q cÖ‡e‡ki c~‡e©B mKj wk¶v_©x‡K Kw¤úDUvi wel‡q wkw¶Z wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e|
3| gva¨wgK ch©v‡q weÁvb wefv‡Mi wk¶v_©x‡ì weÁvb I MwYZ wel‡qi m‡½ Kw¤úDUvi welq wb‡q covïbvi
my‡hvM K‡i †Ìqv n‡e|
4| e„wËg~jK I KvwiMwi wk¶vq MÖvwdK wWRvBb, gvwëwgwWqv, Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` wel‡q wk¶v`v‡bi eë¯’v Kiv
n‡e|
5| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wel‡q AvMÖn m„wói j‡¶¨ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ch©v‡q Awjw¤úqv‡Wi Av‡qvRb Kiv n‡e| D”Pwk¶v
1| mKj wek¦we`¨vj‡q AvšÍR©vwZK gv‡bi KvwiKyjvgmn Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wefvM †Lvjv n‡e|
2| wek¦we`¨vj‡q Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³i gvb hy‡Mvc‡hvMx K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì ¯^Zš¿fv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖwk¶Y w`‡q Rbkw³‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ Kiv n‡e|
3| wek¦we`¨vjq I wkí cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ †hvMm~Î ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|
4| Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq‡K cÖK…Z A‡_© Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wbf©i wek¦we`¨vjq wn‡m‡e M‡o †Zvjv n‡e|
5| †`‡k GKwU Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wek¦we`¨vjq ¯’vcb Kiv n‡e|
Ab¨vb¨
1| Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q Kw¤úDUvi weÁvb I Z_¨ cÖhyw³ wk¶v we¯Ív‡ii j‡¶¨ †Rjv, Dc‡Rjv I _vbv ch©v‡q Z_¨ cÖhyw³
cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª Ges †Uwj †m›Uvi cÖwZôv Kivi c`‡¶c MÖnY|
2| miKvwi Kg©KZ©v I bxwZwba©viK‡ì Kw¤úDUvi welqK `¶Zv AR©‡bi j‡¶¨ cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb|
wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gnvcwiKíbv
Dbœq‡bi PvwjKv kw³ wn‡m‡e eZ©gv‡b wewfbœ †¶‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi Kiv n‡”Q| wk¶v †¶‡ÎI Gi
e¨wZµg nqwb| wk¶vi gvb Dbœq‡b c„w_exi Ab¨ †`‡ki gZ evsjv‡`‡kI ïiæ n‡q‡Q AvBwmwUÕi eënvi| RvZxq
wk¶vbxwZ 2010-G wk¶v‡¶‡Î AvBwmwUi eënvi h‡_ó ¸iæZ¡ †c‡q‡Q| wk¶vq wWwRUvj wWfvBW `~i Kivi Rb¨ †bqv
n‡q‡Q wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gnvcwiKíbv| wb‡¤œ Gi wewfbœ w`K Zy‡j aiv n‡jv:
wk¶vq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ n‡e-
1| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv cwi‡ek Dbœqb|
2| wk¶K‡ì AvBwmwU I †ckvMZ `¶Zvi Dbœqb|
3| wkLb-‡kLv‡bv mvgMÖxi gv‡bvbœqb|
4| hy‡Mvc‡hvMx `¶ Rbkw³ M‡o †Zvjv|
5| wk¶v eë¯’vcbvq ¯^”QZv, `¶Zv I Revew`wnZv wbwðZ Kiv|
6| wk¶v‡mev RbM‡Yi †`vi‡Mvovq †cŠu‡Q †`qv|
7| wk¶vq mswkøó‡ì AskMÖnY wbwðZ Kiv|
7

wk¶vq AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv-2015
D‡Ïk¨
1. mvgvwRK b¨vqcivqYZv I mvg¨Zv;
2. bxwZi cÖwZ Av¯’v I `vqe×Zv;
3. mve©Rbxb cÖ‡ekMg¨Zv;
4. wkÿv I M‡elYv;
5. Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó;
6. ißvbx Dbœqb;
7. AvBwmwU mnvqK welqmg~n wbwðZKiY;
8. ¯^v¯’¨‡mevq AvBwmwU;
9. cwi‡ek, Rjevqy I `~‡hv©M eë¯’vcbvq AvBwmwU;
10. Drcv`bkxjZvq AvBwmwU|
wk¶vq AvBwmwU bxwZgvjvq cÖ‡Z¨KwU D‡Ïk¨ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q †KŠkj| †hgb, 4.3: cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vq
Ges KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Y AvBwmwU †Kvm© AšÍf©~³ K‡i †`ke¨vcx AvBwmwU mv¶iZv m¤cÖmviY Kiv|
wk¶vq AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv-2015 Gi cÖwZwU †KŠkj ev¯Íevq‡b i‡q‡Q wbw`©ó QK †hLv‡b D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q KiYxq
welq, `vwqZ¡cÖvß cÖwZôvb I cÖZ¨vwkZ djvdj| GKBfv‡e wk¶vq AvBwmwU ev¯Íevq‡bi gnvcwiKíbvqI i‡q‡Q GKB
QK †hLv‡b Kvi Kx `vwqZ¡ Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| wk¶vbxwZi Av‡jv‡K wk¶v AvBb, wk¶v AvBb †gvZv‡eK wk¶vq
AvBwmwU ev¯Íevq‡bi gnvcwiKíbv I gnvcwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wk¶vq AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv| wk¶vq AvBwmwU
bxwZgvjvq i‡q‡Q ¯^í, ga¨ I `xN©‡gqvw` cwiKíbv|
bgybv cÖkœ
1| Clive Young KZ…K cÖKvwkZ GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki wWwRUvj `ÿZv KqwU?
2| AbjvBb mv‡f© Kivi GKwU cø¨vUd‡g©i bvg wjLyb|
3| Open Source Screen shot mdUIq¨v‡ii bvg wjLyb|
wPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ
1| GKwesk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki Kx Kx ICT †hvM¨Zv _vKv Riæix?
Z_¨m~Î
1| wkÿvi DrKl© mva‡b Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ (A‡±vei, 2017)
2| https://ictinedubd.wordpress.com
3| AvBwmwU bxwZgvjv 2015
4| RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ 2010|
8

BDwbU-2
Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ I cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv
G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯‘mg~n-
2.1 nvW©Iq¨vi (BbcyU I AvDUcyU) I mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

2.2 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY wWfvBmmg~‡ni ms‡hvM, Kx‡evW©, AvBKb, dvBj I †dvìvi cwiwPwZ
2.3 Ab I Ad Kiv, dvBj I †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv, bvg †`qv I cyb:bvg †`qv, Kwc-‡c÷ Kiv, wWwjU
Kiv Ges wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K WKy‡g›Um †diZ cvIqv
2.4 d¬¨vkwW¯‹/wigy‡fejwW¯‹, †ggwi KvW©, g‡Wg BZ¨vwì eënvi, wewfbœ W«vBf G dvBj I †dvìvi
¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
9

BDwbU-2
Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ I cwiPvjbvi `ÿZv
GKwesk kZvãxi wek¦gv‡bi wkÿK ˆZwi Ki‡Z wkÿvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i eënvi †evaKwi bZzb †Kvb wPšÍv bq
eis Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Dci fi K‡i wkLb-†kLv‡bv Kvh©µg Z_v wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœqb AvR mg‡qi `vex|
GKRb wkÿK Z_¨ AvniY I weZi‡Y Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mnvqZv †b‡eb Ges GB kZvãxi GKRb †bUIqvK© wkÿK n‡q
wkÿv_©x‡ì AvaywbK wPšÍv avivq M‡o Zzj‡eb| GKUv mgq wQj hLb Rxeb e„Ëv‡šÍ wjL‡Z n‡Zv Kw¤úDUvi wjUv‡iwm,
GLb wjL‡Z nq I‡qe wjUv‡iwm, B›Uvi‡bU wjUv‡iwm| wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK cixÿvqI †`Lv hvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
Rb¨ GKwU Kb©vi eivÏ _v‡K| Avgv‡ì RvZxq wkÿvµgwUI mg‡qi mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q| lô †_‡K
Øv`k †kÖwY ch©šÍ AvBwmwU‡K †Kvi wel‡qi AvIZvq Avbv n‡q‡Q| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i cÖmv‡i miKv‡ii cÿ †_‡K wewfbœ
D‡`¨vM MÖn‡Yi cvkvcvwk GKwU gnvcwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †hLv‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii my¯úó w`K wb‡`©kbv
i‡q‡Q| GgZve¯’vq, GKRb wkÿK Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡K nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e wb‡q wkÿv_©x‡ì wek¦vq‡bi P¨v‡jÄ
†gvKv‡ejvq 4C’i (Communication, Collaboration, Creativity and Critical Thinking) mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv‡eb
Ges gvbweK ¸Yvejxi weKvk NUv‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡eb GgbwU cÖZ¨vkv Kiv hvq|
evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î Z_v- eëmvq, wk¶v, K…wl, Dbœqbg~jK, mvgvwRK, A_©‰bwZK I ivR‰bwZK Kg©KvÛmn mKj Kg©‡¶‡Î
Z_¨-cÖhyw³i eënv‡ii j‡¶¨ miKvi we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb| †gvU K_v evsjv‡`k‡K Z_¨-cÖhyw³‡Z m¤^„×kvjx
wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z Pvq G †`‡ki miKvi I RbMY| G j‡¶¨ cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡b wbijm KvR K‡i P‡j‡Q
mswkøó cÖwZôvb I `ßi¸‡jv| cvkvcvwk G‡`‡ki Rb‡Mvôx‡K Z_¨ I cÖhyw³‡Z `¶ K‡i M‡o Zzj‡Z wewfbœ c`‡¶c
MÖnY K‡i‡Q miKvi| GQvovI †`‡ki wewfbœ ¯’v‡b †emiKvwifv‡e KvwiMwi wk¶v‡ev‡W©i Aby‡gv`‡b I cwiPvjbvq M‡o
D‡V‡Q Z_¨ cÖhyw³mn wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci †ewmK wk¶v MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZôvb| d‡j GUv wbwð‡šÍ ejv hvq cÖhyw³ Áv‡b
evsjv‡`k 2021 mv‡ji g‡a¨B Kvw•LZ jÿ¨ AR©b Ki‡e|
Ab¨ GKwU w`KI Av‡jvPbvi h‡_ó `vwe iv‡L| Avgv‡ì †cÖÿvcU I AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq cÖhyw³ eënv‡i wkÿv_©xiv
wkÿ‡Ki †P‡q GwM‡q Av‡Q| mgmvgwqK wel‡q ch©vß Ávb, `ÿZv I Z_¨ bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y †kÖwYK‡ÿ whwb
mnvqZvKvixi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i _v‡Kb Zvu‡K A‡bK mgq †nb¯Ív n‡Z nq wkÿv_©x‡ì nv‡Z| Avevi †`Lv hvq ïay
cÖhyw³ Ávb _vK‡jB nq bv †mwU †kÖwYK‡ÿ cÖ‡qv‡Mi †KŠkj Rvb‡Z nq, wkÿv weÁv‡bi welqwU gv_vq ivL‡Z nq,
wkÿv_©x‡ì iæwP-A‡f¨m, cQ›`-AcQ‡›ì welqwUI G‡Kev‡i bMY¨ bq, cÖhyw³‡K wkL‡bi DcKiY wn‡m‡e eënv‡ii
†hvM¨ZvI _vK‡Z nq|
G Aa¨vqwU‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY welq¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mnR I mvejxjfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv wkÿK‡K Zvi
†ckvMZ Kv‡R Ges ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R Z_¨-cÖhyw³i eënvi‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‘i Av‡jvPbv fvivµvšÍ bv
K‡i web¨¯Í n‡q‡Q GKRb wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi w`KwU we‡ePbvq wb‡q|
2.1 nvW©Iq¨vi (BbcyU I AvDUcyU) I mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

nvW©Iq¨vi I mdUIq¨vi Av‡jvPbvi c~‡e© Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖv_wgK aviYv wb‡q wKQzUv
Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv hvK| KvD‡K hw` cÖkœ Kiv nq Kw¤úDUvi Kx? mvaviYfv‡e nq‡Zv
DËi Avm‡e Kw¤úDUvi GKwU MYbvKvix hš¿| A_©vr Avgv‡ì AwZ †Pbv
K¨vjKz‡jU‡ii e„nr ms¯‹iY| Kw¤úDUvi GKwU RwUj cÖhyw³i mgš^‡q MwVZ, A_P
gvby‡li †`qv wb‡`©k Qvov Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Kvh©µg we‡ePbvq g‡b nq ïay GB GKwU
kã w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi‡K msÁvwqZ Kiv wVK bq| Computer kãwU wMÖK kã
Compute kã †_‡K G‡m‡Q| Compute k‡ãi A_© MYbv Kiv| kvwãKfv‡e
Computer k‡ãi A_© MYbvKvix hš¿| g~jZ: GwU ˆZwi Kiv n‡qwQj MYbvi Rb¨| wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b GwU RwUj I KwVb
wn‡me-wb‡Kk QvovI AviI A‡bK Kv‡R eënvi n‡”Q| ZvB Gi msÁv‡ZI cwieZ©b Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi
n‡jv B‡j±ªwbK wWfvBm hv Z_¨ MÖnY K‡i, cÖwµqvKiY K‡i, msiÿY K‡i Ges djvdj cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K|
10

According to Oxford Dictionary- “Electronic device for storing, analyzing and producing
information, for making calculations, or controlling machines”
BwZnv‡mi K_vq GKUz Avmv hvK, cÖvq 4 nvRvi eQi Av‡M Pxbviv MYbv Kivi Rb¨ GKwU hš¿ ˆZwi K‡ib| hvi bvg
A¨vevKvm| GwUB n‡jv c„w_exi cÖ_g MYbvKvwi hš¿| hv‡K ejv nq eZ©gvb Kw¤cDUv‡ii Avw` cyiæl| gyjZ: eZ©gvb
Kw¤cDUv‡ii iƒc‡iLv ˆZwi K‡ib weªwUk MwYZwe` Pvj©m e¨v‡eR| 1822 mv‡j wZwb jMvwi`gmn MvwYwZK wn‡me
wb‡Kk AwaK mnR Kivi j‡¶¨ GKwU hš¿ ˆZwi Kivi cwiKíbv nv‡Z †bb| hš¿wUi bvg wQj ÒwWdv‡iwÝqvj BwÄbÓ
Ges Zuvi GB hš¿wU wKQz mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y Av‡jvi gyL †`‡Lwb| Gici 1833 mv‡j wZwb MYbvKvwi h‡š¿i ¯§„wZfvÛv‡ii
cÖ‡qvRbxZv Abyfe K‡i GKwU hš¿ ˆZwii wPšÍv K‡ib, hvi bvg †`b ÒA¨vbvjBwUK¨vj BwÄbÓ| GwUi KvR wZwb †kl
Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb| Zvi GB †gwk‡bi wWRvB‡bi Dci wfwË K‡iB AvR‡Ki GB Kw¤cDUvi ˆZix Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi G
Rb¨B Zuv‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii Avw` cyiæl ev RbK ejv nq| Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvm A‡bK e¨vcK| hy‡M hy‡M wewfbœ e¨w³i
Ae`vb Ges M‡elYvi d‡j AvR‡Ki GB Kw¤úDUvi| Avgiv hw` weeZ©b ev cÖRb¥ wb‡q GKUz Av‡jvPbv Kwi Zvn‡j
Kw¤úDUv‡ii BwZnvmwU Avgv‡ì wbKU Av‡iv ¯úó n‡e|
cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1951-1959)

1951 mvj †_‡K 1959 mvj ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii cÖ_g cÖRb¥ e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤cDUvi¸‡jvq f¨vKzqvg wUDe eënvi Kiv n‡Zv| AmsL¨ Wv‡qvW, Uªv‡qvW fvjf, †iwR÷vi, K¨vcvwmUi BZ¨vw` w`‡q
ˆZwi n‡Zv e‡j cÖ_g cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi wQj AvK…wZ‡Z eo Ges ¯^í-MwZm¤cbœ| G cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i we`ÿr LiP
†ewk n‡Zv Ges cÖPzi Zvc Drcbœ n‡Zv| GB cÖR‡b¥I Kw¤cDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
♣ f¨vKzqvg wUDewewkó B‡jKUªwbK eZ©bxi eënvi;
♣ Pz¤^Kxq Wªvg †ggwi;
♣ mxwgZ †WUv aviY¶gZv;
♣ wekvj AvK…wZi I mn‡R enb-A‡hvM¨;
♣ cvÂKv‡W©i Dc‡hvMx BbcyU-AvDUcyU miÄvgmg~n;
♣ i¶Yv‡e¶Y I DËvcmgm¨v;
D`vinY: ENIAC, EDVAC, UNIVAC-1, MARK, IBM-650 BZ¨vw`|
wØZxq cÖRb¥ (1959-1965)

1959 mvj †_‡K 1965 mvj ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii wØZxq cÖRb¥ e‡j Abygvb Kiv nq| wØZxq cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤cDUv‡i fvj‡fi cwie‡Z© UªvbwR÷‡ii eënvi ïiæ nq| GB cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
♣ UªvbwR÷‡ii eënvi;
♣ Pz¤^Kxq †Kvi †ggwi;
♣ D”PMwZwewkó BbcyU-AvDUcyU miÄvgmg~n;
♣ diUªvb I †Kvejmn D”PZi fvlvi D™¢e;
♣ AvK…wZi ms‡KvPb;
♣ Zvcmgm¨vi Aemvb;
♣ MwZ I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zvi DbœwZ|
D`vniY: IBM 1400, IBM 1620
11

Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ (1965-1971)
1965 mvj †_‡K 1971 mvj ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii Z…Zxq cÖRb¥ e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i
Kw¤cDUv‡i BbwU‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©U (AvBwm) ev mgwš^Z wPc _v‡K, hv‡Z A‡bK Aa©cwievnx Wv‡qvW, UªvbwR÷i Ges Ab¨vb¨
B‡jKUªwbK hš¿vsk _v‡K| Z…Zxq cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i we`ÿr LiP K‡g hvq, Kv‡Ri MwZ I wbf©ikxjZv eû¸Y †e‡o
hvq| GB cÖR‡b¥i êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
♣ Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW mvwK©‡Ui eënvi;
♣ †mwgKÛv±‡ii eënvi;
♣ AvK…wZi ms‡KvPb I AwaK wbf©ikxjZv;
♣ GKB mg‡q GKvwaK eënviKvixi eënv‡ii myweav;
♣ nvB †j‡fj j¨v½y‡q‡Ri e¨vcK cÖPjb;
♣ gwbU‡ii cÖPjb;
♣ wgwb Kw¤cDUv‡ii cÖPjb;
♣ AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e VDU (Video Display Unit) I D”PMwZi jvBb wcÖ›Uv‡ii cÖPjb ïiæ nq|
D`vniY: IBM 360, IBM 370
PZz_© cÖRb¥ (1971- eZ©gvb)

1971 mvj †_‡K eZ©gvb ch©šÍ mgqKvj‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii PZz_© cÖRb¥ e‡j aiv nq| GB cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUv‡i LSI
(Large Scale Integration) VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) cÖhyw³i gva¨‡g ˆZwi gvB‡µv cÖ‡mmi eënvi Kiv
nq| GB cÖR‡b¥i êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
♣ gvB‡µv cÖ‡mm‡ii D™¢e;
♣ `v‡gi wb¤œMwZ wKš‘ ¶gZv †ewk;
♣ mivmwi †cÖvMÖvg c¨v‡KR cÖ‡qv‡Mi myweav;
♣ †Uwe‡ji Ici †i‡L KvR Kivi myweav;
♣ mvaviY gvby‡li eënv‡ii my‡hvM|
D`vniY: IBM 3033, IBM PC

cÂg cÖRb¥ (fwel¨r cÖRb¥)

eënvwiK †¶‡Î GL‡bv PZz_© cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| hy³ivóª I Rvcv‡b cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi Pvjyi
Ae¨vnZ cÖ‡Póv Pj‡Q| cÂg cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤cDUvi¸‡jvq K…wÎg eyw×gËv (Artificial Intelligence) cÖ‡qvM Kiv n‡”Q| GB
cÖR‡b¥i êwkó¨¸‡jv n‡jv:
♣ K…wÎg eyw×gËvi eënvi;
♣ AwaK mg„×kvjx gvB‡µv cÖ‡mm‡ii eënvi;
♣ eZ©bx¸‡jvq AcwUK¨vj dvBev‡ii eënvi;
♣ KÉ¯^‡ii gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë wb‡`©‡ki Abyaveb;
♣ mycvi Kw¤cDUv‡ii Dbœqb;
♣ †WUv aviY¶gZvi e¨vcK DbœwZ;
♣ Super VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) wPc AeZviYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
♣ KIPS (Knowledge Information Processing System) eënvi Kiv n‡”Q|
12

nvW©Iq¨vi
GKwU Kw¤cDUvi‡K mvaviYZ: `ywU As‡k fvM Kiv hvq h_v nvW©Iq¨vi Ges
mdUIq¨vi| nvW©Iq¨vi n‡jv †mB me Ask hv `„k¨Z Ges †Qvuqv hvq, hvi KvVv‡gv
Av‡Q| Kw¤cDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi n‡jv Kw¤cDUv‡ii †mBmKj Ask †h¸‡jv †Qvuqv hvq,
†`Lv hvq †hgb: gwbUi, gvDm, †Kwms, gv`vi‡evW© BZ¨vw`| Kw¤cDUvi nvW©Iq¨v‡ii
wewfbœ cÖKvi hš¿vsk w`‡q GKwU cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤cDUvi ˆZwi nq| Gici G‡Z
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g BÝUj Kiv nq Ges eënviKvixi cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i wewfbœ
mdUIq¨vi BÝUj Kiv nq| GB nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv Avjv`vfv‡e µq K‡i G‡m¤^j
K‡i, Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Ges G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e
eënvi Kiv hvq| G ai‡bi Kw¤úDUvi‡K Avgiv †K¬vb Kw¤úDUvi e‡j _vwK| Avevi mKj nvW©Iq¨vi GKmv‡_
Kw¤úDUvi wn‡m‡e evRv‡i wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq| hv‡K Avgiv eª¨vÛ Kw¤úDUvi e‡j _vwK|
mdUIq¨vi
Kw¤cDUvi mdUIq¨vi (Computer software) ej‡Z GK¸”Q Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖvg,
Kg©c×wZ I eënviwewa‡K †evSvq, hvi mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤cDUv‡i †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó cÖKv‡ii
KvR m¤cv`b Kiv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q eënvwiK
mdUIq¨vi, †hgb: Awdm mÿU A¨vcwj‡Kkb, hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii wPwVcÎ,
wej, wnmvecÎ, Z_¨ fvÛvi ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Avevi Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g wewfbœ
cÖKv‡ii mdUIq¨vi Pvjv‡bv I mvwe©Kfv‡e Kw¤cDUvi cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GK cÖKv‡ii
mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q †h¸‡jv‡K ejv nq Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, †hgb wjbv·, g¨vK IGm,
gvB‡µvmdU DB‡ÛvR, BZ¨vw`| G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv Kw¤cDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨vi I
Ab¨vb¨ mdUIq¨v‡ii gv‡S mgš^q mvab K‡i Ges Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g mKj cÖKv‡ii KvR m¤cv`‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
GQvov cÖ‡qvRb I Pvwn`v Abyhvqx wewfbœ mgq wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi Kiv nq|
mdUIq¨vi cÖKvi‡f`
mdUIq¨vi cÖavbZ 3 cÖKvi, h_v:
1. wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi
2. †cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi
3. G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi
1. wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi nvW©Iq¨vi¸‡jv‡K Pvjv‡Z mnvqZv K‡i, G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi Pvjv‡bvi Rb¨ cø¨vUdg© MVb K‡i|
wm‡÷g mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡Q Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, nvW©Iq¨vi WªvBfvi BZ¨vw`| Kw¤cDUv‡ii wewfbœ †cÖvMÖvg Ges
nvW©Iqvi Gi gv‡S mgš^q mvab K‡i| eënviKvixi †`qv wewfbœ wb‡`©kbv Abyhvqx nvW©Iqvi‡K cwiPvjbv K‡i|
Kw¤cDUvi‡K Kx Ki‡Z n‡e, Kxfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e Gme Av‡`k †`qvi Rb¨ wm‡÷g mdUIqvi eënvi Kiv nq|
we‡kl ai‡bi wm‡÷g mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡Q:
♣ †jvWvi
♣ wj¼vi
♣ BDwUwjwU
13

♣ MÖvwdK BDRvi B›Uv‡dm ev wRBDAvB
♣ †kj
♣ evBIm
♣ nvBcviwfmim
♣ eyU †jvWvim
♣ †WUv‡eR eë¯’vcbv (GmwKDGj, †bvGmwKDGj)
♣ hw` wm‡÷g mdUIq¨vi‡K ¯’vqx ¯§„wZ‡Z Rgv ivLv nq G‡K dvg©Iq¨vi e‡j| †hgb: AvBwm|
2. †cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi
†cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨vi n‡jv GKai‡bi Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖvg A_ev G¨vwcø‡Kkb hv mdUIq¨vi DbœqbKvixMY eënvi K‡i
_v‡Kb| †Kv‡bv mdUIq¨vi ˆZwi, wWevM, wbqš¿Y, i¶Yv‡e¶Y A_ev Ab¨ †cÖvMÖvg ev G¨vwcø‡Kkb¸‡jv‡K mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡Z G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq| mvaviY A‡_© GwU †evSvq mvaviY †cÖvMÖvg hv GKÎ Kiv n‡q‡Q cÖ`Ë
GKwU wbw`©ó KvR m¤cv`bvi Rb¨, †hgb: GKRb e¨w³ GKwU hš¿ w`‡q GKvwaK hš¿vsk wVK Ki‡Z cv‡i|
†cÖvMÖvwgs mdUIq¨v‡ii BwZnvm cÖ_g ïiæ n‡qwQj 1950-Gi `k‡Ki Kw¤cDUvi Øviv| GwU eënvi KiZ wj¼vi,
†jvWvi Ges wbqš¿Y †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv| GwU RbwcÖq nq BDwb·-Gi gva¨‡g 1970-Gi `k‡K †hLv‡b wMÖc, GWweøD‡K, Ges
g¨vK eënvi Kiv nZ| mdUIq¨vi Uzj ev †cÖvMÖvg Uvg©wU Av‡m eªvqvb Kvwb©Mvb Ges wc. †R. cøvRvi-Gi eB †_‡K|
G¸‡jv wQj mwZ¨Kvi A‡_© mvaviY Ges Sv‡gjvnxb| wKQz wKQz i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_ G¸‡jv Avevi GKB m‡½
kw³kvjx DbœqbKv‡R eënvi Kiv nZ|
3. G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi
G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi ev Kw¤cDUvi G¨vwcø‡Kkb ej‡Z we‡kl ai‡bi Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖvg‡K †evSvq hv eënviKvix‡K
ˆ`bw›`b KvR m¤cv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i| G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi eënviKvixi cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Ges wbw`©ó KvR
m¤cv`bv (GK ev GKvwaK) Ki‡Z eënviKvix‡K mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K| G‡K G¨vwcø‡Kkb ev A¨vc (app) bv‡g WvKv
nq| Kw¤cDUvi G¨vwcø‡Kkb ZvB Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g, wm‡÷g BDwUwjwU, †cÖvMÖvwgs fvlv, BZ¨vwì †P‡q Avjv`v|
G¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg mvaviYZ eënviKvix‡K †U·&U, msL¨v wKsev Qwe wb‡q wewfbœ KvR Kivi my‡hvM †`q| D`vniY n‡Z
cv‡i GKvDw›Us mdUIq¨vi, Awdm mdUIq¨vi, MÖvwd· mdUIq¨vi, wewfbœ wgwWqv †cøqvi BZ¨vw`|
B`vwbs †`Lv hvq A‡bK¸‡jv G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi GKÎ K‡i c¨v‡KR AvKv‡i weZiY Kiv nq| G¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ
G¨vwcø‡Kkb myBU (application suite) bv‡g WvKv nq, †hgb: gvB‡µvmdU Awdm, I‡cb Awdm AM© BZ¨vw`|
G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi †h Kw¤cDUvi cø¨vUd‡g© eënvi Kiv nq Zv Zvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i evbv‡bv nq hv‡Z †mUv
cø¨vUd‡g©i mv‡_ mn‡R KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| Gi Ab¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cø¨vUd‡g©i KvR Kivi ¶gZv eënvi K‡i A_ev H
cø¨vUd‡g©i wm‡÷g mdUIq¨v‡ii ¶gZv eënvi K‡i GKwU wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mvab Kiv| wKQz wKQz mdUIq¨vi wewfbœ
cø¨vUd‡g©© eënvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i evbv‡bv nq| †hgb: gvB‡µvmd‡Ui gvB‡µvmdU Awdm|
BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi
G¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨vi bKkv ev wWRvBb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi eënvi Kiv nq| GwU wm‡÷g
mdUIq¨v‡iiI Ask n‡Z cv‡i| wKQz mvaviY KvR n‡Z cv‡i cÖwZwjwc ˆZwi ev †KvbI Z_¨ msewjZ dvBj gy‡Q †djvi
KvR `ªæZ I mn‡R K‡i †dj‡Z eënviKvix‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i BDwUwjwU mdUIq¨vi|
14

BbcyU-AvDUcyUmn Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ wKQz nvW©Iq¨vi
cÖ‡mmi
cÖ‡mmi‡K ejv nq Kw¤cDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹| A_©vr Kw¤cDUv‡ii me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y©
wµqvKjvc GB cÖ‡mmi‡KB Ki‡Z nq| gw¯Í®‹ Qvov †hgb †Kvb gvbyl nq bv,
cÖ‡mmi QvovI †Zgwb †Kvb Kw¤úDUvi nq bv| Kw¤cDUv‡ii g~j PvwjKvkw³ GB
wmwcBD ev cÖ‡mmi| Avgiv A‡bK mgq wm‡÷g BDwbU‡K wmwcBD bv‡g WvwK|
Avm‡j wmwcBD n‡jv cÖ‡mmi, †h †K›`ªxqfv‡e cÖ‡mm K‡i _v‡K| evwn¨Kfv‡e
†`L‡Z GwU ¶z`ª n‡jI Gi Kvh©¶gZv KíbvZxZ| Kw¤cDUv‡ii mvgwMÖK
wµqvKjvc cÖ‡mm‡ii gva¨‡gB n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g †h
KvRUvB Kwi bv †Kb, Zvi me‡P‡q RwUj Ges cÖavb KvRUvB K‡i cÖ‡mmi|
Av‡iKwU K_v D‡jøL bv Ki‡jB bq, Avcbvi Kw¤cDUviwUi Kvh©¶gZv wKš‘
cÖ‡mm‡ii Kvh©ÿgZvi DciB †ewkifvM wbf©i K‡i| Kv‡RB cÖ‡mmiUv nIqv PvB fv‡jv eª¨v‡Ûi Ges nvB ¯cx‡Wi|
evRv‡i wewfbœ eª¨v‡Ûi wewfbœ g‡W‡ji wewfbœ ¯cx‡Wi cÖ‡mmi cvIqv hvq| †hgb: B‡›Uj †cw›Uqvg †dvi, Wz‡qj †Kvi,
†Kvi Uz Wz, †Kvi Uz †KvqvW, †Kvi AvB-3, †Kvi AvB-5, †Kvi AvB-7, GGgwW, G_jb BZ¨vw`| cÖ‡mmi †Kbvi mgq
Gi K¨vk †g‡gvix KZ †`‡L †bqv fv‡jv| KviY K¨vk †g‡gvix hZ †ekx n‡e cÖ‡mm‡ii cÖ‡mm Kivi ¶gZv Ges MwZ
Z‡Zv †ekx n‡e|
Kzjvi d¨vb/Kzwjs d¨vb
Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©Iq¨v‡ii g‡a¨ Kzwjs d¨vb Ab¨Zg| cÖ‡mmiwU hLb KvR K‡i
ZLb GwU cÖPzi Mig nq| GB Mig cÖ‡mmiwU VvÛv Kivi Rb¨B Avm‡j Kzwjs
d¨vbwU eënvi Kiv nq| GwUi bx‡Pi w`‡K ZvKv‡j †`Lv hv‡e A‡bK¸‡jv
A¨vjywgwbqvg cv‡Zi wdb| GUv‡K nxUwm¼ e‡j| gvSLvbUv mgZj| GB
mgZj AskwU cÖ‡mm‡ii mv‡_ †j‡M _v‡K| cÖ‡mmiwU hLb Mig nq ZLb GB
A¨vjywgwbqv‡gi nxUwm¼wU Zvc †kvlY K‡i †bq| Avi d¨vbwU †mB Zvc evZv‡m
Qwo‡q w`‡q cÖ‡mmiwU‡K VvÛv iv‡L| cÖ‡mmi †ewk Mig n‡j wcwm n¨vs n‡q
hvq| GgbwK A‡bK mgq wcwmwU eÜI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB Kw¤úDUvi‡K
fv‡jv ivL‡Z Kzjvi d¨vbwU GKUz fv‡jv gv‡bi nIqv PvB|
gv`vi‡evW©
gv Zvi mšÍvb‡ì AvM‡j ivLvi gZB gv`vi‡evW© Kw¤úDUv‡ii mKj
Ask‡K AvM‡j iv‡L| GUv †`L‡Z †ek eo GKUv mvwK©U †evW©| wewfbœ
†QvU †QvU K‡¤cv‡b›U¸‡jv Gi g‡a¨ emv‡bv _v‡K| †ev‡W© cÖ‡mmi
emv‡bvi Rb¨ GKUv m‡KU _v‡K| GQvovI wewfbœ iK‡gi ¯øU _v‡K|
Kw¤cDUv‡ii hZiKg wWfvBm Av‡Q Zv GB gv`vi‡ev‡W©i mv‡_B hy³
_v‡K| Avi Kw¤úDUv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm¸wj †Kgb KvR Ki‡e Zv
gv`vi‡ev‡W©i DciB wbf©i K‡i| gv`vi‡evW© †Kbvi mgq †`‡L †bqv
fv‡jv GwU †Kvb †Kvb cÖ‡mmi mv‡cvU© K‡i, Gi weë Bb GwRwc RAM
K‡Zv, Gi evm ¯cxW K‡Zv, Gi AvBwWB †cvU© Avi mvUv †cvU© KqwU BZ¨vw`|
i¨vg
RAM ev Random Access Memory Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡gi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask|
Kw¤cDUv‡ii KvRKg© mivmwi RAM G †jLv nq Ges GLvb †_‡K cov nq| GwU
A‡bKUv ¯‹zj wm‡÷‡gi eø¨vK‡evW© Gi g‡Zv| Kw¤cDUvi RAM Qvov †Kvb wKQz
wjL‡Z I co‡Z cv‡i bv| Kw¤cDUvi hLb Ab nq ZLb Kw¤cDUvi KvR Kivi g‡Zv
15

Z_¨ RAM-G G‡b Z‡eB I‡cb nq| Avevi †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ivb Ki‡j †mB †cÖvMÖvgUv RAM G G‡mB I‡cb nq| hw`
KL‡bv †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg RAM G †jvW Kivi g‡Zv RvqMv bv cvq Z‡e †mUv I‡cbB n‡e bv| GUv GKUv A¯’vqx ¯§„wZ
fvÛvi| we`ÿr mievin eÜ n‡q †M‡j GB ¯§„wZ fvÛv‡ii mKj Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq| RAM Gi evm w¯cW †ewk n‡j
Kw¤cDUv‡ii MwZ †ewk nq| evRv‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi I e¨v‡Ûi RAM cvIqv hvq| G¸‡jv †_‡K fv‡jv gv‡bi RAM
eënvi KivB †kÖq|
nvW©wW¯‹
Kw¤cDUv‡ii gv`vi‡evW©, i¨vg Ges cÖ‡mm‡ii c‡iB n‡jv
nvW©wW¯‹| nvW©wW¯‹ ¯’vqxfv‡e WvUv msi¶‡Yi Kv‡R eëüZ nq|
nvW©wW¯‹ cvIqvi mvcøvB †_‡K h_vµ‡g 12 †fvë I 5 †fvë
we`ÿr BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| mvUv nvW©wW‡¯‹i †¶‡Î 12 I 5
†fv‡ëi mv‡_ 3.3 †fvë we`ÿr I BbcyU wn‡m‡e MÖnY K‡i| Z‡e
GB 3.3 †fvë we`ÿr QvovI nvW©wW¯‹ KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i|
nvW©wW‡¯‹i cvidi‡gÝ Zvi K¨vk I AviwcGg Gi Dci wbf©i
K‡i| nvW©wW‡¯‹i RPM hZ †ewk n‡e, nvW©wW¯‹ ZZ `ªæZ WvUv
wiW/ivBU Ki‡Z cvi‡e| eZ©gvb evRv‡i 5400 I 7200 RPM
Gi nvW© wW¯‹ †`Lv hvq|
K¨vwms
Kw¤cDUv‡ii evwn¨K AveiY ev Aeqe n‡jv K¨vwms| Gi wfZ‡i Kw¤cDUv‡ii hveZxq nvW©Iq¨vi
_v‡K| †hgb: gv`vi‡evW©, i¨vg, cÖ‡mmi, nvW©wW¯‹, AcwUK¨vj WªvBf cvIqvi mvcøvB BZ¨vw`|
mvaviYZ: K¨vwms Gi mv‡_ cvIqvi mvcøvB _v‡K| Kw¤cDUv‡ii cvIqvi evUb I wi‡mU evUb
K¨vwms Gi mvg‡b _v‡K| GQvovI K¨vwms‡qi mvg‡bi As‡k GKwU d«›U c¨v‡bj _v‡K| GB d«›U
c¨v‡b‡ji g‡a¨ _v‡K AwWI AvDUcyU, gvB‡µv‡dvb, BDGmwe BZ¨vw`|
cvIqvi mvcøvB
cvIqvi mvcøvB Kw¤cDUv‡ii cÖ‡Z¨KwU wWfvmB‡K †fv‡ëR
mieivn K‡i _v‡K| cvIqvi mvcøvB BbcyU wn‡m‡e 110-220
†fvë we`ÿr MÖnY K‡i Ges AvDUcyU wn‡m‡e h_vµ‡g 3.3, 5
Ges 12 †fvë we`ÿr mieivn K‡i _v‡K| cvIqvi mvcøvB 300
IqvU †_‡K ïiæ K‡i 1000 IqvU ch©šÍ n‡q _v‡K| cvIqvi
mvcøvB‡qi IqvU hZ †ewk n‡e, Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K ZZ †ewk
Kvh©KwiZv cvIqv hv‡e| mvaviYZ: †Mwgs, wfwWI GwWwUs Gi
Kv‡Ri Rb¨ †ewk ¶gZv m¤úbœ cvIqvi mvcøvB cÖ‡qvRb c‡o|
Kw¤cDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBmmg~n

†h BDwb‡Ui gva¨‡g Kw¤cDUvi‡K hveZxq Z_¨ ev DcvË cÖ`vb Kiv nq ZvB BbcyU BDwbU| †hgb: Kx‡evW©, gvDm,
¯‹¨vbvi, Rqw÷K, UvP c¨vW, jvBU‡cb, wWwRUvBRvi, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, cvÂKvW© wiWvi, AcwUK¨vj gvK© wiWvi,
AcwUK¨vj K¨v‡iKUvi wiWvi, †ccvi †Uc wiWvi BZ¨vw`|
16

Kx‡evW© (Key Board)
Kx‡evW© GKwU AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© BbcyU
wWfvBm| GwU †`L‡Z A‡bKUv UvBc
ivBUv‡ii g‡Zv| 84, 101, 102, 105 wK
m¤^wjZ Kx‡evW© QvovI gvwë-wgwWqv wbqš¿Y
m¤^wjZ Kx‡evW©© evRv‡i cvIqv hvq|
Kx‡evW©‡K Kv‡bKwUs K‡W©i gva¨‡g wm‡óg
BDwb‡Ui wcQ‡b Kx‡evW©© †cv‡U© hy³ Kiv
nq| Kx‡ev‡W©© mvaviYZ: avZe mvwK©U‡evW©
_v‡K| cÖwZwU Key Gi wb‡P ms‡hvM wenxb avZe K¨vcvwmwUf c¨vW eënvi Kiv nq| †Kvb Kx Pvc‡j Kx‡ev‡W©©i GKwU
avZe cvZ, e„ËvKvi cøvw÷K c¨vW‡K wb‡P bvwg‡q K¨vcvwmwUf c¨v‡Wi mv‡_ ms‡hvM NUvq| G‡Z cvZØ‡qi g‡a¨
K¨vcvwmU¨vÝ e„w× †c‡q Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j Kx‡evW©© H Kx wW‡U± Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kx‡ev‡W©i Af¨šÍixY mvwK©U †ev‡W©
mshy³ cÖ‡mm‡ii mvnv‡h¨ H kbv³Kvix Kx Gi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †KvW ˆZix K‡i wmwcBD‡K cÖ`vb K‡i, G †KvW‡K ¯‹¨vb
†KvW e‡j| eZ©gv‡b KW©‡jm Kx‡evW©© cvIqv hvq| Gai‡bi Kx‡ev‡W©i wcQb w`‡K Bbd«v‡iW jvBU BwgwUs Wv‡qvW
mshy³ _v‡K Avi wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mvg‡bi w`‡K _v‡K d‡UvwW‡U±i wiwmfvi| G `y‡qi gva¨‡g ¯‹¨vb †KvW wmwcBD‡Z
¯’vbvšÍi nq|
gvDm (Mouse)
BbcyU wWfvBm wn‡m‡e gvDm Kx‡ev‡W©©i eënvi‡K A‡bK mxwgZ K‡i‡Q| gvD‡mi
gva¨‡g eënviKvix Zvi wb‡Ri B‡”QgZ Kvm©i Kx `ªæZZvi mv‡_ †h †Kv‡bv w`‡K wb‡Z
cv‡i| gvD‡mi eënvi Kw¤cDUvi Acv‡ikb‡K A‡bK mnR K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Kvh©bxwZi
Dci wfwË K‡i gvDm‡K `ywU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:
(K) †gKvwbK¨vj gvDm (Mecanical Mouse): †gKvwbK¨vj gvD‡mi g‡a¨ GKwU †QvU ej
_v‡K| gvDm bvovPvov Ki‡j ejwU bovPov K‡i| ejwU `ywU †ivjv‡ii gva¨‡g `ywU
myBP‡K Ab Ad K‡i Kvm©‡ii PjvPj‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
(L) AcwUK¨vj gvDm (Optical Mouse): AcwUK¨vj gvD‡m Aek¨ †QvU ejwU _v‡Kbv Zvi cwie‡Z© _v‡K jvBUexg|
we‡kl ai‡bi gvDm c¨v‡Wi mvnv‡q¨ GB jvBUexg Kvm©‡ii PjvPj‡K wbqš¿Y K‡i|
Rqw÷K (Joystick)
BbcyU wWfvBm Rqw÷K Gi KvR gvD‡mi gZB| GwU w`‡q Kvimi Lye `ªæZ bvov-Pvov Kiv hvq| GwU †Mg †Ljvi Rb¨
LyeB Dc‡hvMx|
wWwRUvBRvi (Digitiger)
wWwRUvBRvi n‡”Q Ggb GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm, hv w`‡q Wªwqs, WªvdwUs, g¨vwcs, Gwb‡gkb, MÖvwd· BZ¨vw` KvR¸‡jv Lye
mn‡R Ges mvejxjfv‡e m¤cv`b Kiv hvq| wWwRUvBRvi Gi gva¨‡g MÖvwd· Bbdi‡gkb‡K mwVK wWwRUvj
Bbdi‡gkb-G iƒcvšÍi K‡i Kw¤cDUv‡i †`qv hvq| †W¯‹Uc cvewjwks Gi Kv‡R GwU we‡klfv‡e Dc‡hvMx|
¯‹¨vbvi (Scanner)
¯‹¨vbvi GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm| Gi mvnv‡h¨ †h‡Kv‡bv †jLv, Qwe BZ¨vwì ûeû cÖwZiƒc
Kw¤cDUv‡i BbcyU Kiv hvq| ¯‹¨vbv‡i i‡q‡Q B‡”QgZ GwWU Kivi myweav| d‡j ¯‹zj-K‡jR,
Awdm-Av`vj‡Z Gi e¨vcK eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq|
g‡Wg (Modem)
†Uwj‡dvb jvBb, K¨vej ev Iq¨vi‡jm Øviv B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ ms‡hvM K‡i Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h
wWfvBmwU eënvi Kiv nq Zv n‡jv g‡Wg| eZ©gv‡b mn‡R enb‡hvM¨ I eënvi‡hvM¨ USB g‡Wg
evRv‡i cvIqv hvq| g‡Wg B›Uvb©vj Ges G·Uvb©vj GB `yÕai‡bi nq| BDGmwe g‡Wg¸‡jvi †ewki
fvMB cøvM GÛ †cø|
17

I‡qe K¨v‡giv (Web Camera)
I‡qe K¨v‡giv w`‡q mivmwi Kw¤úDUv‡i wfwWI ev Qwe aviY Kiv hvq| aiv hvK, B›Uvi‡b‡U Kv‡iv
mv‡_ P¨vU n‡”Q ev K_v n‡”Q G‡¶‡Î I‡qe K¨v‡giv _vK‡j mivmwi ci¯ú‡ii wfwWI wPÎ †`Lvi
myweav cvIqv hvq| eZ©gv‡b evRv‡i cÖvß cÖvq mKj j¨vcU‡ci mv‡_B I‡qe K¨v‡giv mshy³ _v‡K|
†W¯‹Uc Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î Avjv`v I‡qe K¨v‡giv wK‡b wb‡Z nq| GLb Awdm-Av`vj‡Z bvbv Kv‡R
I‡qe K¨v‡giv eëüZ n‡”Q|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDcUcyU wWfvBmmg~n

WvUv cÖ‡mm Kivi ci †h mKj wWfvBm ev h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Kw¤cDUvi djvdj cÖ`©kb K‡i †m¸‡jv n‡jv AvDUcyU
wWfvBm| WvUv Ges Kw¤cDUv‡ii aib Abyhvqx AvDUcyU wWfvBmI wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡q _v‡K| gwbUi I wcÖ›Uvi
Kw¤cDUv‡ii AwZ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© `y‡Uv AvDUcyU wWfvBm|
gwbUi (Monitor)
†h wWfvBmwU Qvov Kw¤cDUvi KíbvB Kiv hvq bv †mwU n‡”Q gwbUi| Kw¤úDUv‡ii
wWm‡cø BDwbU n‡”Q gwbUi| Kw¤cDUv‡i †h mg¯Í KgvÛ †Ìqv nq Ges Zvi d‡j †h
KvR nq, Zvi djvdj mivmwi gwbU‡i †`Lv hvq| gwbUi wWwRUvj n‡Z cv‡i Avevi
G¨vbvjM n‡Z cv‡i| GwU mv`vK‡jv n‡Z cv‡i Avevi iwOb n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e AvRKvj
G¨vbvjM ev mv`vKv‡jv gwbUi Lye GKUv †`Lv hvqbv| cÖhyw³MZ w`K †_‡K gwbUi
GjwmwW I wmAviwU UvBc G `yÕai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
wcÖ›Uvi (Printer)
Kw¤cDUv‡ii djvdj KvM‡R Qvcv AvKv‡i †bIqvi Rb¨ RbwcÖq AvDUcyU
wWfvBm n‡jv wcÖ›Uvi| wcÖ›Uvi Gi gva¨‡g KvM‡R †h AvDUcyU cvIqv hvq Zv‡K
nvW© Kwc (Hard copy) ejv nq| wcÖ›Uvi‡K cÖavbZ wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq:
(K) K¨v‡i±vi wcÖ›Uvi: GKmv‡_ GKwU K¨v‡i±vi wcÖ›U K‡i| Aí AvDUcyU Gi
†¶‡Î wcwm‡Z eëüZ G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi cÖwZ †m‡K‡Û 30 †_‡K 600 K¨v‡i±vi
wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb: WU-‡gwUª· wcÖ›Uvi, †WBwR ûBj wcÖ›Uvi|
(L) jvBb wcÖ›Uvi: GKmv‡_ GK jvBb †U·U wcÖ›U K‡i| AwaK cwigv‡b AvDUcyU Gi †¶‡Î eëüZ G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi
cÖwZ wgwb‡U 300 †_‡K 3000 jvBb wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cv‡i| wgwb I †gBb‡d«g Kw¤cDUv‡i G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi eënvi Kiv
hvq| †hgb: †PBb wcÖ›Uvi, Wªvg jvBb wcÖ›Uvi|
(M) †cR wcÖ›Uvi: GKmv‡_ GK c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z cv‡i| G ai‡bi wcÖ›Uvi cÖwZwgwb‡U 10 †_‡K 300 c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †hgb: †jRvi wcÖ›Uvi|
w¯úKvi (Speaker)
†hme Kb‡U›U-G mvDÛ Av‡Q Zv †kvbvi Rb¨ w¯úKvi cÖ‡qvRb| wfwWI wK¬c ev AwWI wK¬c
†hgb: wk¶v_©x‡ì Bswjk D”PviY †kLv‡bv, WvqvjM, wewfbœ mvDÛhy³ A¨vwb‡g‡UW wK¬c, msMxZ
cÖf„wZ †kvbv‡bvi Rb¨ w¯úKvi eënvi Kiv nq| cÖvq mKj j¨vcU‡ci mv‡_ w¯úKvi weë-Bb
A_©vr †mU KivB _v‡K| †W¯‹Uc Kw¤úDUv‡ii †¶‡Î GwU Avjv`v wKb‡Z nq| evRv‡i AmsL¨
eª¨v‡Ûi w¯úKvi i‡q‡Q| GLb Zvi wenxb w¯úKvi cvIqv hvq Ges Zv †ek RbwcÖq|
18

†g‡gvwi BDwbU
Kw¤cDUvi †h As‡k †cÖvMÖvg, WvUv Ges djvdj msi¶Y K‡i Zv‡K †g‡gvwi ejv nq| A_©vr †h BDwb‡U Z_¨ msi¶Y
Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b eënvi Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab †k‡l cybivq msiÿY Kiv hvq Zv n‡jv †g‡gvwi
BDwbU| †hgb: nvW©wW¯‹, wmwW, wWwfwW Ges d¬¨vk WªvBf| Kw¤cDUvi wm‡÷‡gi †g‡gvwi‡K cÖavbZ `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv
hvq| h_v: cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi Ges †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi|
cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi
Kw¤cDUv‡ii cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi †mwgKÛv±i cÖhyw³‡Z ˆZwi `ªæZMwZ m¤cbœ †g‡gvwi| Kw¤cDUvi Acv‡ik‡bi mgq
†cÖvMÖvg Ges WvUv msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi eëüZ nq| cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi †fvjvUvBj (Volatile) Ges bb
†fvjvUvBj (Non-Volatile) GB `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| we`ÿr mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡j †h †mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwii
msiw¶Z WvUv gy‡Q hvq Zv n‡jv †fvjvUvBj †g‡gvwi| Avi we`ÿr mieivn eÜ K‡i w`‡jI †h mKj †mwgKÛv±i
†g‡gvwii msiw¶Z Z_¨ gy‡Q hvq bv Zv n‡jv bb-‡fvjvUvBj| cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi evRv‡i AvBwm AvKv‡i cvIqv hvq Ges
Kw¤úDUv‡ii gv`vi‡ev‡W© cÖavb mvwKU© †ev‡W© emv‡bv nq| cÖvBgvwi †g‡gvwi cÖavbZ: `yB cÖKvi 1| i¨vg (RAM-
Random Access Memory) Ges 2| ig (ROM - Read only Memory)
1| i¨vg (RAM-Random Access Memory)
i¨vg †mwgKÛv±i cÖhyw³‡Z ˆZwi A¯’vqx wiW/ivBU †g‡gvwi, A_©vr G †g‡gvwi‡Z msiw¶Z WvUv †hgb wiW Kiv hvq
Avevi cÖ‡qvR‡b G †g‡gvwi‡Z WvUv ivBU K‡i msi¶Y Kiv hvq| G †g‡gvwii WvUv gy‡Q †djv hvq Avevi bZzb WvUv
msi¶Y Kiv hvq| †h‡Kvb mgq i¨v‡gi †h‡Kvb †jv‡Kk‡bi WvUv wiW ev †h‡Kvb †jv‡Kk‡b WvUv ivBU Kiv hvq e‡j
G‡K i¨vÛg G¨vK‡mm †g‡gvwi ms‡¶‡c i¨vg ejv nq| G Qvov i¨v‡gi we`ÿr mieivn eÜ n‡q †M‡j m¤c~Y© WvUv gy‡Q
hvq e‡j i¨vg‡K †fvjvUvBj †g‡gvwiI ejv nq| hZ¶Y we`ÿr mieivn _v‡K ZZ¶Y i¨vg WvUv msi¶Y K‡i ivL‡Z
cv‡i|
2| ig (ROM - Read only Memory)
ig GK ai‡bi ¯’vqx †mwgKÛv±i †g‡gvwi| G †g‡gvwiI AvBwm AvKv‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq| ˆZwii mgq WvUv ev †cÖvMÖvg
msi¶Y Kiv nq| Kw¤cDUvi wm‡óg Pvjy nIqvi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ges evi evi cÖ‡qvRb nq Ggb ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg i‡g
msi¶Y Kiv nq| G †cÖvMÖvg‡K ev‡qvm ejv nq| Kw¤cDUvi wm‡ó‡g gvB‡µvcÖ‡mmi cÖ_‡g i‡gi †cÖvMÖvgmg~n Gw·wKDU
K‡i| AZtci i‡gi †cÖvMÖvg Ab¨vb¨ †cÖvMÖvg Gw·wKDk‡bi cwi‡ek ˆZwi K‡i| i‡g GKevi WvUv msi¶Y Kiv n‡j Zv
Avi cwieZ©b Kiv hvq bv e‡j G‡K ¯’vqx †g‡gvwi ejv nq| Avevi we`ÿr mieivn eÜ n‡q †M‡jI G †g‡gvwii WvUv
gy‡Q hvq bv e‡j G‡K bb-‡fvjvUvBj †g‡gvwiI ejv nq| i‡g msiw¶Z Z_¨ ïay cov hvq wKš‘ i‡g eënviKvix †Kv‡bv
Z_¨ wjL‡Z cv‡i bv e‡jB G †g‡gvwi‡K Read Only Memory ms‡¶‡c ROM ejv nq| ig ˆZixi mgq cÖ¯‘ZKvwi
cÖwZôvb G‡Z †cÖvMÖvg f‡i †`q e‡j i‡g msiw¶Z †cÖvMÖvg‡K dvg©Iq¨vi ejv nq|
†m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi
†m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi cÖavb †g‡gvwi A‡c¶v AwaK aviY ¶gZv I axi MwZ m¤cbœ †g‡gvwi| G ai‡bi †g‡gvwi wm‡÷g-
‡cÖvMÖvg, G¨vwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg I e„nr AvK…wZi WvUv dvBj msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ eëüZ nq| CPU cÖwµqvKi‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨‡K
†m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi n‡Z i¨v‡g ¯’vbvšÍi K‡i| GQvov cÖ‡qvRbxq †cÖvMÖvg I WvUv †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi n‡Z CPU i¨v‡g
¯’vcb K‡i| †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi ïay Z_¨ I †cÖvMÖvg msi¶Y K‡i iv‡L| †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡g KvR Ki‡Z n‡j Zv i¨v‡g
¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z nq| g¨vM‡bwUK I AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹ †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq| †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi
BbcyU/AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi gZB Kw¤cDUv‡i mshy³ Kiv nq| d¬¨vk-wW¯‹, nvW©-wW¯‹, wmwW-ig, wWwfwW, g¨vM‡bwUK †Uc
BZ¨vw` †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwii D`vniY|
19

2.2 Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvaviY wWfvBmmg~‡ni ms‡hvM, Kx‡evW©, AvBKb, dvBj
I †dvìvi cwiwPwZ
Kw¤úDUvi eënv‡ii c~‡e© Gi mvaviY wWfvBmmg~‡ni g‡a¨ ms‡hvM mvab Ki‡Z nq| ms‡hv‡Mi †ÿ‡Î cÖ_‡gB †`L‡Z
n‡e cvIqv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvMwU mwVKfv‡e i‡q‡Q wKbv| cvIqvi Ad †i‡L wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mv‡_ Kx‡evW©, gvDm I
gwbU‡ii ms‡hvMwU h_vh_fv‡e w`‡Z n‡e| wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui †cQ‡b †h †cvU©¸‡jv i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jvi †Kvb †cvU© †Kvb
wWfvB‡mi mv‡_ hv‡e Zv †Lqvj †i‡L ms‡hvMwU Ki‡Z n‡e| G †ÿ‡Î BDGmwe †cvU© Ges wmwiqvj †cv‡U©i welqwUI
gv_vq ivL‡Z nq| hwÌ GLbKvi Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g BDGmwe †cvU©B _v‡K, wmwiqvj †cvU© Lye KgB †`Lv hvq|
ZvQvov Ab¨vb¨ wWfvBm, †hgb: wcÖ›Uvi, ¯‹¨vbvi BZ¨vw` hw` _v‡K †m¸‡jvi ms‡hvM mwVK wbq‡g w`‡q Kw¤úDUvi Ab
Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kx‡evW©
Kx‡evW© GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© BbcyU wWfvBm| GwU
†`L‡Z A‡bKUv UvBc ivBUv‡ii g‡Zv| 84,
101, 102, 105 Kx m¤^wjZ Kx‡evW© QvovI
gvwë-wgwWqv wbqš¿Y m¤^wjZ Kx‡evW© evRv‡i
cvIqv hvq| Kx‡evW©‡K Kv‡bKwUs K‡W©i
gva¨‡g wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui †cQ‡b Kx‡evW© †cv‡U©
hy³ Kiv nq| Kx‡ev‡W© mvaviYZ: avZe mvwK©U‡evW© _v‡K| cÖwZwU Key Gi wb‡P ms‡hvMwenxb avZe K¨vcvwmwUf c¨vW
eënvi Kiv nq| †Kv‡bv Kx Pvc‡j Kx‡ev‡W©i GKwU avZe cvZ, e„ËvKvi cøvw÷K c¨vW‡K wb‡P bvwg‡q K¨vcvwmwUf
c¨v‡Wi mv‡_ ms‡hvM NUvq| G‡Z cvZ Ø‡qi g‡a¨ K¨vcvwmU¨vÝ e„w× †c‡q Kv‡i›U cÖevwnZ nq| d‡j Kx‡evW© H Kx
wW‡U± Ki‡Z cv‡i| Kx‡evW© Af¨šÍixY mvwK©U †ev‡W© mshy³ cÖ‡mm‡ii mvnv‡h¨ H kbv³Kvix Kx Gi Rb¨ wba©vwiZ †KvW
ˆZix K‡i wm‡÷g BDwbU‡K cÖ`vb K‡i, G †KvW‡K ¯‹¨vb †KvW e‡j| eZ©gv‡b KW©‡jm Kx‡evW© cvIqv hvq| G ai‡bi
Kx‡ev‡W©i wcQb w`‡K Bbd«v‡iW jvBU BwgwUs Wv‡qvW mshy³ _v‡K Avi wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui mvg‡bi w`‡K _v‡K
d‡UvwW‡U±i wiwmfvi| G `y‡qi gva¨‡g ¯‹¨vb †KvW wmwcBD‡Z ¯’vbvšÍi nq|
Kx‡ev‡W©i mvnv‡h¨ Kw¤cDUv‡ii g‡a¨ mivmwi †Kvb Z_¨ cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq| Kx‡ev‡W©i KxÕ¸‡jvi Dc‡i mvaviYZ
Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv gyw`ªZ _v‡K Ges Zvi web¨vm UvBcivBUv‡iiB Abyiƒc| GwU me©vwaK eëüZ GKwU BbcyU wWfvBm|
Kx‡ev‡W©i wKQz êwkó¨ wb‡P D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv:
• Kx‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g mivmwi Z_¨‡K Kw¤cDUv‡i cÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv hvq|
• g~j Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K `~‡i wK‡evW© †i‡L KvR Kiv hvq|
• eënviKvix I Kw¤cDUv‡ii g‡a¨ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i A_©vr eënviKvix †hfv‡e Kw¤cDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z
Pvb, Kx‡evW© Zv Kw¤cDUvi‡K Rvwb‡q †`q| cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k Kx‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g UvBc K‡i G›Uvi evUbwU
Pvc‡jB Zv cvjb Ki‡Z ïiæ K‡i Kw¤cDUvi| myZivs eënviKvix I Kw¤cDUv‡ii g‡a¨ wµqv cÖwZwµqvi
gva¨g n‡jv Kx‡evW©|
• eënvi mnR Ges e¨qI Kg|
20

Kx-†ev‡W©i wewfbœ Kx
eënv‡ii Dci wfwË K‡i Kx‡ev‡W©i Kxmg~n‡K †gvUvgywU 5wU fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq|
1. dvskb Kx
2. A¨v‡iv Kx
3. Avjdv‡ewUK Kx
4. wbD‡gwiK Kx ev jwRK¨vj Kx
5. we‡kl Kx
1. dvskb Kx
Kx‡ev‡W©i Dc‡ii w`‡K evg
cv‡k¦© F1 †_‡K F12 ch©šÍ †h
Kx¸‡jv Av‡Q G‡ì‡K dvskb Kx e‡j| †Kvb wbw`©ó KvR Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K dvskb Kx e‡j| †hgb: †Kvb †cÖvMÖv‡gi
Rb¨ help, A_ev †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg ivb Kiv‡bv BZ¨vw` Kv‡R GB Kx Gi eënvi Kiv nq|
2. A¨v‡iv Kx
Kx †ev‡W©i Wvb w`‡K wb‡P c„_Kfv‡e PviwU Kx Av‡Q| †Kvb †Kvb Kx‡ev‡W© Dc‡ii w`‡KI _v‡K|
Kx¸‡jvi Dc‡i A¨v‡iv ev Zxi wPý †Ìqv _v‡K| hv w`‡q Lye mn‡RB Kvm©i‡K Wv‡b, ev‡g, Dc‡i
Ges bx‡P miv‡bv hvq| G¸‡jv‡K Avevi GwWU KxI e‡j| KviY †U·U GwWU Kivi Kv‡RI G
Kx¸‡jv eënvi Kiv nq|
3. Avjdv‡ewUK Kx
Kx‡ev‡W©i †h As‡k Bs‡iRx eY©gvjv A †L‡K Z ch©šÍ Aÿi¸‡jv mvRv‡bv _v‡K
†mB Ask‡K Avjdv‡ewUK †mKkb/Ask e‡j|
4. wbD‡gwiK Kx ev jwRK¨vj Kx
Kx‡ev‡W©i Wvbw`‡K Dc‡i 0 †_‡K 9 ch©šÍ msL¨v †jLv †h Kx¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv‡K wbD‡gwiK Kx e‡j| GLv‡b +, -, *, /
cÖf…wZ A¨vwi_‡gwUK Acv‡iUi _v‡K| GQvovI <, >, = jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi¸‡jv Kx‡ev‡W© _v‡K| Avi Gme wgwj‡qB
n‡jv wbD‡gwiK Kx|
5. we‡kl Kx
D‡jøwLZ Kx¸‡jv Qvov Kx‡ev‡W©i Ab¨vb¨ Kxmg~n †Kvb bv †Kvb we‡kl Kvh© m¤cv`b K‡i e‡j G‡ì‡K we‡kl Kx ejv
nq| †hgb:
Esc: GB Kx Gi mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb wb‡`©k evwZj Kiv nq|
Tab: c`©vq c¨vivMÖvd, Kjvg, b¤î, Aby‡”Q` ïiæi ¯’vb BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cÖ¯‘‡Zi Rb¨ GB Kx eënvi Kiv
nq|
Caps Lock: GB Kx eënvi K‡i Bs‡iRx †QvU nv‡Zi I eo nv‡Zi †jLv UvBc Kiv nq|
Shift: GKB Iqv‡W©i g‡a¨ ev ïiæ‡Z eo I †QvU Aÿi UvBc Ki‡Z GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb : Dhaka,
Khulna kã `ywU wjL‡Z cÖ_‡g wkdU Kx †P‡c a‡i cÖ_g Aÿi Ges c‡ii Aÿi ¸‡jv wkdU Kx †Q‡o w`‡q wjL‡Z
nq| Avi evsjv Aÿi ev eY©gvjv †jLvi †ÿ‡Î Aÿi web¨¯Í Kx Gi Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi †jLv UvB‡ci Rb¨ GB Kx eënvi
Kiv nq| GQvov wkdU Kx Gi mv‡_ dvskb Kx †P‡c Kw¤cDUvi‡K wewfbœ KgvÛ †Ìqv nq|
21

Ctrl: GB Kx Gi mv‡_ we‡kl Kx GKmv‡_ †P‡c KgvÛ †Ìqv nq| eënviKvixi myweavi Rb¨ Kx‡ev‡W©i Wv‡b I ev‡g
GB Kx 2wU _v‡K|
Alt: wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡g wewfbœ wb‡`©k †Ìqvi Rb¨ GB Kx eëüZ nq Ges wewfbœ KgvÛ ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
Enter: Kw¤cDUvi‡K †Kvb wb‡`©k w`‡q Zv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z GB Kx eënvi nq| †jLv†jwLi Rb¨ bZzb c¨viv ˆZwi
Ki‡ZI GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq|
Pause Break: †Kvb †jLv hw` `ªæZ MwZi Rb¨ co‡Z Amyweav nq Zvn‡j GB Kx †P‡c Zv cov hvq|
Print Screen: Kw¤cDUv‡ii c`©vq `„k¨Z hv KwQz _v‡K Zv me wcÖ›U Ki‡Z PvB‡j GB Kx eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
Avgv‡ì KL‡bv KL‡bv KvR Kiv Ae¯’vi ev c`©vi Qwe cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb GB Kx Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z cvwi|
Delete: †Kvb evK¨, Aÿi ev †Kvb †jLv‡K gy‡Q †dj‡Z GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq|
Home: GB Kx eënvi K‡i Kvm©i‡K cvZvi cÖ_‡g ev jvB‡bi cÖ_‡g Avbv nq|
End: GB Kx Pvc‡j Kvm©i ev c‡q›Uvi †hLv‡bB _vKzK bv †Kb †U·U ev cvZvi †k‡l P‡j Avm‡e|
Page Up: †cR Avc Kx eënvi K‡i Kvm©i‡K †c‡Ri Dc‡ii w`‡K DVv‡bv nq|
Page Down: †cR WvDb Kx eënvi K‡i Kvm©i‡K †c‡Ri bx‡Pi w`‡K bvgv‡bv nq|
Insert: †Kvb †jLvi gv‡S †Kvb wKQz wjL‡j Zv mvaviYZ †jLvi Wvb w`‡K †jLv nq, wKš‘ GB Kx †P‡c wjL‡j Zv
c~e©eZ©x e‡Y©i Dc‡i Ifvi ivBwUs nq| KvR †k‡l Avevi GB Kx Pvc‡j Zv c~‡e©i Ae¯’vq wd‡i Av‡m|
Back Space: †Kvb †jLvi wcQ‡bi Ask gy‡Q †dj‡Z GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq|
Space Bar: Kx‡ev‡W©i Kx¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GB KxÕwU me‡P‡q j¤^v †Kvb evK¨ †jLvi mgq kã ¸‡jvi gv‡S dvuKv ¯’vb ˆZwi
Kivi Rb¨ GB Kx eënvi Kiv nq|
Num Look: bvg jK Ab _vK‡j Wvb w`‡Ki wbD‡gwiK Kx¸‡jv Pvjy nq| Avevi eÜ _vK‡j wbD‡gwiK Kx w`‡q †Kvb
†jLv nq bv|
AvBKb
AvBKb n‡jv Kw¤úDUvi w¯Œb wKsev DB‡ÛvR w¯Œb Gi Ab¨Zg †gŠwjK Dcv`vb| Kw¤cDUv‡ii †W¯‹U‡c ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv
RvqMv‡Z †h †QvU †QvU Qwe I †U·Uhy³ wm¤^j ev cÖZxK¸‡jv _v‡K †m¸‡jv n‡jv AvBKb| dvBj‡K Avgiv †hfv‡e
†`wL ZvB n‡”Q AvBKb| Kw¤cDUvi ¯Œx‡bi AvBKb GKwU †cÖvMÖvg ev Ae‡R±‡K wb‡`©k K‡i| †hgb: †W·U‡ci
DB‡Ûv‡Z Avgiv †h †dvìvi †`wL ZvB n‡”Q AvBKb| †dvìv‡ii wfZ‡i †h dvBj¸‡jv †`wL †m¸‡jvI AvBKb| 1984
mv‡j g¨vwK‡›Uvk Kw¤cDUv‡i AvBK‡bi m~Pbv n‡qwQj| AvBKb‡K wK¬K Ges †WªwMs K‡i Gi dvBj¸‡jv bvovPvov Kiv
hvq| GQvov Wvej wK¬K K‡i †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb Kiv hvq| MÖvwdK¨vj BDRvi B›Uvi‡d‡m AvBKb n‡”Q †gŠwjK wdPvi hv
†U·U KgvÛ †_‡K eënvi Kiv mnR| AvBKb Avm‡j wewfbœ †cÖvMÖv‡gi wjsK wn‡m‡e _v‡K, †hgb: My Document,
My computer, Recycle Bin G¸‡jv AvBK‡bi D`vniY| †hgb GLv‡b wZbwU AvBK‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Avcbvi
Kw¤cDUv‡i AviI †ekx AvBKb _vK‡Z cv‡i| D‡jøL¨, Avgiv Kw¤cDUv‡i bZzb †Kvb †cÖvMÖvg Bb÷j Ki‡j †mwU
†W¯‹Uc-G GKUv AvBKb aviY K‡i Ges IB AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K K‡i †cÖvMÖvgwU ivb Kiv‡bv hvq|
Avgiv cÖavbZ: `y'ai‡bi AvBKb †`L‡Z cvB, wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖvg AvBKb (‡hgb: gvB Kw¤cDUvi, gvB WKz‡g›U,
wimvB‡Kj web, gvB †bUIqvK© †cøm BZ¨vw`) I Gwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg AvBKb (‡hgb: †cB›U, IqvW©, G‡·j, d‡Uvkc
BZ¨vw`)| dvBj I †dvìv‡ii AvBKbI Gwcø‡Kkb AvBKb wn‡m‡e _v‡K| †W¯‹U‡c _vKv AvBKb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Dc‡i
†`qv wm‡÷g †cÖvMÖv‡gi D`vniY¸‡jvB wm‡÷g AvBKb wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| GQvov njy` e¨v‡Mi AvKv‡i †h AvBKb¸‡jv
_v‡K †m¸‡jv †dvìvi AvBKb Avi dvBj AvBKb¸‡jv †Kvbv‡gvov c„ôvi g‡Zv †`L‡Z, ZvQvov mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi
AvBK‡bi Qwe cy‡iv AskRy‡o _v‡K|
22

wm‡÷g AvBKb
Gwcø‡Kkb AvBKb
wPÎ: Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ AvBKb

dvBj
dvBj kãwU Kg †ewk A‡bK †ckv‡ZB eënvi n‡q _v‡K| Avgiv hviv Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kwi Zv‡ì wbKU dvBj kãwU
LyeB cwiwPZ Ges cÖvqkB ïb‡Z nq wKsev dvBj wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z nq| hviv Kw¤úDUvi wb‡q we¯Íi cov‡kvbv K‡ib
Zv‡ì †ejvq dvBj kãwUi wewfbœ e¨vL¨v i‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi †ÿ‡Î dvB‡ji GK ai‡bi e¨vL¨v
i‡q‡Q, †hgb: FAT, NTFS BZ¨vw`| Avevi ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R hviv Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Kwi Zv‡ì wbKU dvBj n‡jv †Kvb
WKz‡g›U hv‡Z Avgiv KvR Kwi, †mf K‡i ivwL Ges cieZ©x‡Z eënvi Kwi| Ab¨ GKwU kã dvBj cÖm‡½ Avgv‡ì
ïb‡Z nq A_ev we‡ePbvq wb‡Z nq Zv n‡jv dvBj di‡gU| GKRb wkÿK wn‡m‡e dvBj Ges dvBj di‡gU m¤ú‡K©
AeMZ _vK‡jB ˆ`bw›`b KvR Kiv mnR nq|
AZGe, GgGm IqvW©, G‡·j, WvUv‡eR wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb Gwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡g Avgiv wewfbœ WKz‡g›U ˆZwi K‡i _vwK, G
mg¯Í WKz‡g›U¸‡jv cieZ©x‡Z eënvi Kivi Rb¨ wewfbœ bvg w`‡q Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ WªvB‡f, wmwW‡Z, d¬¨vk WªvB‡f
†mf K‡i ivwL, G WKz‡g›U¸‡jvi GK GKwU‡K dvBj ejv hvq| dvBj di‡gU n‡jv mswkøó dvBjwU †Kvb cÖK…wZi Zv
cÖKvk Kiv| †hgb: IqvW© dvB‡ji †ÿ‡Î dvBj di‡gU n‡jv .docx, G‡·j dvB‡ji †ÿ‡Î .xlsx, Ges Qwe wb‡q KvR
Ki‡j di‡gU n‡Z cv‡i .jpeg, .png BZ¨vw`| dvBj di‡gU †`Lvi Rb¨ dvBjwUi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K
K‡i †cÖvcvwU©R-G wM‡q Zv †`Lv hvq|
G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU dvBj
wPÎ: GKwU WªvB‡f iwÿZ wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj

23

†dvìvi
dvBj Ges †dvìv‡ii g‡a¨ my›ì m¤úK© we`¨gvb| ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi GKwU D`vniY n‡Z hw`
dvBj Ges †dvìvi‡K †Pbvi †Póv Kwi Zvn‡j welqwU Lye mnR n‡e| Avgiv Avgv‡ì
cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbmcÎ Avjwgiv‡Z GKvwaK Wªqv‡i mvwR‡q ivwL, ¸wQ‡q ivwL hv‡Z mn‡R
cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq †ei Kiv hvq| hw` G‡jv‡g‡jv _v‡K Zvn‡j Kv‡Ri mgq wbw`©ó wRwbmwU Ly‡uR
†c‡Z mgm¨v Ges †`wi n‡e| Kw¤úDUv‡ii nvW©wW¯‹wUI wewfbœ ai‡bi wW‡i±wi ˆZwii gva¨‡g
†WUv ev dvBj Gfv‡e mvwR‡q ev ¸wQ‡q iv‡L| Avgiv Avgv‡ì eënv‡ii myweav‡_© wewfbœ
WªvB‡f mve-wW‡i±wi ev †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡i Avgv‡ì dvBj ev †WUv msiÿY K‡i ivL‡Z cvwi|
Zvn‡j ejv hvq †dvìviwU n‡jv A‡bKUv Avjwgivi gZ, Avi dvBjwU n‡jv Avjwgiv‡Z mvwR‡q
¸wQ‡q ivLv wRwbmc‡Îi gZ| cv‡ki Qwe‡Z AvBwmwU Bb GWz‡Kkb bv‡g GKwU †dvìvi †`L‡Z
cvw”Q| Avgiv ˆ`bw›`b KvR¸‡jv‡K Awdwmqvj, e¨w³MZ, Qwe, wfwWI BZ¨vw` wewfbœ bv‡g †dvìvi Ly‡j †m †dvìv‡i
mvwR‡q ivL‡Z cvwi| d‡j cÖ‡qvR‡bi mgq wbw`©ó dvBj Lyu‡R †c‡Z mgq bó nq bv Ges dvB‡ji aib Abyhvqx ivLv
nq e‡j dvBj nviv‡bvi m¤¢vebv K‡g hvq|
2.3 Ab I Ad Kiv, dvBj I †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv, bvg †`qv I cybtbvg

†`qv, Kwc-†c÷ Kiv, wWwjU Kiv Ges wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K
WKy‡g›Um †diZ cvIqv
Kw¤úDUvi Ab I Ad Kiv
Kw¤úDUvi‡K fv‡jv ev Kvh©Ki ivL‡Z mwVK wbq‡g Ab Ges Ad KivUv Riæwi| we‡kl K‡i Ad Kivi mgq †`Lv hvq
A‡b‡KB mivmwi we`ÿ‡Zi cvIqvi Ad K‡i †`b| GwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ LyeB SzwuKc~Y© GKwU KvR| ZvB Avgv‡ì
mwVK wbq‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ab ev Ad Ki‡Z n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j GKwU BDwcGm eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| BDwcGm Kw¤úDUvi‡K
ê`ÿwZK †Mvj‡hvM n‡Z iÿv K‡i| Kw¤úDUvi Ab Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
• cÖ_‡gB we`ÿr mieiv‡ni myBP Ab Kwi;
• Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ hw` BDwcGm ev ÷¨vwejvBRvi jvMv‡bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Gi myBP Ab Kwi;
• wm‡÷g BDwb‡Ui Mv‡q mvg‡bi w`‡K †h cvIqvi myBPwU i‡q‡Q Zv †P‡c Ab Kwi;
• wKQz mgq A‡cÿv Kwi Ges jÿ¨ Kwi w¯Œ‡b wKQz evZ©v cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q;
• Kw¤úDUvi Ab Ges Kv‡Ri Dc‡hvMx n‡q †W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U AvBKb cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q|
†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ab Kivi cÖwµqv:
we`ÿr myBP Ab BDwcGm ev †÷wejvBRvi Ab cvIqvi myBP Ab
Kw¤úDUvi Ad Kivi RbÏ wbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b Pjv DwPZ| KvR †kl Kivi ci mKj Gwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg eÜ K‡i
Kw¤úDUvi kvU WvDb Ki‡Z n‡e| Kw¤úDUvi Ad Kivi Rb¨ wb‡Pi c×wZ AbymiY Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
• cÖ_‡gB Pjgvb †cÖvMÖvg †mf K‡i eÜ Kwi;
• ÷vU© †gbÿ‡Z wK¬K Kwi;
• kvU WvDb-G wK¬K Kwi;
24

• wKQzÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e w¯Œ‡bi Av‡jv †bB A_©vr Kw¤úDUvi Ad n‡q‡Q;
• BDwcGm Ad Kwi;
• we`ÿ‡Zi myBP Ad Kwi|
Ab¨vb¨ Ackb
kvU WvDb
÷vU© †gbÿ
wPÎ: Kw¤úDUvi Ad Kivi cÖwµqv
Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR Kivi mgq KL‡bv KL‡bv Ab¨vb¨ Ackb †hgb, myBP BDRvi, jM Ad, wi÷vU© BZ¨vwì cÖ‡qvRb nq|
d‡j G Ackb¸‡jvi mv‡_ h_vh_ cwiPq _vKv DwPZ|
†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ad Kivi cÖwµqv:
‡cÖvMÖvg Ad Kiv ÷vU© †gby‡Z wK¬K Kiv kvU WvDb-G wK¬K
dvBj I †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv

dvBj
GgGm Iqv‡W©i GKwU dvBj ˆZwi Kivi A‡bK weKí _vK‡jI mnR Dcvq n‡jv †Kvb †dvìvi, WªvBf, †cbWªvBf A_ev
†W¯‹Uc GbfvBib‡g‡›Ui †h †Kvb Lvwj ¯’v‡b gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L ivBU wK¬K K‡i wbD Ack‡b wM‡q †mLvb †_‡K
gvB‡µvmdU Awdm IqvW©-G wK¬K Kiv| Gici dvBj †bg As‡k cQ‡›ì bvg w`‡q wb‡¤œi wP‡Îi gZ dvBj ˆZwi Ki‡Z
cvwi|
GgGm
Iqv‡W©i dvBj
ˆZwi Ki‡Z
GLv‡b wKK
25

gvDm ivBU wK¬K
K‡i wi‡bg-G
wK¬K K‡i
cQ‡›ì bvg w`B
wPÎ: dvBj ˆZwi Kivi cÖwµqv
†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g dvBj ˆZwi Kivi mnR DcvqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:
gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K wbD gvB‡µvmdU Awdm IqvW©
GB cÖwµqvq me Gwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi dvBj ˆZwi Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avevi †Kvb Gwcø‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg I‡cb K‡iI dvBj
ˆZwi Kiv hvq| G †ÿ‡Î †mf ev †mf-GR wK¬K K‡i (wb‡Pi wPÎ Abyhvqx) dvBj †jv‡Kkb I bvg w`‡q dvBj ˆZwi
Kiv hvq|
dvBj †jv‡Kkb †`wL‡q w`B
dvBj †_‡K †mf GR-G wK¬K

dvBj †bg w`B Ges di‡gU †`‡L wbB
26

†dvìvi
‡dvìvi ˆZwi Kivi mnR Dcvq n‡jv †Kvb WªvBf, †cbWªvBf A_ev †W¯‹Uc GbfvBib‡g‡›Ui †h †Kvb Lvwj ¯’v‡b gvDm
c‡q›Uvi †i‡L ivBU wK¬K K‡i wbD Ack‡b cÖ‡ek Ki‡j cv‡k Ab¨ GKwU ccAvc †gby †`Lv hv‡e †mLvb †_‡K †dvìvi
AckbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e †dvìvi| Gici †dvìv‡ii bv‡gi As‡k cQ‡›ì bvg w`‡q wb‡¤œi wP‡Îi gZ
†dvìvi ˆZwi Ki‡Z cvwi|
†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g †dvìvi ˆZwi Kivi mnR DcvqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K wbD ‡dvìvi
bvg †`qv I cybtbvg †`qv

dvBj Ges †dvìvi ˆZwii mgqB Avgiv cQ‡›ì bvg Ges †jv‡Kkb w`‡q _vwK| ZvB bvg †`qv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv bv K‡i
eis bvg cwieZ©b ev cybtbvg Kxfv‡e †`qv hvq †mw`‡K bRi †`qv hvK| dvBj Ges †dvìv‡ii cyb:bvg †`qvi eûj
eëüZ c×wZ n‡jv †h dvBj ev †dvìviwUi bvg cwieZ©b ev cybtbvg w`‡Z B”QzK Zvi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K
K‡i wi‡bg Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡j bv‡gi RvqMvUzKz wm‡jK‡UW n‡e ZLb cybtbvg ev bZzb bvg wj‡L G›Uvi †cÖm Ki‡j
A_ev evB‡ii As‡k gvDm †i‡L wK¬K Ki‡j dvBj ev †dvìvi cybtbvg wb‡q †b‡e|
cyb:bv‡gi Rb¨
wi‡bg Ackb
bvghy³ GKwU
¯^vfvweK †dvìvi wm‡jK‡UW Ae¯’vq cwiewZ©Z bvg
bZzb bvg †jLv
wPÎ: cybtbvg †`qvi GKwU Dcvq

27

Kwc Ges †c÷ Kivi c×wZ
†Kvb WKz‡g›U Kwc Ges †c÷ Kivi Rb¨ `ywU c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i Kiv hvq| GK- gvDm Gi mvnv‡h¨ Ges `yB- Kx‡evW©
Gi mvnv‡h¨| gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡j †h dvBj, †dvìvi ev WKz‡g›U Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e Zv gvD‡mi evg
†evZvg †P‡c Zv wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gici wm‡j± Kiv Ae¯’vq gvD‡mi Wvb †evZvg Pvc‡j GKwU KgvÛ †gby ev
†gby Kgv‡Ûi ZvwjKv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gevi GLvb †_‡K Kwc bv‡gi †gby KgvÛwU wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vm dvBjwU Kwc
n‡q †Mj Ges Kw¤cDUv‡ii A¯’vqx †ggix‡Z dvBjwU AvcvZZ: msiw¶Z n‡jv| Gevi GB dvBjwU‡K †h ¯’v‡b ev †h
†dvìv‡i ivL‡Z PvB †mLv‡b †h‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †h †dvìv‡i ivL‡Z PvB †mB †dvìv‡ii Dci gvD‡mi evg cv‡ki †evZvg
Wej wK¬K K‡i Lyj‡Z n‡e| Zvici †Lvjv †dvìv‡ii wfZ‡i wM‡q gvD‡mi Wvb cv‡ki †evZvgwU Pvc‡Z n‡e| GLvbKvi
†gby Kgv‡Ûi ZvwjKv †_‡K †c÷ bv‡gi †gby KgvÛwU wm‡j± Ki‡j dvBjwU H †dvìv‡i ev H ¯’v‡b Zv †c÷ n‡e|
G‡¶‡Î D³ dvBjwU `yÕRvqMvq cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| KviY dvBjwU Avgiv bKj K‡iwQ ev Kwc K‡iwQ|
wPÎ: gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Kwc Ges †c÷

Kx‡evW© Gi mvnv‡h¨ dvBj, †dvìvi ev WKz‡g›U Kwc I †c÷ Ki‡Z n‡j gvD‡mi evg †evZvg †P‡c Zv wm‡j± K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwUAviGj Kx Ges Bs‡iRx eY©gvjv wm (Ctrl+C) †jLv Kx GKmv‡_ Pvc‡j Zv Kwc n‡q
hv‡e| Gevi Zv †hLv‡b ev †dvìv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b wb‡q Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwUAviGj Kx Ges Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv wf
(Ctrl+V) †jLv Kx GKmv‡_ Pvc‡j †mLv‡b dvBj †c÷ n‡q hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î D³ dvBjwU `yÕRvqMvq cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
KviY dvBjwU Avgiv bKj K‡iwQ ev Kwc K‡iwQ| Aek¨ GB KgvÛwU hZevi eënvi Kiv n‡e ZZeviB Kwc Kiv
dvBjwU †c÷ n‡Z _vK‡e|
KvU Ges †c÷ Kivi c×wZ

gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡j †h dvBj, †dvìvi ev WKz‡g›U KvU Ki‡Z PvB Zv gvD‡mi evg †evZvg †P‡c wm‡j±
K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Gici wm‡j± Kiv Ae¯’vq gvD‡mi Wvb †evZvg Pvc‡j GKwU KgvÛ †gby ev †gby Kgv‡Ûi ZvwjKv
cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K KvU bv‡gi †gby KgvÛwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vm mv‡_ mv‡_ dvBjwU KvU n‡q A`„k¨ n‡q
hv‡e Ges Kw¤cDUv‡ii A¯’vqx †ggix‡Z dvBjwU AvcvZZ: msiw¶Z n‡e| Gevi GB dvBjwU‡K †h ¯’v‡b ev †h
†dvìv‡i ivL‡Z PvB †mLv‡b †h‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †h †dvìv‡i ivL‡Z PvB †mB †dvìv‡ii Dci gvD‡mi evg cv‡ki †evZvg
28

Wej wK¬K K‡i Lyj‡Z n‡e| Zvici †Lvjv †dvìv‡ii wfZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i gvD‡mi Wvb cv‡ki †evZvgwU Pvc‡Z n‡e|
GLvbKvi †gby Kgv‡Ûi ZvwjKv †_‡K †c÷ bv‡gi †gby KgvÛwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j dvBjwU H †dvìv‡i ev H ¯’v‡b Zv †c÷
n‡e| GB KgvÛ hZevi eënvi Kiv n‡e ZZeviB dvBjwU †c÷ n‡Z _vK‡e|
‡c÷ nIqv dvBj
wPÎ: KvU-‡c÷ Kivi c×wZ

Kx‡evW© Gi mvnv‡h¨ dvBj, †dvìvi ev WKz‡g›U KvU I †c÷ Ki‡Z n‡j gvD‡mi evg †evZvg †P‡c Zv wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z
n‡e| Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwUAviGj Kx Ges Bs‡iRx eY©gvjv G· (Ctrl+X) †jLv Kx GKmv‡_ Pvc‡j wbe©vwPZ dvBj ev
†dvìviwU ev WKz‡g›UwU KvU n‡q hv‡e Ges c~‡e©i Ae¯’vb †_‡K WKz‡g›UwU nvwi‡q hv‡e| Gevi WKz‡g›UwU †hLv‡b ev
†dvìv‡i ivL‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b wM‡q Kx‡evW© †_‡K wmwUAviGj Kx Ges Bs‡iwR eY©gvjv wf (Ctrl+V) †jLv Kx GKmv‡_
Pvc‡j †mLv‡b dvBj †c÷ n‡q hv‡e| Aek¨ GeviI GB KgvÛwU hZevi eënvi Kiv n‡e ZZeviB KvU Kiv dvBjwU
†c÷ n‡Z _vK‡e|
wWwjU Kiv
GwWwUs Gi mgq A‡bK wKQz wWwjU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Kvi‡Y ev AKvi‡Y dvBj ev †dvìvi ev †jLv wWwjU Ki‡Z
nq| wWwj‡Ui GB KvRwU mn‡R Kx‡evW© Ges gvDm eënvi K‡i Kiv m¤¢e| †h dvBj ev †dvìviwU wWwjU Kiv cÖ‡qvRb
Zv wm‡j± K‡i Kx‡evW© n‡Z wWwjU Kx Pvc‡j dvBj ev †dvìvi gy‡Q hvq| wWwjU Kx Pvcvi mv‡_ mv‡_ mZK© evZ©v w`‡e
mwZ¨ wWwjU Ki‡Z eënviKvix Pvq wKbv, G †ÿ‡Î B‡qm-G wK¬K Ki‡j dvBj ev †dvìviwU gy‡Q hv‡e (wb‡Pi wP‡Îi
gZ)|
cÖ‡R±-1 dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i Kx‡evW©

n‡Z wWwjU Kx Pvcvi ci mZK© evZ©vwU
B‡qm-G wK¬K Ki‡j dvBjwU wWwjU n‡q

wimvB‡Kj web-G P‡j hv‡e|
29

Avevi gvDm eënvi K‡i wWwj‡Ui KvRwU Ki‡Z n‡j, wWwjU Ki‡Z B”QzK dvBj ev †dvìviwUi Dci gvDm †i‡L ivBU
wK¬K K‡i wWwjU Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Zv gy‡Q hv‡e|
B‡qm-G
wK¬K
wWwjU-
G wK¬K
wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K WKy‡g›U †diZ cvIqv

Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K †KvbI dvBj gy‡Q †dj‡Z PvB‡j,
†mB dvBjwU‡K wm‡j± K‡i Kx‡evW© n‡Z wWwjU
(delete) evUbwU Pvc‡Z nq Ges dvBjwU wWwjU
n‡q wimvB‡Kj web-G Rgv nq| GwU DB‡ÛvR
wm‡÷‡gi GKwU i¶vKeP| Ggb †Zv n‡ZB cv‡i
†h, fzj K‡i †KvbI dvBj gy‡Q †djv n‡jv ev wWwjU
K‡i †Ìqv n‡jv| DB‡ÛvR wm‡÷‡g †Kvb dvBj‡K
gy‡Q †djvi Rb¨ Kw¤cDUvi‡K wb‡`©k w`‡jB
dvBjwU P‡j hvq wimvB‡Kj web bvgK fvÐv‡i|
Avevi wimvB‡Kj web †Kvb gy‡Q †djv dvBj
cybiæ×v‡ii eë¯’v K‡i †`q| †m †¶‡Î wimvB‡Kj
web bvgK DB‡ÛvwU I‡cb K‡i †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e wK
wK dvBj †mLv‡b i‡q‡Q| Gevi †h dvBjwU
cybiæ×vi Kiv ìKvi, †mwUi Dci gvDm †i‡L ivBU
wK¬K Ki‡j †h DB‡Ûv Av‡m †mLvb †_‡K †i‡÷vi
(Restore) -G GK evi wK¬K Ki‡jB †hLvb †_‡K
dvBjwU‡K gy‡Q †djv n‡qwQj, Kw¤cDUvi wb‡RB
†mLv‡b dvBjwU‡K †diZ cvwV‡q †`‡e A_©vr
dvBjwU c~‡e©i ¯’v‡b wd‡i hv‡e|
Avevi mwZ¨B hw` †KvbI dvBj‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q

†dj‡Z nq, Zvn‡j wimvB‡Kj we‡b wM‡q H
dvBjwUi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L ivBU wK¬K K‡i
wWwjU evUb Pvc‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e,
wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K †Kvb dvBj‡K gy‡Q †dj‡j
Zv‡K Avi †diZ cvIqv hvq bv, bZzb K‡i H
dvBjwU ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| Kw¤úDUvi wm‡÷‡g †Kvb
30

dvBj‡K gy‡Q †dj‡Z PvB‡jB Zv Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¯§„wZ †_‡K m¤c~Y© nvwi‡q hvq bv, cÖv_wgKfv‡e wM‡q Rgv nq wimvB‡Kj
we‡b| Z‡e wimvB‡Kj we‡bi aviY ¶gZvi mxge×Zv Av‡Q| aiv hvK, Rgv cov dvBj¸‡jvi †gvU AvqZb GKwU wbw`©ó
mxgv Qvwo‡q †Mj, †m †¶‡Î Kw¤cDUvi †Kvb dvBj‡K H fvÊv‡i hy³ Kivi Rb¨ G‡Kev‡i cÖ_g Rgv cov
dvBj¸‡jv‡K ci ci m¤c~Y© gy‡Q †dj‡Z _v‡K, hZ¶Y ch©šÍ bv wimvB‡Kj web Zvi aviY¶gZv wd‡i cv‡”Q, ZZ¶Y
GB cÖwµqv Pj‡Z _v‡K|
2.4 d¬¨vkwW¯‹/ wigy‡fejwW¯‹, †g‡gvwi KvW©, g‡Wg BZ¨vwì eënvi, wewfbœ

W«vBf G dvBj I †dvìvi ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
d¬¨vkwW¯‹/ wigy‡fejwW¯‹
BDGmwe d¬¨vkwW¯‹ ev d¬¨vk WvUv †÷v‡iR wWfvBm Ges BDGmwe
(BDwbfvimvj wmwiqvj evm) B›Uvi‡dm Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ| BDGmwe
d¬¨vkwW¯‹ mvaviYZ wm‡÷g †_‡K wew”QbœKiY‡hvM¨ Ges G‡Z cybivq
WvUv †jLv hvq| GwU evwn¨Kfv‡e d¬wc wW¯‹ ev AcwUK¨vj wW¯‹ †_‡K
A‡bK †QvU| AwaKvsk BDGmwe d¬¨vkwW‡¯‹i IRb 30 MÖvg Gi †P‡q
Kg| wKQz BDGmwe d¬vk WªvB‡f 10,00,000 evi Z_¨ †jLv/‡gvQv hvq
Ges †g‡gvwi wP‡ci ai‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i 10 eQi ch©šÍ †`vKv‡b
weµ‡qi Rb¨ ivLv †h‡Z cv‡i| d¬wc wW¯‹ †h Kvi‡Y eënvi Kiv nZ BDGmwe d¬¨vkwW¯‹I GKB Kvi‡Y eënvi Kiv
nq| BDGmwe d¬¨vkwW¯‹ AvKv‡i †QvU, A‡bK `ªæZ, nvRvi ¸Y †ewk aviY ¶gZv Ges Pjgvb cvU©m bv _vKvq A‡bK
†ewk †UKmB Ges wbf©i‡hvM¨| †mBm‡½ G¸‡jv‡Z d¬wc wW‡¯‹i gZ we`ÿZ‡PŠ¤^Kxq weNœZv N‡U bv Ges AcwUK¨vj
wW‡¯‹i gZ `vM covi fq †bB|
AwfÁZv †_‡K †`Lv hvq 2005 mvj ch©šÍ mKj †W¯‹Uc Ges j¨vÞc Gi mv‡_ d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf †`qv nZ, wKš‘ B`vbxs
BDGmwe †cvU© Gi AvbyK‚‡j¨ †W¯‹Uc Ges j¨vcUc Gi mv‡_ d¬wc wW¯‹ WªvBf †`qv nq bv| d¬¨vkwW¯‹ G BDGmwe gvm
†÷v‡iR ÷¨vÛvW© eënvi Kiv nq hv AvaywbK Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g †hgb DB‡ÛvR, g¨vK IGmG·, wjbv· BZ¨vw`
¯^fveZB wPb‡Z cv‡i| BDGmwe 2.0 B›Uvi‡dm m¤cbœ BDGmwe WªvBf¸‡jv A‡bK †ewk WvUv AcwUK¨vj WªvBf Gi
†P‡q `ªæZ ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †ek wKQz bZzb wm‡÷g †hgb G·e· 360, †cø-‡÷kb 3, wWwfwW †cøqvi I wKQz
¯§vU©‡dvb BDGmwe 2.0 mg_©b K‡i Ges WvUv co‡Z cv‡i| d¬¨vkwW¯‹-G GKwU †QvU Qvcv‡bv mvwK©U †evW© _v‡K hvi
g‡a¨ Gi Ab¨vb¨ hš¿vsk Ges BDGmwe Kv‡b±i _v‡K| mvwK©U †evW©wU we`ÿr Acwievwn cøvw÷K ev avZz ev ivevi †Km
w`‡q Ave„Z Kiv nq hv c‡K‡U enb‡hvM¨| BDGmwe ms‡hvMKvwi mvaviYZ GKwU AcmviY‡hvM¨ K¨vc w`‡q XvKv _v‡K
ev †Km Gi wfZ‡i XzwK‡q ivLv hvq| AwaKvsk d¬vk WªvBf ÷¨vÛvW© UvB‡ci BDGmwe Kv‡b±i eënvi K‡i| AwaKvsk
d¬vk WªvBf BDGmwe Kv‡bKkb †_‡K we`ÿr mieivn †bq| Gi Rb¨ †Kvb e¨vUvwi ìKvi nq bv| wKQz hš¿vsk †hgb
wWwRUvj AwWI †cøqvi ev enb‡hvM¨ wgwWqv †cøqvi hvi mv‡_ d¬¨vkwW¯‹ †÷v‡iR i‡q‡Q, GB ai‡bi wWfvB‡mi Rb¨
e¨vUvwi ìKvi nq|
‡g‡gvwi KvW©
cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj, Qwe, Mvb, wfwWImn we‡bv`b I ¯§„wZ msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †g‡gvwi KvW©
RbwcÖq| cÖwZwU †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©B ¯’vqx aviY¶gZv _v‡K| A‡bK wWfvB‡m Avevi evowZ
Z_¨ ivLvi myweav w`‡Z eënvi nq †g‡gvwi KvW©| GB †g‡gvwi KvW© n‡”Q GK ai‡bi
†mwgKÛv±i wfwËK cÖhyw³cY¨ Z_v †m‡KÛvwi †g‡gvwi| †gvevBj †dvb, U¨ve‡jU
31

Kw¤cDUvi, K¨v‡giv, †Uwjwfkb, wgwWqv †cøqvi BZ¨vw`‡Z †g‡gvwi KvW© eënvi Kiv hvq| mwVK aviYv bv _vKvq
†gvevBj †dvb, K¨v‡giv, AvBcW, Ggwcw_ª †cøqvi ev wfwWI †cøqv‡ii Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi †g‡gvwi KvW© eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e
Zv wb‡q mgm¨vq c‡ob A‡b‡K| G †¶‡Î wWfvBmwUi g¨vbyqvj Kv‡R jvM‡Z cv‡i|
†g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i g‡a¨ GmwW Kv‡W©i cÖKvi‡f` Kg, mnRjfÏ| evRv‡i wZb ai‡bi GmwW KvW© cvIqv hvq| mvaviY
GmwW, wgwb I gvB‡µv| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gvB‡µv GmwW AvKv‡i me‡P‡q †QvU| GB Kv‡W©i m‡½ A¨vWvÞvi eënvi K‡i
gvB‡µv I wgwb GmwW KvW©I wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq| A_©vr †Kv‡bv wWfvB‡m hw` ïay GmwW Kv‡W©i ¯øU _v‡K
A¨vWvÞvi eënvi K‡i Zv‡Z gvB‡µv I wgwb GmwW KvW© Pvjv‡bv hv‡e| GmwWi cvkvcvwk evRv‡i GgGmwW,
GmwWGBPGm wKsev GmwWG·wmf GB wZb ai‡bi KvW©I cvIqv hvq| Z‡e G¸‡jvi eënvi Zzjbvg~jK A‡bK Kg|
†g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i gvb mvaviYZ wbf©i K‡i Gi MwZi (w¯úW) Ici| MwZi w`K †_‡K †g‡gvwi KvW©¸‡jv‡K mvaviYZ Qq
fv‡M fvM Kiv n‡q‡Q K¬vm2, K¬vm4, K¬vm6, K¬vm10, BDGBPGm1 I BDGBPGm3| Kv‡W©i Ici K¬vm w¯cW †iU †Mvj
K‡i D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K| KvW© w¯cW †iU hZ †ewk, KvW©wU ZZ `ªæZMwZ‡Z Z_¨ mieivn Ki‡Z cv‡i| †hgb, K¬vm6 KvW©
†m‡K‡Û 6 †gMvevBU MwZ‡Z KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i, †Zgwbfv‡e K¬vm10 †g‡gvwi KvW© 10 †gMvevBU cvi †m‡KÛ MwZi nq|
Avi BDGBPGm Kv‡W©i MwZ †m‡K‡Û 320 †gMvevBUm ch©šÍ|
†Kvb Kv‡R †Kgb †g‡gvwi
eënviKvix hw` wm‡bgv, Mvb I Qwe msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ †g‡gvwi KvW© eënvi Ki‡Z Pvb Zvn‡j K¬vm Pvi †_‡K Gi Ic‡ii
KvW© wKb‡Z cv‡ib| Avi GBPwW †iKW© msi¶Y Ki‡Z Kgc‡¶ K¬vm Qq †g‡gvwi KvW© †Kbv DwPZ| Ab¨_vq †iKW©
Kivi mgq †d«g mgm¨v, wfwWIwU Pvjv‡bvi mgq Qwe ev kã AvU‡K †h‡Z cv‡i| ZvB GBPwW gv‡bi wfwWI †iKwW©s I
†`Lvi Rb¨ me©wb¤œ K¬vm Qq KvW© eënvi Kiv DwPZ| 4k wfwWI †iKW© Ges Qwe †Zvjvi †¶‡Î BDGBPGm1 †g‡gvwi
†Kbv DwPZ| ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi g‡Zv K¨v‡givi GmwW KvW© eënv‡ii †¶‡ÎI GKB wbqg| ¯§vU©‡dv‡bi A¨vc †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©
†i‡L eënvi Ki‡Z PvB‡j K¬vm 10 †g‡gvwi KvW© eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡Z n‡e wP‡b

†g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i g‡aÏ bKj Av‡Q| Avmj (AwiwRbvj) †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i Mv‡q eª¨v‡Ûi bvg †Lv`vB K‡i †jLv _v‡K|
UªvÝ‡mÛ, m¨vbwW¯‹, A¨vcvPvi, wKs÷b, m¨vgmvs eª¨v‡Ûi KvW©¸‡jv evRv‡i Pj‡Q †ewk| mvaviYZ Gme †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©
Iqv‡iw›U myweav †Ìqv nq| ZvB G ai‡bi †g‡gvwi KvW© †KbvB fv‡jv|
g‡Wg
g‡Wg (gWÿ‡jUi-wWgWÿ‡jUi) n‡jv GKwU hš¿ hv GKwU †cÖwiZ GbvjM ms‡KZ‡K
wWwRUvj Z‡_¨ iƒcvšÍi K‡i Ges wWwRUvj Z_¨‡K cvVv‡bvi mgq Gb‡KvW K‡i GbvjM
ms‡KZ wn‡m‡e †cÖiY K‡i| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mn‡R ms‡KZ cvVv‡bv Ges Zv Avevi GKB
iKgfv‡e Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ cvIqv| UªvÝwgkb ev †cÖi‡Yi A‡_© †h‡Kvb Kv‡R g‡Wg eënvi Kiv
hvq †iwWI †_‡K WvBIW ch©šÍ| me‡P‡q cwiwPZ D`vniY n‡jv f‡qme¨vÛ g‡Wg †hUv
cvi‡mvbvj Kw¤cDUv‡ii wWwRUvj †WUv‡K B‡jwUªK¨vj wmMbv‡j cwiYZ K‡i †Uwj‡dv‡bi
f‡qm wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ †iÄ P¨v‡b‡j cvVvq, Ab¨ cÖv‡šÍ Av‡iKwU g‡Wg Øviv wWwRUv‡j cwiYZ
nq| g‡Wg¸‡jv mvaviYZ fvM Kiv nq KZ cwigvY †WUv Zviv cvVv‡Z cv‡i GKK mg‡q Zvi Dci| mvaviYZ gvcv nq
†m‡KÛ cÖwZ weU (bps) wn‡m‡e| G¸‡jv GK GKK †m‡K‡Û KZ cwigvY ms‡KZ cvVv‡Z cv‡i Zvi wfwË‡Z fvM Kiv
hvq|
32

g‡W‡gi Kv‡Ri cÖwµqv
GKRb user hLb wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Zi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i ZLb Zv modulate n‡q server G bK K‡i
ZLb server †_‡K cÖwµqvKi‡Yi ci demodulate n‡q user †K cÖ`k©b K‡i| K¨vej g‡Wg mvaviYZ B›Uvi‡bU
Kv‡bKk‡bi Rb¨ eënvi nq Ges Wvqvj-Avc g‡W‡gi †P‡q `ªæZ| †hLv‡b 56K g‡Wg w`‡q 53 †KwewcGm †i‡U WvUv
Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv hvq, K¨vej g‡Wg WvUv UªÝdv‡ii †¶‡Î 30 GgwewcGm ch©šÍ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i| GwU
500¸Y †ewk `ªæZZvi mv‡_ KvR K‡i| Z‡e AwaKvsk AvBGmwciv Zv‡ì e¨vÛDB_ Kwg‡q MÖvnK‡ì Rb¨ 6
GgwewcGm ch©šÍ mxgve× iv‡L| K¨vej g‡Wg Wvqvj-Avc g‡W‡gi gZ Gi †dvb jvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv| Gi cwie‡Z©
¯’vbxq wUwf K¨vej jvB‡bi gva¨‡g ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i| GB Zv‡ii g‡Wg GKwU Awew”Qbœ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui ms‡hvM ¯’vcb
Ki‡Z m¶g| Gi d‡j B‡gBj †PK Ki‡Z cÖ‡Z¨K evi ISP Wvqvj Ki‡Z n‡e bv| Wvqvj Avc g‡W‡gi Zzjbvq †Kej
g‡W‡gi wWRvBb A‡bK †ewk RwUj, G‡Z mvaviYZ G·Uvb©vj wWfvBm eënvi nq, wKš‘ wKQz g‡W‡j GKwU
Kw¤cDUv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwÎZ Kiv hvq|
wPÎ: g‡W‡gi Kvh©cÖwµqv

g‡W‡gi KvRwU n‡”Q GK`g mvaviY, g‡Wg B›Uvi‡bU Kv‡bKkb gwWdvB Ges wbqš¿Y K‡i| GQvovI D`vniY wn‡m‡e
ejv hvq †KD hw` "x" wm‡gi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU eënvi K‡i Zvn‡j g‡Wg †mB "x" wm‡gi †bUIqvK© †_‡K Avmv
wmMb¨vj‡K Avjv`v K‡i B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ mshy³ n‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| Kw¤cDUvi wWfvBmwU ïaygvÎ wWwRUvj
wmMb¨vjmg~n eyS‡Z cv‡i, Avi g‡Wg n‡”Q GKwU wWfvBm hv Kw¤cDUv‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ Ki‡j wWwRUvj Ges GbvjM
wmMb¨vj¸‡jvi ms‡hvM NUv‡Z GKwU weªR wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
g‡W‡gi cÖKvi‡f`
`yB ai‡bi g‡Wg Av‡Q-
1| G·Uvibvj g‡Wg: G ai‡bi g‡Wg Kw¤cDUv‡ii evB‡i wmwiqvj †cvU© COM1 Ges COM2 †Z ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq|
Avgiv mvaviYZ †h g‡Wg eënvi Kwi Zv n‡jv USB EXTERNAL MODEM|
2| B›Uvibvj g‡Wg: G ai‡bi g‡Wg gv`vi‡ev‡W©i wbw`ó© ¯ø‡U mshy³ _v‡K|
wewfbœ W«vBf G dvBj I †dvìvi ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv
GKRb eënviKvix hLb Kw¤úDUv‡i KvR K‡ib, dvBj ev †dvìvi ˆZwi K‡ib ZLb Zv †Kvb GKwU RvqMvq ev WªvB‡f
msiÿY K‡i iv‡Lb| GB dvBj ev †dvìvi KL‡bv e¨w³MZ Kv‡R, Awd‡mi Kv‡R wKsev KvD‡K mnvqZv †`qvi Kv‡R
eënvi nq| wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b ev wcÖw›Us Gi Kv‡Ri Rb¨ KL‡bv KL‡bv dvBj ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq A_©vr Kw¤úDUv‡i
msiwÿZ dvBj †cbWªvBf ev nvW© WªvB‡f ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| Avevi ¯’vqxfv‡e msiÿ‡Yi RbÏ †Kvb dvBj
G·Uvb©vj WªvB‡f ev wWwfwW‡Z ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq|
dvBj ev †dvìvi ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii welqwU AviI bvbv Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| GLb †mŠwLb eënviKvixMY dvBj msiÿY
K‡i _v‡Kb fvP©yqvj WªvB‡f ev Wªce‡· wKsev ¸Mj WªvB‡f| KviY †h‡Kvb mgq †h‡Kvb ¯’v‡b IB dvBj eënvi Kiv
33

hvq| Avevi ¯§vU© †dv‡bi `ywbqvq †g‡gvwi KvW© GLb mevi wcÖq e¯‘| d‡j †g‡gvwi Kv‡W© †Kvb Mvb, wfwWI, Qwe ev
†Kvb dvBj ¯’vbvšÍ‡ii cÖ‡qvRb n‡ZB cv‡i| ZvB dvBj ev †dvìvi ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi we`¨vwU RvbvI AvR wbe©vK mg‡qi
`vex|
Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z †cbWªvBf ev G·Uvb©vj nvW© WªvB‡f dvBj Ges †dvìvi ¯’vbvšÍi Kivi GKwU Dcvq n‡jv Kwc Ges
†c÷ Kiv| Av‡iKwU Dcvq n‡jv †cbWªvBf ev nvW© WªvBf Kw¤úDUv‡i ms‡hvM w`‡q †h dvBj ev †dvìviwU ¯’vbvšÍi
Ki‡Z B”QzK Zvi Dcvi gvDm †i‡L ivBU evUb wK¬K K‡i †mÛ Uz (send to) Ack‡b wM‡q †cbWªvBf ev nvW© WªvBf wK¬K
Kiv| Ab¨ GKwU Dcvq n‡jv Wªª¨vM GÛ Wªc Kiv| A_©vr †cbWªvBf ev nvW© WªvBf I‡cb K‡i wbw`©ó dvBjwU gvDm Wª¨vM
K‡i GLv‡b †Q‡o †`qv|
‡g‡gvwi KvW© ev gvB‡µv GmwW Kv‡W© ¯’vbvšÍi cÖwµqv GKUz wfbœ| G ai‡bi KvW©¸‡jv Kw¤úDUvi‡K †evSv‡bvi Rb¨
Avjv`v KvW© wiWv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq A_ev ¯§vU©‡dvbwU‡K K¨vej, eøyUz_, †kqviBU ev Ab¨ †Kvb wgwWqv eënvi K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM mvab Ki‡Z nq| Gici wbw`©ó dvBj ev †dvìvi H †g‡gvwi Kv‡W© ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z nq|
AvRKvj fvPz©qvj WªvB‡f ev Wªce‡· wKsev ¸Mj WªvB‡f dvBj, Qwe, wfwWI msiÿ‡Yi cÖeYZv †`Lv hv‡”Q| d‡j
GLv‡bI dvBj ev †dvìvi Kxfv‡e ¯’vbvšÍi Ki‡Z nq Zv †R‡b ivLv fv‡jv| fvP©yqvj WªvB‡f wbw`©ó dvBjwU WªvM GÛ Wªc
K‡i ivLv hvq A_ev dvBj Avc‡jvW Ack‡bi mnvqZv wb‡q ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq| G †ÿ‡Î we‡eP¨ welq n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU
A_©vr B›Uvi‡b‡Ui w¯ú‡Wi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e Avcbvi dvBj KZ `ªæZ ¯’vbvšÍi n‡e|
mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

1. Kw¤úDUvi Kx? Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ As‡ki cwiPq w`b|
2. wmwcD‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gw¯Í®‹ ejv nq †Kb?
3. Kw¤úDUv‡ii K‡qKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© êwkó¨ eY©bv Kiæb|
4. wewfbœ cÖR‡b¥i Kw¤úDUv‡ii êwkó¨mg~n D`vniYmn wjLyb|
5. Pvj©m e¨v‡eR †K? †Kb Zv‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii RbK ejv nq?
6. md&UIq¨vi Kx?
7. mdUIq¨v‡ii cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Kiæb|
8. Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi Kx?
9. Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g Kx? Gi cÖKvif` eY©bv Kiæb|
10. dvBj, †dvìvi Ges AvBKb Kx?
11. dvBj ev †dvìvi Kxfv‡e GK WªvBf n‡Z Ab¨ WªvB‡f ¯’vbvšÍi Kiv hvq?
12. wimvB‡Kj web n‡Z Z_¨ D×v‡ii cÖwµqv wjLyb|
Z_¨m~Î
1. W. AvjgMxi †nv‡mb I W. jyrdi ingvb, Kw¤úDUvi dvÛv‡g›Uvjm, BDwcGj, XvKv
2. gvneyyeyi invgb, Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ, wm‡÷K cvewjkvm©, XvKv
3. gywRei ingvb, cÖv_wgK aviYv: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, f‡qRvi cvewj‡Kkbm, evsjv evRvi, XvKv
4. 6ô - 8g †kÖwYi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv
5. gvneyyeyi invgb, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wm‡÷K cvewjkvm©, XvKv
6. gwReyi ingvb, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wmweI cvewj‡Kkbm, XvKv
7. https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi
8. www.comjagot.com
9. http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=5016
34

BDwbU-3
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Abykxjb Ges wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM
G Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯‘mg~n-
3.1 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ Ges Bs‡iwR I evsjv †jLvi `ÿZv Abykxjb
3.2 d›U cwiwPwZ, d›U cwieZ©b Kiv, d›U Kvjvi, mvBR I ÷vBj cwieZ©b Kiv
3.3 †Uwej hy³ Kiv I m¤úv`b Kiv
3.4 Qwe I AvK…wZ (†mc) hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv
3.5 wkÿvg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b †jLv, m¤úv`b I g~`ªY Abykxjb
35

BDwbU-3
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Abykxjb Ges wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖ‡qvM
Kw¤úDUv‡i mvaviY †jLv‡jwLi KvR †hme c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi w`‡q Kiv nq Zv‡ì IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi e‡j|
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi w`‡q g~jZ †jLv, m¤úv`bv I g~`ª‡Yi KvR Kiv nq| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Gi e¨vcK cÖ‡qvM jÿ¨ Kiv
hvq| AvRKvj wkÿKMY wWwRUvj wWfvBm eënvi K‡i cvV cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Qb| cixÿvi cÖkœcÎ cÖYqb, djvdj
ˆZwi I msiÿY Ges cÖkvmwbK Kv‡R e¨vcKfv‡e IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi eënvi n‡”Q| Gi me‡P‡q eo myweav n‡jv
GKevi ˆZwi K‡i †bqv n‡j cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i eû wcÖ›U I Kwc Kiv hvq| ZvQvov cieZ©x‡Z Kwc ev wcÖ‡›Ui Rb¨ Lye
mn‡RB m¤úv`bv Kiv hvq| ¯‹z‡ji wbqwgZ Kg©Kv‡Êi cvkvcvwk wewfbœ ¯§iwYKv ev Ab¨ †Kvb cÖKvkbvI G mdUIq¨vi
w`‡q Kiv hvq| mn‡R eënvi Ki‡Z cvivi Kvi‡Y gvB‡µvmdU †Kv¤úvwbi gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© mdUIq¨viwU IqvW©
cÖ‡mmi wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| G Aa¨v‡q AZ¨šÍ mvejxjfv‡e wkÿvg~jK Kv‡R G ai‡bi
mdUIq¨v‡ii eënvi wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3.1 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi (GgGm IqvW©) cwiwPwZ Ges Bs‡iwR I

evsjv †jLvi `ÿZv Abykxjb
Gg.Gm IqvW© cwiwPwZ
mvaviYZ †jLv‡jwLi Kv‡R †h c¨v‡KR mdUIq¨vi eëüZ nq Zv‡K IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi e‡j| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi g‡a¨ GgGm IqvW© AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq| gvB‡µvmdU †Kv¤úvbxi ˆZix Kiv GB mdUIq¨viwU wekêvmx Z_v
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖhyw³‡cÖgx‡ì wbKU AZ¨šÍ AvKl©Yxq Ges RbwcÖq| GB mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i `wjj `¯Ív‡eR, wPwVcÎ,
cÖkœ, wi‡cvU©, m„Rbkxj I gbbkxj †jLv BZ¨vw` UvBc Ges wWRvBb Kiv hvq| GgGm Iqv‡W© †Uwej WvqvMÖvg Qwe
BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g †Kvb †jLv‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨v‡i mvaviYZ:
• ‡Kvb `wjj †jLv, m¤úv`bv, msiÿY Ges wcÖ›U Kiv hvq;
• ‡jLv Kwc, †c÷, ¯’vbvšÍi Ges gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e nq;
• ‡jLv †QvU eo Kiv, †evì Kiv, AvÛvi jvBb ev BUvwjK Kiv hvq;
• ‡jLvq †Uwej ms‡hvRb I we‡qvRb Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q;
• Ab¨ mdUIq¨vi †_‡K †Kvb Dcv`vb (†hgb- Qwe, AjsKiY) mshy³ Kiv hvq;
• evbvb I e¨vKiYMZ ÎæwU ms‡kvab Kiv hvq;
• dvBÛ-wi‡cøm KgvÛ eënvi K‡i eo †Kv‡bv WKz‡g‡›U Aí mg‡q kã †LuvRv hvq Ges cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq;
• hLb †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U evievi eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb †mwU‡K †Ug‡cøU AvKv‡i msiÿY K‡i ivLv hvq
hv‡Z mgq mvkÖq nq| †hgb- cÖwZ mßv‡n j¨ve wi‡cvU© cÖ¯‘Z Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †mwU †Ug‡cøU AvKv‡i
msiÿY K‡i ivL‡j Zv evievi eënvi Kiv hvq|
• eo AvKv‡ii WKz‡g‡›U †hgb M‡elYvc‡Î welqe¯‘i mviwY, †idv‡iÝ, Qwei ZvwjKv, MÖš’cwÄ BZ¨vw` A‡bK
KvR LyeB ¯^í mg‡q m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
Avgv‡ì †`‡k kn‡i, MÖv‡g-M‡Ä, Awd‡m, †`vKv‡b †hLv‡bB IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Gi KvR Kiv nq Zvi cÖvq meLv‡bB
gvB‡µvmdU IqvW© eënvi Kiv nq| hwÌ Gi cÖvq meB cvB‡i‡UW Kwc| Z‡e Gi AjUvi‡bwUf wn‡m‡e †ek
A‡bK¸‡jv IqvW© cÖ‡mmi i‡q‡Q, GB IqvW© cÖ‡mmi¸‡jv w`‡q Avgv‡ì †ckvMZ ˆ`bw›`b KvR, e¨w³MZ KvR me
Abvqv‡mB Kiv m¤¢e|
‡ek wKQy wd« IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi gv‡K©‡U wKsev AbjvB‡b i‡q‡Q| †h¸‡jv †W‡fjcvi KZ©…KB wd«‡Z Advi Kiv
n‡”Q| cvB‡iwm QvovB †hLv‡b wd«‡Z fv‡jv IqvW© cÖ‡mmi cvIqv hv‡”Q †mLv‡b G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi MÖnY K‡i
cvB‡iwm cwiZ¨vM KivUvB †kÖq| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡Z AviI bvbv myweav i‡q‡Q| Avgiv G ai‡bi
mdUIq¨vi eënvi K‡i hLb eënvwiK KvR Ki‡ev ZLb A‡bK wKQz Rvb‡Z cvie| GZ me myweavi Kvi‡Y cÖwZw`b
Gi eënviKvixi msL¨v evo‡Q|
36

B‡Zvg‡a¨B †R‡bwQ †h, evRv‡i A‡bK IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi Av‡Q| †hgb: Microsoft Word, Open Office
Writer, Google Docs, Zoho Writer BZ¨vw`| Gi g‡a¨ wKQz mdUIq¨vi AbjvB‡b webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq, hv‡K
I‡cb †mvm© mdUIqvi e‡j| Avevi wKQz mdUIq¨vi i‡q‡Q hv wbw`©ó mg‡qi Rb¨ UvKv w`‡q wK‡b wb‡Z nq| GB
mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K Avgiv ewj KwcivBU cÖ‡U‡±W mdUIq¨vi| GB mdUIq¨vi¸‡jvi wbg©vZv‡K miKvi ev ivóª KZ…©K
KwcivBU AvBb Øviv ¯^Ë¡ ev AwaKvi †`qv n‡q‡Q| d‡j G mdUIqvi¸‡jv wbw`©ó wbqg †g‡b A‡_©i wewbg‡q µq K‡i
eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
Bs‡iwR †jLvi `ÿZv Abykxjb
Av‡gwiKvi weL¨vZ mdUIq¨vi cÖ¯‘ZKvix cÖwZôvb gvB‡µvmdU KZ©„K evRviRvZK…Z GKwU KwcivBU cÖ‡U‡±W
mdUIq¨vi n‡jv gvB‡µvmdU IqvW©| GwU‡Z KvR Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g gvB‡µvmdU Awdm mdUIq¨viwU I‡cb Ki‡Z
n‡e| ïiæ‡Z A‡bK¸‡jv c„ôvi †Ug‡cøU ev bKkv †`Lvq| Gi ga¨ †_‡K eø¨vsK †cR (Blank page) wm‡j± Ki‡Z nq|
Zvici gvB‡µvmdU Iqv‡W©i GKwU dvBj Lyj‡e Ges dvBj †Lvjvi mv‡_ mv‡_ GKwU mv`v c„ôv cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Gevi
mv`v c„ôvwU‡Z gvD‡mi Kvm©i †i‡L Kx‡evW© n‡Z Bs‡iwR nid AbymiY K‡i †jLv ïiæ Kiv hvq| Kx‡ev‡W©i Bs‡iwR
nid †`‡L UvBc Ki‡j WKz‡g‡›U Zv †`Lv hv‡e| †jLvi nid eo nv‡Zi Ki‡Z n‡j Caps Lock †P‡c wjL‡Z nq|
G‡ÿ‡Î me †jLv eo nv‡Zi n‡e| Avevi Caps Lock AckbwU cybivq †P‡c wjL‡j †jLv Av‡Mi g‡Zv †QvU nv‡Zi
n‡q hv‡e| ZvQvov wkdU Kx Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡qI †jLv †QvU-eo Kiv hvq|
wPÎ: gvB‡µvmdU IqvW©

WKz‡g‡›Ui G‡Kev‡i Dc‡i ev‡g bxj e‡· †jLv File G wK¬K Ki‡j Avgiv †ekwKQz Ackb †`L‡Z cvB| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
• New: bZzb WKz‡g›U Lyj‡Z GUv wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
• Open: c~‡e© msiÿY Kiv †Kv‡bv WKz‡g›U Lyj‡Z eënvi nq|
• Save: WKz‡g›U‡K msiÿY Ki‡Z Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
• Save as: GKB WKz‡g›U‡K wfbœ bv‡g msiÿY Ki‡Z Gi my‡hvM wb‡Z nq| †mf G‡Ri gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv
WKz‡g›U‡K AcwiewZ©Z †i‡L bZzb bv‡g msiÿY K‡i Zvi Dci KvR Kiv hvq|
• Close: †Lvjv WKz‡g›U eÜ Kivi Rb¨ GLv‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq|
• Print: GB Ack‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ˆZwi Kiv †Kvb WKz‡g›U wcÖ›U Kiv hvq|
• Share: ˆZwiK…Z WKz‡g›UwU Ab¨ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †kqvi Kivi Rb¨|
• Option: IqvW© m¤úwK©Z wKQz GwWwUs my‡hvM GLv‡b i‡q‡Q|
evsjv †jLvi `ÿZv Abykxjb

evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ Avgiv gy³ mdUIqvi Aå eënvi Ki‡Z cvwi| GB mdUIq¨vi eënvi Ki‡j GKw`‡K †hgb
Revew`wnZvi cÖkœ †bB, Ab¨w`‡K A_© LiP Ki‡Z nq bv| Kw¤úDUv‡i hw` Aå BÝUj _v‡K wb‡Pi eviwU †W·U‡ci
Wvb †KvYvq ev gvSvgvwS †`Lv hv‡e|
wPÎ: Aå Kx‡evW© evi

37

Avi eviwU †W·U‡c bv _vK‡j wb‡Pi cÖ`wk©Z Dcv‡q †W¯‹U‡c Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvBKb, †cÖvMÖvg ev wm‡÷g †Uª GB
wZbwU weK‡íi ga¨ †_‡K †hwU cÖ‡hvR¨ Zvi Dci wK¬K K‡i Aå Kx‡evW© wb‡q Avmv hvq|
AvBKb, †cÖvMÖvg ev
wm‡÷g †Uª GB wZbwU
weK‡íi ga¨ †_‡K †hwU
cÖ‡hvR¨ Zvi mvnvh¨ wb‡q
Aå Kx‡evW© wb‡q Avmv
hvq|
wPÎ: Aå Kx‡evW© wdwi‡q Avbvi cÖwµqv

Aå Kx‡ev‡W©i wewfbœ wdPvi m¤ú‡K© wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z aviYv †`qv n‡jv|
38

Aå‡Z evsjv †jLvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Qwe AbymiY K‡i Kx‡evW© †j-AvDU †_‡K Aå d‡bwU· AckbwU wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Zvici English †jLvi Dci wK¬K K‡i Kx‡evW©wU‡K evsjv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Gevi evsjv D”PviY AbymiY K‡i Bs‡iwR ni‡d †jLvi †Póv Kwi| †hgbUv Avgviv †gvevBj †_‡K †g‡mR cvVv‡bvi
mgq K‡i _vwK| †`Lv hv‡e my›ì evsjv †jLv cÖ`wk©Z n‡”Q| †hgb: Bangladesh wjL‡j Ôevsjv‡`kÕ †`Lv‡e|
†Kvb Bs‡iwR ni‡d wK¬K Ki‡j †Kvb evsjv eY© cvIqv hv‡e Zv Rvbvi Rb¨ wb‡Pi Qwe Abymv‡i Aå †j-AvD‡U wK¬K K‡i
†`Lv hv‡e|
3.2 d›U cwiwPwZ, d›U cwieZ©b Kiv, d›U Kvjvi, mvBR I ÷vBj cwieZ©b Kiv
‡jLv‡jwLi Rb¨ †h wewfbœ wWRvB‡bi nid eënvi Kiv nq ZvB n‡jv d›U| d›U ÷vBj wbe©vPb, d›U mvBR I is
wba©viY Kiv †U·U dig¨vwUs Gi GKwU Ask| GgGm Iqv‡W© wWdë d›U wn‡m‡e Calibri A_ev Times New Roman
†`qv _vK‡Z cv‡i| d›U mvBR 11 ev 12 †`qv _vK‡Z cv‡i| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms-G Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx wewfbœ d›U eënvi
Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Bs‡iwR UvB‡ci †ÿ‡Î †h‡Kvb Bs‡iwR d›U eënvi Kiv †M‡jI evsjv UvB‡ci †ÿ‡Î mdUIqv‡ii
mv‡_ mv‡_ d‡›Ui aibI cwieZ©b Ki‡Z nq| mvaviYZ weRq mdUIqv‡i Kv‡Ri †ejvq wKQz AwZ cwiwPZ d›U n‡jv
myZš^x Gg‡R, wiswK Gg‡R, KY©dzjx BZ¨vw`|
39

Aå wK‡evW© mdUIqv‡i BDwb‡KvW d›U eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb: wbKk evsjv, †mvjvqgvbwjwc, †mvbvi evsjv,
wf›`ªv, gyw³ BZ¨vw`| †U·U dig¨vwUs-Gi †ewki fvM KvRB Kiv nq d›U MÖæc †_‡K| wb‡P d›U MÖæ‡ci wewfbœ Ack‡bi
cwiPq †`qv n‡jv|
d›U wbe©vPb d‡›Ui d‡›Ui †QvU

AvKvi e‡ov Kiv
‡evì/BUvwjK/ AvÛvi is ‡jLvi

jvBb cwieZ©b GjvBb‡g›U
†U·U dig¨vwUs-Gi cÖ_g KvR n‡jv cQ›` g‡Zv d›U wbe©vPb Kiv| d›U wbe©vP‡bi KvRwU Ki‡Z nq †nvg †gbyi d›U
MÖy‡ci d‡›Ui bv‡gi WªcÑWvDb e· †_‡K (wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z cÖ`wk©Z)| GLv‡b AmsL¨ d‡›Ui ga¨ †_‡K cQ›` g‡Zv GKwU
d›U †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| cQ‡›ì d›UwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i wjL‡j Zv †mB d‡›Ui n‡e|
GLv‡b wK¬K K‡i

cQ‡›ì d›U
wbe©vPb K‡i †bqv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
40

d›U mvBR wba©viY Kivi Rb¨ d›U mvBR AckbwU‡Z (wb‡Pi wP‡Î cÖ`wk©Z) wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx wbw`©ó mvB‡Ri
d›U wbe©vPb Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b
wK¬K Kwi
d›U Kvjvi Av‡iKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| KviY A‡bK mgq Kv‡Ri aib Abyhvqx d‡›Ui KvjviI wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq| wb‡Pi
wP‡Î †`Lv‡bv wbq‡g cQ‡›ì Kvjvi wbe©vPb Kiv hvq|
cÖ_‡g GB WªcWvDb
G¨v‡iv‡Z wK¬K Kwi,
c‡i wb‡Pi Kvjvi
e· †_‡K cQ‡›ì
Kvjvi wbB
41

†Kvb †jLv †evì, BUvwjK ev AvÛvijvBb Ki‡Z n‡j d›U wbe©vPb As‡ki wb‡P †h Ackb¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv eënvi K‡i
KvRwU Kiv hv‡e|
†evì, BUvwjK ev
AvÛvijvBb Kivi
Rb¨ GB wZbwU
Ackb
GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv †evì n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh
GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv BUvwjK n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh
GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv AvÛvijvBb n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh
GQvovI-
GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j mvew¯ŒÞ n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh
GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j mycviw¯ŒÞ n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh
Z‡e †U·U †jLvi ci †U·U dig¨vwUs Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B †jLvwU wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| IqvW© cÖ‡mwms †kLvi Rb¨
BDwUD‡e evsjv I Bs‡iwR‡Z A‡bK wfwWI wUD‡Uvwiqvj Av‡Q hv †`‡LI dig¨vwUs Gi KvR Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡`©wkZ KvR G cv‡V AwR©Z `ÿZv¸‡jv Kv‡R jvwM‡q Avcbvi †kÖwYK‡ÿi Dci GKwU Aby‡”Q` ˆZwi Kiæb|
3.3 †Uwej hy³ Kiv I m¤úv`b Kiv

IqvW© WKz‡g‡›U Z_¨ mvwi I Kjv‡g web¨vm Kiv nq †h Uzj w`‡q Zv‡K †Uwej ev mviYx e‡j| WKz‡g›U ˆZwi‡Z Z_¨
my›ì K‡i Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ †Uwej ev mviYx Lye my›ìfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| †Uwe‡ji Avevi wewfbœ di‡gU i‡q‡Q|
eënviKvixi iæwP I cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i GgGm Iqv‡W© †Uwej Kv÷gvBR K‡i †bIqvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †Uwej BbmvU©
Kivi Rb¨ Avgv‡ì Insert wiebwU eënvi Ki‡Z nq| Av‡M †R‡b †bqv hvK BbmvU© wie‡bi †Kv_v †_‡K †Uwej Avb‡Z
nq|
42

†Kvb WKz‡g‡›U †Uwej BbmvU© Ki‡Z BbmvU© †gby n‡Z †Uwej Uzjm U¨ve wbe©vPb Ki‡Z nq|
†UwejwU‡Z †h KqwU Kjvg I mvwi cÖ‡qvRb †m KqwU wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z cvwi Dc‡ii Pvi‡KvYv Ni¸‡jv wbe©vPb K‡i|
cÖwZwU Ni GKwU †mj wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| aiv hvK 4wU mvwi Ges cvuPwU Kjvghy³ GKwU †Uwej cÖ‡qvRb
Zvn‡j wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gZ K‡i gvDm Wª¨vwMs K‡i Kjvg I mvwo (4X5) wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| Kjvg Ges mvwii wb‡Pi
w`‡Ki †kl NiwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j †Uwej ˆZwi n‡q hv‡e|
GQvov mvwi ev Kjvg Kgv‡Z †M‡j †mB mvwiwU wbe©vPb K‡i wWwjU Kx †P‡c ev Home wieb †_‡K Cut K‡i Kgv‡bv
hv‡e| Kjvg ev mvwo wbe©vPb Kivi Rb¨ wbw`©ó Kjvg-mvwo‡Z gvDm Wª¨vwMs Ki‡Z nq| (wb‡Pi wP‡Î)
43

A‡bK mgq Kjvg I mvwoi mvBR eo †QvU Kivi cÖ‡qvRb c‡o| †m‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv †h KjvgwU eo †QvU Ki‡Z PvB Zvi
wVK jvBb eivei gvDm (†P‡c) †Wª¨wMs K‡i Kjvg ev mvwo †QvU eo Ki‡Z cvwi|
hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y AviI mvwi ev Kjvg hy³ Ki‡Z nq Zvn‡j †mB mvwi ev Kjvg wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi ivBU wK¬K K‡i
insert G wM‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq AckbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i Ki‡Z nq| †hgb GB KjvgwU Dc‡i †Kvb mvwi †hvM Ki‡Z PvB
Zvn‡j insert > insert rows above G wK¬K Ki‡j Dc‡i AviI GKwU mvwi †hvM n‡e|
‡Uwe‡ji †k‡l wb‡Pi w`‡K mvwi †hvM Ki‡Z n‡j †kl †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L Kx‡evW© †_‡K Tab Key Pvc‡j bZzb mvwi hy³
n‡e, hZevi Pvcv n‡e ZZeviB bZzb mvwi hy³ n‡e| †Kvb Kvi‡Y GKvwaK Kjvg ev mvwi‡K GKÎxKiY ev gvR© Ki‡Z
nq ZLb Avgiv †mB mvwi ev Kjvg¸‡jv‡K wm‡j± K‡i ivBU wK¬K K‡i merge cell G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wb‡Pi wP‡Î
1g mvwiwU‡K GKÎxKiY Kivi cÖwµqv jÿ¨ Kiv hvK|
44

GKÎxKiY Kivi ci Avgiv wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gZ †UwejwU‡Z GKwU †nwWs hy³ Ki‡Z cvwi|
hw` †Kvb Kvi‡Y GKB †Uwej GKvwaK c„ôvq hvq Zvn‡j GKB †nwWs cieZ©x c„ôvq wb‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì‡K †nwWswU
wm‡j± K‡i Layout wie‡b wM‡q Repeat Header Rows Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z cieZx c„ôvq †Uwej hvIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_
†nwWswU AcwiewZ©Z _vK‡e|
hviv †Uwej wb‡q KvR K‡ib Zv‡ì A‡bK mgq †Uwe‡ji eW©vi jvBb gy‡Q †dj‡Z nq| †mRb¨ Avgiv cy‡iv †UwejwU
A_ev wbe©vwPZ Ask wm‡j± K‡i Home wieb †_‡K eW©vi ev` w`‡Z cvwi A_ev GKcvk †i‡L Ab¨cvk ev` w`‡Z cvwi|
45

GgGm IqvW© †_‡K B”Qv Ki‡j Avgiv †Uwej‡K my›ì K‡i wWRvBb Ki‡Z cvwi| †m Rb¨ Avgv‡ì‡K †UwejwU wm‡j±
K‡i Design wieb †_‡K cQ›` Abyhvqx wWRvBb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| welqwU GgbB gRvi †h Avgiv †h wWRvBbwU
wm‡j± Ki‡ev Avgv‡ì mvg‡b †UwejwUi wVK †miKgB wcÖwfD Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e|
Avm‡j †Uwej ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ‡qvRb Ges cQ›` `y‡Uvi mgš^q cÖ‡qvRb| Z‡e GKwU welq g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e †Uwe‡j
†h‡Kvb cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ ev ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨ H AskwU wm‡j± K‡i gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K Ki‡j †mLv‡b A‡bK
Ackb cvIqv hv‡e|
G cv‡V AwR©Z `ÿZv¸‡jv Kv‡R jvwM‡q GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi Kiæb|
3.4 Qwe, AvK…wZ (Shape) hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv

IqvW© cÖ‡mwms Abykxjb Ges wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Microsoft Word G WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ dvB‡j Qwe ev AvK…wZ ms‡hvM
K‡i _vwK| dvB‡j Qwe ev AvK…wZ ms‡hvM Ges cÖ‡qvRb gvwdK dig¨vU AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
dvB‡j Qwe hy³ I dig¨vU Kiv
• †h ¯’v‡b Qwe mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡e †mLv‡b gvDm c‡q›Uvi †i‡L Insert †gbyi wie‡b Picture AvBK‡bi Dci
wK¬K Ki‡j Insert Picture WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
• Insert Picture WvqvjM e‡·i †h †dvìv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq QwewU i‡q‡Q, †mB †dvìvi Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges QwewU
wm‡j± K‡i WvqvjM e‡·i Insert †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wm‡j± Kiv QwewU dvB‡j P‡j Avm‡e|
• QwewUi wimvBR e‡· wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Qwei AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e Ges QwewU Wª¨vM K‡i †h Ae¯’v‡b
cÖ‡qvRb mwi‡q ¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
46

• QwewUi Dc‡i wK¬K Ki‡j Format Menu wbe©vwPZ n‡e| QwewUi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Format Menu
Gi AvBKb¸‡jv eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
Qwe Crop Kiv

crop n‡jv †Kvb Qwei wbw`©ó wKQz Ask ev` w`‡q evKx Ask †i‡L †`qv| GRb¨-
• ‡h Qwe‡K crop Ki‡Z n‡e Zv WKz‡g‡›U wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
• Qwei Dci Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j Format †gby cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
• Format †gbyi size KgvÛMÖæc n‡Z crop wm‡j± Ki‡j Qwe ev

AvK„wZi Pvicv‡k mij‡iLv I mg‡Kv‡Yi gZ wPý mshy³ n‡e Ges
gvD‡mi A¨v‡iv c‡q›Uv‡ii mv‡_ GKwU we‡kl wPý hy³ n‡e|
• Gevi Gme wP‡ýi Dci wK¬K K‡i Wª¨vM Ki‡j Qwe ev AvK„wZ crop
n‡q hv‡e|
WKz‡g‡›U AvK…wZ (†mc) hy³ I dig¨vU Kiv

Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b A‡bK mgq AvK…wZ (†mc) hy³ Kivi ìKvi n‡Z cv‡i| microsoft word -G wbw`©ó AvKv‡ii bvbv
ai‡bi shape I style ˆZwi Kiv Av‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K cQ›`g‡Zv shape wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq| insert KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci
shapes evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ shape Avm‡e| cQ›`g‡Zv shape wbev©Pb K‡i gvDm w`‡q †U‡b shape wU AvuK‡Z
n‡e| Kx‡ev‡W©i shift evUb †P‡c a‡i AvuK‡j shape wUi AvKv‡ii AvbycvwZK nvi wVK _vK‡e|
47

AvK„wZ (†mc) is Kiv
†Kvb AvK…wZ ev Shape is Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zvi Dci Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Format wiebwU wbe©vwPZ n‡e Ges
Format wie‡bi wewfbœ KgvÛMÖæcmg~n w¯Œ‡b Avm‡e|
• Shape Fill †_‡K cQ›`gZ is wbev©Pb Kiv hv‡e| GQvov wewfbœ Gradient wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e|
• Shape Outline G wM‡q cQ›`gZ AvDUjvBb is wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| GQvov line Gi Weight evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv
hvq|
• Shape Effect †_‡K wewfbœ B‡d± †hgb - Shadow, 3‐D, Glow cÖfw… Z hy³ Kiv hvq|
Shape- resize Kiv

‡h shape wU resize cÖ‡qvRb †mwU gvDm w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Shape wU wm‡j± Ae¯’vq †`Lv‡e| †h †Kvb
†KvYv a‡i gvDm w`‡q Uvb‡j shape wUi AvKvi cwieZ©b n‡e|
[Shift †P‡c shape wU Kb©vi a‡i Uvb‡j shape wU AvbycvwZK nv‡i eo ev †QvU n‡e|]
3.5 wk¶vg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b †jLv, m¤cv`b I gy`ªY Abykxjb

Avgv‡ì covïbv, Kv‡R ev e¨w³MZ cÖ‡qvR‡b wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq welq n‡”Q gy`ªY| †h‡Kvb wKQz †jLvi ci Zvi gy`ªY
Riæwi| †jLvi Kv‡R eëüZ mdUIq¨v‡ii wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK GB gy`ªY KvRwU m¤cbœ Kiv hvq| Avevi wb‡Ri
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †jLvi KvRwU Ki‡Z nq| †hgb, †Kvb †U·‡U KZ mvBR I Kx d›U w`‡q wjL‡Z n‡e, †jLvi ÷vBj
48

†Kgb n‡e- mewKQzB Kiv hvq IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi w`‡q| cÖwZwU A¨vwcø‡Kkb mdUIq¨v‡i gy`ª‡Yi GKwU myweav
_v‡K| wcÖ›U Kivi we¯ÍvwiZ wbqgvejx GB Aa¨vq †_‡K Rvb‡ev| GgGm Iqv‡W© GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b UvBc Kivi ci :
wPÎ : gy`ªY Kivi Rb¨ ˆZix GKwU WKz‡g›U

• †h AskUzKz m¤cv`b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb Zv gvDm Wª¨vM K‡i wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
• PAGE LAYOUT †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRb gZ gvwR©b wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
49

• Size Tool Gi gva¨‡g †ccvi mvBR Kx n‡e Zv wba©viY Kiv hvq;
• Orientation tool w`‡q gy`ª‡Yi †cBR Portrait bv Landscape n‡e Zv wbe©vPb Kiv hvq;
• ZvQvov †nWvi-dzUvi hw` w`‡Z nq Zvn‡j Zv wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
• jvBb †¯úm Ges Bb‡W›U cÖ‡qvR‡b wVK K‡i †bqv hv‡e;
• A‡bK mgq WKz‡g›U Kv‡Ri myweavi Rb¨ Kjvg K‡i †bqv hvq;
• WKz‡g›UwU †gvU KZ c„ôvi Ges Avwg KZ c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z PvB Zv gv_vq ivLv;
• c„ôv bv¤^vi †`qvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Zv w`‡q †bqv hvq BbmvU© Ackb n‡Z;
• gy`ª‡Yi c~‡e© Aek¨B evbvb cixÿv Ki‡Z n‡e;
• g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e gy`ªY e¨qeûj GKwU KvR, myZivs fv‡jvfv‡e †`‡L-ï‡b gy`ª‡Yi KvRwU Kiv fv‡jv|
gy`ªY
m¤cv`bv †k‡l gy`ª‡Yi Rb¨ WKz‡g›UwU GLb ˆZwi| GRb¨ File menu †Z wK¬K K‡i Print Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
wb‡Pi BD‡Ûvi g‡Zv GKwU †cR cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| GLvb †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv AbymiY K‡i gy`ª‡Yi KvRwU Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
• 2 bs Ack‡b WKz‡g›UwUi Kwci msL¨v wVK K‡i w`‡Z n‡e;

• 3 bs n‡Z wcÖ›Uvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e;
• 4 bs n‡Z †h c„ôv wcÖ›U n‡e Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e, GLv‡b Kv‡i›U, Aj Ges cQ›`gZ c„ôv bv¤î wj‡L wcÖ›U
Kivi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q;
• 5 bs n‡Z c„ôvi GKw`‡K bvwK Dfq w`‡K wcÖ›U n‡e Zv wbe©vPb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e;
50

• GQvov wb‡Pi w`‡K †h Ackb¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv WKz‡g›U m¤úv`bvi mgq m¤úbœ Kiv n‡q‡Q, hw` Kiv bv n‡q
_v‡K Zvn‡j GLvb †_‡KI Kiv hv‡e| Z‡e G myweavUv ïay wcÖw›Us Gi mgq cve, WKz‡g‡›Ui mv‡_ ¯’vqxfv‡e
hv‡e bv|
• me‡k‡l 1 bs Ackb n‡Z Print evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wKQzÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡j Kvw•LZ Ges gyw`ªZ KwcwU
nv‡Z cvIqv hv‡e|
Abykxjb:
†kÖwYK‡ÿi cwi‡ek Ges †kÖwY eë¯’vcbvi Dci GKwU WKz‡g›U ˆZwi Kwi Ges Dc‡ii
Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z Gi m¤úv`bv Kwi| gy`ª‡Yi Ackb¸‡jv wVK K‡i WKz‡g›U gy`ªY Abykxjb
bgybv cÖkœ
msw&ÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ
1. d›U ÷vBj BUvwjK Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb nid wPwýZ Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z nq?
2. GgGm Iqv‡W© wWdë d›U mvBR mvaviYZ KZ _v‡K?
3. ‡Uwej ev mviYx Kx?
4. Bs‡iwR‡Z eo nv‡Zi †jLvi Rb¨ †Kvb Kx Pvc‡Z nq?
5. ‡Kvb KgvÛ eënvi K‡i Aí mg‡q kã †LuvRv hvq Ges cÖwZ¯’vcb Kiv hvq?
wPšÍvg~jK cÖkœ
1. Kv‡jv ni‡d †jLv GKwU WKz‡g‡›Ui †jLvi iO meyR Ki‡Z n‡j Kx Kx KvR Ki‡Z n‡e wjLyb|
2. d›U MÖæ‡ci †h‡Kvb 4 wU Ack‡bi eënvi wjLyb |
3. 4x3 Kjv‡gi GKwU †Uwej ˆZwi K‡i †UwejwU‡Z †nwWs wiwcU Kivi cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
4. IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIqv‡ii êwkó¨mg~n wjLyb|
5. ‡mf I †mf GR-Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
Z_¨m~Î
• Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, beg-`kg †kÖwY, GbwmwUwe, XvKv
• weGW gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿY: wkLb mvgMÖx, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvMÖ cªhyw³, wUwKDAvB, Ryb
2008
• wkÿK mnvwqKv, wkÿvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wkÿK KZ©„K wWwRUvj DcKiY ˆZwi Ges
gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæg cwiPvjbv, GUzAvB, RyjvB 2013
51

BDwbU-4
B›Uvi‡bU cwiwPwZ I wk¶v‡¶‡Î eënvi

4.1 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui aviYv I ms‡hvM
4.2 wbw`©ó URL -G cÖ‡ek I eªvDwRs
4.3 wkÿvg~jK Z_¨, Qwe, wfwWI wK¬c, mdUIq¨vi AbymÜvb I WvDb‡jvW
52

BDwbU-4
B›Uvi‡bU cwiwPwZ I wk¶v‡¶‡Î eënvi
eZ©gvb hyM‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i hyM ejv nq| †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i we¯§qKi DrKl© m¤¢e n‡q‡Q B›Uvi‡b‡Ui
Avwe®‹vi I `ªæZ Gi m¤úªmvi‡Yi Kvi‡Y| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kvi‡Y Avgiv N‡i e‡mB mviv `ywbqvi Z_¨ †hgb cvw”Q †Zgwb
Dc‡fvM KiwQ c„w_exi wewfbœ cÖvšÍ †_‡K Avmv †mevmg~n| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui eënv‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿv cÖ`vb I MÖnY mnRZi
n‡q D‡V‡Q| wewfbœ wkLb mvgMÖx Lye mn‡RB Avgiv B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡e‡ki gva¨‡g †c‡q hvw”Q| A‡bK weg~Z© I `y‡e©va¨
welq wPÎ I wfwWI-i gva¨‡g Avgv‡ì Kv‡Q cÖvYešÍ n‡q DV‡Q| mn‡RB †Kvb wkÿK ev wkÿv_©x c„w_exi †h‡Kvb cÖv‡šÍ
_vKv Ab¨ wkÿK ev wkÿv_©xi mv‡_ wg_w¯Œqv Ki‡Z cvi‡Q| Z‡e Gme my‡hvM myweav Kv‡R jvMv‡Z wkÿK‡ì B›Uvi‡bU
eënv‡i cvi`k©x I Af¨¯Í K‡i †Zvjv cÖ‡qvRb| G BDwbUwU‡Z cÖwkÿYv_©x wkÿK‡ì g~jZ B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mv‡_ cwiwPZ
K‡i †Zvjv n‡e|
4.1 B›Uvi‡b‡Ui aviYv I ms‡hvM

B›Uvi‡bU n‡jv mviv c„w_ex Ry‡o we¯Í„Z, ci¯ú‡ii mv‡_ mshy³ A‡bK¸‡jv Kw¤úDUv‡ii mgwó hv †_‡K †h‡Kv‡bv mg‡q
†h‡Kv‡bv Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| AvR †Kvb e¨w³ PvB‡jB c„w_exUv‡K †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib e× N‡i e‡m|
Aeva Z_¨-cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g GLb me cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bv m¤¢e, hvi Rb¨ ìKvi B›Uvi‡b‡Ui mwVK eënvi|
B›Uvi‡b‡Ui Kj¨v‡Y GLb c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv cÖv‡šÍ e‡m wcÖqRb, eÜy evÜ‡ei ms¯ú‡k© _vK‡Z cv‡ib mviv¶Y, c‡o wb‡Z
cv‡ib c„w_exi †h‡Kv‡bv †`‡ki msev`cÎ, A_ev Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h‡Kv‡bv wfwWI ev Mvb| ïay ZvB bq, e¨vswKs
†_‡K ïiæ K‡i †Kbv-KvUv meB Kiv hvq B›Uvi‡b‡U e‡m|
B›Uvi‡bU Gi Avwe¯‹viK ev RbK ejv nq wfbUb wR Kvd©‡K| Avm‡j B›Uvi‡bU †Zv Avi GK w`‡b Avwe®‹vi nqwb ZvB
†mBfv‡e wbw`©ó K‡i mgq D‡jøL Ki‡Z †M‡j ej‡Z nq 2q wek¦hy× cieZ©x hy³ivó«-‡mvwf‡qZ †Kvì Iqv‡ii mgq
BDGmG m¤¢ve¨ hy‡×i cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Zv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v †hb G‡Kev‡i aŸsm bv n‡q hvq †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ †UwjMÖvd
†Uwj‡dv‡bi weKí wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì mvgwiK evwnbxi Rb¨ MILNET bv‡g GKUv Kw¤úDUvi †bUIqv©K ˆZix K‡i| GUvB
cieZ©x‡Z ax‡i ax‡i DbœZ n‡q AvR‡Ki B›Uvi‡b‡U cwiYZ n‡q‡Q| 6 Ryb 1996Bs mv‡j B›Uvi‡bU †mev`vbKvix
cÖwZôb Bbdi‡gkb mvwf©‡mm †bUIqvK© (ISN) Gi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g B›Uvi‡bU †mevi KvR ïiæ nq|
B›Uvi‡bU Ges Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe ˆ`bw›`b AvjvcPvwiZvq cÖvqB †Kvb cv_©K¨ QvW়v eëüZ nq| hvB †nvK, B›Uvi‡bU
Ges Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe GKB bq| B›Uvi‡b‡Ui nvW©Iq¨vi Ges md&UIq¨vi cwiKvVv‡gv Kw¤úDUvimg~‡ni g‡a¨ GKwU
AvšÍR©vwZK Z_¨ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v ¯’vcb K‡i| wecix‡Z, I‡qe B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g cÖ`Ë cwi‡mev¸‡jvi GKwU| GUv
ci¯úi mshy³ KvMRcÎ Ges Ab¨vb¨ m¤ú` msMÖ‡ni, nvBcviwjsK Ges URL-Øviv mshy³| ZvB B›Uvi‡b‡Ui aviYv
¯^”Q Kivi Rb¨ Av‡iv wKQz welq Av‡jvPbv Riæwi|
I‡qe eªvDRvi
I‡qe eªvDRvi n‡jv Ggb GKwU mdUIq¨vi hvi gva¨‡g GKRb eënviKvix †h †Kv‡bv I‡qe‡cBR, Iqvì© IqvBW
I‡q‡e (www) A_ev †jvKvj Gwiqv †bUIqv‡K© Aew¯’Z †Kv‡bv I‡qemvB‡Ui †h‡Kv‡bv †jLv, Qwe Ges Ab¨vb¨ Z‡_ï
AbymÜvb, WvDb‡jvW wKsev †`L‡Z cv‡ib| †Kv‡bv I‡qemvB‡U Aew¯’Z †jLv Ges Qwe GKB A_ev wfbœ I‡qemvB‡Ui
mv‡_ AvšÍtmshy³ (nvBcviwjsK) _vK‡j GKwU I‡qe eªvDRvi GKRb eënviKvix‡K `ªæZ Ges mn‡R GB mKj wj‡¼i
gva¨‡g wewfbœ I‡qemvB‡U Aew¯’Z AmsL¨ I‡qe‡cB‡Ri mv‡_ Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| Gfv‡e I‡qe‡c‡Ri
wfZiKvi †jLv, Qwe, wfwWI BZ¨vwì g‡a¨ PjvPj Kiv‡K eªvDwRs e‡j| e¨w³MZ Kw¤úDUv‡ii Rb¨ we`¨gvb
D‡jøL‡hvM¨ I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii g‡a¨ Av‡Q gvB‡µvmdU B›Uvi‡bU G·‡cøvivi, gwRjv dvqvid·, A¨vcj mvdvwi,
†bU‡¯‹c, I‡civ, ¸¸j †µvg cÖf…wZ|
53

Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe
Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe (www) n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU w`‡q `k©b‡hvM¨ AvšÍtms‡hvMK…Z Z_¨vwì GKwU fvÊvi| GKwU I‡qe
eªvDRv‡ii mnvqZv wb‡q GKRb `k©K I‡qecvZv ev I‡qec„ôv †`L‡Z cv‡i Ges ms‡hvM ev nvBcviwj¼ eënvi K‡i
wb‡`©kbv MÖnY I cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
I‡qe c„ôv †`Lvi cÖwµqv mvaviYZ †Kvb eªvDRv‡i BDAviGj UvBc Kiv ev †Kvb cvZv n‡Z nvBcviwj¼ Abymi‡Yi
gva¨‡g ïiæ n‡q _v‡K| Gici I‡qe eªvDRvi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi j‡¶¨ avivevwnKfv‡e wKQy evZ©v cÖ`vb ïiæ K‡i| Gi
djkÖæwZ‡Z cvZvwU `k©b‡hvM¨ n‡q I‡V|
I‡qemvBU (website)
I‡qemvBU A_ev ïay mvBU n‡jv †Kvb I‡qe mvf©v‡i ivLv I‡qe c…ôv, Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI I Ab¨vb¨ wWwRUvj Z‡_ï
mgwó‡K †evSvq, hv B›Uvi‡bU ev j¨v‡bi gva¨‡g A¨v‡·m Kiv hvq| I‡qe c„ôv g~jZ GKwU GBPwUGgGj WKy‡g›U, hv
GBPwUwUwc †cÖv‡UvK‡ji gva¨‡g I‡qe mvf©vi †_‡K B›Uvi‡bU eënviKvixi I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii ¯’vbvšÍwiZ nq| Db¥y³
I‡qemvBU¸‡jv‡K mgwóMZfv‡e "Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe " ev "wek¦e¨vcx Rvj" bvg †`qv n‡q‡Q|
wPÎ: GKwU I‡qemvBU

I‡qe cvZv A_ev I‡qe‡cR n‡”Q GKwU I‡qe WKy‡g›U A_ev Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe Gi Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx Ab¨vb¨ I‡qe
wi‡mvm© Ges I‡qe eªvDRv‡ii gva¨‡g AvDUcyU wWfvB‡mi Dci cÖ`wk©Z n‡Z cv‡i| GB Z_¨¸‡jv mvaviYZ
GBPwUGgGj A_ev G·GBPwUGgGj web¨v‡m _v‡K Ges nvBcvi‡U·U wj¼ gva¨‡g Ab¨vb¨ I‡qe c„ôvmg~n †_‡K
†bwf‡Mkb cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
I‡qe cvZv GKwU ¯’vbxq Kw¤úDUvi †_‡K ev I‡qe mvf©vi †_‡K ïiæ K‡i `~ieZ©x mvf©vi †_‡KI mvgwMÖKfv‡e cybiæ×vi
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| I‡qe mvf©vi ïaygvÎ GKwU e¨w³MZ †bUIqvK© A¨v‡·‡m mxgve× n‡Z cv‡i, †hgb- GKwU K‡c©v‡iU
B›Uvi‡bU A_ev GwU Iqvì© IqvBW I‡qe cvZvq cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
54

B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi aib
†h‡Kvb wWfvB‡m wewfbœfv‡e B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM MÖnY Kiv hvq| Z‡e aib Abyhvqx wewfbœ nvW©Iq¨vi ‡hgb, g‡Wg,
ivDUvi, K¨vej BZ¨vw` eënvi Ki‡Z nq Ges cÖwZwU ms‡hv‡Mi MwZiI GKwU cwimxgv _v‡K| cÖhyw³ cwieZ©b wn‡m‡e,
ms‡hvM c×wZiI cwieZ©b jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| †hfv‡eB B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM MÖnY Kiv †nvK bv †Kb, MwZi welqwU
Av‡cvlnxb| KviY B›Uv‡b‡U KvR Kivi g~j RvqMvUvB n‡jv MwZ| eënv‡ii D‡Ïk¨ I eënviKvixi msL¨v Abyhvqx
Avgv‡ì B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM wb‡Z nq| B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM A‡bKiKgB n‡Z cv‡i, cÖavb cÖKvi¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc-
• Wvqvj-Avc
• DSL
• K¨vej
• Iq¨vi‡jm
• m¨v‡UjvBU
• †mjyjvi
wPÎ: wewfbœ ai‡bi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM

Wvqvj Avc (GbvjM 56 †KwewcGm)
Wvqvj Avc G‡·m m¯Ív wKš‘ axiMwZi| GKwU g‡Wg (Af¨šÍixY ev ewnivMZ) Kw¤cDUv‡ii mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i
GKwU †dvb b¤î Wvqvj K‡i| GB GbvjM ms‡KZ g‡W‡gi gva¨‡g wWwRUvj ms‡K‡Z iƒcvšÍwiZ nq Ges GKwU cvewjK
†Uwj‡dvb †bUIqvK© Øviv mvf©v‡i/Kw¤cDUv‡i cvVv‡bv nq| †Uwj‡dvb jvB‡bi MwZi gvb cwieZ©bkxj Ges ms‡hvM¸‡jv
mg‡q mg‡q wew”QbœI n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| jvBb¸‡jvi MwZi wbqwgZfv‡e nªvm-e„w×i Kvi‡Y †h †Kvb RvqMvq Zv
28‡KwewcGm †_‡K 56 †KwewcGm ch©šÍ nq|
wWGmGj
wWGmGj n‡jv wWwRUvj mve¯ŒvBevi jvBb| GwU memgqB Pvjy _v‡K| GwU 2wU jvBb eënvi K‡i hv‡Z Kw¤cDUvi
mshy³ _v‡K GgbwK †dvb eÜ _vK‡jI| GwU ms‡hvM Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb †dvb b¤î Wvqvj Kivi cÖ‡qvRb †bB| wWGmGj
Gi Rb¨ GKwU ivDUvi eënvi Ki‡Z nq hv wWfvB‡mi g‡a¨ WvUv UªvÝdvi K‡i| Gi MwZ 128 †KwewcGm †_‡K 8
GgwewcGm n‡Z cv‡i|
55

†Kej
†Kej ms‡hvM GKwU g‡W‡gi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| WvUv Avc‡jvW ev WvDb‡jv‡Wi Kvi‡Y
MwZ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i| Wvqvj-Avc ev wWGmGj Gi †P‡qI Gi MwZ `ªæZ| †Kej MwZ 512 †KwewcGm †_‡K 20
GgwewcGm ch©¯Í nq|
Iq¨vi‡jm
Iq¨vi‡jm ev IqvB-dvB bvgwUB e‡j †`q †h B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ †Uwj‡dvb jvBb A_ev †Kvb Zv‡ii eënvi
Ki‡Z nq bv| GwU †iwWI wd«‡Kv‡qwÝ eënvi K‡i Iq¨vi‡j‡mi gva¨‡g †h‡Kvb ¯’vb n‡Z mve©¶wYK B›Uvi‡bU myweav
cvIqv hvq| gyn~‡Z©i g‡a¨B Iq¨vi‡jm †bUIqvK©wU Kvfv‡iR GjvKvq B›Uvi‡bU Qwo‡q †`q| Gi MwZI nªvm-e„w× nq hv
5 GgwewcGm †_‡K 20 GgwewcGm ch©šÍ nq|
m¨v‡UjvBU
m¨v‡UjvBU c„w_exi K¶c‡_ GKwU DcMÖn, hvi gva¨‡g B›Uvi‡bU A¨v‡·m †`q| Gi ms‡KZ c„w_ex †_‡K m¨v‡UjvB‡Ui
gva¨‡g MÖnY Kiv nq hv K¨vej Ges DSL Zzjbvq Gi MwZ A‡bK Kg| m¨v‡UjvBU ms‡hv‡Mi MwZ cÖvq 522
†KwewcGm †_‡K 2.0 GgwewcGm ch©šÍ nq|
†mjyjvi
†mjyjvi cÖhyw³ †mj †dv‡bi gva¨‡g Zviwenxb B›Uvi‡bU A¨v‡·m cÖ`vb K‡i| Acv‡iU‡ii †mev Abyhvqx MwZ wfbœ nq,
Z‡e Avgiv mvaviYZ 3wR Ges 4wR MwZ eënvi Kwi| 3wR A_©vr 3q cÖR‡b¥i †mjyjvi †bUIqv‡K© cÖvq 2.0
GgwewcGm Gi MwZ cvIqv hvq| 4 wR ev PZz_© cÖRb¥ †mjyjvi ms‡hv‡M 100 GgwewcGm ch©šÍ m‡e©v”P MwZ cvIqv
†h‡Z cv‡i wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e cÖvq 21 GgwewcGm MwZ cvIqv hvq|
4.2 wbw`©ó URL–G cÖ‡ek I eªvDwRs

AvRKvj Z‡_ï fvÊvi wn‡m‡e Avgiv Rvwb B›Uvi‡bU‡K, †hLv‡b eªvDwRs K‡i wewfbœ I‡qemvBU n‡Z Z_¨ Luy‡R †bqv
hvq| Rvbv _vK‡j GB KvRwU GKwU mnR cÖwµqv, GLv‡b D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM, I‡qemvB‡Ui wVKvbvq
cÖ‡ek Ges eªvDRv‡ii mvnvh¨ †bqv| †mRb¨ Uniform Resource Locator (URL)wU Rvb‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨K mvB‡Ui
Rb¨ GKwUB wVKvbv nq hv Ab¨ mvB‡Ui mv‡_ wgj‡e bv| GB As‡k Avgiv Rvbe Kxfv‡e URL-G cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z nq|
• cÖ_‡gB †h‡Kvb eªvDRvi (‡hgb, Firefox) I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e;
• wKQzÿY ci GKwU BD‡Ûv Avgv‡ì mvg‡b I‡cb n‡e (c‡ii Qwe‡Z);

• Dc‡ii w`‡K ZvKv‡j GKwU G‡Wªmevi †`Lv hv‡e, GLv‡b I‡qemvB‡Ui URL (†hgb,
www.teachereducationbd.wordpress.com) UvBc K‡i G›Uv‡i Pvc w`‡Z n‡e|
56

G‡Wªmevi
• I‡qemvBUwU Lyj‡j cÖ‡qvRbxq †gby/mve-‡gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i Z_¨ Rvbv hv‡e|

• †Kvb Z_¨ wb‡q Ab¨Î eënvi Kiv n‡j †m‡¶‡Î IB cvZvi Z_¨m~Î D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
• A‡bK †¶‡Î I‡qemvBU n‡Z Z_¨mg„× dvBj WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z nq, ZLb wb‡`©wkZ wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i dvBjwU
WvDb‡jvW K‡i wb‡Z nq|
57

wk¶v welqK ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I‡qemvBUmg~‡ni ZvwjKv
o wk¶K evZvqb »!www.teachers.gov.bd!
o GbwmwUwe cvV¨cy¯ÍKmg~‡ni I‡qemvBU: www.nctb.gov.bd
o wk¶vg~jK Z_¨, wk¶K‡ì ˆZwi wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U I wfwWI wK¬c: www.infokosh.gov.bd
o evsjv‡`‡ki Z_¨-mg„× Ávb‡Kvl : www.banglapedia.org
o Lvb GKv‡Wwg (webvg~‡j¨ AbjvBb †Kvm©, cvV Ges Abykxjbx): https://bn.khanacademy.org
o gy³cvV: www.muktopaath.gov.bd
o wK‡kvi evZvqb»!www.konnect.gov.bd
4.3 wkÿvg~jK Z_¨, Qwe, wfwWI wK¬c, mdUIq¨vi AbymÜvb I WvDb‡jvW

• B›Uvi‡b‡U cÖ‡ek Kivi Rb¨ †W¯‹Uc Gbfvqib‡g‡›U-G gwRjv dvqvid· ev ¸Mj µg ev B›Uvi‡bU
G·‡cøvivi wm‡j± Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| GwU GKwU I‡qe eªvDRvi hvi Øviv †Kvb I‡qemvB‡U cÖ‡ek Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b Avgiv gwRjv dvqvi d· eªvDRviwU eënvi Kie|
• ‡W¯‹U‡c gwRjv dvqvid‡·i †jv‡Mvi Dci Wvej wK¬K K‡i I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici G‡Wªmev‡i mvP© BwÄb
¸M‡ji G‡Wªªm (www.google.com) UvBc K‡i Enter key Pvc‡Z n‡e|
• GKUz c‡i google Gi I‡qe‡cRwU w¯Œ‡b Avm‡e| GwU (google) GKwU Search engine| hvi mvnv‡h¨
†Kvb Z_¨ mn‡R Lyu‡R †ei Kiv hvq|
• Search Kivi Rb¨ Search Box -G †Kvb welq, †hgb- wifi UvBc K‡i Search †jLv evU‡b c‡q›Uvi w`‡q
wK¬K Ki‡Z cvwi A_ev Kx‡evW© n‡Z G›Uvi Pvc‡Z cvwi| GKUz ci link mn A‡bK¸‡jv I‡qe mvB‡Ui G‡Wªm
P‡j Avm‡e| G¸‡jvi †h †KvbwUi Dc‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡j Kvw•LZ wel‡qi Z_¨mg„×
I‡qe‡cBRwU w¯Œ‡b Avm‡e (wb‡Pi `ywU wP‡Î)|
GLv‡b wifi
kãwU wj‡L
G›Uvi †cÖm
58

¸Mj-G Qwe †LvuRvi wbqg
• google Gi I‡qe‡cRwU w¯Œ‡b G‡j Qwe †LvuRvi Rb¨ †c‡Ri Dc‡ii w`‡K †gby †_‡K images †jLvi Dc‡i
gvDm w`‡q wK¬K K‡i ¸Mj B‡gR wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi ci Search Box -G Cell UvBc K‡i Search
images †jLv evU‡b gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Kwi A_ev Kx‡evW© †_‡K G›Uvi-G wK¬K Kwi| GKUz c‡i link
mn A‡bK¸‡jv Qwe P‡j Avm‡e| G¸‡jvi †h‡KvbwUi Dc‡i gvDm c‡q›Uvi w`‡q wK¬K Ki‡jB Kvw•LZ QwewU
cvIqv hv‡e|
• A‡bK mgq GKwU welqe¯‘i Rb¨ wbw`©ó Qwe †c‡Z mgm¨v nq| G‡ÿ‡Î wKIqvW© hZ †ewk wbw`©ó nq Kvw•LZ
Qwe cvIqvi m¤¢vebv ZZ †ewk nq| †hgb: `~l‡Yi †Kvb Qwe †c‡Z Search Box-G pollution UvBc K‡i
w`‡j wewfbœ iKg `~l‡Yi Qwe Avm‡e (wb‡Pi wPÎ `yÕ‡Uv jÿ¨ Kwi)|
• wKš‘ ïay cvwb `~l‡Yi Qwe †c‡Z Search Box-G water pollution UvBc K‡i w`‡j cvwb `~l‡Yi wewfbœ Qwe
Avm‡e| †Kvb Z_¨ †LvuRvi Rb¨ GKB ai‡bi c×wZ AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
• ‡h‡Kvb Qwe ev Z_¨ †LvuRvi mgq hw` Ôevsjv‡`kÕ mv‡_ wj‡L †Ìqv nq Zvn‡j evsjv‡`‡ki Qwe ev Z_¨
cvIqv hv‡e|
59

Qwe Kw¤úDUv‡i Save Kiv
• wbw`©ó Qwe wbe©vPb Kivi ci †mwUi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Ab¨ GKwU †c‡R QwewU eo AvKv‡i P‡j Avm‡Z cv‡i|
bv G‡j †QvU AvKv‡ii QwewUi Dc‡i A_ev See full size image/Veiw image †jLvi Dc‡i wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• QwewU eo AvKv‡i P‡j Avm‡j Kw¤úDUv‡i Save Kivi Rb¨ gvD‡mi Wvbw`‡Ki evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wKQz
Ackb †`Lv hv‡e| GLvb †_‡K Save picture as/ Save image as -G wK¬K K‡i †mf Ki‡Z n‡e|
• wK¬K Kivi ci wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b Save Kivi Rb¨ Location/Drive wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
60

• Gevi welq m¤úwK©Z ¯úó, AvKl©Yxq Ges e¨vKMÖvDÛ mv`vhy³ Qwe †c‡Z wel‡qi bvg wj‡L Zvi mv‡_ .png
hy³ K‡i mvP© Kiæb| †hgb: car.png| †mf Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡ii c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiæb|
• KLbI KLbI wel‡qi cª‡qvR‡b Avgv‡ì Gwb‡g‡UW (wKQz w¯’i Qwei mgwó hv bovPov K‡i e‡j g‡b nq)
Qwei cÖ‡qvRb nq| G‡ÿ‡Î Avgiv wel‡qi bv‡gi mv‡_ animated A_ev .gif kãwU hy³ K‡i (†hgb:
butterfly animated A_ev butterfly.gif) mvP© w`‡j Kvw•LZ Qwe †c‡Z cvwi| †mf Kivi Rb¨ Dc‡ii
c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiæb|
wfwWI AbymÜvb
wfwWI AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ me‡P‡q RbwcÖq wfwWIÕi msMÖnkvjv BDwUDe eënvi Kiv nq| GRb¨ G‡Wªmev‡i
www.youtube.com wj‡L Kxev‡W©i G›Uvi evUb Pvc‡Z n‡e| GLv‡b A‡bK wkÿYxq wfwWI †`Lv hvq Ges
WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq| BDwUD‡ei I‡qe‡cBRwU Avmvi ci mvP© e‡· (Dc‡i wPwýZ N‡i) †h wel‡qi wfwWI wK¬c †`L‡Z
Pvb Zv UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: Pj we`y¨r m¤ú‡K© †`L‡Z PvB‡j wjL‡Z n‡e current electricity| Kx‡ev‡W©i G›Uvi
evUb †P‡c wKQzÿY A‡cÿv Ki‡j wb‡Pi †c‡Ri gZ GKwU †cR †`Lv hv‡e|
Pjwe`y¨r msµvšÍ †hme wfwWI Av‡Q Zvi ZvwjKv Avm‡e| cQ›`gZ †h †KvbwU‡Z wK¬K K‡i Zv I‡cb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
(jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e, B›Uvi‡b‡Ui w¯úW †ewk n‡j e‡ov mvB‡Ri wfwWI wK¬c WvDb‡jvW Kiv mnR| Avi w¯úW Kg n‡j 1
ev 2 wgwb‡Ui wfwWI wK¬c WvDb‡jvW Kiv fv‡jv| Qwei wb‡P Wvb †Kvbvq wK¬cwUi ˆ`N©¨ D‡jøL Kiv _v‡K) †h wK¬cwU
cQ›` n‡q‡Q Zvi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j c‡ii c„ôvi Qwei gZ GKwU †cRwU Avm‡e| cQ‡›ì wK¬cwU Kw¤úDUv‡i cÖ`wk©Z
n‡Z _vK‡e|
61

wfwWIwU Pvjy nIqvi ci Dc‡i Gi URL
†`Lv‡e| URL -G . Ges y Gi g‡a¨ ss
ss wj‡L Kx‡ev‡W©i G›Uvi evUb Pvc‡Z n‡e|
Gici †h c„ôvwU Avm‡e Zvi Download
†jLv AckbwUi cv‡k wK¬K Ki‡j
A‡bK¸‡jv wfwWI dig¨vU Avm‡e| Gi
ga¨ †_‡K MP4 dig¨vUwU wK¬K Kiv †h‡Z
cv‡i| wb‡Pi Qwei g‡Zv GKwU d¬wUs e·
Avm‡e|
Save file G wK¬K K‡i ok evU‡b wK¬K
Ki‡j †Kvb †jv‡Kkb ev WªvB‡f †mf
Ki‡eb Zv †`wL‡q w`‡j wfwWIwU †mLv‡b
†mf n‡e|
62

mdUIqvi AbymÜvb, WvDb‡jvW Ges Bb÷‡jkb
mvaviYZ Avgv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq me mdUIq¨vi ¸M‡j mvP© w`‡jB cvIqv hvq| A‡bK mdUIq¨v‡ii wjs‡K ÷vi gvK© †`qv
_v‡K| Zv‡K †iwUs ejv nq| †iwUs hZ †ewk nq †m mdUIq¨v‡ii eënviKvix‡ì mš‘wó †ewk e‡j a‡i †bqv nq| wKQz
mdUIq¨vi webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| hv‡K open source mdUIq¨vi e‡j| wKQz mdUIq¨v‡ii Rb¨ A_© w`‡Z nq| Zv‡K
copyrighted mdUIq¨vi e‡j| Z‡e copyrighted mdUIq¨viI 1 mßvn †_‡K 3 gvm ch©šÍ webvg~‡j¨ eënvi Kiv
hvq| G‡K Uªvqvj fvm©b e‡j| wb‡P GKwU mdUIq¨vi WvDb‡jvW Kivi c×wZ e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv|
VLC Media Player WvDb‡jvW Ges Bb÷j
• ‡W·U‡ci gwRjv dvqvid· AvBK‡b Wvej wK¬K K‡i eªvDRvi Pvjy Ki‡Z n‡e|
• G‡Wªmev‡i www.google.com UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †P‡c cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
• mvP© ev‡i free download vlc media player UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †P‡c GKUz A‡cÿv Ki‡Z n‡e |
• cÖ`wk©Z wewfbœ mvB‡Ui ZvwjKv n‡Z vlc media player Gi Official site Lyu‡R †ei K‡i Gi wjs‡K wK¬K
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• vlc media player Gi mvBU Pvjy n‡j Download VLC wjsK wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• GKwU evZ©v G‡j ok evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• d¬wUs †gby¨ n‡Z Download file Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• WvqjM e· G‡j †mf evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
• dvBj WvDb‡jvW n‡Z ïiæ n‡e Ges mgq w`‡Z n‡e|
• WvDb‡jvWK…Z dvBjwU mvaviYZ My Document Gi Download Folder G †mf nq|
• WvDb‡jvWK…Z dvBjwU‡Z Wvej wK¬K K‡i †mUAvc K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
63

• Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z †`Lv‡bv cÖwµqvq vlc media player Bb÷j K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
• ‡b·U evUb †P‡c mvg‡bi w`‡K AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e Ges †kl ch©v‡q wdwbm †jLv Avm‡e|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. WvDb‡jvWK…Z dvBj mvaviYZ †Kv_vq msiwÿZ nq?
2. URL- Gi A_© Kx?
3. GKwU eªvDRv‡ii bvg wjLyb|
4. eªvDRv‡ii †Kv_vq URL UvBc Ki‡Z nq?
5. evsjv‡`‡k cÖ_g K‡e B›Uvi‡bU †mevi KvR ïiy nq?
6. 3wR Kx?
7. B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM Kq ai‡bi nq?
wPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ
1. GKwU Gwb‡g‡UW Qwe WvDb‡jv‡Wi cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
2. BDwUDe †_‡K GKwU wfwWI WvD‡jv‡Wi cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiæb|
3. wbw`©ó URL–G cÖ‡ek I eªvDwRs Gi avcmg~n cÖevnwP‡Îi gva¨‡g e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. wewfbœ ai‡bi B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hv‡Mi eY©bv w`b| Avcbvi we`¨vj‡qi Kw¤cDUvi j¨v‡ei Rb¨ †Kvb ai‡bi
B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM myweavRbK Ges †Kb?
Z_¨m~Î!
1| cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj, A¨vWfvÝW AvBwmwU, GK‡mm Uz Bbdi‡gkb (A2I) †cÖvMÖvg, cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq Ges wUwPs
†KvqvwjwU Bb †mKÛvix GWz‡Kkb-II, Ryলাi 3127
2|!Comstar Website Genius (October 2017),
https://www.comstar.biz/different-types-of-internet-connections/
64

BDwbU 5
wWwRUvj wk¶v DcKiY: aviYv I cÖ¯‘ZKiY
G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~n-
5.1 wWwRUvj wk¶v DcKi‡Yi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
5.2 †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi (cvIqvic‡q›U) cwiwPwZ Ges wWwRUvj wk¶v DcKiY
cÖ¯‘wZi `¶Zv
5.3 ¯øvBW †hvM Kiv, Z_¨/‡jLv hy³ Kiv, m¤úv`b Kiv
5.4 Qwe, AvK…wZ (‡mc) hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv
5.5 Gwb‡gkb eënvi Kiv
5.6 AwWI, wfwWI hy³ Kiv, welqwfwËK wWwRUvj wk¶v DcKiY cÖ¯‘ZKiY I Dc¯’vcb
65

BDwbU 5
wWwRUvj wk¶v DcKiY: aviYv I cÖ¯‘ZKiY
wkÿKZv †ckvq mdjZv AR©‡bi Rb¨ Ges GKzk kZ‡Ki P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq GKRb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ wkÿv I
cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY MÖnY Kiv LyeB ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wWwRUvj evsjv‡`k Movi j‡ÿ¨ wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wkÿ‡Ki cvV mnvqK DcKiY
wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kivi `ÿZv AR©b I Zvi h_vh_ eënvi Avek¨K| wkÿvi welqe¯‘‡K
wkÿv_x©‡ì Kv‡Q AvKl©Yxq I Avb›``vqK Ki‡Z n‡j wkÿ‡Ki nv‡Z cvV mnvqK DcKiY wn‡m‡e wWwRUvj wkÿv
DcKiY _vKv eZ©gvb mg‡qi `vwe| wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi h_v_© eënv‡ii gva¨‡g RwUj I weg~Z© welq‡K mn‡R
wkÿv_©x‡ì Kv‡Q ¯úó I †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjv hvq|
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY wn‡m‡e gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæ‡gi Kvh©Kix DcKiY n‡jv wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U| cvV`v‡b wWwRUvj
Kb‡U›U eënvi K‡i cvV¨ eB‡qi welq‡K wkÿv mnvqK I cvV mswkøó Qwe, AwWI, wfwWI, G¨vwb‡gkb BZ¨vw` eënvi
K‡i wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg ü`qMÖvwn K‡i †Zvjv hvq Ges KwVb I `~‡e©va¨ welq¸‡jv‡K wkÿv_©x‡ì wbKU mnR‡eva¨
K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î GwU GKwU hyMvšÍKvix bZzb gvÎv| wWwRUvj Kb‡U‡›Ui gva¨‡g wkÿv`vb c×wZ
wkÿvi †ÿ‡Î GK be w`M‡šÍi m~Pbv K‡i‡Q| we`¨vj‡qi †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿv_©x †Kw›`ªK wkÿY-wkLb Kvh©µg `xN©w`‡bi
GKwU Av‡jvP¨ welq|
cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi gva¨‡g GKvwaK ¯øvB‡Wi ms‡hvRb K‡i †h‡Kvb g~Z©-weg~Z© wel‡q AwZ mn‡RB
wkÿv_x©‡ì cvV`vb Kiv hvq| GB cvV`vb wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡a¨ †hgb Avb›``vqK nq †Zgwb nq mnR‡eva¨| †kÖwYK‡ÿ
cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi gva¨‡g wkÿv_x©‡ì wPšÍb`ÿZvmn mn‡hvwMZvgyjK wkLb `ÿZv, mgm¨v mgvavbgyjK
`ÿZv I wm×všÍ MÖnY `ÿZvi D‡¤§l NUv‡bv m¤¢e| GKwU ¯øvBW cÖ`k©b K‡i †Rvov ev `jMZ KvR Kwi‡q wkÿv_x©‡ì
gv‡S mn‡hvwMZvg~jK `ÿZvi weKvk NUv‡bv hvq| GKwU mg„× †`k Movi Rb¨ †gavex m„Rbkxj wkÿv_x©i Rb¨ cvV`v‡b
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY eënv‡ii weKí bvB|
5.1 wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi aviYv I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡b miKvi 2009 mv‡j †NvwlZ RvZxq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv‡Z
gvwëwgwWqvwfwËK welqe¯Íy Dbœqb I Zv †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g eënvi Kivi Rb¨ mycvwik K‡i‡Q| ZviB avivevwnKZvq,
RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ-2010 G wkÿvi mKj ¯Í‡i wkÿv`v‡bi DcKiY wnmv‡e Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii Dci
we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`qv n‡q‡Q| B‡Zvg‡a¨ evsjv‡`k miKvi ¯‹zj¸‡jv‡Z j¨vcUc I gvwëwgwWqv wm‡÷g mieivn K‡i‡Q
Ges wkÿKMY‡K wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z mÿg Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖwkÿY cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| GgZve¯’vq,
evsjv‡`‡ki mKj wkÿK I wkÿv cÖkvmKM‡Yi wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv _vKv Avek¨K|
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi aviYv

wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qv‡Mi GKwU Kvh©Ki †KŠkj n‡jv †kÖwY Kvh©µ‡g wWwRUvj wkÿv
DcKiY eënvi Kiv| wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wkLb mnvqK †h mKj DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zv‡K wWwRUvj wkÿv
DcKiY e‡j| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³‡Z eëüZ †h †Kvb cÖKv‡ii Z‡_ï msMÖn, msiÿY, cÖwµqvKiY, mÂvjb I
we¯Íi‡Yi Dc‡hvwM mKj B‡jKUªwbK cÖhyw³B wWwRUvj cÖhyw³; †hgb: Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU, wWwRUvj K¨v‡giv, †gvevBj
†dvb BZ¨vw`| GBme wWwRUvj cÖhyw³ eënvi K‡i wewfbœ iK‡gi AvKl©Yxq wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq hv
66

MZvbyMwZKfv‡e †kÖwYK‡ÿ eëüZ DcKi‡Yi †P‡q AwaK Kvh©Ki| wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY wewfbœ iK‡gi n‡Z cv‡i|
†hgb: GKwU mvaviY wWwRUvj Qwe †_‡K kyiæ K‡i kã, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb BZ¨vwì mgš^‡q MwVZ RwUj mdUIq¨vi
ch©šÍ hw` Zv wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ c~i‡Y mnvqK nq| wkÿvi welqe¯‘‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i wkÿv_©xi Kv‡Q
Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY GLb wek¦e¨vcx eûj eëüZ n‡”Q|
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY eënvi wkÿvi ¸YMZ gv‡bvbœq‡bi GKwU Kvh©Ki nvwZqvi| MZvbyMwZK wkÿv
DcKi‡Yi Zzjbvq wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi eûgyLx myweav wek¦e¨vcx Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv evwo‡q w`‡q‡Q| wkÿYxq
welq‡K mnR‡eva¨ K‡i I AvKl©©Yxqfv‡e wkÿv_x©‡ì Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kivi Rb¨ wkÿv DcKiY eënvi Kiv nq| GB
D‡Ï‡k¨ we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z MZvbyMwZKfv‡e wkÿv DcKiY wn‡m‡e †evW©, †cv÷vi, PvU©, g‡Wj, wPÎ BZ¨vw` eëüZ n‡q
Avm‡Q| wKš‘ †`Lv hvq, GB ai‡bi DcKiY¸‡jv mn‡RB bó n‡q hvq Ges wKQzw`b c‡iB G¸‡jv ms¯‹v‡ii cÖ‡qvRb
nq A_ev bZzb K‡i wKb‡Z nq| A_P we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z ch©vß ev‡RU bv _vKvq wbqwgZ GB ai‡bi wkÿv DcKiY †Kbv
m¤¢e nq bv, d‡j AwaKvsk we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z wkÿv_x©i Zzjbvq wkÿv DcKiY AcÖZzj| Avevi A‡bK †ÿ‡ÎB †kÖwY‡Z
wkÿv_©xi msL¨v GZ †ekx nq †h †cQ‡bi †e‡Â emv wkÿv_x©iv fv‡jvfv‡e wkÿv DcKiY †`L‡ZI cvq bv| GQvov
MZvbyMwZKfv‡e eëüZ wkÿv DcKiY¸‡jvi AwaKvskB `„wób›`b I wPËvKl©K nq bv e‡j wkÿv_©xivI Kg AvMÖnx nq|
MZvbyMwZK wkÿv DcKi‡Yi GB iKg bvbv mgm¨vi Kvi‡Y wkÿKMYI †kÖwY‡Z Zv eënv‡i †Zgb DrmvwnZ nb bv|
Dch©y³ mgm¨v¸‡jv eûjvs‡k mgvavb w`‡Z cv‡i wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY| B›Uvi‡bU †_‡K mn‡RB Ges webvgy‡j¨
A‡bK wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY msMÖn Kiv hvq| evRv‡iI ¯^íg~‡j¨ wmwW/wWwfwW‡Z wKQz wKQz wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY
wKb‡Z cvIqv hvq| ZvQvov wkÿKMY wb‡RivI Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY mn‡R bó nq bv Ges eQ‡ii ci eQi msiÿY Kiv hvq| GKRb wkÿK GKevi Zvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY msMÖn ev cÖ¯‘Z K‡i wb‡j Zv evievi eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb, Ges Ab¨vb¨ wkÿ‡Ki mv‡_
wewbgq Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY `„wób›`b I wPËvKl©K nq e‡j wkÿv_©xiv wkL‡Z g‡bv‡hvMx I AvMÖnx
nq| gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±‡ii mvnv‡h¨ eo K‡i †`Lv‡bv hvq e‡j AwaK msL¨K wkÿv_x©i †kÖwY‡Z mK‡jB Zv †`L‡Z,
ïb‡Z Ges eyS‡Z cv‡i|
evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvµ‡gi Av‡jv‡K Ges evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿKMY KZ©„K cÖ¯‘ZK…Z wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY webvg~‡j¨
msMÖ‡ni GKwU eo Drm n‡jv ÕwkÿK evZvqbÕ (www.teachers.gov.bd)| wkÿK evZvq‡b wewfbœ †kÖwYwfwËK,
welqwfwËK, GgbwK Aa¨vqwfwËK wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY msiÿY Kiv Av‡Q| †h‡Kvb wkÿK evZvqb †_‡K Zvi
cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Avevi wb‡Ri ˆZwi wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY Avc‡jvW ev
msiÿY Ki‡Z cv‡ib †hb Abïv Zv eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
(Z_¨m~Ît RvZxq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv-2009, evsjv‡`k, RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ - 2010, evsjv‡`k)
67

5.2 †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ Ges wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZi `ÿZv
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi wn‡m‡e mev©waK eëüZ gvB‡µvmdU cvIqvic‡q›U Gi cwiwPwZ Ges GB mdUIq¨vi eënvi
K‡i Kxfv‡e wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘Z Kiv hvq Zv wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv|
cvIqvic‡q›U dvBj †Lvjv Ges DB‡Ûv cwiwPwZ

Kw¤úDUv‡ii Desktop G Lvwj RvqMvq gvDm Gi ivBU evUb wK¬K K‡i New †_‡K New Microsoft PowerPoint
Presentation G wK¬K Ki‡j GKwU bZyb dvBj †Lvjv hv‡e| D³ dvBjwUi Dci Wvej wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡b¥v³ DB‡ÛvwU
Avvm‡e|
GwU GKwU wcwcwU

dvBj, wPwýZ ¯’v‡b
wK¬K Ki‡j ¯øvBW
I‡cb n‡e
68

PowerPoint Window m¤ú‡K© mswÿß cwiwPwZ
PowerPoint dvBj Open Ki‡j wb‡Pi DB‡ÛvwU †`L‡Z cvIqv hv‡e| GLv‡b mevi Dc‡i _v‡K Titlebar, Zvi wb‡P
Menubar, Zvi wb‡P Toolbar, Ges mevi wb‡P Statusbar, gv‡Si As‡k mevi ev‡g _v‡K Slide View, gv‡S _v‡K
Working Window Ges Wv‡b _v‡K Task Pane (wb‡Pi QwewU †`Lyb)
File Ribbonn Title

Quick Command
AccessTool Group
Slide View Working View Button

Status bar
window
g‡b ivLvi Rb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©¸‡jv n‡jv

1. File: GwU eëvnvi K‡i Presentation †Lvjv, eÜ Kiv, msiÿY Kiv, cvewjk Kiv, wcÖ›U Kiv, PowerPoint
†_‡K †ei nIqv cÖf…wZ KvR Kiv nq|
2. Ribbon: GwU GKBmv‡_ Menubar I Toolbar Gi KvR K‡i| Ribbon n‡”Q GK GKwU Tab †hLv‡b GK
GK K¨vUvMwii Rb¨ Command Group Ae¯’vb K‡i| Ribbon Tab ¸‡jv n‡jv Home, Insert, Design,
Transitions, Animations, Slide Show, Review, View, Add-Ins.
3. Command Group: cÖwZwU Ribbon Tab Gi GK GKwU Command Group †_‡K cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
Tool eënvi K‡i hveZxq KvR Kiv nq| m¤úv`bvq G‡ì eënvi me‡P‡q †ewk|
4. View Button: ¯øvB‡W †h KvR Kiv nq Zv Slide Show †Z †`L‡Z PvB‡j wKsev Outline View ev Slide
Sorter View, Reading View-†Z †`L‡Z PvB‡j View Button eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
69

PowerPoint File Open Kiv
• PowerPoint †_‡K PowerPoint dvBj I‡cb Ki‡Z PvB‡j cÖ_‡g File G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Zvici Open G wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡Pi Window Avm‡e|
• †h File wU Lyj‡Z n‡e Zv eªvDR Ki‡Z Computer G wK¬K K‡i dvBjwU Luy‡R I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Slide Show Kiv

• Slide Show Ki‡Z n‡j Slide Show Tab G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| From Beginning / From Current Slide
Ackbhy³ DB‡ÛvwU G‡j From Beigning ev From Current Slide G wK¬K Ki‡jB Slide Show n‡e|
weKí Dcv‡q ¯øvBW †kv Kiv

Slide Show Tab G wK¬K bv K‡i Ki‡Z PvB‡j ÷¨vUvm ev‡i Wvb w`‡K Slide View (Slide Show) G
wP‡ý wK¬K K‡i A_ev Kx-†ev‡W©i F5 G wK¬K Ki‡j Slide Show n‡e|
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZi `ÿZv
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ `ÿZvmg~n AR©b Kiv Riæwi:
1. evsjv I Bs‡iwR‡Z UvBc Kiv Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤úv`b Kiv|
2. bZzb ¯øvBW †hvM Kiv|
3. Z_¨/†jLv hy³ Kiv Ges m¤úv`b Kiv
4. Qwe I AvK…wZ hy³ Kiv Ges dig¨vU Kiv|
5. Gwb‡gkb †hvM Kiv Ges wbqš¿Y Kiv|
6. AwWI, wfwWI, PvU© I MÖvd hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv|
7. ¯§vU© AvU© ms‡hvRb I m¤úv`b Kiv|
8. ‡Uwej ms‡hvRb Ges m¤úv`b Kiv|
70

5.3 ¯øvBW †hvM Kiv, Z_¨/†jLv hy³ Kiv, m¤úv`b Kiv
cvIqvi c‡q‡›U dvBj‡K ejv nq †cª‡R‡›Ukb| †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi GK GKwU Ask‡K ¯øvBW (Slide) ejv nq| cÖwZwU
¯øvB‡W bZzb Z_¨ †hvM Kiv hvq Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b Zv m¤úv`b Kiv hvq|
bZzb møvBW †hvM Kiv
GKwU †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b mvaviYZ A‡bK møvBW _vK‡Z cv‡i| bZzb møvBW hy³ Kivi Rb¨ Home †gbyi wieb †_‡K New
Slide KgvÛ wm‡j± Ki‡j ev Kx †ev‡W©i Ctrl †evZvg †P‡c †i‡L M †evZv‡g Pvc w`‡j GKwU bZzb møvBW hy³ n‡e|
Z_¨/†jLv hy³ Kiv

• PowerPoint Screen G GKwU bZzb ¯øvB‡W mvaviYZ `ywU Text Box †`Lv hv‡e। Gevi evsjv wjL‡Z PvB‡j
Kx-†ev‡W© F12 †P‡c Avro evsjv Kx-‡evW© †gvWwU wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| Gici NikoshBan d›U wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e।
• ¯øvB‡Wi Dc‡i Text Box G gvDm w`‡q wK¬K K‡i ZL¨ †jLv ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e| †hgb: Title N‡i †jLvi †Póv
Kwi Õevsjv‡`k Avgvi AnsKvi|Õ
71

• Kx-†ev‡W© dvskb Kx F5 †P‡c A_ev, Slide Show evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †cÖ‡R‡›UkbwU show Kiv hv‡e
A_ev †gbyevi †_‡K Slide Show→View Show wbev©Pb K‡i †cÖ‡R‡›UkbwU show Kiv hv‡e|
• dvBjwU †mf Kivi Rb¨ File→Save Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev Kx-‡ev‡W© Ctrl + S Pvc‡Z n‡e A_ev Quick
Access Toolbar †_‡K Save AvBK‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
†jLv is Kiv
‡Kv‡bv †jLv is Ki‡Z PvB‡j Av‡M †mB †jLvwU gvDm w`‡q †U‡b a‡i wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e, A_ev Text Box wU wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Gevi Home wieb Gi Font KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K Font Color wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e ।
• More Colors G wK¬K K‡i cQ›`g‡Zv is wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e;
• Ok wK¬K Ki‡j wbe©vwPZ †jLvwU iwOb n‡e|
†jLv †QvU-eo Kiv

†jLvi AvKvi †QvU ev eo Ki‡Z PvB‡j Av‡M †jLvwU gvDm w`‡q wbev©Pb Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci wbw`©ó TextwU wbe©vPb
K‡i Font KgvÛ MÖæc †_‡K Font size cÖ‡qvRbg‡Zv wbev©Pb Ki‡j †jLvi AvKvi cwieZ©b n‡e|
weKí wbqg: keyboard Gi ‘Ctrl’ Kx †P‡c a‡i †QvU Ki‡Z PvB‡j ‘[’- Kx Pvc‡Z n‡e Ges eo Ki‡Z PvB‡j ‘]’- Kx
Pvc‡Z n‡e|
72

5.4 Qwe, AvK…wZ (†mc) hy³ Kiv I dig¨vU Kiv
Microsoft Powerpoint G †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ ¯øvB‡W †Kvb Qwe ev AvK…wZ ms‡hvRb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z
cv‡i| †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡bi welqe¯‘‡K †Rviv‡jvfv‡e eënviKvix‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j ai‡Z ¯øvB‡W Qwe ev AvK…wZ ms‡hvM Ges
cÖ‡qvRbgvwdK dig¨vU Kiv ¯^vfvweK I cÖ‡qvRbxq welq|
møvB‡W Qwe hy³ I dig¨vU Kiv
A‡bK mgq møvB‡W Qwe hy³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| møvB‡W Qwe hy³ Kivi Rb¨-
1. Insert †gbyi wie‡b Picture AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Insert Picture WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
2. Insert Picture WvqvjM e‡·i †h †dvìv‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq QwewU i‡q‡Q, †mB †dvìvi Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges QwewU wm‡j±
K‡i WvqvjM e‡·i Insert †evZv‡g wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wm‡j± Kiv QwewU ¯øvB‡W P‡j Avm‡e|
3. QwewUi wimvBR e‡· wK¬K I Wª¨vM K‡i Qwei AvKvi †QvU-eo Kiv hv‡e Ges QwewU Wª¨vM K‡i cÖ‡qvRbgZ mwi‡q
¯’vcb Kiv hv‡e|
4. QwewUi Dc‡i wK¬K Ki‡j Format Menu wbe©vwPZ n‡e| QwewUi cÖ‡qvRbxq cwieZ©b Ki‡Z Format Menu Gi
AvBKb¸‡jv eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
73

Crop Kiv
Crop n‡jv †Kvb Qwei wbw`©ó wKQz Ask ev` w`‡q evKx Ask †i‡L †`qv| GRb¨-
• †h Qwe‡K crop Ki‡Z n‡e Zv WKz‡g‡›U wb‡q Avm‡Z n‡e|
• Gevi Qwei Dci wK¬K Ki‡j Format †gby wbev©wPZ n‡e|
• Format †gbyi size KgvÛMÖæc n‡Z crop wm‡j± Ki‡j Qwe ev AvK„wZi Pvicv‡k mij‡iLv I mg‡Kv‡Yi
gZ wPý mshy³ n‡e Ges gvDm c‡q›Uv‡ii mv‡_ GKwU we‡kl wPý hy³ n‡e|
• Gevi Gme wP‡ýi Dci wK¬K K‡i WªvM Ki‡j Qwe ev AvK„wZ crop n‡q hv‡e|
møvB‡W †mc (AvK…wZ) hy³ I dig¨vU Kiv
A‡bK mgq møvB‡W †mc (AvK…wZ) hy³ Kivi

cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| MS Powerpoint -G
wbw`©ó AvKv‡ii bvbv ai‡bi shape I style
ˆZwi Kiv Av‡Q| †mLvb †_‡K cQ›`g‡Zv
shape wb‡q KvR Kiv hvq| Illustrations
KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Shapes evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wewfbœ
shape Avm‡e| cQ›`g‡Zv shape wbev©Pb K‡i
¯øvB‡W gvDm w`‡q †U‡b shapewU AvuK‡Z n‡e|
Kx‡ev‡W©i Shift evUb †P‡c a‡i AvuK‡j shape
wUi AvKv‡ii AvbycvwZK nvi wVK _vK‡e|
74

†mc (AvK„wZ) is Kiv
†Kvb AvK…wZ ev Shape is Ki‡Z PvB‡j Zvi Dci Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z Format wiebwU wbe©vwPZ n‡e Ges
Format wie‡bi wewfbœ KgvÛMÖæcmg~n w¯Œ‡b Avm‡e|
• Shape Fill †_‡K cQ›`gZ is wbev©Pb Ki‡Z cvwi| GQvov wewfbœ Gradient, Eyedropper, Texure BZ¨vw`
wbe©vPb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
• Shape Outline G wM‡q cQ›`gZ AvDUjvBb is wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cvwi| GQvov Weight †_‡K jvBb B‡”QgZ
†gvUv ev miæ Kiv hvq|
• Shape Effect †_‡K wewfbœ B‡d± †hgb - Shadow, 3-D, Glow cÖf…wZ hy³ Kiv hvq|
Shape- resize Kiv

‡h shape wU resize cÖ‡qvRb †mwU gvDm wK¬K K‡i wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e| ShapewUi Dci gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K
Ki‡j wimvB‡Ri A‡bK¸‡jv Ackb †`Lv hv‡e| †mcwUi †Kvb Kb©vi a‡i gvDm w`‡q Uvb‡j †mcwUi AvKvi
cwieZ©b n‡e| Shift †P‡c a‡i Uvb‡j shape wU AvbycvwZK nv‡i eo ev †QvU n‡e|
cÖwZwU †mc wm‡j± Ki‡j G

‡Kvb †mc wm‡j± Ki‡j Ggb njy` ai‡bi GKwU wPý †`Lv hvq,
AvK…wZ †`Lv hvq, hv‡K gvDm WªvM K‡i G‡Z gvDm WªvM K‡i †mcwUi
B‡”QgZ cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| w`K cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, Dëv‡bv
hvq|
75

5.5 Gwb‡gkb †`qv
eZ©gvb hy‡M Gwb‡gk‡bi e¨vcK eënvi jÿ¨ Kiv hvq | wkLb †kLv‡bv Kvh©µ‡g †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ¯øvB‡W Gwb‡gkb eënvi
K‡i wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv hvq Ges ¯^ímg‡q †h‡Kvb welq Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| Gwb‡gkb gv‡b hvi †gvkb
ev MwZ Av‡Q| A_©vr Gwb‡gkb n‡jv †Kvb wfRy¨qvj †mU‡K Kw¤úDUv‡ii gva¨‡g MwZ cÖ`vb Kiv| myZivs Gwb‡gkb
ej‡Z mg‡qi mv‡_ †Kvb w¯’i e¯‘i Ae¯’vb Ges Ae¯’vi cwieZ©‡bi cÖwµqv †evSvq|
Animation is the process of making the illusion of motion and the illusion of change by means of the
rapid succession of sequential images that minimally differ from each other. –Wikipedia.
wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Y Gwb‡gk‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

1. wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y Kiv;
2. wkÿv DcKiY‡K RxešÍ K‡i †Zv‡j;
3. KwVb welq‡K mn‡R Dc¯’vcb Kiv;
4. weg~Z© welq‡K g~Z© K‡i †Zvjv;
5. cv‡V AskMÖnY Kiv‡bv mnR nq;
6. wkÿv_x©‡ì g‡b †cÖlYv m„wó‡Z mnvqZv K‡i;
7. Ávbxq ¯Í‡ii Ø›`¦ `~i K‡i m„RbkxjZv weKv‡k mnvqZv K‡i;
8. wkÿv_x©‡ì Kv‡Q Kvh©Kifv‡e mwVK evZ©vwU †cŠQvq;
9. Kíbvkw³i mwVK Dc¯’vc‡b mnvqZv K‡i;
10. GKxf~Z wkÿvq wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Y Gwb‡gk‡bi eënvi AwaK Kvh©Ki|
Gwb‡gk‡bi eënvi
cvIqvic‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b wewfbœ ai‡bi Gwb‡gkb eënvi Kiv hvq| ¯øvB‡W Gwb‡gkb †`qvi Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †h
Ae‡Rw±‡K Gwb‡gkb w`‡Z n‡e †mwU wbe©vPb K‡i Ribbon Gi Animation U¨v‡e wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci
Animation MÖæc †_‡K cQ›`g‡Zv Animation Option wU evQvB K‡i Zv‡Z wK¬K Ki‡j ¯øvB‡W cQ›`bxq Animation
P‡j Avm‡e| †U·U, Qwe, AvK…wZ cÖf…wZ GKB Dcv‡q Gwb‡gkb Kiv hvq|
Ae‡R± wm‡j±
K‡i wieb
†_‡K
Gwb‡gk‡b
†h‡Z n‡e
76

wieb †_‡K GW Gwb‡gk‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Pvi ai‡bi Gwb‡gkb †`Lv hv‡e| †mLvb †_‡K Entrance, Exit, Emphasis
and Motion Path †h‡Kvb Gwb‡gkb eënvi Kiv hv‡e| ZvQvov Gwb‡gkb GwWU ev cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡j Ab¨ GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ackb n‡jv Gwb‡gkb †cb, hvi mvnv‡h¨ Gwb‡gkb ev` †`qv hvq, cwieZ©b Kiv hvq, B‡d± Ackb †_‡K
UvBwgsmn Ab¨vb¨ myweav MÖnY Kiv hvq|
Gwb‡gkb †cb,
wieb Gi
Gwb‡gkb †c‡b
wK¬K Ki‡j GwU
cvIqv hv‡e|
Motion Path eënvi K‡i Shape Gwb‡gkb

‡Kvb GKwU †mc ev AvK…wZ‡K wbw`©ó c‡_ GKevi/K‡qKevi/evievi †Nviv‡Z ev PjvPj Kiv‡Z Motion Path eënvi
Kiv nq| GwU eënvi K‡i Gwb‡gkb B‡d± hy³ Kivi wbqg n‡jv-
1. cÖ_‡g †h Shape G Motion Path hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e †mwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. Add Animation Motion Path Effect wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. Gevi Slide Show †Z wM‡q Gwb‡gkbwU cixÿv K‡i †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i|
4. B‡d± Ackb †_‡K UvBwgsmn Ab¨vb¨ myweav cÖ‡qvM K‡i Av‡iv AvKl©Yxq Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
77

5.6 AwWI, wfwWI hy³ Kiv Ges Kvh©Ki wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘ZKiY I
Dc¯’vcb
¯øvB‡W cQ›`gZ mvDÛ, Gwb‡gkb ev gywf wK¬c hy³ K‡i A‡bK AvKl©Yxq I wkLb Dc‡hvMx †cÖ‡R›Ukb ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
GRb¨ ¯’vqxfv‡e cvIqvi c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b wfwWI ev AwWI wK¬c hy³ Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †h †Kvb Kw¤cDUv‡i dvBjwU
¯^qsm¤c~Y©fv‡e Pvjv‡bv mnR nq|
¯’vqxfv‡e cvIqvi c‡q‡›U AwWI dvBj hy³ Kivi wbqg

¯’vqxfv‡e cvIqvic‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›Uk‡b AwWI wK¬c hy³ Kiv hvq| G‡Z †h †Kvb Kw¤cDUv‡i dvBjwU ¯^qsm¤c~Y©fv‡e
Pvjv‡bv mnR nq| G Rb¨ wb‡¤œi wbqg AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Desktop G wbR bv‡gi †dvìv‡i Xz‡K bZzb GKwU cvIqvic‡q›U (wcwcwU) dvBj Ly‡j wb‡Z cvwi| cQ›`gZ
†Kvb bvg w`‡q dvBjwU‡K †mf K‡i †bqv fv‡jv|
• dvBjwU I‡cb K‡i Click to add first slide G wK¬K K‡i GKwU ¯øvBW I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Slides KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K Layout G wK¬K K‡i Blank Layout wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Insert wiebwU wm‡j± K‡i GLv‡b Text KgvÛ MÖæ‡c Object AckbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z)
• GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Create from file AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Zvici Browse evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e Ges GLv‡b cQ‡›ì AwWI
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
78

• AwWIwU c~e© n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev gvB Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z m¨v¤új wgDwRK wb‡qI KvRwU Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
• WvqvjM e‡·i Display as icon e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z)| GKwU AvBKb Avm‡e| Change
icon... evU‡b wK¬K K‡i AwWIwU‡Z cQ‡›ì AvBKb I bvg †`qv hvq |

79

• Caption Gi N‡i †h wel‡qi AwWI wK¬c Zvi bvg wj‡L Ok Kwi| Avevi Ok Kwi| wK¬‡ci mvBR eo n‡j
GKUz mgq jvM‡e| AZtci †`Lv hv‡e ¯øvB‡W GKwU AvBKb G‡m‡Q|
• Links KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Action evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
• GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe †`Lyb)

• †mLv‡b Object action wm‡j± K‡i Ok w`‡Z n‡e (Dc‡i Qwe)| wK¬cwU ¯’vqxfv‡e mshy³ n‡q hv‡e|
• Slide show †Z wM‡q AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Kwi| wK¬cwUi mvBR †ewk n‡j Zv I‡cb n‡Z wKQzUv mgq wb‡e|
GKwU WvqvjM e· †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| †mwU‡Z Yes/Ok wK¬K Kwi| AZtci dvBjwU I‡cb n‡e|
BbmvU© Kivi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU GKwU †d¬vPv‡U© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv :
80

¯’vqxfv‡e cvIqvi c‡q‡›U wfwWI dvBj hy³ Kivi wbqg (AwWI hy³ Kivi gZB)
[†h gywf wK¬cwU ¯¬vB‡W hy³ Ki‡Z PvB Zv Kw¤cDUv‡i †Kvb WªvB‡f †Kvb †dvìv‡i ivLv Av‡Q †m wel‡q wbwðZ n‡q wbB|]
• wewfbœfv‡e cvIqvi c‡q›U ¯øvB‡W wfwWI hy³ Kiv hvq|
• me‡P‡q Dchy³ fvebvnxb Dcvq n‡jv Ae‡R± K‡i wfwWI BbmvU© Kiv|
• A‡bK mgq Avgiv nvBcviwjsK K‡iI wfwWI BbmvU© K‡i _vwK|
• G ai‡bi BbmvU© A‡bK mgq Sv‡gjv m„wó K‡i, I‡cb nq bv| ZvB Ae‡R± BbmvU© me‡P‡q DËg c×wZ
wn‡m‡e mK‡ji wbKU cwiwPZ|
• dvBjwU I‡cb K‡i Click to add first slide G wK¬K K‡i GKwU ¯øvBW I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Slides KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K Layout G wK¬K K‡i Blank Layout wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Insert wiebwU wm‡j± K‡i GLv‡b Text KgvÛ MÖæ‡c Object AckbwU‡Z wK¬K Kiæb (wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z)
• GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Create from file AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• Zvici Browse evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e Ges GLv‡b cQ‡›ì wfwWI
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
• wfwWIwU c~e© n‡Z Kw¤úDUv‡i _vK‡Z n‡e A_ev gvB Kw¤úDUvi n‡Z m¨v¤új wfwWI wb‡qI KvRwU Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
• wfwWIwU †hLv‡bB _vKyK bv †Kb Zvi †jv‡KkbwU †`Lv‡bv G †ÿ‡Î g~L¨ welq| Z‡e wbw`©ó di‡gU I
mvB‡Ri wfwWI eënvi Kiv fv‡jv w`K|
81

• WvqvjM e‡·i Display as icon e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (Qwe †`Lyb)| GKwU AvBKb Avm‡e| Change
icon... evU‡b wK¬K K‡i wfwWIwU‡Z cQ‡›ì AvBKb I bvg †`qv hvq |

82

• Caption Gi N‡i †h wel‡qi wfwWI wK¬c Zvi bvg wj‡L Ok Kwi| Avevi Ok Kwi| wK¬‡ci mvBR eo n‡j
GKUz mgq jvM‡e| AZtci †`Lv hv‡e ¯øvB‡W GKwU AvBKb G‡m‡Q|
• Links KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Action evU‡b wK¬K Kwi|
• GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe †`Lyb)

• †mLv‡b Object action wm‡j± K‡i Ok w`‡Z n‡e (Dc‡i Qwe)| wK¬cwU ¯’vqxfv‡e mshy³ n‡q hv‡e|
• Slide show †Z wM‡q AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Kwi| wK¬cwUi mvBR †ewk n‡j Zv I‡cb n‡Z wKQzUv mgq wb‡e|
GKwU WvqvjM e· †`Lv‡Z cv‡i| †mwU‡Z Yes/Ok wK¬K Kwi| AZtci dvBjwU I‡cb n‡e|
BbmvU© Kivi cy‡iv cÖwµqvwU GKwU †d¬vPv‡U© †`Lv‡bv n‡jv
Size
weKí c×wZ
†h wfwWI wK¬cwU ¯øvB‡W hy³ Ki‡Z B”QzK Zv Kw¤cDUv‡i †Kvb WªvB‡f †Kvb †dvìv‡i ivLv Av‡Q †m wel‡q wbwðZ
n‡q wb‡Z n‡e|
• Slides KgvÛMÖæ‡ci New Slide evU‡b wK¬K K‡i GKwU bZzb ¯øvBW Ly‡j wbB
83

• Slides KgvÛMÖæc †_‡K Layout G wK¬K K‡i Blank Layout wbe©vPb Kwi
• Insert wiebwU wm‡j± K‡i Text KgvÛ MÖæ‡ci Video AckbwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe‡Z)
• GKwU WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| Video on My PC AckbwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e

• GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| ev‡gi Videos evU‡b wK¬K K‡i sample videos
bv‡gi †dvìviwU double click K‡i I‡cb Kwi| sample videos †dvìviwU I‡cb K‡i GLv‡b iwÿZ
wfwWIwU wm‡j± K‡i Bbmv‡U© wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| hw` sample videos bv _v‡K Zvn‡j Ab¨ †Kvb wfwWI wb‡q
Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e|
84

• wfwWI wK¬cwU wm‡j± K‡i Insert/Ok Kwi| (wb‡Pi Qwe †`Lyb)

• wK¬cwU wb‡¤œv³fv‡e ¯øvB‡W mshy³ n‡e| (wb‡Pi Qwe)
¯øvBW‡kv Pjv Ae¯’vq Play Button G click Ki‡j VideowU Pj‡e, Avevi PvB‡j _vgv‡bv hv‡e|
weKí c×wZi myweav
GB c×wZ‡Z Video Trim Kiv hvq A_©vr Video wUi cÖ‡qvRbxq AskUzKz select K‡i †`Lv‡bv hvq, mvRv‡bv hvq,
KvUv hvq|
Trim Kivi wbqg : Video wUi Dci Right Click Ki‡j GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| (wb‡Pi Qwe)
85

Trim G Click Ki‡j GKwU cc-Avc DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| (wb‡Pi Qwe)
cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Trim Video Gi Start I End Button Drag K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Ask select K‡i play button G
wK¬K Ki‡j selected Ask cÖ`wk©Z n‡e| Slide show †Z wM‡q AvBK‡bi Dci wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wK¬cwUi mvBR †ewk
n‡j Zv I‡cb n‡Z wKQzUv mgq wb‡e|
†d¬vPv‡U© cy‡iv cÖwµqv
Insert Video Video on My PC… Select

Video Insert/Ok
Kvh©Ki wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘ZKiY

wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U eënv‡ii Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kvh©µg‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q A_©c~Y©
Ges Kvh©Ki wkL‡b mnqvZv Kiv, †hb Zviv Zv‡ì c~‡e©i Rvbv wel‡qi Av‡jv‡K bZzb welq eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv‡ì
ev¯Íe Rxe‡b cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| GKwU h_vh_ wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z n‡j ZvB cÖ_‡gB Rvbv cÖ‡qvRb Kxfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j wk¶v_©xiv mn‡R Ges A_©c~Y©fv‡e wkL‡e| wkLb ZLbB A_©c~Y© I Kvh©Ki n‡e hLb wk¶v_©xiv
welqe¯‘i A_© ey‡S cvV MÖnY Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì c~e©Áv‡bi mv‡_ m¤cK© ¯’vcb K‡i wkL‡Z cvi‡e| wkL‡bi welqe¯‘
¯úó bv n‡j wkLb Kvh©Ki nq bv Avi †mUv ev¯Í‡e cÖ‡qvMI Kiv hvq bv| bv ey‡S welqe¯‘ mivmwi gyL¯Í Ki‡j †mUv
†ewk w`b g‡b ivLv hvq bv Ges G ai‡bi wkLb ev¯Íe Rxe‡b Z_v Kg©‡¶‡Î †Kvb Kv‡R Av‡m bv|
wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K Kxfv‡e A_©c~Y© I Kvh©Ki wk¶v †`qv hvq †m wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q g‡bvweÁvwb, mgvRweÁvwb I wk¶v
we‡klÁMY bvbviKg cix¶v I M‡elYv Kvh©µg Pvwj‡q‡Qb Ges wewfbœ wkLbZË¡ w`‡q‡Qb| wewfbœ wkLbZ‡Ë¡i we¯ÍvwiZ
eY©bv †`qv GB Aa¨‡qi D‡Ïk¨ bq, Z‡e wewfbœ MÖnY‡hvM¨ I cÖPwjZ wkLbZ‡Ë¡i cÖwZdjb NwU‡q Kxfv‡e GKwU fv‡jv
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U ˆZwi Kiv hvq, †mB wel‡q GLv‡b Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
wkL‡bi g~jbxwZ
MÖnY‡hvM¨ I cÖPwjZ wkLbZË¡¸‡jvi g~jK_v nj, wk¶v_©xiv wkL‡e-
9 Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv welq
9 wbKU †_‡K `~‡ii welq
9 mnR †_‡K KwVb welq
9 g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z© welq
86

Rvbv †_‡K ARvbv K_vwUi e¨vL¨v n‡jv, wk¶v_©x‡ì c~e©Áv‡bi ev Rvbv wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i Zv‡ì‡K bZzb ev
ARvbv welqe¯‘ †kLv‡Z n‡e| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, B‡Ui Dci BU †Mu‡_ Avgiv †`qvj M‡o Zzwj| GKBfv‡e
wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K bZzb wel‡qi Ávb w`‡Z n‡e Zv‡ì cyiv‡bv ev c~‡e©i Áv‡bi Dci wfwË K‡i| GRb¨ cv‡Vi ïiæ‡ZB
Zv‡ì c~e©Ávb hvPvB K‡i †bqv ìKvi|
†Kvb cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© †mB cvVwU MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq cÖv_wgK Ávb ev aviYv ev AwfÁZv Av‡Q
wKbv Zv †`‡L wb‡Z n‡e| myZivs wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘wZi mgq wk¶v_©x‡ì c~e© Ávb hvPvB‡qi eë¯’v ivL‡Z n‡e|
wk¶v_©xiv AZx‡Z wk‡L‡Q ev Zv‡ì cwiwPZ cwi‡e‡k N‡U Ggb †Kvb Qwe, wfwWI wK¬c ev Gwb‡gkb †`wL‡q Ges
cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g Zv‡ì c~e©Ávb hvPvB Kiv hvq| wbKU †_‡K `~i K_vwUi e¨vL¨v n‡jv, wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K †kLv‡Z n‡e
Zv‡ì cwiwPZ mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui Av‡jv‡K Ges Zvici cÖ‡qvR‡b ax‡i ax‡i wek¦ †cÖ¶vc‡Ui Av‡jvPbv Avm‡Z
cv‡i|
†Pbv cwi‡e‡ki D`vniY w`‡q †kLv‡j wk¶v_©xiv Zv mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i Ges g‡b aviY Ki‡Z cv‡i| G Kvi‡Y wWwRUvj
Kb‡U›U-G eëüZ Qwe, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb ev D`vniY n‡Z n‡e wk¶v_©xi cwiwPZ cwi‡ek †_‡K, Ges B›Uvi‡bU ev Ab¨
†Kvb Drm †_‡K Gme msMÖn Kivi mgq GB welqwU we‡ePbvq ivL‡Z n‡e| GKRb wk¶K wb‡RB Zvi †gvevBj †dv‡bi
K¨v‡giv ev Ab¨ †Kvb K¨v‡giv ØvivI cv‡Vi cÖvmw½K Qwe ev wfwWI aviY K‡i †kªwY‡Z eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| mnR
†_‡K KwVb A_© nj, †Kvb cvV Dc¯’vc‡bi mgq Zzjbvg~jK mnR welq¸‡jv Av‡M Ges KwVb welq¸‡jv c‡i cvV`vb
Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ cvV`v‡bi Av‡MB wPwýZ K‡i wb‡Z n‡e cv‡Vi †Kvb Ask¸‡jv wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q KwVb ev bZzb Ges
†KvbwU mnR| wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘wZi Ab¨Zg D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv KwVb welq¸‡jv‡K mnR I †evaMg¨ Dcv‡q Dc¯’vcb
Kiv| myZivs cv‡Vi KwVb welq¸‡jv‡K mnR I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Qwe, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb ev D`vniY
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-G AšÍf©‚³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
g~Z© †_‡K weg~Z© ej‡Z eySvq `„k¨gvb ev Bw›`ªqMÖvn¨ †_‡K A`„k¨gvb ev weg~Z© wel‡qi w`‡K hvIqv| A_©vr,
wk¶v_©x‡ì‡K †Kvb weg~Z© welq †kLv‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB Zv‡ì‡K cÖvmw½K †Kvb g~Z© ev `„k¨gvb e¯‘i D`vnviY w`‡Z n‡e,
Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K ch©vqµ‡g weg~Z© wel‡qi e¨vL¨v w`‡Z n‡e| †hgb: AYyi MVb ev Rxe †Kv‡li MVb; GB welq¸‡jv
†Pv‡L †`Lv hvq bv, Qwe Gu‡K ev Qwe †`wL‡q mvaviYZ: †kLv‡bv nq| wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-Gi GKwU AvKl©Yxq êwkó¨
n‡jv, wewfbœ weg~Z© welq¸‡jv‡K bv›`wbK Dcv‡q g~Z© K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q Dc¯’vcb Kiv| cv‡Vi †h welq¸‡jv †Pv‡L
†`Lv hvq bv ev Avgv‡ì Bw›`ªq Øviv Abyaveb Kiv hvq bv, †hgb- AYyi MVb, †m¸‡jv‡K `„k¨gvb K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U Øviv| G Kvi‡Y GKRb wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘ZKviK‡K †ewk g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e cv‡Vi weg~Z©
welq¸‡jv‡K mnR‡eva¨ Dcv‡q g~Z© K‡i Zzj‡Z| B›Uvi‡b‡U, we‡klZ YouTube-G A‡bK wk¶vg~jK wfwWI ev
Gwb‡gkb wK¬c Av‡Q hv WvDb‡jvW K‡i wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-G eënvi Kiv hvq|
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq †h welq¸‡jv †g‡b Pj‡Z nq

9 Ggb †Kvb Qwe, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb ev D`vniY eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv hv mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡U MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq, ev
hv RvZxq Av`k©, ivóªxq g~jbxwZ I msweav‡bi mv‡_ mvsNwl©K|
9 AcÖ‡qvR‡b Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi Kiv hv‡e bv| cvV cwiKíbvi mgq wVK K‡i wb‡Z n‡e †h cv‡Vi †Kvb
Ask¸‡jv wWwRUvj K‡›U›U eënvi K‡i cvV w`‡eb Ges †Kvb Ask¸‡jv Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi bv K‡i Ab¨vb¨
AskMÖnYg~jK c×wZ‡Z cvV w`‡eb|
9 wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘Z Kivi Av‡M GKevi wk¶K evZvqb (www.teachers.gov.bd) I‡qemvBU wfwRU K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡ib| Avcbvi cvV mswkøó wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U B‡Zvg‡a¨ †KD ˆZwi K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡i, hv Avcwb mvP©
K‡i †`‡L wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z cv‡ib| cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î WvDb‡jvWK…Z Kb‡U›U cwieZ©‡bi
gva¨‡g Ges cÖ¯‘ZKvi‡Ki cÖwZ K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi K‡i K‡i Avcwb Avcbvi K¬v‡m eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z
Avcbvi mgq I kªg `yBwUiB mvkªq n‡e| AvBwmwU, †cWvMwR Ges welqe¯‘ e¨vL¨vq ˆZixK…Z Kb‡U›U hw`
fv‡jv gv‡bi n‡q _v‡K, Zvn‡j Zv wk¶K evZvqb-G Avc‡jvW Ki‡eb, †hb Ab¨ †Kvb wk¶K Avcbvi
ˆZixK…Z Kb‡U›U eënvi K‡i DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i|
9 eB †_‡K ûeû †Kvb †jLv ¯øvB‡W †`Lv‡bv wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-Gi D‡Ïk¨ bq, eis wk¶v_©x‡ì Kv‡Q KwVb Ges
weg~Z© welq¸‡jv mnR‡eva¨ I g~Z©gvb KivB wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-Gi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨|
9 wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U-G eëüZ Qwe, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb ev D`vniY wk¶v_©xi cwiwPZ cwi‡ek †_‡K wb‡Z n‡e|
we‡`wk †cÖ¶vc‡Ui ev wk¶v_©xi AcwiwPZ cwi‡e‡ki Qwe, wfwWI, Gwb‡gkb ev D`vniY MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq|
87

9 wWwRUvj Kb‡U‡›U eëüZ †jLv¸‡jvi is n‡Z n‡e Mvp, †hb Zv mn‡R cov hvq| mvaviYZ: Kv‡jv, †bwf eøy,
†giæb BZ¨vw` †U·U Kvjvi eënvi Kiv fv‡jv| njy`, Kgjv, AvKvwk BZ¨vw` nvjKv is Gi †jLv fv‡jv
†evSv hvq bv| Z‡e ¯øvB‡Wi e¨vKMÖvDÛ Kvjvi Aek¨B nvjKv ev mv`v nIqv evÂbxq|
9 K¬v‡mi Av‡MB (ev cÖ‡qvR‡b Av‡Mi w`b) cix¶v K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e †h Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i DcKiY¸‡jv
(†hgb: Kw¤cDUvi, gvwëwgwWqv cÖ‡R±i, cÖ‡qvRbxq mdUIq¨vi I nvW©Iq¨vi) wVKgZ KvR Ki‡Q wKbv|
Zvn‡j AbvKvw•LZ weo¤^bv Gov‡bv hv‡e|
9 †Kvb wkÿK wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z ev eënv‡i cvi`wk© bv n‡j †Kvb mnKg©xi mvnvh¨ †bqv †h‡Z
cv‡i|
9 eZ©gv‡b A‡bK wk¶v_©xB Kw¤cDUvi ev Z_¨ cÖhyw³ fv‡jv Rv‡b, KviY Zviv †QvU †_‡KB G¸‡jv bvovPvovi
Kivi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U cÖ¯‘Z Kivi mgq GKRb wk¶K AwfÁ †Kvb wk¶v_©x‡ì mvnvh¨
wb‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z j¾vi wKQz †bB, eis wk¶v_©xiv Zv‡ì wk¶K‡K mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡j Avbw›`Z nq I
Drmvn †eva K‡i|
wWwRUvj Kb‡U‡›Ui cwiKíbv

wkLbdj †jLvi †KŠkj
wkLbdj wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB GKRb wk¶K‡K GKwU cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i cwiwa wba©viY K‡i wb‡Z nq| Gici
cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki welqe¯‘ †_‡K wk¶v_©xiv †h GK ev GKvwaK cvi`wk©Zv AR©b Ki‡e †m Ask¸‡jv c„_Kfv‡e wPwýZ K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e| Zvici GB wPwýZ cvi`wk©Zv¸‡jv‡K wk¶v_©xiv wKQz K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e Ggb AvPiwYK fvlvq wjL‡Z
n‡e| †hgb: ej‡Z cvi‡e, wjL‡Z cvi‡e, eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡e, wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡e, wPÎ A¼b Ki‡Z cvi‡e, we‡kølY
Ki‡Z cvi‡e BZ¨vw`| wkLbd‡ji fvlvq Ggb wKQz †jLv hv‡e bv hv wk¶v_©xiv K‡i †`Lv‡Z cvi‡e bv A_©vr Zviv
Zv‡ì AvPi‡Yi Øviv Zv cÖKvk Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| †hgb: Rvb‡Z cvi‡e, avibv jvf Ki‡e/ Abyaveb Ki‡e, wkL‡Z
cvi‡e BZ¨vw` kã¸‡jv wkLbd‡j †jLv hv‡e bv| KviY, GBkã¸‡jv cwigvc‡hvM¨ bq| wk¶v_©xiv wKQz K‡i †`Lv‡Z
cvi‡e †evSv hvq Ggbkã¸‡jvB Avgiv wkLbdj wjL‡Z eënvi Kie|
88

wkLbdj †jLvi †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ w`K
• Avgiv cvV¨cy¯Í‡Ki wba©vwiZ cvV Abyhvqx wkLbdj wjLe| A_©vr cvV mswkøó bq Ggb wKQz wkLbd‡j †jLv
hv‡e bv|
• wkLbd‡ji fvlvq wµqvevPK kã ev Action Verb eënvi Kie| †hgb: Òwk¶v_©xiv cvwb `~l‡Yi KviYmg~n
eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eÓ - GLv‡b eY©bv Ki‡Z cviv n‡jv Action Verb|
• GKwU wkLbd‡j GKvwaK cvi`wk©Zvi K_v wjLe bv| †hgb: wk¶v_©xiv cvwb `~l‡Yi KviYmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z
cvi‡e Ges cÖwZKvi D‡jøL Ki‡Z cvi‡e| G †¶‡Î Avgiv c„_K wkLbdj wjLe|
• GKwU cv‡V GKvwaK wkLbdj _vK‡j mnR †_‡K KwVb GB µ‡g wjLe| A_©vr Ávb, cÖ‡qvM I D”PZi `¶Zv
GB µ‡g wkLbdj wba©viY Kie| ZvQvov SMART AvBwWqvwU‡K wkLbdj †jLvi mgq Kv‡R jvMv‡Z
cvwi|
S – Specific (mywbw`©ó)
M – Measurable (cwigvc‡hvM¨)
A – Achievable (AR©b‡hvM¨)
R – Realistic (ev¯Íem¤§Z)
T – Timebound (wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ _vKv)
gvbm¤§Z wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U wbe©vP‡bi †PKwj÷

9 g~j cv‡Vi mv‡_ K‡›U‡›Ui mvgÄm¨c~Y©Zv i‡q‡Q wKbv?
9 eëüZ Dcv`vb I Z_¨ cÖvmw½K wKbv?
9 DÏxcbv m„wóKvix Dcv`vb (Qwe, wfwWI, AvIqvR, evK¨) wQj wKbv?
9 Qwe/wfwWI/Z_¨ ¯có wKbv?
9 Qwe I wfwWI †`kxq †cÖ¶vc‡Ui wQj wKbv?
9 eëüZ Qwe‡Z K¨vckb †`qv n‡q‡Q wKbv?
9 †bwZevPK cÖfve m„wóKvix †Kvb Qwe/wfwWI/Z_¨ Av‡Q wKbv?
9 iPbvg~jK †U·U Av‡Q wKbv? (Lye †ewk _vK‡e bv)
9 d›U mvBR (32-40) I Kvjvi Kw¤^‡bkb mwVK wKbv?
9 eëüZ Dcv`vbmg~n wPšÍb mnvqK wKbv?
9 `jMZ Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wPšÍvg~jK Kg©cÎ eëüZ n‡q‡Q wKbv?
9 Ab¨vb¨ mnvqK DcKiY (PK-‡evW©, †cv÷vi †ccvi BZ¨vw`) eënv‡ii my‡hvM Av‡Q wKbv?
9 avivevwnKZv eRvq Av‡Q wKbv?
9 K‡›U›U eënv‡ii †¶‡Î wk¶‡Ki †bZ…Z¡ I e¨w³Z¡ eRvq _vK‡e wKbv?
9 wkLbdj AwR©Ze¨ wKbv?
wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U Dc¯’vcb

1| cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj DcKiY m‡½ wb‡q nvwmgy‡L †kªwY‡Z cÖ‡ek K‡i wk¶v_©x‡ì mv‡_ ï‡f”Qv wewbgq Ki‡Z Ki‡Z
Kw¤cDUvi I gvëwgwWqv I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e (2 wgwbU)|
2| K¬v‡m wk¶v_©x‡ì g‡bv‡hvM AvKl©Y I c~e©Ávb hvPvB‡qi gva¨‡g bZzb cv‡V hvIqvi cÖ¯‘wZi Rb¨ 1/2wU image
A_ev 15/20 †m‡K‡Ûi GKwU †QvU wfwWI cÖ`k©b Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i (2 wgwbU)|
3| †QvU †QvU 2/1 wU cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g wk¶v_©xi KvQ †_‡K AvR‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ Topic wU †ei K‡i cv‡Vi wk‡ivbvg
m¤^wjZ ¯¬vBWwU cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GKBmv‡_ wk‡ivbvgwU †ev‡W©i Dc‡ii As‡k wVK gvS eivei GKUz eo K‡i
wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e (2 wgwbU)|
89

4| cv‡Vi welqe¯‘i avivevwnKZv Abyhvqx wewfbœ ai‡bi cvV mswkøó image/animation/video BZ¨vw` †`wL‡q
wk¶v_©x‡ì cv‡V m¤c„³ Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wewfbœ cÖkœ K‡i, KvR w`‡q wPšÍv Kivi m~‡hvM m„wó K‡i g~j cvV¨ welqwU
my›ìfv‡e e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z n‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì mwµqZv e„w× Kivi Rb¨ 2/1 Rb‡K screen Gi Kv‡Q †W‡K G‡b
image/diagram/video Gi we‡kl †Kvb Ask wPwýZ/eY©bv Kiv‡Z n‡e|
5| cÖ‡kœvË‡ii gva¨‡g cÖvß ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Z_¨¸‡jv †ev‡W© wj‡L w`‡Z n‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì‡KI KLP (Key Learning
Points) ¸‡jv Note LvZvq wjL‡Z n‡e (5bs - 6bs mn 20 wgwbU)|
6| welqe¯‘i †Kvb we‡kl Ask wk¶v_©x‡ì ü`qsMg Kivi Rb¨ wk¶v_©x‡ì w`‡q †h †Kvb GKwU hands on activity
†hgb-2/3 wgwb‡Ui GKwU †QvU f‚wgKvwfbq/cÖvKwUK¨vj †Kvb KvR/Qzu‡q †`Lv/ K‡i †`qv A_ev GKwU B‡gR ev
WvqvMÖvg Gi ¯øvBW †`wL‡q †mwU wkÿv_©x‡ì eywS‡q †`qv A_ev we‡kl †Kvb wPÎ _vK‡j †mwU †ev‡W© AvuK‡Z n‡e (7
wgwbU)|
7| Kg©cÎ/DÏxcK-Gi ¯øvBW w`‡q wk¶v_©x‡ì †Rvov/`jMZ KvR my¯có wb‡`©kbv w`‡q e›Ub K‡i w`‡Z n‡e| j¶Yxq
†h, KvRwU Aek¨B Thought Provoking n‡Z n‡e (1 wgwbU)|
8| D‡jøL¨, G mgq cÖ‡R±i Ad ivL‡Z n‡e| wk¶v_©x‡ì KvR PjvKv‡j Ny‡i Ny‡i cÖwZwU †Rvov/ `jMZ KvR ZË¡veavb
Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b Clue w`b DËi wbiƒc‡bi Rb¨, DËi †jLvi Rb¨ †QvU KvMR/KvW© w`‡Z n‡e (5 wgwbU)|
9| wk¶v_©x‡ì KvQ †_‡K cÖvß DËi¸‡jv ey‡jwUb †ev‡W© A_ev Uvwb‡q ivLv †cv÷v‡i wWRvBb K‡i jvwM‡q gv‡K©U‡cø‡m
Dc¯’vb Ki‡Z n‡e A_ev †h †Kvb GKwU `j‡K Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e, Ab¨ `j¸‡jvi Kv‡Q AwZwi³ DËi _vK‡j
†m¸‡jv †cøbvix †mk‡bi gva¨‡g msMÖn K‡i †ev‡W© Mindmap ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e (5 wgwbU)|
10| AvR‡Ki Av‡jvP¨ welq cÖ‡Z¨K wk¶v_©x eyS‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z n‡e Ges D³ wel‡qi Dci Kv‡iv
wKQz Rvbvi Av‡Q wKbv Zv wR‡Ám Kiv (GB mgq †cv÷vi Lyj‡Z n‡e, gvwëwgwWqv Ad Ki‡Z n‡e, †evW© gyQ‡Z n‡e (1
wgwbU)|
11| wkLbdj AwR©Z n‡jv wKbv Zv we‡kl †Kvb B‡gR/Gwbwgkb/wfwWI/AwWI/`„k¨cU (mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡Ui mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y©) w`‡q †QvU †QvU cÖkœ K‡i DËi¸‡jv Av`vq Ki‡Z n‡e (3 wgwbU)|
12| GKwU wPšÍvg~jK KvR/ cÖkœ/ cÖ‡R± w`‡q evwoi KvR (iæwU‡b _vK‡j) w`‡Z n‡e (1 wgwbU)|
13| abëv` w`‡q cvV mgvß K‡i wRwbmcÎ ¸wQ‡q, †evW© gy‡Q, nvwmgy‡L †kªwYK¶ Z¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e (1 wgwbU)|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY Kx? wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKi‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
2. ‡cÖ‡R‡›Ukb mdUIq¨vi Kx? wWwRUvj wkÿv DcKiY ˆZwi Kivi Rb¨ wK wK `ÿZv AR©b Kiv cÖ‡qvRb?
3. ¯øvB‡W Qwe, AwWI I wfwWI hy³ Kivi avç‡jv Zz‡j aiæb|
4. Gwb‡gkb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? Gwb‡gkb eënvi Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
Z_¨m~Î
1. RvZxq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ bxwZgvjv-2009, evsjv‡`k
2. RvZxq wkÿvbxwZ - 2010, evsjv‡`k
3. wkÿK mnvwqKv, wkÿvq Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³t wkÿK KZ…©K wWwRUvj DcKiY ˆZwi Ges gvwëwgwWqv
K¬vmiæg cwiPvjbv, GK‡mm Uz Bbdi‡gkb †cªvMÖvg, cÖavbgš¿xi Kvh©vjq, RyjvB 2013
4. wkÿK evZvqb (www.teachers.gov.bd)
5. Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, beg-`kg †kÖwY, GbwmwUwe
6. weGW gva¨wgK wkÿK cÖwkÿK cÖwkÿY wkLb mvgMÖx, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvMÖ cªhyw³, wUwKDAvB, Ryb 2008
90

BDwbU-6
†¯úªWkxU cwiwPwZ Ges Gi wkÿvg~jK eënvi
G Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ welqeš‘mg~n-

6.1 †¯úªWkxU (gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j) cwiwPwZ I Gi †gŠwjK `ÿZv Abykxjb, †¯úªWkx‡U DcvË
ms‡hvRb
6.2 Kjvg, mvwi I wk‡ivbvgmn mvaviY †¯úªWkxU ˆZwi
6.3 dvskb cÖ‡qvM K‡i gvb wbY©q, Mo, m‡e©v”P, me©wb¤œ msL¨v wbY©q
6.4 wRwcG I †MÖWmn djvdj cÖYqb
6.5 MÖvd, PvU© I QK cÖ¯‘ZKiY
6.6 wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ DcvË I Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY, †¯úªWkxU gy`ªY
91

BDwbU-6
†¯úªWkxU cwiwPwZ Ges Gi wkÿvg~jK eënvi
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j n‡”Q †¯cÖWkxU G¨vbvjvBwmm †cÖvMÖvg| ˆ`bw›`b wnmve-wbKvk Kiv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i hveZxq eëmv
evwY‡Rï wewfbœ iK‡gi Avw_©K wnmve wbKvk ˆZwi‡Z †cÖvMÖvgwUi Rywo †bB| GB †cÖvMÖv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ ev‡R‡Ui wnmvemn
†Kvb WvUv‡K Pv‡U©i gva¨‡g my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j eënvi K‡i MvwYwZK, cwimvsL¨vwbK,
jwRK¨vjmn wewfbœ iKg wn‡me eënvi Kiv hvq| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji dvBj‡K IqvK©eyK ejv nq| dvB‡ji †h
As‡k KvR Kiv nq Zv‡K Kvh©‡¶Î (IqvK©kxU) e‡j| KZ¸‡jv IqvK©kxU wb‡q GK GKUv IqvK©eyK ev eyK ˆZwi nq|
cÖwZwU IqvK©kx‡U AmsL¨ Kjvg Ges †iv _v‡K| Kjvg¸‡jv‡K A,B,C...AA,AB...BA,BB,BC...IV BZ¨vw` bvgKiY
Kiv nq| Ab¨w`‡K mvwi¸‡jvi (†iv) b¤î 1 †_‡K ïiæ| mvwi Ges Kjv‡gi mgš^‡q ˆZwi nq GK GKwU Ni (‡mj)|
cÖwZwU Kvh©‡¶‡Î AmsL¨ †mj i‡q‡Q| †gvU K_v G‡·j Øviv ev‡RU ˆZwimn mKj cÖKvi wnmve-wbKv‡ki KvR mnR
Dcv‡q Kiv hvq|
6.1 †¯úªWkxU (gvB‡µvmdU& G‡·j) cwiwPwZ I Gi †gŠwjK `ÿZv Abykxjb,
†¯úªWkx‡U DcvË ms‡hvRb
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft Excel)
Excel k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© †kÖôZi nIqv| ¸Y, K…wZZ¡ cÖf…wZ we‡ePbvq †kÖôZi ev DrK…óZi nIqv| wek¦L¨vZ
gvB‡µvmdU K‡c©v‡ikb KZ©…K ˆZix I evRviRvZK…Z G †cÖvMÖvgwU GK mv‡_ A‡bK mgm¨v mvgvav‡b Ab¨vb¨ A‡bK
†cÖvMÖvg †_‡K †kÖôZi| ZvB Gi bvgwU h_v_© n‡q‡Q| DB‡ÛvR wfwËK G Application †cÖvMÖvgwU mvnv‡h¨ RwUj
MvwYwZK cwiMYbv, Z_¨ eë¯’vcbv Ges Z_¨‡K AvKl©Yxq K‡i Dc¯’vcbvq wbLyuZfv‡e PvU© ev MÖvd ˆZix Kiv BZ¨vw`
QvovI AviI A‡bK RwUj KvR‡K mn‡R mgvcb Kiv hvq| G‡·‡ji mywekvj c…ôvwU Kjvg I mvwiwfwËK †m‡j wef³
nIqvq G‡Z wewfbœ Z_¨ mwbœ‡ek K‡i Z_¨ we‡kølY Kiv hvq e‡j G‡K †¯úªWkxU G¨vbvjvBwmm †cÖvMÖvg ejv nq|
†¯úªWkxU (Spread Sheet)
Spread Sheet kãwUi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv Qov‡bv cvZv| Spread A_© Qov‡bv Ges Sheet A_© cvZv| MÖvd
KvM‡Ri X Aÿ Ges Y Aÿ eivei †Lvc †Lvc N‡ii b¨vq A‡bK Ni msewjZ eo kxU‡K †¯úªWkxU ejv nq| G‡·‡ji
m¤ú~Y© c`©vwU Aÿ X Ges Y Aÿ eivei †m‡ji mgš^‡q MwVZ| G‡·‡ji mywekvj †¯úªWkxUwU‡Z wewfbœ Z_¨ msiÿY
Kiv hvq Ges MvwYwZK cwiMYbv Kiv hvq|
IqvK©eyK (Work Book)
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j WKy‡g›U‡K ejv nq IqvK©eyK| hLb †cÖvMªvg ivb Kiv nq ZLb GKwU Lvwj IqvK©eyK Kv‡Ri Rb¨
ˆZwi _v‡K| GKwU IqvK©ey‡K GK ev GKvwaK IqvK©kxU _vK‡Z cv‡i| †cÖvMÖvg Pvjy Ki‡j mvaviYZ 3wU IqvK©kxU †`Lv
hvq| Gi msL¨v cieZx©‡Z evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv hvq|
IqvK©mxU (Worksheet)
G‡·‡ji IqvK©kxU n‡jv Column I Row Gi mgš^‡q MwVZ kxU| IqvK©mx‡Ui Kjvg¸‡jv A, B, C, D,
E.....Ges †iv¸‡jv 1, 2, 3, 4, 5......cÖf„wZ bv‡g wPwýZ _v‡K| KvR Kivi Rb¨ IqvK©kx‡U AmsL¨ Column I row
i‡q‡Q| IqvK©kx‡U Aew¯’Z Kvm©i‡K †mj c‡q›Uvi Ges †iv I Kjv‡gi wgwjZ ¯’vb‡K †mj-G‡Wªm e‡j| IqvK©mx‡U
†Kvb †m‡j †Kvb m~Î cÖ‡qvM Kivi ci m~‡Î DËi hw` †mj Gwiqvi †ewk msL¨v nq †m‡¶‡Î ###### (error) wPý
Avm‡Z cv‡i| G‡¶‡Î Kjvg‡K eo K‡i wb‡j c~Y© msL¨v †`Lv hv‡e|
92

gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft Excel) Gi myweav
G‡·‡j †¯úªWkxU‡K Avgiv GKwU weivU Qov‡bv c„ôv wn‡m‡e Zzjbv Ki‡Z cvwi| Gi gva¨‡g wewfbœ RwUj MvwYwZK
wn‡me Kiv m¤¢e| †¯úªWkx‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ Avgiv wb‡Pi KvR¸‡jv Ki‡Z cvwi-
¾ ‰`bw›`b wnmve msiÿY I we‡kølY;
¾ evwl©K cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb;
¾ ev‡RU cÖ¯‘Z;
¾ e¨vswKs eë¯’vcbv;
¾ Drcv`b eë¯’vcbv;
¾ AvqKi I Ab¨vb¨ wnmve ˆZwi;
¾ ‰eÁvwbK wnmve;
¾ ‡eZb wba©viY;
¾ gRy` eë¯’vcbv;
¾ mKj cwimsL¨vb;
¾ mKj Avw_©K eë¯’vcbvq;
¾ Z_¨ I DcvË msiÿY Ges eë¯’vcbvq;
¾ wewfbœ ai‡Yi PvU© ev MÖvd ˆZwiKi‡Y|
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft Excel) Pvjy Kiv

Start †_‡K Programs-Gi Wvb cvk †_‡K Microsoft Excel wK¬K Ki‡j Microsoft Excel
Pvjy n‡e | A_ev
Shortcut Bar †_‡K MS Excel Gi Symbol-G wK¬K Ki‡j Microsoft Excel Pvjy n‡e|
Microsoft Excel DB‡Ûvi mv‡_ cwiPq
wPÎ: gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j

93

gvB‡µvmdU G‡·j (Microsoft Excel) eÜ Kiv
‡Kvb KvR Kivi ci †cÖvMÖvg †_‡K †ei n‡Z PvB‡j
File Menu †_‡K Exit A_ev Close ev Dc‡i Wvbw`‡Ki µm evUb wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡gœi b¨vq GKwU WvqvjM
e· Avm‡e|
GLb dvBjwU †mf K‡i †ei n‡Z PvB‡j Save evUb Ges †mf bv Ki‡Z PvB‡j Don’t Save evU‡b wK¬K K‡i †ei n‡Z
n‡e|
dvBj †mf ev msi¶Y (File Save) Kiv

IqvK©kx‡U †Kvb †WUv Gw›Uª Kivi ci Save (msi¶Y) Kivi Rb¨
File Menu n‡Z Save Ackb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
File Name : Box G †h bv‡g dvBjwU †mf Ki‡ev †m bvg UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Save evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gZ)|
94

msiw¶Z dvBj (Open) Kiv
Save Kiv †Kvb dvBj Open Kivi Rb¨
File Menu †_‡K Open wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
dvB‡ji ZvwjKv †_‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq dvBj Select Ki‡Z n‡e |
Open evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
A_ev Wvej wK¬K K‡iI †m dvBjwU I‡cb Kiv hv‡e|
bZzb Sheet G hvIqv

†Kvb wKQy UvBc Kivi ci H †jLv‡K †mf K‡i A_ev †mf bv K‡iB hw` Ab¨ GKwU bZyb Sheet G hvIqvi cÖ‡qvRb
nq Zvn‡j
File Menu †_‡K New Ackb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
Ok evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji Acv‡iUi (Operator of Microsoft Excel)

gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡j †WUv wb‡q A‡bK KvR Ki‡Z nq| †hgb: †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` QvovI GKwU †WUvi
mv‡_ Ab¨wUi Zzjbv Ki‡Z hyw³MZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z wewfbœ wPý ev K¨v‡i±vi eëüZ nq| Gme wPý ev K¨v‡i±i‡K
Acv‡iUi e‡j| gvB‡µvmdU G‡·‡ji K‡qKwU Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq| h_v:
MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi (Arithmetic Operator)
wi‡jkbvj Acv‡iUi (Relational Operator)
jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi (Logical Operator)
MvwYwZK Acv‡iUi (Arithmetic Operator)

MvwYwZK KvR Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ G Acv‡iUi‡K wbD‡gwiK Acv‡iUi wnmv‡e AwfwnZ Kiv nq| MvwYwZK cwiMYbv Kiv
hvq G Acv‡iUi¸‡jvi mvnv‡h¨| A_©vr †hvM, we‡qvM, ¸Y, fvM BZ¨vw` KvR Kiv hvq| wb‡P Arithmetic
Acv‡iUi¸‡jvi ZvwjKv I KvR Zz‡j aiv n‡jv|
Acv‡iUi bvg KvR

+ †hvM wPý †hvM Kivi Kv‡R
- we‡qvM wPý we‡qvM Kivi Kv‡R
/ fvM wPý fvM Kivi Kv‡R
* ¸Y wPý ¸Yb Kivi Kv‡R
^ m~PK wPý G·‡cv‡bbwkqvj ev msL¨vi Dci
cvIqv‡ii Kv‡R
() MÖæc G·‡cÖkb eÜwbi Kv‡R
95

wi‡jkbvj Acv‡iUi (Relational Operator)
†cÖvMÖv‡g GK ev GKvwaK †WUvi g‡a¨ Zzjbv Kivi Rb¨ G ai‡bi Acv‡iU‡ii eënvi Kiv nq| wb‡gœi mviYx‡Z G
Acv‡iUi¸‡jvi eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv|
Acv‡iUi bvg KvR
= mgvb wPý wP‡ýi `yB cv‡ki Ask mgvb †evSv‡Z
< ¶`ªZg wPý evg cv‡ki Ask Wvb cv‡ki †P‡q †QvU †evSv‡Z
> e„nËg wPý evg cv‡ki Ask Wvb cv‡ki †P‡q eo †evSv‡Z
<= ¶z`ªZi mgvb wPý evg cv‡ki Ask Wvb cv‡ki †P‡q †QvU ev mgvb †evSv‡Z
>= e„nËi mgvb wPý evg cv‡ki Ask Wvb cv‡ki †P‡q eo ev mgvb †evSv‡Z
jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi (Logical Operator)
wewfbœ cÖKvi †hŠw³K KvR Kivi Rb¨ jwRK¨vj Acv‡iUi eënvi Kiv nq| G Acv‡iUi djvdj wnmv‡e True ev
False cÖ`vb K‡i| wb‡gœ `yBwU jwRK¨vj Acv‡iU‡ii eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv|
Acv‡iUi eY©bv
AND `ywU G·‡cªk‡bi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| ïay me¸‡jv G·‡cÖk‡bi gvb
True n‡j cy‡iv G·‡cÖkbwUi gvb True cÖ`vb K‡i|
OR `ywU G·‡cÖk‡bi g‡a¨ †hŠw³K wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡i| Kgc‡¶ GKwU G·‡cÖk‡bi gvb
True n‡j cy‡iv G·‡cÖkbwUi gvb True cÖ`vb K‡i|
6.2 Kjvg, mvwi I wk‡ivbvgmn mvaviY †¯úªWkxU ˆZwi

wk‡ivbvgmn mvaviY †¯úªWkxU ˆZwi
mvaviY †¯úªWkxU wk‡ivbvgmn ˆZwi Ki‡Z Microsoft Excel Program wU I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gevi File †gby n‡Z Save Option wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖvß Window-‡Z File Name G Dchy³ bvg w`‡q Saving Location wba©viY K‡i Save evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z
n‡e| Gfv‡e wk‡ivbvgmn mvaviY †¯úWkxU ˆZwi Kiv hv‡e (wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gZ)|
96

†iv wm‡j± (Row Select) Kiv
• †Kvb GKwU Row Select Ki‡Z n‡j (a‡i wbB 3bs †iv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e)
• gvDm c‡q›Uvi Row Gi 3 msL¨vi Dci wK¬K Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© †iv wm‡j± n‡q hv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK
Row wm‡j± Ki‡Z PvB‡j D³ Row-¸‡jvi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi wb‡q Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
Kjvg
wm‡j±
Kjvg wm‡j± (Column Select) Kiv

• †Kvb GKwU Column Select Ki‡Z n‡j (a‡i wbB C bs Kjvg wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e)
Kjvg
wm‡j±
• gvDm c‡q›Uvi C Gi Dci wb‡q wK¬K Ki‡j m¤ú~Y© Kjvg wm‡j± n‡q hv‡e| Ab¨w`‡K GK ev GKvwaK Kjvg
wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡j D³ Kjvg¸‡jvi Dci gvDm c‡q›Uvi wb‡q Wª¨vM Ki‡Z n‡e|
97

†mj/†mj †iÄ wm‡j± (Cell/ Cell Range Select) Kiv
IqvK©kx‡Ui †Kvb Z_¨vejxi g‡a¨ AvswkK †Kvb Z_¨ wb‡q KvR Ki‡Z n‡j ev AvswkK †Kvb Z_¨ wm‡j± Ki‡Z PvB‡j-
†h †mj †_‡K wm‡j± Ki‡Z PvB †mB †mj †_‡K gvDm c‡q›Uvi †P‡c a‡i hZUzKz cÖ‡qvRb ZZUzKz wm‡j± K‡i
†Q‡o w`‡Z n‡e|
Kx‡ev‡W©i gva¨‡g Ki‡Z PvB‡j-
†h †mj †_‡K wm‡j± Ki‡Z PvB †mB †m‡j †mj c‡q›Uvi †i‡L Shift †P‡c a‡i G¨v‡iv Øviv cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx
wewfbœ w`‡K wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
GK ev GKvwaK †iv jyKv‡bv ev nvBW (Hide) K‡i ivL‡Z PvB‡j-
Row ev Row ¸‡jv Select Ki‡Z n‡e |
Format †gby Row Ack‡bi Hide-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
jyKv‡bv †iv wdwi‡q Avbv (Unhide) Kiv-
Row My‡jvi Dc‡ii I wb‡Pi Row Select Ki‡Z n‡e|
Format †gby Row Ack‡bi Unhide wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
GK ev GKvwaK Kjvg (Column) jyKv‡bv- (†Kvb Kjv‡gi WvUv †KD hv‡Z bv †`L‡Z cv‡i †m Rb¨ WvUv¸‡jv Hide
K‡i ivL‡Z PvB‡j)-
Column ev Column ¸‡jv Select Ki‡Z n‡e |
Format †gby Column Ack‡bi Hide wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
jyKv‡bv Column wdwi‡q Avbvi Rb¨ hv Ki‡Z n‡e-
Column ev Column My‡jvi ev‡g I Wv‡bi Column Select Ki‡Z n‡e|
Format †gby Column Ack‡bi Unhide wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
‡mj ms‡hvRb (Cell Insert) Kivi wbqg
KvR Kivi †¶‡Î A‡bK mgq †mj Bbmv‡U©i cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i | †hgb- †Kvb †m‡ji †jLv Wvb cv‡ki †m‡j wb‡q
bZzb †mj mshy³ Ki‡Z n‡j-
gvDm c‡q›Uvi †jLvhy³ †m‡j ivL‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Insert †gbyi Cells Ackb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
Shift Cells Right Ackb wm‡j± K‡i Ok evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
Abyiƒcfv‡e †Kvb †m‡ji †jLv wb‡P wb‡q bZzb †mj mshy³ Kiv hv‡e|
98

mvwi ms‡hvRb (Row Insert) Kiv
‡Kvb GKwU IqvK©kx‡Ui gv‡S GKwU Row ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j-
†h ¯’v‡b Row Insert (ms‡hvRb) Ki‡ev †mB ¯’v‡b †mj c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Insert †gby †_‡K Row Ackb-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
Abyiƒcfv‡e GK ev GKvwaK Row Insert (ms‡hvRb) Ki‡Z n‡j

Row-¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Insert †gby †_‡K Row Ackb-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
`yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †mj GKwÎZ (Merge) Kiv

Kv‡Ri cÖ‡qvR‡b `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK †mj GKwÎZ Ki‡Z n‡j-
‡mj¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Merge and Center Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
gvR© Ges †jdU ev ivBUI Kiv hv‡e|
GQvovI †mj¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i di‡gwUs Uzjevi †_‡K Merge and Center evUb-G wK¬K
Ki‡jI †mj¸‡jv gvR© n‡q hv‡e|
Kjvg ms‡hvRb (Column Insert) Kiv
GKwU IqvK©kx‡Ui gv‡S GKwU Column ms‡hvR‡bi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j-
†h ¯’v‡b Column Insert (ms‡hvRb) Ki‡ev †mB ¯’v‡b †mj c‡q›Uvi ivL‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Insert †gby †_‡K Columns Ackb-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
Abyiƒcfv‡e GK ev GKvwaK Column Insert Ki‡Z n‡j

Column-¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|
Home wie‡bi Insert †gby †_‡K Columns Ackb-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e |
99

6.3 dvskb cÖ‡qvM K‡i gvb wbY©q, Mo, m‡e©v”P I me©wb¤œ msL¨v wbY©q
G‡·j †cÖvMÖv‡g dvskb
G‡·j †cÖvMÖv‡g AmsL¨ dvskb i‡q‡Q hv MvwYwZK dg~©jv MVb K‡i ¯^qswµqfv‡e wn‡me-wbKv‡ki KvR K‡i|
eënviKvix cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i †h †Kvb †m‡j G ai‡Yi dvskb Øviv KvR Kivi mgq Kx‡evW© n‡Z = (Equal Sign)
wPýwU UvBc K‡i wb‡Z nq e‡j G mKj dvskb‡K Equal Function ejv nq| dvskb wb‡RB GKwU dg~©jv wn‡m‡e
wKsev Ab¨ dvskb ev dg~©jvi mv‡_ hy³ n‡q eëüZ n‡Z cv‡i|
dvsk‡bi MVb KvVv‡gv

GKwU dvsk‡b †Lqvj Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e [= FUNCTION (ARGUMENT1, ARGUMENT2, ………..
ARGUMENTn)] GK ev GKvwaK argument AšÍf‚©³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| G¸‡jv dvskb m¤úbœ Kivi Rb¨ †cÖvMÖv‡g Z_¨
mieivn K‡i| cÖ‡Z¨K = dvsk‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ wmb‡U· _v‡K| †hgb = BD G dvsk‡bi wmb‡U· n‡jv = BD(Cost,
Salvage, Life, Period)| dvskb wb‡`©k cÖ‡qv‡M wmb‡U· avivevwnKfv‡e wjL‡Z nq| dvskb Gw›Uª Kivi jÿYxq
welqmg~n:
9 cÖ‡Z¨K dvskb = (Equal Sign) w`‡q ïiæ Ki‡Z n‡e|
9 Bs‡iwR †QvU ev eo nv‡Zi Aÿi UvBc Kiv hv‡e|
9 dvskb Ges Av¸©‡g‡›Ui gv‡S †Kvb †¯úm ivLv hv‡e bv|
9 GKvwaK Av¸©‡g›U _vK‡j Zv (,) ev †mwgKjb (;) w`‡q c„_K †`Lv‡Z n‡e|
9 Av¸©‡g›U¸‡jv msL¨v Ges kã n‡Z cv‡i|
9 Av¸©‡g›U wmb‡U· n‡j G‡K Wvej †Kv‡Ukb Øviv Ave× K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
9 wKQz dvsk‡b Av¸©‡g›U jv‡M bv| G¸‡jv Gfv‡e †jLv nq : =PC(), =NOW(), =RAND() BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ ai‡bi dvskb

G‡·‡j †cÖvMÖv‡g mvaviYZ bq ai‡Yi dvskb i‡q‡Q| †hgb-
o †WUv‡eR dvskb
o ZvwiL Ges mgq dvskb
o A_©‰bwZK dvskb
o jwRK¨vj dvskb
o MwYZ msµvšÍ dvskb
o Bbdi‡gkb dvskb
o cwimsL¨vb dvskb
o †U·U dvskb
o jyKAvc Ges †idv‡iÝ dvskb
dvskb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Mo wbY©q

cÖ_‡gB Mo wbY©‡qi m~ÎwU jÿ¨ Kwi: =average(argument:argument) GwU Øviv †iÄ Gi msL¨vmg~‡ni Mo wbY©q Kiv
hvq| cixÿv K‡i †`Lv hvK-
¾ †mj c‡q›Uvi‡K †h N‡i djvdj †`L‡Z PvB †mLv‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
100

¾ Fx wPwýZ Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
¾ cÖvß DB‡Ûv †_‡K Average wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
¾ †mj †iÄ wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Mo gvb cvIqv hv‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe jÿ¨ Kwi)|
101

dvskb cÖ‡qvM K‡i m‡e©v”P msL¨v wbY©q
m‡e©v”P msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~Î: =max(argument:argument) GwU Øviv †iÄ Gi msL¨vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ m‡e©v”P msL¨v wbY©q
Kiv hvq| cixÿv K‡i †`Lv hvK-
¾ ‡mj c‡q›Uvi‡K MAX wPwýZ †m‡ji g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
¾ cÖvß DB‡Ûv †_‡K MAX wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
¾ ‡mj †iÄ wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j m‡e©v”P msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe jÿ¨ Kwi)|
102

dvskb cÖ‡qvM K‡i me©wb¤œ msL¨v wbY©q
me©wb¤œ msL¨v wbY©‡qi m~Î: =min(argument:argument) GwU Øviv †iÄ Gi msL¨vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ me©wb¤œ msL¨v wbY©q
Kiv hvq| cixÿv K‡i †`Lv hvK-
¾ ‡mj c‡q›Uvi‡K MIN wPwýZ †m‡ji g‡a¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
¾ cÖvß DB‡Ûv †_‡K MIN wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
¾ ‡mj †iÄ wbe©vPb K‡i OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j me©wb¤œ msL¨v cvIqv hv‡e|
103

6.4 wRwcG I †MÖWmn djvdj cÖYqb
G‡·j †cÖvMÖv‡g †WUv mU© (Data Sort) Kivi wbqg
†WUv Sort Kivi A_© †WUv‡K web¨vm Kiv A_©vr †WUv‡K †QvU †_‡K eo (Ascending) Ges eo †_‡K †QvU
(Descending) Abyhvqx mvRv‡bv| †WUv¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i †WUv wie‡bi mU© Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡j †h DB‡Ûv Avm‡e
†mLv‡b †fjÿ eo †_‡K †QvU ev †QvU †_‡K eo wbe©vPb K‡i Avgiv †WUv m‡U©i KvRwU my›ìfv‡e Ki‡Z cvwi| Total
Gi Dci Descending Sort Kivi Rb¨-
†Uwe‡ji †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b †mj c‡q›Uvi †i‡L †WUv wie‡bi Sort Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡gœi WvqvjM e· Avm‡e|
Sort by G Score Ges Descending Ackb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
OK evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi wP‡Îi gZ)|
†WUv mU© (Data Sort) G Then by Gi eënvi

†Kvb cix¶vi djvdj `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK Qv‡Îi GKB n‡j ev †Kvb wbe©vPbx cix¶vq `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK cix¶v_©xi djvdj
GKB n‡j KwgwU Kv‡K wbe©vPb Ki‡e Zv wb‡q mgm¨v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| QvÎ/cix¶v_x© wbe©vP‡bi †¶‡Î KwgwU hw` g‡b
K‡i As‡K hv‡ì b¤î †ewk Zv‡ì wbe©vPb Kiv n‡e| †m‡¶‡Î Sort Gi Then by Gi eënvi n‡q _v‡K| awi `yBwU
QvÎ GKB bv¤^vi †c‡q‡Q Ges hv‡ì As‡K b¤î †ewk Zvi †ivj bs Av‡M n‡e| wb‡Pi QwewU jÿ¨ Kwi-
104

†Uwe‡ji †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b †mj c‡q›Uvi †i‡L †WUv wie‡bi Sort wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Sort by Box G Score Ges Descending Ackb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Then by Box-wU Avbvi Rb¨ Add Level wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Then by Box G Name Ges Descending Ackb-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
OK evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Total Gi wfwË‡Z †MÖW (Grade) †ei Kivi wbqg
wb‡gœi kZ©mv‡c‡¶ GKwU IqvK©kxU ˆZwi K‡i †UvUv‡ji Dci †MÖW †ei Kiv hvq|
GKRb QvÎ †h †Kvb GKwU wel‡q 10 Gi Kg †c‡j djvdj †dj n‡e
†gvU b¤î 80 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e A+
†gvU b¤î 70 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e A
†gvU b¤î 60 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e A-
†gvU b¤î 50 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e B
†gvU b¤î 40 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e C
†gvU b¤î 33 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW n‡e D
†gvU b¤î 33 Gi Kg n‡j †MÖW n‡e F
Total Gi wfwË‡Z †UwejwU‡K Desending Order G mvRv‡Z n‡e|
†WUv¸‡jv †hvMdj †ei Kivi Rb¨ G2 †m‡j Kvimi †i‡L

=SUM (C2:F2) myÎ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x †mj¸‡jv‡Z Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|
†UvUv‡ji Dci wfwË K‡i †MÖW (Grade) †ei Kivi Rb¨ H2 †m‡j Kvimi †i‡L
=IF(OR(C2<10,D2<10,E2<10,F2<10),"F",IF(G2>=80,"A+",IF(G2>=70,"A",IF(G2>=60,"A-
",IF(G2>=50,"B",IF(G2>=40,"C",IF(G2>=33,"D","F"))))))) myÎ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e| cieZ©x
†mj¸‡jv Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Total Gi Dci Desending Sort Kivi Rb¨
†WUv wieb †_‡K Sort wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Sort by e‡· Total Ges Desending Ackb wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e
Ok evUb wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e
gv‡K©i Gi Dci wfwË K‡i †MÖW c‡q›U (Grade Point) Ges †MÖW c‡q›U Gi Dci
wfwË K‡i GPA †ei Kivi wbqg
wb‡gœi kZ©mv‡c‡¶ GKwU IqvK©kxU ˆZwi K‡i †MÖW c‡q›U Ges GPA †ei Kiv hvq|
gvK© 33 Gi wb‡P n‡j †MÖW c‡q›U n‡e 0
gvK© 33 ev Zvi †ewk Ges 40 Gi wb‡P n‡j †MÖW c‡q›U n‡e 1
gvK© 60 ev Zvi †ewk Ges 70 Gi wb‡P n‡j †MÖW c‡q›U n‡e 3.5
105

b¤î 80 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †MÖW c‡q›U n‡e 5
gv‡K©i Dci wfwË K‡i †MÖW (Grade) †ei Kivi Rb¨ C3 †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L-
=IF(B3<33,"F",IF(B3<40,"D",IF(B3<50,"C",IF(B3<60,"B",IF(B3<70,"A-" IF(B3<80,"A",
IF(B3>=80,"A+"))))))) myÎ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e (Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z)|
C3 Kjv‡gi wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|

C3 †m‡j Kvm©i †i‡L Kwc KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
F3 Ges I3 †m‡j Paste Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|
gv‡K©i Dci wfwË K‡i †MÖW c‡q›U (GP) †ei Kivi Rb¨ D3 †m‡j Kvimi †i‡L-
=IF(B3<33,0,IF(B3<40,1,IF(B3<50,2,IF(B3<60,3,IF(B3<70,3.5,IF(B3<80,4,IF(B3>=80,5)))))))
myÎ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e (Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z)|
D3 Kjv‡gi wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|
D3 †m‡j Kvimi †i‡L Kwc KgvÛ w`‡Z n‡e|
G3 Ges J3 †m‡j Paste Ki‡Z n‡e Ges wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|
†MÖW c‡q›U Gi Dci wfwË K‡i GPA †ei Kivi Rb¨ K3 †m‡j Kvimi †i‡L-
=IF(OR(D3=0,G3=0,J3=0),0,(D3+G3+J3)/3) myÎ wj‡L G›Uvi Pvc‡Z n‡e|
K3 Kjv‡gi wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e (Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z)|
6.5 MÖvd, PvU© I QK cÖ¯‘ZKiY

PvU©
mvaviYfv‡e PvU© n‡jv GKwU Z_¨ MÖvwdK Dc¯’vcbv| PvU©¸‡jv eënviKvix‡ì mvg‡b †Kvb †WUvi djvdj Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z cv‡i, eZ©gvb Ges fwel¨‡Zi Rb¨ wm×všÍ wb‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i Ges GKmv‡_ A‡bK¸‡jv welq Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
106

Pv‡U©i cÖKvi‡f`
†ewkifvM †cÖvMÖv‡gi PvU©¸‡jvi g‡a¨ me©vwaK RbwcÖq PvU©¸‡jv n‡jv-
o evi PvU©
o Kjvg PvU©
o G‡·j ¯úvK©jvBb
o †d¬vPvU©
o wPÎ‡jL
o jvBb PvU©
o cvB PvU©
o c‡q›U PvU©
PvU© eënv‡ii ¸iæZ¡
MvwYwZK Z_¨gvjv‡K MÖv‡di gva¨‡g cÖKvk Kiv nq, KviY MÖvd Z_¨ A‡cÿv-
9 PgKcÖ` I wPËvKl©K|
9 mn‡RB g‡b `vM Kv‡U|
9 mswÿß aviYv †`q|
9 Zzjbv‡K mnR K‡i|
9 Z_¨ we‡kølY K‡i|
9 mn‡R †evaMg¨ nq|
9 mgq evuPvq|
evi MÖvd ˆZwi Kivi wbqg
evi MÖvd w`‡q †Kvb Z_¨‡K my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi Rb¨ D`vniY wn‡m‡e-
wb‡gœi b¨vq †WUv¸‡jv IqvK©kx‡U wj‡L Chart bv‡g Save Ki‡Z n‡e|
2005 2006 2007 2008
Jute 56 79 80 90
Leather 55 65 85 95
Tea 66 77 59 87
Germents 70 80 90 96
†WUv¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

Insert wieb n‡Z Column ev evi Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi wP‡Îi g‡Zv)|
Dchy³ 2D A_ev 3D evi MÖv‡d wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

Gfv‡e G‡·‡j evi MÖvd ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
107

†`Lv hv‡e Gw›Uª Kiv Z‡_ï Dci wfwË K‡i GKwU evi PvU© ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|
wb‡Pi wP‡Î jÿ¨ Ki‡j †`Lv hvq wewfbœ Kvjvi w`‡q mvj D‡jøL K‡i evi PvU©wU ˆZwi n‡q‡Q|
Kvjvi cwieZ©bmn cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤úv`bv GLv‡b Kiv hvq|
†h‡Kvb ai‡bi cwieZ©‡bi Rb¨ evi PvU©wUi evDÛvwi‡Z Wvej wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Layout U¨ve n‡Z Chart Title, Axis Title, Legend, Data Labels, Data Table BZ¨vwÌ cÖ‡qvR‡b
cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e|
108

cvB PvU© ˆZwi Kivi wbqg
‡WUvi aib ev web¨v‡mi Kvi‡Y evi PvU© w`‡q †Kvb Z_¨‡K A‡bK mgq my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq bv| Avevi evi
Pv‡U©i †P‡q cvB PvU©‡K †ewk cQ›` K‡i _v‡Kb| Dc‡i ewY©Z Z_¨¸‡jv wb‡q Gevi cvB PvU© ˆZwi Abykxjb Kiv hvK-
wb‡gœi b¨vq †WUv¸‡jv IqvK©mx‡U wj‡L cvB PvU© bv‡g Save Ki‡Z n‡e|
2005 2006 2007 2008

Jute 56 79 80 90
Leather 55 65 85 95
Tea 66 77 59 87
†WUv¸‡jv wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

Insert wieb n‡Z Pie Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wPÎ jÿ¨ Kwi)|
cQ›`gZ 2D A_ev 3D Pie G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|

‡WUv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z PvB‡j IqvK©kx‡U cwieZ©b Ki‡j Pv‡U© Zv A‡Uv n‡q hvq|
Layout U¨ve n‡Z Chart Title, Legend, Data Labels BZ¨vw` cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e|
109

QK ev Table ˆZwi Kivi wbqg
KL‡bv KL‡bv QK ev Table w`‡q †Kvb Z_¨‡K my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq| GKRb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Kv‡R
wKsev wkÿv_©x‡ì †WUv‡eR ˆZwi‡Z GK ai‡bi †Uwej ˆZwii cÖ‡qvRb nq| †Uwej ˆZwii wewfbœ w`K¸‡jv Abykxjb Kiv
hvK|
wb‡Pi †Uwe‡j †h †WUv¸‡jv i‡q‡Q Zv GKwU IqvK©kx‡U UvBc K‡i †Kvb GKwU bvg w`‡q (†hgbÑ †Uwej)
Save Ki‡Z n‡e|
2005 2006 2007 2008

Jute 56 79 80 90
Leather 55 65 85 95
Tea 66 77 59 87
wb‡Pi Qwei gZ †WUv¸‡jv wm‡j± K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Insert n‡Z Table Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖvß †QvU Window †Z OK evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Gfv‡e G‡·‡j wbe©vwPZ †WUvi QK ev Table ˆZwi Kiv hvq
cÖ‡qvRbgZ cÖwZwU Kjv‡gi bvg †`qv hvq ev cwieZ©b Kiv hvq

†WUv wdëv‡ii mnvqZvq †WUv mU© Kiv mnR
110

6.6 wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ DcvË I Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges wm×všÍ MÖnY, †¯úªWkxU gy`ªY
DcvË
mZ¨ NUbv ev Z‡_ï Bs‡iwR eûePb wb‡`©kK kã n‡jv DcvË| we‡kl K‡i hLb †Kvb wKQz Luy‡R †ei Ki‡Z ev wm×všÍ
wb‡Z H Z_¨ eënvi Kiv nq ZLwb Zvi mv_©KZv cÖKvk cvq| Aaybv Kw¤úDUv‡ii DcvË msiÿY ev Z_¨ Ly‡uR Avbvq
WvUv Gw›Uª ev WvUv wiUªvBfvj RbwcÖq kã| myZivs Kv‡iv cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e mnvqZvg~jK mZ¨ Z_¨ ev NUbv ev cwimsL¨vb
n‡jv DcvË| Av‡iv ejv hvq †WUv n‡jv Z‡_ï KvuPvgvj|
DcvË we‡kølY
fv‡jv DcvË¸‡jv mivmwi M‡elYv msµvšÍ Kv‡Ri m‡½ m¤ú„³ _v‡K| Zv‡Z mivmwi cÖ‡kœi DËi wg‡j hvq| cÖ‡Z¨K
cÖ‡kœi Rb¨ GKvwaK Z‡_ï Drm ev †KŠkjeënvi Dc‡hvMx cÖwµqv wn‡m‡e Kv‡R jv‡M| Zv‡Z h_v_© djvdj wbwðZ
nq| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq †Kvb wkÿK cV‡b wkÿv_x©i g‡bvfve hvPvB Ki‡Z Drmvnx| G‡ÿ‡Î wbðqB H wkÿK
wkÿv_x©‡ì‡K †kÖwY‡Z ch©‡eÿY K‡i (1) cÖkœ wRÁvmv Ki‡eb| G †ÿ‡Î wkÿv_x©i AwfevfK wKsev evev-gvI n‡Z
cv‡i (2) mvÿvrKvi MÖnY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| †Kej cÖkœ Kiv bq, wkÿv_x©i †kªwYK‡ÿi AvPiYI fv‡jvfv‡e ch©‡eÿY
Ki‡eb wkÿK| Qwe ev Q‡Ki eëüZ cÖ‡kœi m‡½ wg‡j †M‡j ch©‡eÿY I Dr‡mi cÖ‡qvM wbwðZ nq| Gfv‡e we‡kølY
†_‡K e¨w³, wkÿK, M‡elK †c‡Z cv‡ib AbymÜv‡bi djvdj, wb‡Z cv‡ib wm×všÍ Ges Ki‡Z cv‡ib cÖ‡qvRbxq
mycvwik|
¸YevPK DcvË we‡køl‡Yi cÖwµqv
¸YevPK DcvË we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ b¨vqm½Z I mZK©Zvi mv‡_ DcvËmg~n‡K wbw`ó wbq‡gi AvIZvq G‡b we‡kølY Kiv
LyeB RwUj KvR| G Kv‡R GKB cÖwµqvi evievi cybive„wË NUv‡Z nq| Zv m‡Z¡I g~j¨vqbKvixiv ¸YevPK DcvË †_‡K
aviYv jv‡fi RY¨ wKQz g~jbxwZ wPwüZ K‡i‡Qb| DcvË we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨ wZbwU avc i‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. DcvËmgyn jNyKiY
2. DcvË Dc¯’vcb
3. mZ¨Zv cÖgvY
DcvË e¨vL¨vKiY
DcvË e¨vL¨vi A_© n‡jv DcvË¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb| m¤ú‡K©i wfwË Kx, DcvË¸‡jv KZUv cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix,
wbf©i‡hvM¨, h_v_© BZ¨vw` welq m~²fv‡e we‡kølY Kiv| myZivs DcvË e¨vL¨vKiY n‡jv msM„nxZ DcvË¸‡jvi g‡a¨ m¤úK©
¯’vcb Ges Zzjbv Kiv, GwU DcvË we‡køl‡Yi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ask| DcvË e¨vL¨v K‡iB djvdj, gšÍe¨ Ges Dcmsnvi ˆZwi
Kiv hvq|
DcvË e¨vL¨vi ¸iæZ¡

9 DcvË e¨vL¨vKi‡Yi gva¨‡g M‡elYv K‡g©i djvdj cvIqv hvq|
9 M‡elK DcvË e¨vL¨v K‡i eyS‡Z cv‡ib M‡elYv K‡g©i djvd‡ji ¸iæZ¡ Ges Ab¨ cvVKe„›` DcvË e¨vL¨v
†_‡K M‡elYv Kg©wU KZUv ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges Gi DcvËmg~‡ni KZUv wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv Av‡Q Zv Rvb‡Z cv‡ib|
9 DcvË e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g fwel¨‡Z †h‡Kvb M‡elYvi Rb¨ e¨vL¨vg~jK aviYv Ges wb‡`k©bv cvIqv hvq|
9 M‡elYv m¤úKx©q AwaKZi Ávb I `ÿZv DcvË e¨vL¨vi gva¨‡g AR©b Kiv m¤¢e|
9 M‡elK cÖvß djvd‡ji wfwË‡Z Ab¨vb¨ M‡elYv K‡g©i mv‡_ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
9 DcvË e¨vL¨v M‡elYv djvdj‡K ¸iæZ¡c~Y©, wbf©i‡hvM¨ Ges êaZv cÖ`v‡b mn‡hvwMZv K‡i|
111

†WUv wdëvi (Data Filter) Kiv
†WUv wdëvi k‡ãi A_© †WUv QvKv| GB Kgv‡Ûi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó †Kvb e¯‘/e¨w³e‡M©i ZvwjKv †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i| wb‡Pi
Qwei b¨vq GKwU IqvK©kxU ˆZwi K‡i ïay gvÎ Upazila ¸‡jvi ZvwjKv †ei Ki‡ev|
†WUv‡e‡Ri †h †Kvb RvqMvq Kvm©i †i‡L Data wie‡bi Filter Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
cÖZ¨K wd‡ìi cv‡k Wªc WvDb e· Avm‡e|
Upazila wd‡ìi cv‡k Wªc WvDb e‡· wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e (wPÎ jÿ¨ Kwi)|
wm‡j± Aj DwV‡q w`‡Z n‡e|

Rajbari Select Ki‡Z n‡e, Zvn‡j Rajbari Dc‡Rjvi wkÿK‡ì ZvwjKv †`Lv hv‡e|
112

KgvÛ evwZj Ki‡Z n‡j cybivq Data wie‡bi Filter Ack‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
k‡Z©i wfwË‡Z †WUv wdëvwis Ki‡Z n‡j
Data Filtering-Gi gva¨‡g ïay Officer I Engineer Gi ZvwjKv Ab¨ ¯’v‡b Kwc K‡i †`L‡Z n‡j
D2 †m‡j Bhanga, D3 †m‡j Pangsha, D4 †m‡j Goalundo wjL‡Z n‡e|
†Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ Kvm©i †i‡L Data>Filter>Advanced Filter wb‡`©k w`‡Z n‡e|
Criteria Range e‡· D2:D4 UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
Copy to Another Location wm‡j± Ki‡Z n‡e|

Copy to e‡· †h ¯’v‡b †WUv¸‡jv cÖ`k©b Ki‡ev †mB ¯’v‡bi †iÄ w`‡Z n‡e| (‡hgb-12:D14)
OK wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
113

†¯úªWwkU gy`ª‡Yi c~‡e© †h KvR¸‡jv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e
wcÖ›U wcÖwfD (Print Preview) †`Lv
†Kvb †jLv wcÖ›U Kivi c~‡e© c„ôvi gvwR©b, †nWvi, dzUvi, †cR bv¤^vi BZ¨vw` GKbR‡i †`‡L †bqv fv‡jv|
File †gby †_‡K Print-G wK¬K Ki‡j Wvb w`‡K Print Preview †`Lv hv‡e| cieZ©x‡Z Escape Key Press
Ki‡j cybivq WKz‡g‡›U Avmv hv‡e|
†cR †mUAvc (Page Setup) Kiv

IqvK©ey‡K c„ôvi gvwR©b, KvM‡Ri mvBR Ges wcÖ‡›Ui aib BZ¨vw` Default Kiv _v‡K| G †¶‡Î Zv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z
n‡j-
Page Layout wieb †_‡K Margins Option †_‡K Custom Margins evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡j Page Setup
WvqvjM e· Avm‡e| GLv‡b Margin U¨v‡e wK¬K K‡i cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i Left, Right, Top, Bottom Gi
gvwR©b evov‡bv ev Kgv‡bv hv‡e (wb‡Pi wPÎ jÿ¨ Kwi)|
gvwR©b U¨ve n‡Z Left, Right, Top, Bottom, Header Ges Footer cÖ‡qvR‡b cwieZ©b Kiv hv‡e|
KvM‡Ri mvBR cwieZ©b

IqvK©ey‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi KvM‡Ri mvBR i‡q‡Q| †hgb- Letter Size, Legal Size, A4 BZ¨vw`| IqvK©ey‡Ki Z_¨¸‡jv
†Kvb ai‡bi KvM‡R wcÖ›U n‡e Zvi Dci wfwË K‡i Kw¤úDUv‡i KvM‡Ri mvBR cwieZ©b Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Gi Rb¨ hv
Ki‡Z n‡e-
Page Layout Gi Margins Option †_‡K Custom Margins evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
Paper Size e· n‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq †ccvi mvBR wm‡j± K‡i OK evUb wK¬K Ki‡j KvM‡Ri mvBR cwieZ©b
n‡e (c‡ii Qwe jÿ¨ Kwi)|
114

cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Landscape Ges Portrait wm‡j± K‡i wcÖ›U Kiv hv‡e|
dvB‡ji †Kvb c„ôv wcÖ›U (Print) Kiv

Kw¤cDUv‡ii †Kvb KvR KvM‡Ri gva¨‡g †ei Kivi bvg wcª›U Kiv| Z‡e wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j GKwU wcÖ›Uvi _vK‡Z n‡e
Ges wcÖ›UviwU Kw¤úDUv‡i Bb÷j Kiv _vK‡Z n‡e| GB me _vKv Ae¯’vq dvB‡ji †Kvb c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j wcÖ›UviwU
Ab K‡i-
dvB‡ji †h †Kvb ¯’v‡b Kvm©i †i‡L File †gby †_‡K Print-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
dvB‡ji mKj c„ôv wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j Page range Gi All wm‡j± K‡i OK Ki‡j dvB‡ji mKj c„ôv wcÖ›U
n‡e (Dc‡ii Qwe jÿ¨ Kwi)|
dvB‡ji wbw`©ó †Kvb c„ôv ev 2bs c„ôv n‡Z 5bs c„ôv ch©šÍ a‡i wcÖ›U Ki‡Z PvB‡j Page range Gi page(s):
wm‡j± K‡i wbw`©ó c„ôv ev †Kvb c„ôv n‡Z †Kvb c„ôv ch©šÍ wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡e Zv wj‡L Print evUb wK¬K Ki‡j
dvB‡ji wbw`©ó ev cÖ`Ë c„ôv¸‡jv wcÖ›U n‡e|
115

dvB‡ji wm‡j± Kiv †Kvb Ask wcÖ›U Ki‡Z n‡j Page range Gi Selection wm‡j± K‡i Print evUb wK¬K
Ki‡j wm‡j± Kiv Ask wcÖ›U n‡e|
Dch©y³ †h †Kvb Dcv‡q wcÖ›U Kivi †¶‡Î cÖwZwU c„ôv KZ¸‡jv wcÖ›U n‡e Zv wbw`©ó K‡i w`‡Z n‡j
Number of copies: e‡· D‡jøL K‡i wcÖ›U w`‡Z n‡e|
ZvQvov GLbKvi wcÖ›Uvi¸‡jv †_‡K wZb ai‡bi myweav cvIqv hvq| wcÖ›U, ¯‹¨vb Ges d‡UvKwc| Avevi
Dfq c„ôv wcÖ›U KiviI my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| †m‡ÿ‡Î wcÖ›U Kivi c~‡e©B Zv wm‡j± K‡i w`‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡R±
gvB‡µvmd&U G‡·j †cÖvMªvg eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì †MªwWs ev djvdj cÖ¯‘ZKiY| wkÿv_©x‡ì `j MVb K‡i, mgq
†eu‡a w`‡q cÖ‡R± IqvK©wU Kiv‡Z n‡e|
cÖ‡R± UvB‡Uj: gvB‡µvmd&U G‡·j †cÖvMªvg eënvi K‡i wk¶v_x©‡ì †MªwWs ev djvdj cª¯‘ZKiY|
D‡Ïk¨: djvdj ˆZwi‡Z cyivZb c×wZi cwie‡Z© bZyb c×wZi cÖ‡qvM|
mgm¨vi eY©bv: GBP Gm wm cix¶vq wk¶v_x©‡ì 6wU wel‡q cix¶vq AskMªnY Ki‡Z nq| Gi g‡a¨ 1wU welq _v‡K hv
wk¶v_x©iv AwZwi³ welq (PZy_©) wn‡m‡e wb‡q _v‡K| cÖwZwUi wel‡q Avevi 2wU K‡i cÎ _v‡K| bZyb c×wZ‡Z
AwZwi³ wel‡qi b¤¦i P~ovšÍ djvd‡j mivmwi cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| G‡¶‡Î kZ© _v‡K †h AwZwi³ wel‡q †h b¤î cvIqv
hvq Zv †_‡K †MªW c‡q›U 2 ev` w`‡q Aewkó b¤î Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi cÖvß b¤^‡ii mv‡_ †hvM n‡e| G Qvov cÖwZwU wel‡qi
(1g I 2q cÎ) cvk b¤î wn‡m‡e †gvU 66 b¤î †c‡Z nq| GB kZ©mg~n eZ©gvb cÖPwjZ †MªwWs c×wZi wn‡m‡e G‡b
djvdj cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq|
mgm¨v we‡kœlY : cix¶vi djvdj ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j wbgœewY©Z welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
(K) BbcyUmg~n
1. wk¶v_x©i †ivj, bvg I †kÖwY
2. wewfbœ wel‡q cÖvß b¤î
(L) AvDUcyUmn~n
wk¶v_x©i †ivj, bvg, welqwfwËK cÖvß b¤¦i, †jUvi †MªW I †MªW c‡q›U Gfv‡iR
(M) †iRvë ˆZwi‡Z djvdj ˆZwii wba©vwiZ kZ©vejx
1. †h †Kvb wel‡qi 1g I 2q c‡Îi b¤î‡K GK‡Î GKwU cÎ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. ‡Kvb wk¶v_x©i †h †Kvb wel‡qi †gvU cÖvß b¤î
K. 160 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = G+ Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 5
L. 140 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = G Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 4
M. 120 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = G- Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 3.5
N. 100 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = we Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 3
O. 80 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = wm Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 2
P. 66 ev Zvi †ewk n‡j †jUvi †MªW = wW Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 1
Q. 66 Gi Kg n‡j †jUvi †MªW = Gd Ges †MªW c‡q›U = 0
3. PZy_© wel‡qi †¶‡Î †MªW c‡q›U 2 Gi †ewk n‡j †m‡¶‡Î †gvU †MªW c‡q›U †_‡K 2 ev` w`‡q Aewkó
†MªW c‡q›U cuvPwU Avewk¨K wel‡qi †MªW c‡q›U Gi mv‡_ †hvM K‡i 5 w`‡q fvM K‡i †MªW c‡q›U
Gfv‡iR (wRwcG) †ei Kiv n‡e|
116

Dch©y³ welqvejx‡K wb‡gœ †Uwe‡ji g‡a¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡jv:
cÖvß gvK© ‡jUvi †MªW ‡MªW c‡q›U
80-100 A+ 5
70-79 A 4
60-69 A- 3.5
50-59 B 3
40-49 C 2
33-39 D 1
0-32 F 0
(N) †cÖvMªvg wWRvBb: G As‡k we‡kl K‡i †cÖvMªvg, GjMwi`g I †d¬vPvU© ˆZwi Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡Z¨KwU‡K msw¶ß Ki‡Yi
Rb¨ GLv‡b mivmwi gvB‡µvmd&U G‡·j c¨v‡KR †cÖvMªvg eënvi K‡i cÖ‡R±wU ˆZwi Kiv n‡jv| cÖ‡R‡±i †WUv Gw›Uª
msw¶ß I mnR Kivi Rb¨ †h mKj wel‡qi †WUv Gw›Uª Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi †KvwWs wbgœiƒc:
1 English 1st Part = Eng-1 English Letter Grade = ELG

English 2nd Part = Eng-2 English Grade Point = EGP
English Total = ET
2 Bangla 1st Part = Ban-1 Bangla Letter Grade = BLG
Bangla 2nd Part = Ban-2 Bangla Grade Point = BGP
Bangla Total = BT
3 Physics 1st Part = Phy-1 Physics Letter Grade = PLG
Physics 2nd Part = Phy-2 Physics Grade Point = PGP
Physics Total = PT
4 Chemistry 1st Part = Che-1 Chemistry Letter Grade = CLG
Chemistry 2nd Part = Che-2 Chemistry Grade Point = CGP
Chemistry Total = CT =
5 Mathematics 1st Part = Mat-1 Mathematics Letter Grade = MLG
Mathematics 2nd Part = Mat-2 Mathematics Grade Point = MGP
Mathematics Total = MT
6 Optional 1st Part = Opt-1 Optional Letter Grade = OLG
Optional 2nd Part = Opt-2 Optional Grade Point = OGP
Optional Total = OT
bgybv cÖkœ
1| †¯úªWkxU ev gvB‡µvmdU& G‡·j †cÖvMÖv‡gi êwkó¨ Kx Kx?
2| †¯úªWkxU ev gvB‡µvmdU& G‡·j †cÖvMÖvg eënv‡ii †ÿÎmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
3| wRwcG I †MÖWmn djvdj cÖYqb c×wZ eY©bv Kiæb|
4| wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g wewfbœ DcvË I Z_¨ we‡kølY Ges wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y G‡·j †cÖvMÖv‡gi f‚wgKv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
Z_¨m~Î
1| RvZxq wk¶vµg 2012, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
2| RvZxq wk¶vµg 2012 we¯Íi‡Yi wk¶K cÖwk¶Y g¨vbyqvj, RvZxq wk¶vµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv|
3| Kg© mnvqK M‡elYv, wUwKDAvB-cÖKí, wk¶v gš¿Yvjq, XvKv|
117

BDwbU-7
†mvm¨vj wgwWqv I cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK©
7.1 B‡gBj cwiwPwZ, GKvD›U †Lvjv Ges Gi wkÿvg~jK eënvi

7.2 †mvm¨vj wgwWqv Ges wkÿvq Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
7.3 cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK© (‡hgb: wkÿK evZvqb) cwiwPwZ Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b Gi eënvi Abykxjb
7.4 wkÿK evZvq‡b m`m¨ nIqv, eøM †jLv I gšÍe¨ †jLv
7.5 wkÿK evZvq‡b Z_¨ WvDb‡jvW I Avc‡jvW Kiv
7.6 fvP©yqvj Wª„vBf cwiwPwZ Ges wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Gi eënvi
118

BDwbU-7
†mvm¨vj wgwWqv I cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK©
wkÿvq AwfÁZv wewbgq GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖwµqv| mvaviYZ Avgiv wb‡Ri gZvg‡Zi mv‡_ A‡bï gZvgZ‡K †gjv‡Z
PvB| A‡bï gZvgZ‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡jI Avgiv wb‡Ri wPšÍvfvebv‡K Kv‡R jvMvB| G‡ÿ‡Î †kÖwYK‡ÿ wkÿ‡Ki
gZvgZ MÖn‡YI wKš‘ wkÿv_©x‡ì AskMÖnY cÖ‡qvRb| hv‡Z hyw³i Dc¯’vcb I eyw×i gyw³ mvwaZ nq| wKš‘ †kÖwYK‡ÿi
evB‡i hw` †mB gZvgZ cvwV‡q †Ìqv hvq †m‡K‡ÛB, hw` A‡bï fvebv msµvšÍ gZvgZ cvIqv hvq nv‡Zi gy‡Vvq-
Zvn‡j‡Zv K_vB †bB| c~‡e© wPwVc‡Îi gva¨‡g †m gZvgZ cvIqv †hZ| mvaviY gvby‡li cvkvcvwk weÁR‡biv e¨w³MZ
welq QvovI wewfbœ wel‡q wPwV wewbgq Ki‡Zb| wb‡Ri Kzkjvw` wRÁvmvmn e¨w³MZ gZvgZ‡K mgv‡Ri wbKUR‡bi
Kv‡Q †cŠ‡Q w`‡Zb, MÖnY Ki‡Zb A‡bï fvebv| G fvebv wewbg‡q hyMvšÍKvix D‡`¨vM G‡b w`‡q‡Q B‡gBj| B‡gB‡ji
gva¨‡g gyû‡Z©B B‡j±ªwbKfv‡e †cŠ‡Q hvq wPwV| nv‡j fve wewbg‡qi me‡P‡q RbwcÖq n‡”Q Social Media ev mvgvwRK
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g| Status w`‡q, wKsev †Kvb Post w`‡q gyû‡Z©B wcÖqR‡bi wKsev wbe©vwPZ eÜz‡ì Kv‡Q g‡bi K_v e‡j
†Ìqv hvq| A‡bï Post G wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖKvk Kiv hvq| wkÿv_©x, wkÿK, AwffveKmn mgv‡Ri mK‡jB hw` GB
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g eënvi K‡i wb‡R‡ì hy³ iv‡L Zvn‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î mevi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Kiv m¤¢e n‡e|
wkÿK‡ì †ckvMZ `ÿZvi Rb¨ wbqwgZ we`¨v PP©v cÖ‡qvRb| G Rb¨ wkÿK‡ì wbqwgZ cÖwkÿ‡Yi eë¯’v Kiv nq|
cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿKMY wkÿvq beZi aviYvi mv‡_ cwiwPZ nb Ges G‡Ki mv‡_ A‡bï AwfÁZv wewbgq nq|
eZ©gvb mg‡q Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Dbœq‡bi d‡j m„wó n‡q‡Q wewfbœ †ckvRxex †dvivg| evsjv‡`‡kI Gi e¨wZµg
bq, †`‡k G ai‡bi AbjvBb †ckvRxex †dvivg KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿK evZvqb
(www.teachers.gov.bd) †`‡ki wkÿK, wkÿv mswkøó e¨w³‡ì GK Abb¨ †bUIqvK©| Gi gva¨‡g †`‡ki wkÿK‡ì
ˆZwi Kiv Kb‡U›U, eøM †kqvwis n‡”Q| M‡o I‡V‡Q wkÿK‡ì GK wekvj †bUIqvK©| G QvovI RvwZms‡N BD‡b‡¯‹v (
http://en.unesco.org/) Av‡gwiKv wfwËK teacher’s portal (www.educationworld.com) mn wewfbœ †`‡ki
RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v i‡q‡Q †hLv‡b wkÿKMY hy³ †_‡K wb‡Ri Ges mnKg©x wkÿK‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b f~wgKv
ivL‡Qb| !
7.1 B‡gBj cwiwPwZ, GKvD›U †Lvjv Ges Gi wkÿvg~jK eënvi

B‡gBj (E-mail)
E-mail Gi c~Y©i~c Electronic Mail| DBwKwcwWqvq B‡gB‡ji msÁv †Ìqv n‡q‡Q Gfv‡e “Electronic mail
(email) is a method of exchanging messages between people using electronics”. A_©vr B‡gBj Z_v
B‡j±ªwbK †gBj n‡jv wWwRUvj evZ©v hv Kw¤cDUvi †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †cÖiY Kiv nq|
wek kZ‡Ki lvU-mË‡ii `k‡K B‡›Ui‡bU †cÖv‡UvKj (INTERNET PROTOCOL) Gi ga¨‡g Avicv‡bU
(ARPANET) Gi Rb¥ nq 1969 mv‡j| ZLb Av‡gwiKvi †cÖvMÖvgvi †ivgvÛ m¨vgy‡qj Ugwjmb B‡gBj Gi m~Pbv
K‡ib|
1972 Lªx÷v‡ã Avicv‡b‡U me©cÖ_g B‡j±ªwbK †gBj †cÖiY Kiv nq| B‡gBj †c‡Z cÖ_g w`‡Ki B‡gBj eë¯’vq †cÖiK
Ges cÖvcK `yRb‡KB AbjvB‡b _vK‡Z nZ| GLbKvi B‡gBj¸‡jv‡Z GB mgm¨v †bB| B‡gBj mvf©vi¸‡jv †gBj MÖnY
K‡i Ges msi¶Y K‡i Ges cÖ‡qvR‡b eënviKvixi wbKU cvVvq| eënviKvix ev cÖvcK‡K A_ev Kw¤cDUvi‡K
AbjvB‡b _vKvi cÖ‡qvRb nq bv ïaygvÎ †Kvb B‡gBj mvf©v‡i mPj B‡gBj wVKvbv _vK‡jB nq|
119

GKwU B‡gBj evZ©v wZbwU Ask wb‡q MwVZ- evZ©vi Lvg ev †gvoK, evZ©vi †nWvi ev g~j Ask (‡hUv‡Z evZ©v †Kv_vq ev
Kvi KvQ cvVv‡bv n‡e †m Z_¨ _v‡K) Ges g~j Ask ev evZ©v| †nWvi †gBj wbqš¿‡Yi Z_¨ enb K‡i, hv‡Z †cÖi‡Ki B-
‡gBj wVKvbv, GK ev GKvwaK cÖvc‡Ki wVKvbv _v‡K| evZ©v As‡k B‡gB‡ji eY©bv _v‡K| †hLv‡b B‡gBj †cÖiYKvix
welqe¯‘i we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv w`‡q _v‡K| evZ©v As‡k B‡gBj †cÖiYKvixi cy‡iv bvg wVKvbv †jLv _vK‡Z cv‡i| AwZwi³
wn‡m‡e B‡gB‡j GUvP‡g›U AvKv‡i Ab¨vb¨ †Kvb WKz‡g›U ev Qwe †cÖiY Kivi myweav i‡q‡Q| eZ©gv‡b eënviKvix
webvg~‡j¨ wewfbœ B›Uvi‡bU mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWv‡ii mnvqZvq B‡gBj wVKvbv Lyj‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z wba©vwiZ Z_¨ dig c~iY
K‡i B‡gBj wVKvbv †Lvjv hvq|
B‡gBj wVKvbv cÖ_gZ `yBwU As‡k wef³| cÖ_g AskwU n‡jv eënviKvix bvg| Gi wVK ciciB _v‡K @ wPýwU|
Zvici _v‡K †Wv‡gb †bg ev mvwf©m †cÖvfvBWv‡ii bvg| †hgb: samin@yahoo.com GB wVKvbvwU‡Z samin n‡jv
eënviKvixi bvg, yahoo.com n‡jv †gBj mvwf©m cÖ`vbKvix cÖwZôv‡bi bvg| †Wv‡gb †bgwU Avevi `yÕfv‡M wef³,
yahoo Ges .com cÖ_g AskwU w`‡q Zvi wb‡Ri bvg Ges c‡ii AskwU w`‡q cÖK…wZ ev aib †evSv‡bv nq| †hgb:
.com Øviv †evSv‡bv nq GB mvwf©mwU Kgvwk©qvj|
B‡gBj GKvD›U
A‡bK cÖwZôvbB eZ©gv‡b I‡qewfwËK B‡gBj †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb: gvB‡µvmd‡Ui hotmail, BqvûÕi yahoo
†gBj, ¸M‡ji gmail cÖf…wZ| GKvD›U †Lvjvi c×wZ wb‡¤œ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv|
Gmail GKvD›U †Lvjvi c×wZ

gmail bZzb GKvD›U Lyj‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡gB eªvDRv‡ii G‡Wªmev‡i www.gmail.com wVKvbv wj‡L G›Uvi w`‡Z n‡e|
Gici wR‡gB‡ji cvZvwU mvg‡b Avm‡e| Gici more option G wK¬K K‡i create an account-G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
120

dig cyiY Kivi cÖwµqv
†b·U evU‡b wK¬K Kivi ci wb‡Pi digwU Avm‡e| digwU wb‡`©kgZ K‡i cyiY Ki‡Z n‡e|
1. Dch©y³ di‡g Name G wb‡Ri bvg `yÕfvM K‡i wjL‡Z n‡e (†hgb Avcbvi bvg hw` nq Mohammad
Habibul Islam Sumon Zvn‡j Avcbvi bvg‡K first As‡k Mohammad Habibul Islam Ges last As‡k
Sumon wjL‡Z n‡e;
2. Choose your username As‡k cQ›`gZ unique ev AwØZxq eënviKvixi bvg w`‡Z n‡e †mwUB n‡e
B‡gBj wVKvbvi g~j Ask †hgb sumonhabib2018;
3. Create a password N‡i GKwU †Mvcb cvmIqvW© UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e| cvmIqvW©wU msL¨v I e‡Y©i mgš^q nIqv
fv‡jv| †hgb: n‡Z cv‡i pidim2018;
4. Confirm your password As‡k GKB cvmIqvW©wU cybivq UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. Birthday Gi RvqMvq wZbwU N‡i h_vµ‡g gvm, ZvwiL I mvj wjL‡Z n‡e|
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12. wb‡Ri wbe©vwPZ †dv‡b SMS wn‡m‡e GKwU †KvW b¤î Avm‡e (‡hLv‡b †jLv _vK‡e Your Google
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7.2 †mvm¨vj wgwWqv Ges wkÿvq Gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

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M‡elYvag© x †jLbx‡Z Andreas M. Kaplan and Michael Haenlein †mvm¨vj wgwWqv m¤ú‡K©
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2006 mv‡ji gvP© gv‡m UzBUv‡ii hvÎv ïiæ nq| Z‡e 2006 Gi RyjvB gv‡m R¨vK Wwm© AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Gi D‡Øvab
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Ges wkÿvg~jK Kb‡U›U ev wUD‡Uvwiqvj cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g mve©ÿwYK †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
BDwUD‡ei gZ mvgvwRK gva¨‡g RwUj I weg~Z©me welqe¯‘ wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡ì‡K mn‡R wkL‡Z mvnvh¨
K‡i| wewfbœ cÖwZôvb P¨v‡bj Ly‡j wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î `viæY GK my‡hvM m„wó K‡i w`‡q‡Q| GgbwK wkÿv_©x‡ì wewfbœ
GmvBb‡g›UwUI †mB P¨v‡b‡j †cv‡÷i gva¨‡g wkLb gva¨g wn‡m‡e P¨v‡bjwUi ¸iæZ¡ evwo‡q †`q|
A‡bK mgq K¬vmiæ‡gi evB‡iI BDwUDe ev †dBmeyK jvBf †mk‡bi gva¨‡g †kÖwYK‡ÿi wkLb-‡kLv‡bv
Kvh©µg‡K m¤úªmvwiZ Kiv n‡”Q|
wkÿK-wkÿv_©x wKsev wkÿv_©x-wkÿv_x© P¨vU MÖæ‡ci gva¨‡g wkÿv_©x‡ì MÖæc ÷vwWi weKí eë¯’v M‡o †Zvjv
m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
Iqvb Uz †gwb ev †gwb Uz †gwb wi‡jkb m„wói my‡hvM m„wó K‡i‡Q †mvm¨vj wgwWqv, hvi d‡j wkÿv_©xi AskMÖnY
ev gZvgZ †Ìqvi my‡hvM m„wô n‡q‡Q|
†kÖwYK‡ÿ †dBm Uz †dBm wkÿv Kvh©µ‡g †Kvb †Kvb wkÿv_©x PzcPvc e‡m _v‡K, wkÿ‡Ki bRi Kvo‡Z cv‡i
bv, wewfbœ eyw×gËvi wkÿv_©xiv †mvm¨vj wgwWqvq ev `~‡i e‡m †mB wkÿv_©xB A‡bK cÖ‡kœi gva¨‡g welqe¯‘‡Z
wb‡Ri gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g Zv AvqZ¡ Ki‡Z mÿg n‡”Q|
†gvUK_v wkÿv_©x‡ì cÖhyw³i cÖwZ AvMÖn‡K Kv‡R jvwM‡q mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g‡K h_vh_fv‡e eënvi
Ki‡j GKzk kZ‡Ki wkÿv_©x‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq `ÿZv cÖ`vb A‡bK mnR n‡q DV‡e| ZvB Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi
wkÿ‡ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi eënvi LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq|
7.3 cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK© (†hgbÑ wkÿK evZvqb) cwiwPwZ Ges †ckvMZ

Dbœq‡b Gi eënvi
cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK©
Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ gvby‡li cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b,
mvgvwRK Rxe‡b GgbwK †ckvMZ Rxe‡b Z_¨cÖhyw³i my‡hvM Kv‡R jvwM‡q †kqvwis‡qi gva¨‡g G‡K Ac‡ii mv‡_ hy³
†_‡K wb‡R‡K mg„× Ki‡Qb| cÖwZwU †ckviB i‡q‡Q Avjv`v Avjv`v Kv‡Ri †ÿÎ| AvRKvj GKB †ckvi †jv‡K‡ì
g‡a¨ AwfÁZvi Av`vb cÖ`vb n‡”Q, †kqvwis n‡”Q| Avi G my‡hvMwU K‡i w`‡”Q B›Uvi‡bU wbf©i wewfbœ †ckvMZ
†bUIqvK©| Friday.net G D‡jøL Av‡Q- “Professional networking is simply networking focused on
professional goals.” Avevi DBwKwcwWqvq D‡jøwLZ †ckvMZ †bUIqv‡K©i msÁvwU Ggb “Professional network is
a type of social network service that is focused solely on interactions and relationships of a business
nature rather than including personal, nonbusiness interactions.” A_©vr †ckvMZ †bUIqvK© n‡”Q Ggb GK
ai‡bi †bUIqvK© hvi gva¨‡g wewfbœ †ckvRxex wb‡R‡ì †ckvmsµvšÍ wel‡q gZwewbgq I †kqvi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
RvZxq I AvšÍ©RvwZKfv‡e wewfbœ ai‡bi †ckvMZ †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g †ckvRxexi cÖ‡qvRbxq Dcv`vb, AwfÁZv, weÁwß
GgbwK wewfbœ wUcm ev AbjvBb cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g G †ckvRxex †bUIqvK©¸‡jv KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| Gme †bUIqvK© ZvB
cÖwZwU †ckvRxexi Rb¨ †ckvMZ `„wófw½ m„wó‡Z Abb¨ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i hv‡”Q| RbwcÖq cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqvK©¸‡jvi
g‡a¨ wjsKWBb (www.linkedin.com) Ab¨Zg| Avgv‡ì †`‡kI wkÿK‡ì Rb¨ AZ¨šÍ RbwcÖq GKwU cÖ‡dkbvj
†bUIqvK© i‡q‡Q| †mwU n‡”Q wkÿK evZvqb (www.teachers.gov.bd)|
127

wkÿK evZvqb cwiwPwZ
cÖavbgš¿xi `ß‡ii GK‡mm Uz Bbdi‡gkb †cÖvMÖv‡gi Aax‡b wkÿK Ges wkÿvi Dbœqb Ges wkÿK‡ì †ckvMZ DrKl©
mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q wkÿK evZvqb|
wk¶K evZvqb Ggb GKwU †K›`ª¯’j †hLv‡b wkÿK ev wkÿv mswkøU e¨w³eM© (hviv Gi m`m¨ n‡eb) wk¶v welqK
Av‡jvPbv I K‡›U›U cÖKvk Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GLv‡b wk¶‡Kiv Zv‡ì ˆZwi wewfbœ wk¶vg~jK K‡›U›U Avc‡jvW Kiv, wk¶v
welqK Av‡jvPbvmn eøM †jLv †kqvi Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| mvaviYZ GKRb wk¶K Zvi m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv w`‡q wkLb-‡kLv‡bvi
KvRwU Kivi †Póv K‡ib| A‡bK mgq RwUj wel‡q cvV`vb Ki‡Z wM‡q Ab¨vb¨ wk¶‡Ki mvnvh¨ †bqvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z
cv‡i| †m‡¶‡Î me mgq wbR we`¨vj‡qi Ab¨ wk¶‡Ki mn‡hvwMZv cvIqv bv †M‡j wk¶K evZvq‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Lye
mn‡RB cÖ‡qvRbxq K‡›U›U ev wk¶v mnvqK †h‡Kvb mn‡hvwMZv cvIqv m¤¢e|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖvq 9 j‡¶iI †ewk wk¶K i‡q‡Qb hv‡ì A‡b‡KB †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †ek wKQz cÖwk¶Y MÖnY
K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ ïay cÖwk¶Y MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g wkÿKZvi Dbœq‡bi cÖwµqvwU A‡bK Li‡Pi wKsev me wkÿK‡K cÖwkÿ‡Yi
AvIZvq AvbvI mgqmv‡cÿ| cÖwkÿ‡Yi wewfbœ welq Ges †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi wewfbœ welq wkÿ‡Kiv †kqvi Ki‡Z
cvi‡Qb GB I‡qe †cvU©v‡ji gva¨‡g| †Kvb wk¶K Zvi ˆZwi Kb‡U›UwU GLv‡b Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb, Avevi Abïv
Zv WvDb‡jvW K‡i eënvi Ki‡Z cvi‡Qb| GQvovI wkÿK evZvq‡b i‡q‡Q wewfbœ wel‡qi g‡Wj K‡›U›U| Gme
Kb‡U›U gvbm¤§Zfv‡e we‡kl cÖwkwÿZ wkÿK Ges cÖwkÿK‡ì ZË¡veav‡b ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q| wkÿK evZvqb Ggb
GKwU cøvUdig hvi gva¨‡g wkÿ‡Kiv wb‡R‡ì g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM iÿv K‡i wb‡R‡ì †ckvMZ Dbœqb K‡i P‡j‡Q|
ïaygvÎ wk¶KB bq, wk¶v_©xivI PvB‡j GLvb †_‡K Lye mn‡R Zv‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq wk¶v mswkøó welqwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i
wb‡Z cv‡ib| Gi d‡j wk¶vMÖnY Av‡iv mnRZi n‡q‡Q|
128

wkÿK evZvq‡bi †mevmg~n
wkÿK evZvqb †h‡nZz wkÿ‡Ki, ZvB Zvi †mev¸‡jvI wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœqb‡K †K›`ª K‡i| Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨
†mev¸‡jv n‡”Q-
1. m`m¨ nIqvi my‡hvM;
2. Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW;
3. Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW;
4. wkÿv welqK eøM;
5. A‡bï Kb‡U›U †`‡L gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM;
6. wkÿv welqK wbDR;
7. evZvqb g¨vM;
8. wkÿv welqK wewfbœ wfwWI Ges Qwe;
9. g‡Wj K‡›U›U;
10. AvšÍ:†hvMv‡hvM;
11. mßv‡ni †miv Kb‡U›U wbg©vZv wkÿK;
12. gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæg g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g;
13. Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wjsK|
wkÿK evZvq‡bi myweav

wkLb-‡kLv‡bv c×wZ I Kjv‡KŠkj m¤ú‡K© `ÿZv AR©b|
GK cøvUd‡g© wk¶K‡ì Avbv m¤¢e|
wbZ¨-bZzb wk¶v m¤úwK©Z welq m¤c‡K© aviYv AR©b|
mßv‡ni †miv wkÿK, Kb‡U›U cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡ì wewfbœ cÖ‡Yv`bv I Drmvn cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g
Kv‡Ri ¯^xK…wZ I gh©v`v cÖ`vb|
wkÿv welqK eøM, wbqwgZ AbjvBb evZvqb g¨vM cÖKvkbvi gva¨‡g wkÿK‡ì gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó
n‡q‡Q| G‡Z K‡i kni I MÖv‡gi wkÿK‡ì cÖwZfv weKwkZ n‡”Q|
‡`‡ki wkÿK‡ì g‡a¨ †ckvMZ Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ GK ai‡bi cÖwZ‡hvwMZv m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK-wkÿv_©x‡ì wewfbœ AwfÁZv †kqv‡ii gva¨‡g wkÿK‡ì `„wófw½i Dbœqb n‡”Q| d‡j †kÖwYK‡ÿ Z_¨
cÖhyw³ eënv‡ii gva¨‡g we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z GKzk kZ‡Ki wkLb evÜe cwi‡ek m„wó n‡”Q|
wkÿv welqK wewfbœ RvZxq I AvšÍR©vwZK cøvUd‡g© AskMÖnY, †mwgbvi, cÖwkÿY, ¯^xK…wZi my‡hvM m„wó n‡q‡Q|
wkÿK evZvqb wkÿK‡ì Ávb, `ÿZv, `„wófw½ Dbœq‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK gh©v`v I L¨vwZ e„w×, MÖvg-kn‡ii
wkÿ‡Ki g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kwg‡q G‡b wkÿ‡Ki ÿgZvqb K‡i‡Q- d‡j wkÿvi gv‡bvbœqb n‡”Q|
wkÿv welqK †Kvb wbDR, wkÿv cÖwZôv‡bi fv‡jv †Kvb msev`, †Kvb mnKg©xi e¨w³MZ ev †ckvMZ welqK
†Kvb mvnvh¨ ev mn‡hvwMZv g~û‡Z©i g‡a¨ Qwo‡q †`qv m¤¢e|
7.4 wkÿK evZvqb Gi m`m¨ nIqv, eøM †jLv I gšÍe¨ Kiv

wkÿK evZvq‡bi m`m¨ nIqv
eZ©gv‡b wk¶vi DrKl© mva‡b wk¶K‡ì Rb¨ i‡q‡Q wk¶K evZvqb hvi I‡qe G‡Wªm n‡jv www.teachers.gov.bd|
wkÿK evZvqb †_‡K me myweav †c‡Z n‡j Gi †g¤^vi ev m`m¨ n‡Z nq| m`m¨ nIqvi Rb¨ wk¶K evZvq‡bi †Kvb
m`‡mï KvQ †_‡K B‡gB‡j GKwU Avgš¿Y †c‡Z nq| Avgš¿Y cÖvwßi ci KiYxq n‡jv-
wb‡Ri B-‡gBj †PK K‡i Avgš¿Y MÖnY I wb‡`©kbv †gvZv‡eK dig c~iY Kiv| yahoo, gmail, hotmail cÖf…wZ eënvi
K‡ib Zviv †gBj I‡cb K‡i inbox G cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e| hviv Gmail eënvi K‡ib Zviv bx‡Pi avc AbymiY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib|
129

o eªvDRv‡ii G‡Wªm ev‡i www.gmail.com UvBc K‡i G›Uvi †cÖm Ki‡Z n‡e|
o GKwU Gmail †cR I‡cb n‡e|
o wb‡`©wkZ N‡i wR‡gBj GKvD›U wj‡L next evUb Pvc‡Z n‡e| cvmIqv‡W©i Ackb Avm‡j †mLv‡b cvmIqvW©
w`‡q G›Uvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
o ‡`Lv hv‡e Bbe‡· wkÿK evZvqb n‡Z GKwU Avgš¿Y G‡m‡Q| †gBjwUi (invitation from Education
Portal) †jLvwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
o Avgš¿‡Yi †gBjwU Lyj‡Z n‡e Ges To become a member of Education Portal, click the link below
or paste it into the address bar of your browser †jLvwU †`Lv hv‡e Ges Gi wb‡P GKwU wjsK cvIqv
hv‡e| Gevi †mB wjs‡K wK¬K K‡i dig c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e|
130

o †h digwU G‡m‡Q †mLv‡b BDRvi AvBwW wn‡m‡e eënviKvixi wR‡gBj AvBwWi @ Gi Av‡Mi AskUzKz
¯^qswµqfv‡e P‡j G‡m‡Q| B-†gBj wVKvbvi e‡· wR‡gBjwUI †jLv i‡q‡Q| Gici G‡K G‡K cvmIqvW©,
bvg, cèx BZ¨vw` Ab¨vb¨ Ask¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e c~iY Ki‡Z n‡e (wb‡Pi Qwe jÿ¨ Kwi)|
o cvmIqvW© Ges cvmIqvW© wbwðZKiæb N‡i GKB cvmIqvW© w`‡Z n‡e| cvmIqvW© kw³kvjx Kivi Rb¨ eY© I
msL¨vi mgš^‡q Kgc‡ÿ 6 wWwRU ev Zvi †ewk eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
o Bs‡iwR‡Z eënviKvixi bvg, wkÿK †KvW (GgwcI/gvDwk AvBwW hw` _v‡K), Rb¥ZvwiL (K¨v‡jÛvi n‡Z
wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e, nv‡Z †jLv hv‡ebv) wjL‡Z n‡e|
o †RÛvi wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
o eënviKvixi †gvevBj bv¤^vi wjL‡Z n‡e|
o eënviKvix PvB‡j wb‡Ri GKwU Qwe‡K †cÖvdvBj wcKPvi wn‡m‡e wbe©vPb Ki‡Z cv‡ib, GRb¨ Browse G
wK¬K K‡i wba©vwiZ di‡g‡Ui Qwe Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡e|
o GKBfv‡e †Rvb, †Rjv, _vbv, †cv÷ Awdm, cÖwZôvb I cèx wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
o g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e GwU †WUv‡e‡Ri mv‡_ hy³ _vKvi Kvi‡Y †ewkifvM Z_¨ wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e, wKQz wKQz N‡i
nv‡Z wjL‡Z n‡e| avivevwnKfv‡e G Z_¨¸‡jv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Ae¯’v‡ZB Av‡M cèx, c‡i †Rjv
wbe©vPb Kiv hv‡e bv| eënviKvixi ¯’vqx wVKvbv bq eis eënviKvixi cÖwZôv‡bi wVKvbv G‡Z wbe©vPb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
o me‡k‡l bZzb GKvD›U ˆZwi Kiæb- G wK¬K K‡i Av‡e`bwU mvewgU Ki‡Z n‡e|
131

o cieZ©x‡Z wkÿK evZvq‡bi GWwgb c¨v‡bj n‡Z eënviKvixi Z_¨ hvPvB evQvB †k‡l m`m¨ K‡i †bIqv n‡e|
wkÿK evZvq‡b jMBb Kiv

eënviKvixi Av‡e`b MÖnY Kivi ci wkÿK evZvq‡b jMBb Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb GKwU eªvDRvi I‡cb K‡i GB G‡Wª‡m-G
(www.teachers.gov.bd) †h‡Z n‡e| Gici jMBb-G wK¬K Ki‡j wb‡Pi AckbwU Avm‡e|
o jM Bb Kivi Rb¨ eënviKvixi BDRvi AvBwW (B‡gBj AvBwWi @ Gi Av‡Mi AskUzKz) Ges cvmIqvW©
wba©vwiZ N‡i UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e, K¨vcPvwU h_vh_fv‡e (†QvU/eo/msL¨v) UvBc Ki‡Z n‡e|
o cÖ‡ek G wK¬K Kwi| D‡jøL¨, cvmIqvW©/AvBwW‡Z †Kvb ai‡bi fzj n‡j jMBb n‡e bv, ZvB mwVKfv‡e AvBwW
Ges cvmIqvW© wjL‡Z n‡e|
o ¯^vMZ Rvwb‡q wkÿK evZvq‡b eënviKvixi bvg I Qwe cÖ`wk©Z n‡e|
132

wkÿK evZvq‡b eøM †jLv I gšÍe¨ Kiv
wkÿK evZvq‡b eøM †jLvi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g wkÿv msµvšÍ †h †Kvb welqe¯‘ evZvqb m`m¨‡ì mv‡_ †kqvi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb| eøM †jLvi Rb¨ eënviKvix‡K wb‡Pi cÖwµqv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e-
o eøM †jLvi Rb¨ eënviKvix‡K Avc‡jvW †gby n‡Z eøM mve †gby‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
o eøM †jLvi †cBRwU I‡cb n‡e|
o UvB‡Uj e‡· eø‡Mi wk‡ivbvg wjL‡Z n‡e| Gici welqe¯‘ N‡i eøMwU wjLyb| B‡”Q Ki‡j Av‡MB eøMwU Iqv‡W©
wj‡L †i‡L GLv‡b Kwc K‡i ewm‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib| eø‡Mi g‡a¨ Qwe, †Uwej BZ¨vwÌ w`‡Z cv‡ib|
133

o Gici msiÿ‡Y wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| wKQzÿ‡Yi g‡a¨B eøMwU cÖKvwkZ n‡q hv‡e|
o †nvg †cB‡R wM‡q †Lvjv Rvbvjv As‡k †`Lv hv‡e eøMwU wcb †cv‡÷i wb‡P mevi Dc‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q|
o Dch©y³ cÖwµqvq Lye mn‡R wkÿK evZvq‡b GKwU eøM †jLv hvq|
wkÿK evZvq‡bi eø‡M gšÍe¨ Kiv
o wkÿK evZvq‡bi eø‡M gšÍe¨ Kivi Rb¨ cQ‡›ì ev wbe©vwPZ eøMwU wK¬K K‡i I‡cb Ki‡Z n‡e|
o eø‡Mi wb‡P leave a comment e‡· gšÍe¨ wj‡L mvewg‡U wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
o Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ gšÍe¨ †mB eø‡M hy³ n‡q hv‡e|
gšÍe¨ Kivi Rb¨ GB e‡· wjLyb Ges mvewg‡U wK¬K Kiæb|

134

o eø‡M gšÍe¨ Kivi mgq fv‡jv w`K¸‡jv Av‡M Av‡jvPbvq Avb‡Z n‡e|
o KvR †k‡l wkÿK evZvqb †_‡K jM AvDU Ki‡Z n‡e|
gšÍe¨ hy³ nIqvi ci
7.5 wkÿK evZvqb n‡Z Z_¨ WvDb‡jvW I Avc‡jvW Kiv

wkÿK evZvq‡b n‡Z Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW Kiv
wkÿK evZvq‡b wkÿv mswkøó A‡bK Z_¨ I Kb‡U›U cvIqv hvq| †kÖwYK‡ÿ wKsev Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡R wkÿK evZvqb n‡Z
wewfbœ Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW K‡i eënvi Kiv hvq| WvDb‡jvW Kiv Kb‡U›U wkÿKMY †kÖwYi Kv‡R, wb‡Ri cÖ¯‘wZ‡Z
eënvi K‡i _v‡Kb| Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW Kivi c×wZ wb‡P Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
cÖ_‡g eªvDRvi n‡Z wkÿK evZvq‡bi wVKvbvq cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e (www.teachers.gov.bd), I‡cb nevi ci
jMBb-G wK¬K K‡i AvBwW, cvmIqvW© w`‡q cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z n‡e|
†h wel‡qi Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW Ki‡Z B”QzK †mwU Lyu‡R †ei Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_‡gB †gby †_‡K mvaviY wkÿv/KvwiMwi
wkÿv/gv`ªvmv wkÿvi †h‡Kvb GKwU wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| D`vniY wn‡m‡e 8g †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi Kb‡U›U
WvDb‡jvW Ki‡ev| Avi G KvRwU Ki‡Z PvB‡j mvaviY wkÿv n‡Z evsjvq wK¬K K‡i wb‡Pi wb‡`©kbv AbymiY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
135

mKj †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi me Kb‡U›U Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e| G ch©v‡q wb‡Pi wPÎ †gvZv‡eK †kÖwY 8g wbe©vPb
Ki‡Z n‡e| GLb w¯Œ‡b 8g †kÖwYi evsjv wel‡qi mKj Kb‡U›U Dc¯’vwcZ n‡e|
cv‡ki WªcWvDb (mv¤úªwZK †jLv) G¨‡iv‡Z wK¬K K‡i me©vwaK g~j¨vwqZ, me©vwaK cQ›` wKsev g‡Wj
Kb‡U›U¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡ib|
ZvwjKv †_‡K cQ›`K…Z Kb‡U›UwU‡Z wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| Kb‡U›UwU WvDb‡jvW Kivi c~‡e© †`‡L †bqv hv‡e GwU
cÖ‡qvRb wKbv? hw` cÖ‡qvRb g‡b nq Zvn‡j WvDb‡jvW evU‡b wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e|
WvDb‡jv‡W wK¬K Kivi ci GKwU DB‡Ûv Avm‡e| †mLv‡b save file-G wK¬K Kivi ci ok Ki‡Z n‡e|
dvBjwU WvDb‡jvW n‡q Kw¤úDUv‡i msiwÿZ n‡e| mvaviYZ WvDb‡jvW n‡q dvBj¸‡jv gvB Kw¤úDUv‡ii
WvDb‡jvWm bvgK †dvìv‡i _v‡K|
eënviKvix B”Qv Ki‡j Kb‡U‡›Ui wb‡P jvBK Ges gšÍe¨ K‡i Kb‡U›U wbg©vZv‡K DrmvwnZ Ges mn‡hvwMZv
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
WvDb‡jvW Kivi cÖwµqv

136

wkÿK evZvq‡b Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW Kivi cÖwµqv
wkÿK evZvq‡bi m`m¨MY Zv‡ì ˆZwi Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW K‡i Ab¨ m`m¨ ev eënviKvix‡ì †mwU eënv‡ii my‡hvM
K‡i w`‡Z cv‡ib| G‡Z K‡i GKR‡bi ˆZwi Kiv Kb‡U›U Ab¨‡KD WvDb‡jvW K‡i DcK…Z n‡Z cv‡i| GKwU cvIqvi
c‡q›U †cÖ‡R‡›U‡kb ev Kb‡U›U ev wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW Kivi Rb¨ wb‡¤œv³ avç‡jv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
‡h Kb‡U›UwU (cvIqvi c‡q›U dvBj ev †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb) Avc‡jvW Kiv n‡e Zvi fzjÎæwU fv‡jv K‡i cixÿv K‡i
Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z n‡j Aek¨B m`m¨‡K mwVK wbq‡g wkÿK evZvq‡b jMBb Ki‡Z n‡e|
jMB‡bi ci Avc‡jvW †gby‡Z wK¬K K‡i †cÖ‡R‡›Ukb wbe©vPb Kwi|
UvB‡Uj wn‡m‡e Kb‡U›UwUi GKwU wk‡ivbvg w`‡Z n‡e| wk‡ivbv‡g †kÖwY, welq Ges UwcK _vK‡j fv‡jv nq|
UvB‡ci N‡i General Education/Madrasha Educatin/Technical Education †h ch©v‡qi Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW
Kiv n‡e Zv wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
h_vh_fv‡e †kÖwY, welq, Aa¨vq wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e ÷vi wPwýZ welq¸‡jv Aek¨B c~iY Ki‡Z
n‡e, Ab¨¸‡jv c~iY bv Ki‡jI Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW n‡q hv‡e|
U¨vMm N‡i h_vh_ KxIqvW© wjL‡Z n‡e hv‡Z K‡i †KD mvP© Kivi mgq G KxIqvW©¸‡jvi †Kvb GKwU eënvi
Ki‡jI Kb‡U›U Lyu‡R wb‡Z cv‡i|
welqe¯‘i N‡i Kb‡U›U m¤ú‡K© mswÿß eY©bv w`‡j fv‡jv|
137

dvBj Avc‡jv‡Wi Rb¨ Browse G wK¬K K‡i c~‡e© Kw¤úDUv‡i †mf K‡i ivLv Kb‡U›UwU wm‡j± Kiæb|
dvBj wm‡j± Kivi ci Avc‡jvW G wK¬K Ki‡Z n‡e| g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e Avc‡jvWK…Z dvBjwU Aek¨B 20
†gMvevB‡Ui †ewk n‡Z cvi‡e bv|
†cÖ‡R‡›Ukb ÿz`ªwPÎ A_©vr Kb‡U‡›U eënvi K‡i‡Qb Ggb GKwU B‡gR‡K ÿz`ª B‡gR AvKv‡i Avc‡jvW Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| G Rb¨ Av‡MB †mwU Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b †mf K‡i ivL‡Z n‡e|
Avc‡jvW n‡Z B›Uvi‡b‡Ui MwZ Abymv‡i wKQzUv mgq jvM‡e|
me‡k‡l msiÿY evU‡b wK¬K K‡i dvBjwUi Avc‡jvW cÖwµqv m¤úbœ Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿK evZvqb †nvg‡c‡R GLb Kb‡U›UwU `„k¨gvb, GLvb †_‡K †h †KD Kb‡U›UwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i eënvi
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
7.6 fvP©yqvj WªvBf cwiwPwZ Ges wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î Gi eënvi

fvP©yqvj WªvBf
Z_¨ cÖhyw³‡Z Avgiv w`b w`b Af¨¯Í n‡q cowQ| d‡j Avgv‡ì wKQz wKQz P¨v‡j‡Äi m¤§yLxb n‡Z n‡”Q Zvi GKwU n‡”Q
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ivLv wbivc`? Gme wPšÍvi mgvavb wb‡q G‡m‡Q K¬vDW ev fvP©zqvj WªvBf|
A virtual drive is a software component that emulates an actual disk drive, such as an optical disk
drive, a floppy disk drive, or a hard disk drive. To other programs, a virtual drive looks and behaves
like an actual physical device.
A_©vr fvP©zqvj WªvBf n‡”Q Ggb GK ai‡bi eë¯’v †hwU cÖvq mvaviY †÷v‡iR WªvB‡fi gZB KvR K‡i|
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_vK‡Z nq| fvP©yqvj WªvBf eënv‡ii †ek wKQz evowZ myweav i‡q‡Q-
†h‡Kvb mgq †h‡Kvb ¯’vb †_‡K eënvi Kiv hvq, e¯‘MZ wel‡qi gZ mv‡_ ivL‡Z nq bv Ges Lyu‡R cvIqv
mnR ZvB Gi RbwcÖqZv †e‡oB Pj‡Q|
138

webvg~‡j¨ A‡bK †Kv¤úvbx mxwgZ ÿgZvi WªvBf †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| †hgb ¸¸j WªvBf, ¯‹vB WªvBf, Iqvb WªvBf,
Wªce· BZ¨vw`| GB WªvBf¸‡jvi gva¨‡g eënviKvix wn‡m‡e Avgiv dvB‡ji wbivcËv †c‡Z cvwi| wR‡gBj
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WªvBf †`q 100 wRwe| Gi AwZwi³ wb‡Z †M‡j wK‡b eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î fvP©zqvj WªvB‡fi eënvi

o wkÿK-wkÿv_©x mK‡jB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© WKz‡g›Um eënvi K‡i _v‡K| †mw`K †_‡K Gme WKz‡g›U ev Gi wbivcËvi
w`KwU we‡ePbv Ki‡j fvP©zqvj WªvB‡fi ¸iæZ¡ A‡bK|
o wR‡gBj eënvi K‡i mvaviYZ 25 †gMvevB‡Ui †ewk dvBj †cÖiY Kiv hvq bv| †m‡ÿ‡Î fimv ¸¸j WªvBf|
Gi mvnvh¨ wb‡q A‡bK eo eo dvBj †kqvi Kiv hvq|
o A‡bK †ÿ‡Î †hŠ_fv‡e wewfbœ eB †jLv‡jwLi KvR K‡i _vwK| †mRb¨ `yR‡bi †jLv cvVv‡bvi Rb¨ B‡gBj ev
mivmwi cvVv‡Z nq| wKš‘ mevB hw` fvP©yqvj WªvBf eënvi K‡i †kqvW© †dvìv‡i WzK‡g›U¸‡jv †i‡L †jLv‡jwL
Pvwj‡q hvB, Zvn‡j GKRb †h †Kvb cwieZ©b Ki‡j Ab¨R‡bi wbKU Zv ¯^qswµqfv‡e cwiewZ©Z n‡q hv‡e|
A_v©r †KD hw` GLb †kqvW© Kiv dvB‡j `yB †cR wj‡L Ab¨R‡bi Kv‡Q Zv mivmwi Avc‡WU n‡q hv‡e- GRb¨
†Kvb †gBj cvVv‡Z n‡e bv|
o wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î cÖkœ Kiv ev wewfbœ wfwWI ev WKz‡g›U Avgv‡ì wbZ¨B cÖ‡qvRb nq| hvi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq j¨vcUc
ev †cv‡U©ej WªvB‡f wb‡q Pj‡Z nq| D`vniY wn‡me ejv hvq Kb‡U›U eënvi K‡i K¬vm †bIqvi D‡Ï‡k¨ †cb
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Kb‡U›UwU fvPy©qvj WªvB‡f _v‡K g~û‡Z©B †mwU WvDb‡jvW K‡i K¬vmiæ‡g eënvi Kiv hv‡e|
o e¨w³MZ mvwU©wd‡KU, b¨vkbvj AvDwW KvW©, cvm‡cvU©, WªvBwfs jvB‡mÝwU BZ¨vw` ¸iæZ¡c~Y© WKz‡g›U hw` ¯‹¨vb
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o KL‡bv A‡bï †Kvb WKz‡g›U cÖ‡qvRb n‡j mivmwi WªvBf †_‡KB Zv †kqvi Kiv hvq|
o B`vwbs †ccviwenxb Awd‡mi K_v †kvbv hvq, hvi A‡bKUvB wbf©i Ki‡Q fvP©yqvj WªvB‡fi Dci|
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Avm‡e Avgiv †Kvb †÷v‡iR eënvi bv K‡i Avgv‡ì mKj Z_¨ fvPy©qvj WªvB‡f †i‡L w`‡q wbwð‡šÍ _vK‡Z
cvie|
139

bgybv cÖkœ

1. Email Gi c~Y©iƒc wjLyb|
2. Gmail I Email Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ Kx?
3. GUvP‡g›U †Kb cvVv‡Z nq?
4. ‡mvm¨vj wgwWqv Kx?
5. UzBU Kx?
6. ‡dBmey‡Ki cÖeZ©b ms‡ÿ‡c wjLyb|
7. cÖ‡dkbvj †bUIqv‡K©i aviYv w`b|
8. wkÿK evZvqb Kx?
9. eøM Kx?
10. eø‡Mi myweav Kx?
11. wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U Kx?
12. wkÿK evZvq‡b Kb‡U›U Avc‡jvW Kivi myweav Kx?
13. fvPzqvj WªvBf Kx?
14. Wªce· Kx Kv‡R jv‡M?
wPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ
1. GUvP‡g›Umn GKwU B‡gBj cvVv‡bvi cÖwµqv D‡jøL Kiæb|
2. wkÿK wn‡m‡e B‡gBj Kx Kv‡R jv‡M e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. GKzk kZ‡Ki `ÿZv wbwðZ Ki‡Z wkLb-‡kLv‡bv Kv‡R †mvm¨vj wgwWqv Kxfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i
gZvgZ w`b|
5. wkÿK evZvqb wkÿK‡ì mvgvwRK gh©v`v e„w×‡Z f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q hyw³ w`b|
6. ‡ckvMZ †bUIqvK© †ckv m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb, `ÿ Ges AvMÖnx K‡i- wkÿK evZvq‡bi f~wgKv D‡jøL K‡i
gZvgZ w`b|
7. wkÿK evZvq‡b m`m¨ nIqvi cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
8. wkÿK evZvqb n‡Z Kb‡U›U WvDb‡jvW I Avc‡jvW Kivi cÖwµqvwU eY©bv Kiæb|
9. wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î fvP©yqvj WªvB‡fi eënvi D‡jøL Kiæb|
Z_¨m~Î
1. DBwKwcwWqv
2. wkÿvq Z_¨ cÖhyw³i eënvi I wWwRUvj Kb‡U›U †Wfjvc‡g›U cÖwkÿY g¨vbyqvj I wkÿK mnvwqKv.
3. wkÿK evZvqb www.teachers.gov.bd
140

BDwbU-8
AvBwmwU wbf©i D™¢vebxg~jK wkÿv: B-jvwb©s
8.1 B-eyK I AbjvBb †Kvm©
8.2 wkÿvg~jK eøM, DBwK I †gvevBj jvwb©s
8.3 fvP©yqvj jvwb©s Gbfvqib‡g›U Ges Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i wkLb
8.4 GKxf~Z wkÿv ev¯Íevq‡b AvBwmwU wbf©i D™¢veb
141

BDwbU-8
AvBwmwU wbf©i D™¢vebxg~jK wkÿv : B-jvwb©s
eZ©gvb hyM‡K Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i hyM ejv nq| Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i Avkxe©v` gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Rxe‡bi
cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î jÿ¨ Kiv hvq| wkÿv G †_‡K `~‡i bq| AvBwmwU wbf©i wewfbœ D™¢veb wkÿv‡ÿ‡Î wecøe G‡b w`‡q‡Q|
mbvZbx gyL¯’ wbf©i wkÿv eë¯’vi cwie‡Z© wkÿv n‡q D‡V‡Q AskMÖnY I AbymÜvbg~jK| G‡Z wkÿ‡Ki Kó †hgb
jvNe n‡q‡Q wkÿv_©xivI Avb‡›ì mv‡_ wkL‡Z cvi‡Q| †kÖwYKÿ gv‡b GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b cvV MÖnY Kiv
†mB aviYvqI Avg~j cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q| GLb hLb †hLv‡b B‡”Q wkÿv MÖn‡Yi my‡hvM AevwiZ n‡q‡Q| d‡j Aí m¤ú‡`
m‡e©v”P gv‡bi wkÿv wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e n‡”Q| Gme D™¢ve‡b mvaviY wkÿv_©xi cvkvcvwk we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©xivI
we‡klfv‡e DcK…Z n‡”Q|
8.1 B-eyK, AbjvBb †Kvm©

B-eyK
B-eyK (Ebook) kãwUi A_© n‡”Q B‡j±ªwbK eyK
(electronic book)| mvaviY GKwU eB‡qi Kb‡U›U
ev DcKiY‡K B‡jKUªwbK wWfvB‡m covi Dc‡hvMx
K‡i Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j G‡K B-eyK e‡j| B-eyK‡K
wWwRUvj eyK ev B-ms¯‹iYI ejv nq| G‡Z mvaviY
eB‡qi gZB †jLv, Qwe, wPÎ‡jL BZ¨vw` _v‡K|
Kw¤úDUvi ev Ab¨vb¨ B‡j±«wbK h‡š¿ (U¨ve‡jU Ges
¯§vU©‡dvb) Zv cov hvq|
mviv `ywbqvq GLb B-ey‡Ki RbwcÖqZv e„w× cv‡”Q|
A‡b‡KB AvksKv Ki‡Qb KvM‡R g~w`ªZ eB‡qi hyM
†kl n‡q Avm‡Q| 2014 mv‡j hy³iv‡óª 28 fvM
†jv‡Ki B-eyK wQj| A_P 2013-‡Z Zv wQj 23
fvM| GLb GB msL¨v wbwðZ A‡bK Dc‡i P‡j G‡m‡Q|
B-ey‡Ki cÖKvi‡f`
eZ©gv‡b B-ey‡Ki wewfbœ cÖKvi‡f` †`Lv hvq| wewfbœ ai‡bi cÖKvkbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi B-eyK i‡q‡Q| Z‡e,
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• gyw`ªZ eB‡qi ûeû cÖwZwjwc| GB ai‡bi B-eyK¸‡jv g~jZ gyw`ªZ eB‡qi gZB n‡q _v‡K| mPivPi G¸‡jv
wcwWGd (†cv‡U©ej WKz‡g›U dig¨vU) AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ n‡q _v‡K| m¤ú~Y© eB GKm‡½ A_ev Aa¨vq wn‡m‡e
cvIqv hvq|
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G¸‡jv‡K eB-Gi I‡qemvBU ev eøMI ejv hvq|
• gyw`ªZ eB-Gi g‡Zv wKš‘ wKQzUv evowZ myweavmn i‡q‡Q Ab¨ GK ai‡bi B-eyK| G¸‡jv eB-Gi Kb‡U›U
QvovI cvV‡Ki wb‡Ri †bvU †jLv, k‡ãi A_© Rvbv BZ¨vw` myweav _v‡K| G¸‡jvi †ewkifvMB B-cve
(EPUB) dig¨v‡U cÖKvwkZ nq| Gme B-ey‡Ki †Kv‡bv †Kv‡bvwU †Kej we‡kl wWfvB‡m cov hvq| †hgb:
wdìm ev AvBeyK wiWv‡i covi Dc‡hvMx B-eyK| Z‡e, wdì ev AvBey‡Ki †ÿ‡Î wbR¯^ dig¨vU i‡q‡Q|
142

• Av‡iK ai‡bi B-eyK i‡q‡Q, hvi bvg †PŠKm B-eyK| GB eB¸‡jv‡Z wjwLZ Ask QvovI
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gvwëwgwWqv mg„×| †hgb: G‡Z KzBR _v‡K, KzB‡Ri DËi Kivi eë¯’vI _v‡K Ges DËi mwVK n‡q‡Q wKbv
ZvI B-eyK †_‡KB Rvbv hvq| GgbwK Gme B-ey‡K wÎgvwÎK QweI hy³ _v‡K| Z‡e, A‡bK †ÿ‡Î Gi
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I‡cb Kw¤úDUv‡m©i ˆZwi AvBeyK †Kej AvBc¨vW ev g¨vK Kw¤úDUv‡i fv‡jvfv‡e cov hvq|
• G QvovI i‡q‡Q B-ey‡Ki A¨vcm| G‡ÿ‡Î B-eyKwU wb‡RB GKwU A¨vcm AvKv‡i cÖKvwkZ nq| A¨vcm
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Abymv‡i B-eyK mvaviZ Pvi cªKv‡ii cvIqv hvq|
1. webvg~‡j¨ cov I WvDb‡jvW Kiv hvq Ggb B-eyK|
2. webvg~‡j¨ †Kej cov hvq Ggb B-eyK|
3. webvg~‡j¨ AvswkK cov hvq Ggb B-eyK|
4. µq K‡i co‡Z nq Ggb B-eyK|
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FreeBookSpot, 4eBooks, Free-EBooks, ManyBooks, GetFreeEBooks, ESnips, FreeTechBooks,
Scribd, Globusz, KnowFree, EBoook3000, SlideShare, Book Gold Mine, EBooks-Space, E-Book
Directory, UFindBook, dli.ernet.in BZ¨vw`|
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wek^mvwnZ¨ †K‡›`ªi www.alorpathshala.org, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †ev‡W©i I‡qemvBU www.nctb.gov.bd
Ges www.ebook.gov.bd BZ¨vw`|
wKQz I‡qe †cvU©vj †_‡K B-eyK µq Kiv hvq| †miKg GKwU mviv `ywbqvq ¯^xK…Z B-eyK wewµi I‡qe‡cvU©vj n‡”Q
www.amazon.com| GQvov evsjv‡`‡k www.sheiboi.com †_‡K LyeB Kg `v‡g B-eyK µq Kiv hvq|
B-ey‡Ki wewfbœ dig¨vU

Bcve : Bcve dig¨vU‡K I‡cb dig¨vU ejv nq| GwU g~jZ
XHTML I XML j¨v½y‡q‡Ri Dci wfwË K‡i ˆZwi Kiv nq|
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m~wP †_‡K Kb‡U‡›U hvIqv hvq| GB dig¨v‡Ui eB †Lvjvi Rb¨
we‡kl wKQz mdUIqv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb nq| †hgb: Bcve wiWvi
dvqvid· GWAb, G‡Wvwe wWwRUvj GwWkbm, KzBKwiWvi
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iPhone, iPod Touch, iPad, Sony Readers, Kobo Reader
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143

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GjAvBwU: gvB‡µvmdU wiWvi mdUIqvi eënvi K‡i covi Dc‡hvMx GKwU B-eyK dig¨vU GwU|
wcwWGd: The Portable Document Format bv‡g cwiwPZ G dig¨vUwU B-ey‡Ki RM‡Z me‡P‡q mij I mnR
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144

AbjvBb †Kvm©
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145

AbjvBb †Kv‡m©i DcKvwiZv
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cQ‡›ì †Kvb wek^we`¨vjq †_‡K †Kvm© K‡i wb‡Z cvi‡Q| PvB‡j †m GKmv‡_ GKvwaK †Kv‡m© AšÍf©y³ n‡Z cvi‡Q|
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146

4. †M«wWs: g~j¨vqb cªwµqv †k‡l wk¶v_©x‡ì Kg©Kv‡Êi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì gvb Abymv‡i mb` †`qv nq| Z‡e AbjvBb
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Lvb GKv‡Wwg : 2006 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ gvwK©b AjvfRbK wk¶vcªwZôvb cªwZôv K‡ib
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3100-Gi †ewk wewfbœ wel‡qi Dci wfwWI wUD‡Uvwiqvj wbg©vY K‡i Lvb GKv‡Wwg|
Gi mewKQy wek¦Ry‡o †h †KD eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i| I‡qemvB‡Ui cªavb fvlv Bs‡iwR
n‡jI Gi welqe¯‘ evsjvmn Ab¨vb¨ fvlvq cvIqv hvq| 2 gvP© 2016 Zvwi‡L XvKvq
Lvb GKv‡Wwgi evsjv ms¯‹iY D‡Øvab Kiv nq| evsjvq Lvb GKv‡Wwgi wj¼ n‡”Q: bn.khanacademy.org.
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online.kaplanuniversity.edu/Pages/ApplyNow.aspx , www.phoenix.edu, www.bu.edu,
shikkhok.com, www.ignou.ac.in, www.vtu.ac.in, www.aiuonline.edu, www.devry.edu,
www.waldenu.edu, www.nottingham.ac.uk, www.luonline.com, www.oum.edu.my
147

8.2 wkÿvg~jK eøM, DBwK, †gvevBj jvwb©s
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cÖfve KZ e¨vcK I my`~icÖmvix|
148

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• wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ eøM
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• AwffveK‡ì Rb¨ eøM
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cv‡m©vbvj: e¨w³MZ Z_¨ eë¯’vcbvi Kv‡R eëüZ nq| cvimbvj DBwKÕi Rb¨ NotePub, Pimki, Tomboy,
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welq m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ DBwKiÕi Zzjbv nq bv| www.wikipedia.org I‡qemvB‡U wM‡q fvlv wbe©vPb K‡i
Kvw•LZ welq wj‡L mvP© w`‡j †mB wel‡qi Dci wjwLZ wbeÜwU G‡m hv‡e| PvB‡j GKvwaK wbeÜ GKmv‡_ wbe©vPb K‡i
Zv w`‡q DBwK dig¨v‡U cy¯ÍK ˆZwi Kiv hvq| d‡j GUv wkÿK I wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ LyeB cÖ‡qvRbxq GKwU I‡qemvBU|
AjvfRbK ms¯’v wn‡m‡e DBwKwgwWqv dvD‡Ûk‡bi cwiPvjbvq g~j DBwKwcwWqvi cvkvcvwk eZ©gv‡b AviI 12wU cªKí
Pvjy i‡q‡Q| Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Db¥y³ Qwei fvÛvi DBwKwgwWqv KgÝ, Db¥y³ †jLvi msKjb DBwK‡mvm©, ågYwelqK
msKjb DBwKf‡qR, msev`wfwËK msKjb DBwKwbDR, AwfavbwfwËK msKjb DBwKkbvwi, DBwKeyKm, DBwK‡WUv,
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eënvi Kiv nq| GwU `~i wkÿ‡Yi GKwU gva¨g wn‡m‡e RbwcÖqZv jvf K‡i‡Q| †gvevBj jvwb©s wkÿv_©x‡ì †h‡Kvb
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Z‡e `~i wkÿY QvovI AvbyôvwbK †kÖwYK‡ÿ †gvevBj jvwb©s-Gi gva¨‡g Kvh©Ki cvV`vb Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb:
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†gvevBj jvwb©s Uzj ˆZwii cøvUdig Av‡Q| †hgb: kahoot.it
3. wewfbœ I‡cb‡mvm© mdUIq¨vi ev cøvUdig eënvi K‡i †gvevBj A¨vcm ˆZwi Kiv hvq| Gm‡ei gva¨‡g
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GiKg webvg~‡j¨ A¨vcm ˆZwii GKwU weL¨vZ cøvUdig n‡jv: ai2.appinventor.mit.edu.
150

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• wewfbœ ai‡bi g~j¨vqb;
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m¤úK© iÿv Kiv nq| mvaviYZ fvP©yqvj
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GKwU aviYv n‡”Q jvwb©s g¨v‡bR‡g›U wm‡÷g (GjGgGm)| 8.1 Aa¨v‡q G wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| GjGgGm
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Ab¨vb¨ mdUIq¨v‡ii g‡Zv wKQz VLE mdUIq¨vi webvg~‡j¨ cvIqv hvq| Gme‡K open source VLE mdUIq¨vi
e‡j| wKQz mdUIq¨v‡ii Rb¨ A_© w`‡Z nq| Zv‡K proprietary VLE mdUIq¨vi e‡j| Z‡e proprietary
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me‡P‡q †ewk eëüZ nq Moodle.
wKQz RbwcÖq VLE mdUIqv‡ii bvg wb‡P †`qv n‡jv:
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151

• ILIAS
• ATutor
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GKwU wkÿv cÖwZôv‡b wfGjB Pvjy Kivi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bU ms‡hvM me©`v Avek¨K bq| GKwU †jvKvj mvf©v‡ii gva¨‡g
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152

Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i wkLb
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8.4 GKxf~Z wk¶v ev¯Íevq‡b AvBwmwU wbf©i D™¢veb

... Schools should accommodate all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social,
emotional, linguistic, or other conditions. This should include disabled and gifted children, street and
working children, children from remote or nomadic populations, children from linguistic, ethnic, or
cultural minorities, and children from other disadvantaged or marginalized areas or groups.
UNESCO, 1994, the Salamanca Statement and Framework for Action on Special Needs Education
153

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154

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wkLb ¯’vqx nq| GKxf~Z wkÿvq wewfbœ Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkïiv GKB †kÖwYK‡ÿ e‡m wkÿv jvf K‡i| GB wkÿv_©x‡ì g‡a¨
†KDev Lye `ªæZ wk‡L, †KDev Kv‡b GKUz Kg †kv‡b, †KDev †Pv‡L Kg †`‡L, †KDev eyS‡Z GKUz mgq †bq, †KDev abx
Avevi †KDev Mixe, †KDev KvR K‡i wkL‡Z fv‡jvev‡m| GB wfbœ wfbœ wkLb Pvwn`vi wkÿv_©x‡ì Rb¨ wfbœ wfbœ wgwWqv
Riæwi| GQvov abx ev Mixe wkÿv_©x, kni ev MÖv‡gi wkÿv_©x‡ì ga¨Kvi wWwRUvj êlg¨ `~i Ki‡ZI gvwëwgwWqv
K¬vmiæg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| G Rb¨ gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæg eënvi K‡i GKxf~Z wkÿv ev¯Íevqb mnR nq|
157

bgybv cÖkœ
1. wKÛj wK?
2. AbjvBb †Kv‡m©i Dcv`vb KqwU?
3. DBwKwcwWqv wK ?
4. wkÿvg~jK eøM mvaviYZ Kq cÖKvi?
5. GKxf~Z wkÿv wK ?
6. gvwëwgwWqv K¬vmiæg wK?
7. fvP©yqvj jvwb©s Gbfvqib‡g›U wK ?
8. gyWj wK?
wPšÍbg~jK cÖkœ
1. `ywU BeyK dig¨vU m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. evsjv‡`‡ki †cÖÿvc‡U B-jvwb©s cø¨vUdg© gy³cvV KZUv Dchy³ g‡b K‡ib, wjLyb|
3. ‡gvevBj jvwb©s‡qi gva¨‡g evsjv‡`‡ki wkÿvq wK cwieZ©b Avbv †h‡Z cv‡i D‡jøL Kiæb|
4. wkÿvg~jK eøM GKRb wkÿ‡Ki †ckvMZ Dbœq‡b wKfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i wjLyb |
5. gyWj VLE cøvUdigwU Kxfv‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
6. Kw¤úDUvi wbf©i wkL‡bi myweav¸‡jv Kx Kx?
7. AvBwmwU wbf©i D™¢ve‡b we‡kl Pvwn`vm¤úbœ wkÿv_©xiv wKfv‡e DcK…Z n‡”Q?
8. gvwëwgwWqv UwKs eyK GKxf~Z wkÿ‡Y Kx f~wgKv ivL‡Z cv‡i?
Z_¨m~Î
• techtunes.com.bd
• Wikipedia.org
• ˆ`wbK cª_g Av‡jv, 29 †g 2016
• Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, beg-`kg †kÖwY, GbwmwUwe
• www.brac.net/education-programme/item/778-computer-aided-learning-cal
• en.wikipedia.org
• moodle.org
• GKxf~Z wkÿv, cÖwkÿK g¨vbyqvj, wUwKDAvB-2
• inclusiveeducation.ca/about/what-is-ie ˆ`wbK B‡ËdvK, 7 Ryb 2017
• https://elearningindustry.com/how-to-use-blogs-in-the-classroom
• http://www.chronicle.com/blogs/profhacker/a-better-blogging-assignment
• Crompton, H. (2013). "A historical overview of mobile learning: Toward learner-
centered education". In Z. L. Berge & L. Y. Muilenburg (Eds.), Handbook of mobile
learning (pp. 3–14). Florence, KY: Routledge.
158

BDwbU -9
ICT-i wbivc` I ˆbwZK eënvi
G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯‘mg~n-
9.1 ICT-i wbivc` eënvi I msi¶Y, `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq
9.2 Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs, fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm
9.3 †cø-RvwiRg, KwcivBU, †gav¯^Ë¡ Ges cÖvmw½K AvBb I bxwZgvjv
159

BDwbU-9
ICT-i wbivc` I ˆbwZK eënvi
mvm‡UB‡bej †Wfjc‡g›U †Mvj (GmwWwR) wb‡q mviv we‡k¦ GLb ˆn ˆP c‡o‡Q| we‡k¦i g¨v‡ÛU GLb †UKmB Dbœqb
wb‡q| wek¦vq‡bi hy‡M Z_¨-cÖhyw³i eënvi me©Î we`¨gvb| evsjv‡`‡k GKUz †`wi‡Z n‡jI Gi eënvi e¨vcKfv‡e
we¯Í…wZ jvf Ki‡Q| GK_v Ab¤^xKvh© †h cÖhyw³ Qvov †MvUv c„w_exB AvR APj| M‡elYv †_‡K ïiæ K‡i, eëmv, wk¶v,
K…wl, wPwKrmv, mvgvwRK Dbœqb, A_©‰bwZK mg„w×mn N‡i-evB‡i, gnvKv‡k, gnvmgy‡`ª mKj †¶‡ÎB AvR cÖhyw³i †Qvuqv|
cÖhyw³i eënvi Qvov AvR‡Ki c„w_ex‡Z †Kvb wKQzB Kíbv Kiv hvq bv| cÖhyw³i `yÕai‡bi eënvi AvR‡Ki we‡k¦ †`Lv
hvq, GK- gvby‡li Kj¨v‡Y eënvi `yB- gvby‡li AKj¨v‡Y eënvi| Avevi wb‡R‡K, cwievi‡K, mgvR‡K ev ivóª‡K
wbivc` †i‡L AvBwmwUi ˆbwZK eënvi AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© GKwU Bmÿ| KviY mviv wek¦ AvR cvB‡iwmi Rv‡j Rwo‡q
Av‡Q, A‡bï †MvcbxqZv †f‡•M wb‡Ri ¯^v_© D×v‡ii †Póv K‡i n¨vwKs Gi dvu‡` cv w`‡”Q|
¯^bvgab¨ GKRb wePvicwZ Ges GKRb AvšÍR©vwZK Aciva we‡kl‡Ái K‡_vcK_b Ges †gBj n¨vK nIqv‡Z GUv
AZ¨šÍ cwi®‹vi †h Kw¤cDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡ii †¶‡Î Avgv‡ì wbivcËvi cÖwZ Av‡iv g‡bv‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e|
hwÌ wePvicwZi e³e¨ Ges B‡gBj n¨vK Kivi Rb¨ m¤¢eZ Lye DuPz gv‡bi †UK‡bvjwR eënvi Kiv nqwb| eis Zv‡ì
†Kv‡bv GKR‡bi Kw¤cDUv‡i wdwRK¨vj A¨vK‡mm wQ‡jv, Ggb †KDB NUbvUv NwU‡q‡Q| wKš‘ NUbv †hfv‡eB NUzK bv
†Kb mveavb nIqvi GLbB mgq| Avgiv hviv Kw¤cDUvi Ges B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kwi, Lye ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB Gi
wbivcËvi e¨vcv‡i Avgv‡ì Lye fv‡jv aviYv †bB, Ges _vK‡jI A‡bKmgq Zv †g‡b Pwj bv|
G Aa¨vqwU‡Z AvBwmwUi wbivc` I ˆbwZK welq¸‡jv AZ¨šÍ mnR I mvejxjfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q hv wkÿK‡K
Zvi †ckvMZ Kv‡R Ges ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R Z_¨-cÖhyw³i eënvi‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| AvBwmwUi wbivc` I ˆbwZK eënv‡i
DØy× n‡q wkÿv_©x/cÖwkÿYv_©x‡ì G wel‡q m‡PZb Ki‡eb| Aa¨v‡qi welqe¯‘i Av‡jvPbv fvivµvšÍ bv K‡i web¨¯Í
n‡q‡Q GKRb wkÿ‡Ki cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi w`KwU we‡ePbvq wb‡q|
9.1 ICT-i wbivc` eënvi I msi¶Y, `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq

AvBwmwUi wbivc` eënvi I msiÿY
AvRKvj ïay eo gvbylivB bq, †QvUivI AvBwmwU

hš¿cvwZ eënvi K‡i| ZvB me AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZ
Ggbfv‡e ˆZwi Kiv nq †hb GwU eënvi K‡i
KviI †Kvb wec` ev ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK bv _v‡K|
mvwe©Kfv‡e AvBwmwUi wbivc` eënvi ej‡Z wZbwU
welq‡K gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e, GK- wbivc` eënvi
`yB- SzuwKc~Y© eënvi wZb- ˆbwZK eënvi|
cÖ_‡gB wbivc` eënv‡ii K_vq Avmv hvK|
Kw¤úDUv‡ii GKgvÎ †h welqwU wb‡q meviB GKUz
mZK© _vKv ìKvi †mwU n‡”Q Gi ê`ÿwZK
ms‡hvM| we`ÿr Qvov Avgiv AvRKvj GK gyn~Z© _vK‡Z cvwi bv| me mgqB we`ÿr eënvi Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì
jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e Avgiv †hb wVK K‡i GUv eënvi Kwi| me mg‡qB †hb mwVK m‡K‡U mwVK cøvM eënvi K‡i
160

we`ÿ‡Zi ms‡hvM wbB| Avgiv KL‡bv †Lvjv Zv‡ii cøvw÷K mwi‡q cøv‡M XzwK‡q we`ÿr ms‡hvM †è bv| ê`ÿwZK Zvi
†hb †Lvjv Ae¯’vq Ges Sz‡j bv _v‡K †mw`‡K jÿ¨ ivL‡Z n‡e| myBP, cøvM †Kvbfv‡eB SzjšÍ ev †Lvjv Ae¯’vq ivLv
eyw×gv‡bi KvR n‡e bv| Kw¤úDUv‡ii cÖ‡mmi, gv`vi‡ev‡W©i Ab¨vb¨ AvBwm¸‡jvI A‡bK Mig n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZ‡ii ZvcgvÎv evB‡ii †_‡K A‡bK †ewk n‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUv‡ii †fZi †_‡K GB Mig evZvm‡K
evB‡i †ei K‡i †Ìqvi Rb¨ Kw¤úDUv‡i d¨vb jvMv‡bv _v‡K| G¸‡jv evB‡i †_‡K evZvm †U‡b G‡b †fZ‡ii Mig
evZvm‡K †V‡j †ei K‡i †`q| Kv‡RB me mgqB wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e †hb evZvm †XvKvi Ges †ei nIqvi c_
†Kvbfv‡eB eÜ bv nq| Avgiv Kw¤úDUvi, B›Uvi‡bU, Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënvi Kie- wKš‘ †mwU eënvi Kie Lye
m‡PZbfv‡e, †hb KL‡bv †Kv‡bv mgm¨v bv n‡Z cv‡i| Avgv‡ì †Pv‡Li mvg‡b A‡bK PgrKvi I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q, †hUv
Avgiv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cvwi Zvi cvkvcvwk A‡bK wec¾bK I‡qemvBU i‡q‡Q, †h¸‡jv †Kv‡bvfv‡eB Avgv‡ì †`Lv ev
eªvDR Kiv DwPZ bq| AcwiwPZ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e †f‡ewP‡šÍ Ges Zv‡K wVKvbv, †dvb b¤î, Qwe,
cvmIqvW© BZ¨vw` cÖ`vb Kiv wVK bq| B›Uvi‡bU eënvi Kie Avb‡›ì Rb¨ Kv‡iv ÿwZ Kivi Rb¨ bq|
Z_¨ cÖhyw³i SzuwKc~Y© eënvi †evSvi c~‡e© GKUv D`vniY †`‡L †bB, `ya Lye cywóKi Lvevi wKš‘ mvivw`b hw` ïay LvIqv
nq Zvn‡j Zv cywói cwie‡Z© ÿwZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i| Kw¤úDUvi ˆZwi Kiv n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Kv‡R mvnvh¨ Kivi
Rb¨, GUv †mfv‡eB eënvi Kiv DwPZ wKš‘ Avgiv hw` GUv‡K wb‡q evovevwo Ki‡Z ïiæ Kwi Zvn‡j †mUv wec‡ì
KviY n‡Z cv‡i| AvRKvj †QvUeo A‡bK‡KB †`Lv hvq Kw¤úDUvi †M‡g ev B›Uvi‡bU eënv‡i Avm³ n‡q †h‡Z|
hLb †h KvRwU Kivi K_v †mwU bv K‡i w`bivZ Kw¤úDUvi eënvi Ki‡j Amy¯’ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i|
A‡bK †ewk mgq Kw¤úDUv‡ii mvg‡b e‡m _vK‡j kvixwiK mgm¨vI ïiæ n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i| wc‡V e¨_v, †Kvg‡i e¨_v,
AvOz‡j e¨_v, †Pv‡Li mgm¨vmn bvbvwea mgm¨v ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i| mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU¸‡jv †hb bZzb e¨vwa n‡q
`vwo‡q‡Q| Pjvi c‡_, iv¯Ív-Nv‡U, Kv‡Ri gv‡S, WªvBwfs-G †dmeyKmn Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hvM mvBU¸‡jv Pig
SzuwK ˆZwi Ki‡Q| GKUv K_v me mgq Avgv‡ì g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e cÖhyw³‡K Avgiv eënvi Kie, cÖhyw³ †hb Avgv‡ì
eënvi Ki‡Z bv cv‡i|
GKRb wkÿK wn‡m‡e Z_¨ cÖhyw³ eënv‡i SzuwKmg~n m¤ú‡K© wb‡R †hgb m‡PZb _vK‡Z n‡e †Zgwb wkÿv_©x‡ì G
wel‡q m‡PZb ivL‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ cÖhyw³ Avgv‡ì ˆ`bw›`b Rxeb †_‡K ïiæ GKUv iv‡óªi cwiPvjbv ev wbivcËvi
cÖ‡Z¨KUv †ÿ‡Î LyeB ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Rxe‡bi †h‡Kv‡bv †ÿÎ‡K Av‡iv my›ì, mnR Ges `ÿfv‡e
cwiPvjbv Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mvnvh¨ wb‡Z n‡e| †bUIqv‡K©i Kvi‡Y GLb †KDB Avi Avjv`v bq, GK
A‡_© mevB mevi mv‡_ hy³| GK w`K w`‡q GwU GKwU AmvaviY e¨vcvi, Ab¨w`K w`‡q GwU bZzb GK ai‡bi SzuwK ˆZwi
K‡i‡Q| AvRKvj †`Lv hvq evev-gv wmwiqvj †`L‡Qb, †Q‡j †Mgm †Lj‡Q, †g‡q KvU©yb †`L‡Q, ïay wK †`L‡Qb ixwZgZ
Avmw³ wb‡q †`L‡Qb| hLb †ccvi covi K_v, Ab¨ KvR Kivi K_v, evB‡i †eov‡Z hvIqvi K_v wKsev mncvwV‡ì
mv‡_ †Ljv Kivi K_v, ZLb Zv bv K‡i ¯^v¯’¨ SzuwK wb‡q mg‡qi ci mgq bó Ki‡Qb AvBwmwU hš¿ eënvi K‡i|
gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe wn‡m‡e A‡bK wbqg-Kvbyb †g‡b Pj‡Z nq| Avgiv eo‡ì kÖ×v Kwi, †QvU‡ì †¯œn Kwi, iv‡óªi
cÖwZ, mgv‡Ri cÖwZ Z_v cwiev‡ii cÖwZ †h `vwqZ¡ _v‡K Zv cvjb Kwi| ˆbwZKZv, †`k‡cÖg Avi AvB‡bi cÖwZ kÖ×vkxj
n‡q cÖ‡Z¨KwU bvMwiK hLb wbR wbR `vwqZ¡ h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡i ZLb †m ivó nq GKwU Av`k© ivóª| Z_¨ cÖhyw³i
cÖmvi GKw`‡K †hgb Rxeb‡K mnR K‡i‡Q Ab¨w`‡K gvby‡li ˆbwZKZv AvR cÖ‡kœi m¤§yLxb| †R‡b bv †R‡b cvB‡iwmi
Rv‡j Rwo‡q co‡Qb, A‡bï †jLv Kwc K‡i wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q w`‡”Qb, wkÿv_©xiv A‡bï G¨vmvBb‡g›U Kwc K‡i Rgv
w`‡”Qb, A‡bï ˆZwi mdUIq¨vi H e¨w³‡K bv e‡j wKsev Zvui †gav¯^‡Z¡i g~j¨ bv w`‡qB eënvi Ki‡Qb, †h mvBU¸‡jv
†`Lvi K_v bq †m¸‡jv †`L‡Qb, eqm Dc‡hvMx †h KvR Kivi K_v †mwU bv K‡i Ab¨w`‡K cwiPvwjZ n‡”Qb| d‡j
AvR gvby‡li g‡a¨ kÖ×v-fw³, †`k‡cÖg, gvbweKZv, ˆbwZKZv BZ¨vwì NvUwZ cwijwÿZ n‡”Q| ZvB Z_¨ cÖhyw³i mwVK
eënvi K‡i we‡k¦i mv‡_ Zvj wgwj‡q Avgv‡ì GKzk kZ‡Ki P¨v‡jÄ †gvKv‡ejvq ˆZwi n‡Z n‡e|
161

AvBwmwU hš¿cvwZ msiÿY I `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iv‡a KiYxq
Avgiv †h iv¯Ívq Mvwo¸‡jv †`wL †m¸‡jvi wKQzw`b ci ci BwÄb A‡qj cvëv‡Z nq| hw` wVK K‡i i¶Yv‡e¶Y Kiv bv
nq Zvn‡j MvwowU Lye ZvovZvwo bó n‡e, GUv hvÎx‡ì R‡b¨ wec¾bK n‡qI DV‡Z cv‡i| Mvwoi g‡Zv Ab¨ me
hš¿cvwZ‡K Lye fv‡jv K‡i wbqwgZ i¶Yv‡e¶Y Ki‡Z nq| Avgv‡ì eëüZ Kw¤cDUviI †m iKgfv‡e i¶Yv‡e¶Y
Ki‡Z nq| Avgiv hw` wKQz †QvULv‡Uv welq j¶¨ ivwL, hZœ Kwi Zvn‡j Avgv‡ì Kw¤cDUvi `xN©w`b Avgv‡ì m½x n‡q
_vK‡e|
gwbUi cwi®‹vi: AvRKvj †ewki fvM Kw¤cDUv‡ii gwbUi GjwmwW/GjBwW| Avi G ai‡bi gwbUi Avgv‡ì cwi®‹vi
Kivi †Póv bv KivB fv‡jv| Gi c„ô‡`k KvP bq| ZvB cwi®‹vi Kivi †Póv Kivi mgq Lye mn‡R `vM c‡o †h‡Z cv‡i|
ïay ZvB bq, cwi®‹vi Kivi mgq NlvNwl Ki‡j gwbU‡ii †fZ‡i wc‡·j¸‡jv ¶wZMÖ¯Í n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e wmAviwU
gwbU‡i hw` ay‡jvevwj c‡o Acwi®‹vi nq Zvn‡j cÖ_‡g big mywZ Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q †mUv cwi®‹vi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
ZviciI hw` gqjv _v‡K Zvn‡j big mywZ KvcowU‡Z GKUz Møvm wK¬bvi jvwM‡q gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e| hw` Møvm wK¬bvi nv‡Zi
Kv‡Q bv _v‡K Zvn‡j GK Møvm cvwb‡Z GK PvgP wf‡bMvi w`‡q †mUv‡K Møvm wK¬bvi wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
g‡b ivL‡Z n‡e, Kw¤cDUv‡ii †h‡Kv‡bv Ask cwi®‹vi Kivi mgq Kw¤cDUvi eÜ K‡i Zvi ê`ÿwZK ms‡hvM eÜ K‡i
wb‡Z n‡e|
cvwb ev Zij: Kw¤cDUvi eënvi Kivi mgq Zvi Lye KvQvKvwQ cvwb ev †Kv‡bv ai‡bi wWªsK bv ivLv fv‡jv| nUvr K‡i
nv‡Z †j‡M †mUv hw` Kw¤cDUv‡ii Dci c‡o hvq Zvn‡j †mUv Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¶wZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| cvwb ev Ab¨vb¨ cvbxq
we`ÿrcwievnx, Kw¤cDUv‡ii †fZi †mUv Xz‡K †M‡j ê`ÿwZK mvwK©U¸‡jvi g‡a¨ kU© mvwK©U n‡Z cv‡i| GiKg wKQz n‡j
mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤cDUvi eÜ K‡i `xN© mgq GKUv d¨v‡bi wb‡P †i‡L w`‡Z n‡e †hb cvwbUzKz ïwK‡q hvq|
a~‡jvevwj: Avgv‡ì †`‡k ay‡jvevwj GKUz †ewk| Kw¤cDUv‡ii d¨vb hLb evZvm †U‡b †bq Zvi mv‡_ ay‡jvevwjI
†fZ‡i cÖ‡ek K‡i _v‡K, ay‡jvevwj R‡g hw` evZvm †XvKvi Ges †ei nIqvi c_¸‡jv eÜ n‡q hvq Zvn‡j Kw¤cDUvi
†ewk Mig n‡q DV‡Z cv‡i| ZvB gv‡S gv‡S cix¶v K‡i †`Lv DwPZ †mLv‡b †ewk ay‡jv Rg‡Q wKbv| R‡g _vK‡j
†Kwms Ly‡j h_vh_fv‡e big Kvco ev evZvm cÖ‡qvM K‡i cwi®‹vi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e| Z‡e ïay ïay Kw¤cDUvi Ly‡j KL‡bv
Zvi †fZ‡i cwi®‹vi Ki‡Z hvIqv ev AvMÖnekZ †`Lv wVK bq|
Kx‡evW© cwi®‹vi: Kx‡evW©wU gv‡S gv‡S cwi®‹vi Kiv fv‡jv| KviY †Lvjv Ae¯’vq GwU evB‡i _v‡K Ges nv‡Zi Av½yj
w`‡q GUv eënvi Kiv nq e‡j GLv‡b iv‡Rï †ivMRxevYy Rgv n‡Z cv‡i| ïK‡bv big mywZ Kvco w`‡q Kx¸‡jv gy‡Q
KUbevU w`‡q cÖ‡Z¨KUv KxÕi Pvicvk cwi®‹vi Kiv hvq| Zvici D‡ëv K‡i K‡qKevi nvjKv SvuwK w`‡j Kx‡evW©Uv
†gvUvgywU cwi®‹vi n‡q hv‡e|
gvDm cwi®‹vi: AvRKvj cÖvq me gvDm AcwUK¨vj gvDm, Av‡jv cÖwZdwjZ n‡q GUv KvR K‡i ZvB gvD‡mi †jÝ hw`
Acwi®‹vi _v‡K Zvn‡j gvDm wVKfv‡e K‡i KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvDmwU hw` mwZ¨ mwZ¨ ay‡jvevwj gqjv Rgv n‡q
_v‡K Zvn‡j Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K Ly‡j wb‡q †mUv D‡ëv K‡i †hLv‡b gqjv R‡g‡Q KUbevU w`‡q †mUv cwi®‹vi K‡i big
mywZ Kvco w`‡q gy‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
cwi®‹v‡ii welqwU †hgb GKRb Kw¤úDUvi eënviKvixi wbKU Riæwi, †Zgwb wbivc` †_‡K Kw¤úDUvi eënvi KivI
`vwq‡Z¡i g‡a¨ eZ©vq| wewfbœ Kvi‡Y `~N©Ubv NU‡Z cv‡i, cvB‡iwm, AmZK©fv‡e B›Uvi‡bU eënvi, n¨vwKs, AcÖZ¨vwkZ
eøwMs, we`ÿr ms‡hvM BZ¨vw`| ZvB mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e †hb AhvwPZ †Kvb `yN©Ubvi m¤§yLxb n‡Z bv nq|
162

9.2 Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs, fvBivm I Gw›UfvBivm
Kw¤úDUvi n¨vwKs
‡MøvevjvB‡Rk‡bi hy‡M Z_¨ cÖhyw³i †Qvuqvq gvby‡li Rxeb n‡q D‡V‡Q mnR Ges bvbvwea myweavq mg„×| Avevi myweavi
cvkvcvwk Ab¨ Av‡iKwU welqI P‡j G‡m‡Q mevi mvg‡b| †bUIqvK© w`‡q †h‡nZz mevB mevi mv‡_ hy³, ZvB wKQz
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wcÖ›Uvi bq, N‡ii Iqvwks †gwkb, Gqvi KwÛkbv‡ii g‡Zv hš¿ w`‡qI Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K Z_¨ Pzwi Kiv m¤¢e| mwZ¨B wK
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163

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Zv GL‡bv Aek¨ A‡bK axi MwZi| †m‡K‡Û gvÎ GKwU A¶i!
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VIRUS kãwU Avm‡j K‡qKwU Bs‡iwR k‡ãi cÖ_g A¶i w`‡q ˆZwi Kiv| hvi cyY© iƒc n‡jv Vital Information
Resources Under Siege. Kw¤cDUvi fvBivm n‡jv GK ai‡bi ÿwZKi †cÖvMÖvg hv wb‡R †_‡KB GK Kw¤cDivi
†_‡K Ab¨ Kw¤cDUv‡i Qwo‡q hvq wKsev Qwo‡q †h‡Z †Póv K‡i Ges AwaKvsk mgqB Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¶wZi KviY n‡q
`vovq| A‡bK mgq ¶wZ bv Ki‡jI weiw³Ki cwiw¯’wZi m„wó K‡i| G ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg wb‡R wb‡RB Kwc n‡Z cv‡i|
GKwU fvBivm GK Kw¤cDUvi †_‡K Aci Kw¤cDUv‡i †h‡Z cv‡i hLb AvµvšÍ Kw¤cDUvi‡K ¯^vfvweK Kw¤cDUviwUi
ms¯ú‡k© wb‡q hvIqv nq| †hgb: †Kvb eënviKvix fvBivmwU‡K GKwU †bUIqv‡K©i gva¨‡g cvVv‡Z cv‡i ev †Kvb
enb‡hvM¨ gva¨g h_v †ggwi KvW©, wmwW, BDGmwe WªvBf ev B›Uvi‡b‡Ui gva¨‡g Qov‡Z cv‡i| GQvovI fvBivmmg~n
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†cÖvMÖvg¸‡jvi cÖ‡qvRbxq †g‡gvwi `Lj K‡i|
Kw¤cDUvi fvBiv‡mi Avwef©ve nIqvi ci †_‡KB G‡Ki ci GK fvBivm ˆZwi K‡i hv‡”Q †cÖvMÖvgviiv| Gme
fvBiv‡mi A‡bK¸‡jvB GZUvB ¶wZKi †h wek¦e¨vcx Av‡jvob m„w÷ K‡i‡Q| ¶wZmvab K‡i‡Q jvL jvL Kw¤cDUv‡ii,
aŸsm K‡i‡Q g~jëvb A‡bK Z_¨| †hgb CIH ev †Pi‡bvwej fvBiv‡mi K_v ejv hvq, 1999 mv‡ji 26‡k GwcÖj
evsjv‡`kmn mvivwe‡k¦ j¶ j¶ Kw¤cDUvi CIH ev †Pib‡bvwej bvgK fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡Y wech©‡qi m¤§~Lxb nq|
UvBg †evgvi g‡Zv wbw`©ó mg‡q G fvBivmwU Kw¤cDUvi‡K AvµgY K‡i| Nwoi KvUvq 26‡k GwcÖj, 1999 nIqvi
mv‡_ mv‡_ Kw¤cDUv‡i jyKvwqZ wmAvBGBP fvBivm wech©‡qi m„wó K‡i| wcUvm© ey‡M©i †g‡jvb wek¦we`¨vj‡qi
Kw¤cDUvi Bgvi‡RwÝ †imcÝ wU‡gi gyLcvÎ wej †cvjK e‡jb, Òhy³iv‡óª Kgc‡¶ 2382wU Kw¤cDUvi ¶wZMÖ¯’
n‡q‡QÓ| mviv Px‡b 1 jv‡LiI †ewk Kw¤cDUvi CIH fvBiv‡mi Avµg‡Yi wkKvi nh|
fvBivm kãwU g~jZ RxeweÁv‡bi m‡½ m¤cwK©Z n‡jI cÖkœ n‡jv GB kãwU K‡e †_‡K Kw¤cDUv‡ii ¶wZKi †cÖvMÖvg
†evSv‡Z eëüZ n‡jv? 1983 mv‡ji 10 b‡f¤î Kw¤cDUvi fvBivm Gi Rb¥ nq| hy³iv‡óªi mvD`vb© K¨vwj‡dvwb©qv
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi ¯œvZK †kªwYi QvÎ †d«W †Kv‡nb †cbwmj‡fwbqvi †jwnM wek¦we`¨vj‡q wbivcËvwelqK GK †mwgbv‡i cÖ_g
Kw¤cDUvi fvBivm †`Lvb| GKwU †gBb‡d«g Kw¤cDUv‡i wZwb Zvui †QvÆ ms‡KZ (‡KvW) cÖ‡ek Kwi‡q gvÎ 5 wgwb‡UB
†MvUv h‡š¿i wbqš¿Y wb‡q wb‡qwQ‡jb| AviI PviwU cÖ`k©bx‡Z M‡o gvÎ AvaNÈv mg‡qB GB †KvW eënvi K‡i me
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AwfwnZ K‡ib| †mB †_‡K Ggb ¶wZKi †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg n‡q †Mj Kw¤cDUvi fvBivm|
164

wKš‘ A‡b‡Ki g‡Z, GUvB cÖ_g fvBivm bq| 1982 mv‡j †cbwmj‡fwbqvi 15 eQi eqmx wK‡kvi wiP †¯ŒbUv Ggb GK
†cÖvMÖvg †j‡L, hv d¬wc wW‡¯‹i gva¨‡g A¨vcj Uz Kw¤cDUvi‡K msµwgZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡qwQj| cÖwZ 50 evi cici
Kw¤cDUvi wieywUs‡qi mgq GB †cÖvMÖvgwU GKwU †QvÆ evZ©v †`LvZ| wKš‘ GB cy‡iv e¨vcviUvB wQj gRv Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨,
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KLbI cy‡iv Kw¤cDUv‡ii G‡·m wb‡Ri Aaxb wb‡q †bq| Avevi KLbI GwU wbi‡e i‡q hvq Avcbvi Kw¤úDUv‡i hLb
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†c‡q Avµgb K‡i _v‡K| G ai‡bi mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv‡K ejv nq g¨vjIqvi (Malware ev Malicious Software)|
fvBivm Ges g¨vjIq¨vi

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mivmwi e‡j †dwj, ÒKw¤cDUvi fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ n‡q‡QÓ| GgbwK Avgiv mKj cÖKv‡ii g¨vwjwmqvm
(g¨vwjwmqvm‡K ms‡ÿ‡c g¨vjIq¨vi ejv nq) mdUIq¨vi‡KB fvBivm e‡j WvwK, wKš‘ GUv †UKwbK¨vwj wVK bq|
Avm‡j fvBivm GKai‡bi †cÖvMÖvwgs †KvW †hUv †h‡Kv‡bv mdUIq¨v‡ii mv‡_ _vK‡Z cv‡i Ges wb‡R wb‡R we¯Ívi jvf
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cÖKv‡ii Kw¤cDUvi g¨vwjwmqvm mdUIq¨vi‡K †evSv‡bv nq, †hgb- †UªvRvb, ¯c¨vBIq¨vi, Iqg©m, eyUwKUm, wKjMvi,
Wvqvjvi Ges n¨vu fvBivm wb‡RI GK ai‡bi g¨vjIq¨vi| ZvB †UKwbK¨vwj ej‡Z, mKj fvBivmB g¨vjIq¨vi, wKš‘
mKj g¨vjIq¨vi fvBivm bq|
myZivs eZ©gvb evRv‡i wmwKDwiwU †cÖvMÖvg †h bv‡gB _vKzK, †mUv Gw›UfvBivm Ges Gw›Ug¨vjIq¨vi Dfq iƒ‡cB KvR
K‡i| Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv we‡klfv‡e fvBivm wW‡U± Kivi Rb¨ Ges Gw›U-g¨vjIq¨vi †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K mKj
cÖKv‡ii g¨vwjwmqvm mdUIq¨vi mv‡_ fvBivm wW‡U± Kivi Rb¨ ˆZwi Kiv nq, hwÌ Gw›U-fvBivm wb‡RI A‡bK
cÖKv‡ii g¨vjIq¨vi wW‡U± Kivi ¶gZv iv‡L|
Kw¤cDUvi eënvi Ki‡Qb Avi fvBiv‡m bvKvwbPzevwb Lvbwb Ggb eënviKvix Ly‡uR cvIqv fvi| DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs
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165

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Gw›UfvBivm| BDwbfvwm©wU Ae wnD‡÷vb-WvDbUvD‡bi GK `j cÖhyw³ M‡el‡Ki g‡Z, cÖwZgv‡m 200-Gi †ewk bZzb
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my‡hvM †Lvu‡R| eënviKvixi wcwm‡Z fvBivm †VKv‡bv, cy‡iv‡bv fvBivm gy‡Q †dj‡Z, n¨vwKs, wdwks, ¯c¨vwgs‡qi
weiæ‡× Gw›UfvBivm AZ›`ª cÖnix wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| B›Uvi‡bU wbivcËvi Gw›UfvBivm m‡›`nRbK I‡qemvBU, wdwks
I‡qemvBU cÖwZ‡iva, B-‡gBj I Bb÷¨v›U evZ©v ¯‹¨v‡bi gva¨‡g ¶wZKi wjsK, Qwe, dvBj bvgv‡bv I Ab¨vb¨ ¯ú¨vg
cÖwZ‡iv‡a KvR K‡i| G Qvov cvmIqvW© Pzwi cÖwZ‡ivamn B›Uvi‡b‡Ui wewfbœ mvB‡U wkï‡ì cÖ‡ek wbqš¿‡Y Gw›UfvBivm
I B›Uvi‡bU wmwKDwiwU KvR K‡i|
Gw›UfvBivm
Gw›UfvBivm (Antivirus) ej‡Z mvaviYfv‡e Kw¤cDUv‡ii fvBivm †iva Kivi Rb¨ eëüZ GKai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg hv
Kw¤cDUv‡ii msi¶Y GjvKv ev nvW©wW¯‹ ev †h †Kvb wigy‡fej wW¯‹ n‡Z fvBivm mbv³KiY, cÖwZ‡iva I cÖwZKvi
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Kw¤cDUvi I B›Uvi‡bU eënviKvixiI Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMvg eënv‡ii cÖ‡qvRb Av‡Q| eªvDRv‡ii `ye©jZv, cøvMBbm,
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hw` AbjvB‡b †jb‡`b K‡ib Zvn‡j Zvi wcwm‡Z Gw›UfvBivm _vKv Aek¨B cÖ‡qvRb, GLb A‡bK Gw›UfvBivm
mdUIq¨vi †jb‡`‡bi wmwKDwiwU w`‡q _v‡K|
K‡qKwU Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖv‡gi bvg wb‡P †`qv nj:
¾ Kvmcviw¯‹
¾ g¨vKwd
¾ biUb
¾ wcwmwmwjb
¾ GwfwR
¾ A¨vfv÷
¾ B-‡mU
¾ B-¯‹¨vb
¾ ‡Kveiv BZ¨vw`
Gw›UfvBivm †hfv‡e KvR K‡i

`ywU mvaviY c×wZ‡Z Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi¸‡jv fvBivm mbv³ K‡i _v‡K| cÖ_g I me©vwaK cÖPwjZ c×wZwU n‡jv
fvBivm wmM‡bPvi msÁvi ZvwjKv †_‡K fvBivm mbv³KiY| GB mbv³KiY c×wZi cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv eënviKvixiv
†Kej †mme fvBivm †_‡KB i¶v cvb †h¸‡jv c~‡e©v³ fvBivm msÁvi Avc‡W‡U DwjøwLZ _v‡K| wØZxq c×wZwU n‡jv
wnDwiw÷K GjMwi`g hv fvBiv‡mi mvaviY msÁv †_‡K mbv³ Kiv nq| GB c×wZ‡Z Gw›UfvBivm wmM‡bPvi dvg©
KZ©…K msÁvwqZ fvBivm bv n‡qI Zv mbv³ Kiv hvq|
166

†Kvb Kw¤cDUvi GKevi fvBivm Øviv AvµvšÍ nevi ci Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷g cybivq Bb÷j Kiv Qvov Zv eënvi Kiv
wec`RbK| Z‡e fvBivm AvµvšÍ Kw¤cDUvi‡K mvwi‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ †ek K‡qKwU c×wZ i‡q‡Q| GB c×wZ¸‡jv
fvBiv‡mi cÖKvi I AvµvšÍ nevi gvÎvi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
DB‡ÛvR Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡g ¶wZMÖ¯’ wm‡÷g‡K c~e©ve¯’vq wdwi‡q wb‡q Avmvi c×wZwU wm‡÷g wi‡÷vi bv‡g cwiwPZ, hv
†iwRw÷ª Ges ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wm‡÷g dvBjmg~n‡K ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq wdwi‡q wb‡q Av‡m| A‡bK mgq Gi cÖ‡qvM fvBivm
wm‡÷gwU‡K n¨vs K‡i †`q Ges cieZ©x‡Z nvW© wieyU GwU‡K ¶wZMÖ¯’ Kivi Av‡Mi Ae¯’vq wb‡q hv‡e| Aek¨ wKQz
fvBivm wi‡÷vi wm‡÷gmn Ab¨vb¨ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© Uzj h_v Uv¯‹ g¨v‡bRvi Ges KgvÛ cÖ¤cU weKj K‡i †`q| G¸‡jv K‡i
Ggb GKwU fvBiv‡mi bvg mvqv‡Wvi| wewfbœ D‡Ï‡k¨ GWwgwb‡÷ªU‡ii D³ Uzj¸‡jv Ab¨vb¨ eënviKvix‡ì Rb¨
A‡K‡Rv K‡i ivLvi ¶gZv Av‡Q| fvBivm †iwRw÷ª‡K cwieZ©b K‡i †èvi gva¨‡g GKB KvR K‡i, d‡j hLb GKRb
cÖkvmK Kw¤cDUviwU Pvjvb ZLb wZwbmn Ab¨vb¨ eënviKvix GB Uzj¸‡jv eënvi Kiv †_‡K ewÂZ nb| hLb GKwU
AvµvšÍ Uzj fvBiv‡mi gva¨‡g A‡K‡Rv n‡q hvq ZLb Zv "Task Manager has been disabled by your
administrator." evZ©vwU †`q|
Gw›UfvBivm GK ai‡bi †cÖvMÖvg hv‡Z wewfbœ fvBiv‡mi WvUv‡em _v‡K| d‡j Lye mn‡RB fvBivm †cÖvMÖvg¸‡jv‡K kbv³
Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges †m¸‡jv‡K eënviKvixi wcwm‡Z BÝUj n‡Z †`q bv | cÖwZwbqZ Gw›UfvBivm Avc‡WU Ki‡Z nq
hv‡Z K‡i me©‡kl fvBiv‡mi WvUv‡em I Zvi Kv‡Q _v‡K| aiv hvK GKRb e¨w³ Zvi cÖwZôv‡bi wbivcËvi Rb¨ GKRb
cÖnwi ivL‡jb Ges †h mgq Zv‡K wb‡qvM †`qv n‡q‡Q †mB mgq Ges Gi Av‡Mi `yó‡ì eëüZ †KŠkj †m Rv‡b| wKš‘
wKQzw`b c‡i `yóiv bZzb †UKwbK eënvi Ki‡Z ïiæ Ki‡jv| GLb hw` cÖnix‡K †mBme bZzb †UKwbK m¤c‡K© avibv
bv †`qv nq Zvn‡j cÖnwi mwVKfv‡e wbivcËv w`‡Z e¨_© n‡e| wVK GKBfv‡e Gw›UfvBiv‡m cÖwZwbqZ Avc‡WU bv Ki‡j
†mI wVKgZ KvR bvI Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wbqwgZ Avc‡WU Ki‡Z n‡e Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨vi‡K| Gw›UfvBivm †cÖvMÖvg
†f‡` fvBivm gvivi c×wZ¸‡jv wfbœ wfbœ n‡Z cv‡i Z‡e cÖwZUv‡ZB ¯‹¨vb Kivi Ackb _v‡K| B`vwbsKv‡j
fvBivm¸‡jv †cbWªvBf wKsev †h‡Kvb d¬¨vk WªvBf †hgb †g‡gvwi Kv‡W©i gva¨‡g me‡P‡q †ewk Qovq e‡j †m¸‡jv ¯‹¨vb
bv K‡i eënvi bv KivB fv‡jv|
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi wiBÝU‡jkb

hw` †Kvb Kw¤cDUv‡i Ggb †Kvb fvBivm _v‡K hv Gw›UfvBivm mdUIq¨v‡ii c‡¶ gy‡Q †djv m¤¢e bv nq Z‡e
Acv‡iwUs wm‡÷‡gi cybivq BÝU‡jkb Riæwi n‡Z cv‡i| GwU mwVKfv‡e Kivi Rb¨ nvW©WªvBf m¤cyY©fv‡e wWwjU Ki‡Z
n‡e (cvwU©kb wWwjU K‡i dig¨vU Ki‡Z n‡e)|
hv gv_vq ivL‡Z n‡e-
♣ †ewkifvM A¨vw›UfvBivm I B›Uvi‡bU wmwKDwiwU I‡qe †_‡K mivmwi nvjbvMv` K‡i †bIqv hvq|
♣ Gw›UfvBiv‡mi jvB‡mÝ Kx (bv¤^vi) mveav‡b ivL‡Z n‡e|
♣ †cbWªvBf ev G·Uvb©vj nvW©wW¯‹ Kw¤cDUv‡i eënv‡ii mgq âh©mn ¯‹¨vb K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
♣ cÖwZeQi †k‡l Gw›UfvBivm jvB‡mÝ bevqb K‡i wb‡Z nq|
♣ wbqwgZ Gw›UfvBivm nvjvbvMv` Ki‡Z n‡e|
♣ wbqwgZ Gw›UfvBivm w`‡q Kw¤cDUv‡ii wewfbœ WªvBf ¯‹¨vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
♣ jvB‡mÝ DËxY© nIqvi Av‡MB bevqb Ki‡Z n‡e|
♣ Gw›UfvBiv‡mi †imwKD Uzj‡mi gva¨‡g ¶wZMÖ¯Í Kw¤cDUv‡ii Z_¨ cybiæ×vi Kiv hvq|
167

9.3 †cø-RvwiRg, KwcivBU, †gav¯^Ë¡ Ges cÖvmw½K AvBb I bxwZgvjv
†cø-RvwiRg
‡cø-RvwiRg (Plagiarism) †K mnRfv‡e ej‡Z †M‡j ejv hvq A‡bï AbygwZ Qvov
†Kvb wKQz wb‡Ri e‡j `vwe Kiv| eB‡qi fvlvq Ab¨vqfv‡e A‡bï AvBwWqv, Kg©,
fvlv, fve-fw½, BZ¨vw` wb‡Ri e‡j Pvwj‡q †Ìqv ev `vwe Kiv‡KB †cø-RvwiRg
e‡j| Ab¨fv‡e hv‡K e‡j bKj Kiv ev Pzwi Kiv| Avgv‡ì †`‡k AvBwU RM‡Z †R‡b
bv †R‡b A‡b‡KB GB Ab¨vq KvRwU K‡i _v‡Kb| wKš‘ GB KvRwUi Rb¨ †h cwigvb
¶q ¶wZ nq Zv A‡b‡KB †f‡e †`wL bv| †gavi AcPq, mg‡qi AcPq, Avw_©K
Rwigvbv, †Rj-Rwigvbv, Pzwii Møvwb, m‡e©vcwi mvgvwRKfv‡e Acivax wn‡m‡e MY¨
Kiv| A‡b‡K bv nq GUv bv †R‡b K‡i _v‡Kb| Avevi A‡bK Ávbx e¨w³iv Gi mv‡_
wb‡R‡ì mswkøó K‡ib|
KwcivBU
KwcivBU g~jZ `ywU k‡ãi mw¤§jb| Kwc Ges ivBU| Kwc A_© bKj ev cÖwZwjwc ev Abywjwc ev AbyK…wZ ev AbyKiY ev
Abym„wZ BZ¨vw`| Avi ivBU n‡”Q AwaKvi ev ¯^Z¡ ev mZ¨ ev b¨vq BZ¨vw`| mnR fvlvq ejv hvq, KwcivBU n‡”Q bKj
Kivi AwaKvi ev bKjvwaKvi| KwcivBU GKwU AvBb hvi Øviv †jL‡Ki †gŠwjK m„wóK‡g©i Rb¨ wbw`©ó mg‡qi GK”QÎ
AwaKvi cÖ`vb Kiv nq| KwcivBU g~jZ Ò‡jL‡Ki †gŠwjK iPbvi Rb¨ ¯^Z¡ cÖ`vb Ges webv AbygwZ‡Z †h †Kvb ai‡bi
cybtgy`ªY, Abyev` ev Abywjwc †_‡K wbe„Ë I wbqš¿Y KivÓ| KwcivBU †jL‡Ki †jLv, K‡›U›U, Qwe, mdUIq¨vi wKsev
†h‡Kv‡bv m„wóKg© Gi †jLK, cÖKvkK ev g~j gvwj‡Ki ¯^Z¡ ev AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡i hv cÖKvk‡Ki AbygwZ Qvov e¨w³MZ
Kv‡R A_ev Ab¨ †Kv‡bv Kv‡R mivmwi Kwc K‡i eënvi nq Zvn‡j KwcivBU AvBb j•Nb n‡e|
evsjv GKv‡Wgx Bswjk-‡e½wj wWKkbvwi‡Z KwcivB‡Ui A_© †gav¯^Z¡ Ges e¨vL¨vq ejv n‡q‡Q, †Kv‡bv †jLK ev wkíx
KZ©…K Zvui m„wóK‡g©i Dci GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡q ¯’vqx AwaKvi| KwcivB‡Ui †gŠwjK Zvrc‡h©i m‡½ GB A‡_©i †Kv‡bv
we‡iva bv _vK‡jI KwcivB‡Ui †h µgm¤cÖmvigvb †¶Î I cwiwa, Zv GB e¨vL¨vq c~Y©-cÖwZdwjZ bq| GwU eis
B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU©-i evsjv cvwifvwlK kã wn‡m‡e AwaK m½wZc~Y©| KwcivBU B‡›U‡jKPzqvj cÖcvwU©i GKwU Ask,
Ab¨ Ask BÛªvw÷ªqvj ivBU, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q c¨v‡U›U, wWRvBb I †UªWgvK©| ZvB KwcivB‡Ui Zvrch© Avjv`vfv‡e
Abyaveb‡hvM¨| KwcivBU †Kej †jLK ev wkíxi welq bq, GwU †h †Kv‡bv m„wókxj gvby‡li m„wó¯^‡Z¡i PP©v‡¶Î| †Kej
e„nËi RbmvaviY bq, KwcivBU m¤c‡K© Avgv‡ì wkw¶Z mgv‡Ri aviYvI †h Lye †MvQv‡jv I mgqvbyM bq, GB
cwifvlv I e¨vL¨v Zvi GKwU mnR D`vniY|
KwcivBU AvB‡bi Ab¨ GKwU w`K n‡jv Gi Øviv †jLK ev cÖKvkK‡K gyw`ªZ ev Ab¨vb¨ m„wóK‡g©i GK ev GKvwaK Kwc
AvB‡b D‡jøwLZ mgqmxgvi g‡a¨ miKvi KZ©…K wbw`©ó GK ev GKvwaK MÖš’vMv‡i webvg~‡j¨ †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq|
KwcivB‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
‡K ¯^Z¡vwaKvix? Kvi Rb¨ GB AvBb? mvaviY DËi n‡jv whwb †Kv‡bv K‡g©i mªóv wZwbB gvwjK ev ¯^Z¡vwaKvix|
evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b ejer KwcivBU AvBb (2000 I ms‡kvwaZ 2005) Abyhvqx GB AvB‡bi weavbvejx mv‡c‡¶, †Kvb
K‡g©i cÖ‡YZv H K‡g©i KwcivB‡Ui cÖ_g ¯^Z¡vwaKvix nB‡eb (Aa¨vq-4, aviv 17)| Avevi cÖ‡YZv ej‡Z †evSv‡bv
n‡q‡Q-
(K) mvwnZ¨ ev bvU¨K‡g©i †¶‡Î, Kg©wUi MÖš’Kvi;
(L) m½xZ welqK K‡g©i †¶‡Î, Dnvi myiKvi ev iPwqZv;
(M) d‡UvMÖvd e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kvb wkímyjf K‡g©i †¶‡Î, Dnvi wbg©vZv;
168

(N) d‡UvMÖv‡di †¶‡Î, Dnvi wPÎMvnK;
(O) Pjw”PÎ A_ev kã †iKwW©s Gi †¶‡Î, Dnvi cÖ‡hvRK;
(P) Kw¤cDUv‡ii gva¨‡g m„ó mvwnZ¨, bvU¨, m½xZ ev wkí myjf K‡g©i †¶‡Î Kg©wUi m„wóKvix e¨w³
ev cÖwZôvb (aviv 2, `dv 24)|
eZ©gvb mg‡q KwcivB‡Ui cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Acwimxg| KwcivBU GKRb †jLK, wkíx, Z_v m„wóKvix‡K bvbvwea myweav
†fvM Kivi AwaKvi †`q| †hgb:
†jLK wbwe©‡Nœ bZzb Áv‡bi mÜvb K‡ib| Zvi †jLv AvBb Øviv myiw¶Z nIqvi Kvi‡Y wZwb AviI bZzb m„wói
Rb¨ cwikªg K‡ib|
†jLK, wkíxMY Zvu‡ì Kv‡Ri Rb¨ m¤§vbx cvb, hv Zv‡ì Kv‡R †cÖiYv †hvMvq|
†jLK, wkíx‡Mvôx Zv‡ì m„wóK‡g©i Rb¨ A_©‰bwZKfv‡e jvfevb nb|
KwcivBU AvBb †jLK, wkíx‡ì ¯^v_© i¶v K‡i|
m„wóKg© A‰eafv‡e †KD cwieZ©b, cybtgy`ªY ev wbRbv‡g Qvcv‡Z bv cv‡i †m wbðqZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq I AvB‡bi
Øviv wbwðZ Kiv nq|
mgv‡Ri DbœwZ mvwaZ nq, m„Rbkxj Kv‡Ri weKvk N‡U|
AvšÍR©vwZK KwcivBU AvBb mKj †`‡ki Rb¨ mydj G‡b‡Q| GK †`‡ki m„wóKg© Av‡iK †`‡k wbivcËv cvq|
mvwnZ¨ I wkíK‡g©i Av`vb cÖ`vb I wewbg‡q Ab¨‡`‡k †hgb Zv‡ì iPbv I wkíK‡g©i Pvwn`v m„wó nq, †Zgwb
wbR †`‡k Ab¨‡`‡ki mvwnZ¨ I wkíK‡g©i Avg`vwb nq|
KwcivB‡Ui AvIZv
we`¨gvb AvB‡bi AvIZvq †h me K‡g©i †¶‡Î KwcivBU ev †gav¯^‡Z¡i myi¶v (cÖ‡UKkb) cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, †m¸‡jv
n‡jv- mvwnZ¨Kg©, bvU¨ I m½xZKg©, wkíKg©, ¯’vcZ¨ Kg©, wPÎKg©, Av‡jvKwPÎ, Pjw”PÎ welqK Kg©, †iKW©Kg©, AwWI-
wfwWI K¨v‡mU, †eZvi I †Uwjwfkb Z_v wgwWqv m¤cÖPvi, K¨vej †bU-IqvK©m, Kw¤cDUvi mdUIqvi I I‡qemvBU
msµvšÍ Kg©| AwaKv‡ii my¯có wZbwU w`K : AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ, myi¶v I Av`vq| GKwU Kg© m„ó nIqvi m‡½ m‡½ Zv
Rb¥MZ AwaKv‡ii wfwË‡Z ¯^xK…Z n‡q hvq| mªóv ev cÖ‡YZv Zv h_vmg‡q KwcivBU Awd‡m ev mwgwZ‡Z †iwR‡÷ªkb ev
wbeÜb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| ¯^xK…wZi Rb¨ wbeÜb eva¨Zvg~jK bq, Z‡e †Kv‡bv wel‡q cÖwZKvi jv‡fi Rb¨ AZ¨vek¨Kxq|
we`¨gvb AvB‡bi (2000) `kg Aa¨v‡q G welqwU c×wZMZfv‡e ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| myi¶v ev cÖ‡UKk‡bi Rb¨ cÖ_g kZ©
BDRvi GwMÖ‡g›U ev ¯^Z¡-wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ wewa‡gvZv‡eK wjwLZ Pzw³ m¤cv`b|
KwcivBU AvB‡bi (2000) 19 bs avivq ejv n‡q‡Q, (1) †KvbK‡g©i KwcivB‡Ui ¯^Z¡ wb‡qvM êa nB‡e bv, hw` Zvnvi
¯^Z¡ cÖ`vbKvix ev Zvnvi wbKU h_vh_ ¶gZvcÖvß cÖwZwbwai Øviv ¯^v¶wiZ bv nq| A_©vr Pzw³wU wjwLZ I ¯^v¶wiZ
nIqvi †Kv‡bv weKí †bB| GB avivi 7wU Dcavivq Pzw³m¤cv`‡bi wbqg I kZ©vejx D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Zdwm‡j
Pzw³i †Kv‡bv bgybv †Ìqv nqwb| ZvB kZ© †gvZv‡eK Pzw³m¤cv`bKvixiv wbR wbR KvVv‡gv‡Z Pzw³ cÖYqb, m¤cv`b I
¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cv‡ib| Aek¨ cvjbxq k‡Z©i g‡a¨ iq¨vjwU cwi‡kv‡ai aiY I Pzw³i †gqv` D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e| hw`
Pzw³‡Z †gqv` D‡jøL bv _v‡K, Zvn‡j ¯^Z¡-wb‡qv‡Mi cvuP eQi ci †gqv` AewmZ n‡e (aviv 19-5)| GKBfv‡e
wb‡qvMcÖvß ¯^Z¡vwaKvix hw` Pzw³i †Kv‡bv kZ© GK eQi ch©šÍ cvjb bv K‡ib, Zvn‡j Pzw³wU evwZj n‡q †h‡Z cv‡i (aviv
19-3)| ZvB cÖwZwU †¶‡Î Pzw³ m¤cv`b I cvj‡b Dfq c¶‡K me©vwaK mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| AwaKvi
Av`v‡qi Rb¨ miKvix I †emiKvix ch©v‡q mgwš^Z I cÖvwZôvwbK D‡`¨vM MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| cÖwZwU †¶‡Î êa
169

¯^Z¡vwaKvixiv KwcivBU †mvmvBwU MVb K‡i KwcivBU Awdm †_‡K wbeÜb MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GKB wel‡q `ywU
KwcivBU †mvmvBwU wbeÜb Kiv hv‡e bv| Z‡e me wel‡q MwVZ †mvmvBwU wb‡q evsjv‡`k-wfwËK GKwU mgš^qKvix
†mvmvBwU MwVZ n‡Z cv‡i| DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z GB Dfq ai‡bi †mvmvBwU Av‡Q| GivB †jLK, wkíx, cvidigvimn
mKj ¯^Z¡vwaKvixi ¯^Z¡ †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i _v‡K| we`¨gvb AvB‡bi (2000) Aóg Aa¨v‡q Ges 2006 mv‡ji KwcivBU
wewai cÂg Aa¨v‡q KwcivBU mwgwZ MVb, wbeÜb I cwiPvjbvi welqvw` ewY©Z n‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ †¶‡Îi †gqv`

GB aviYv cÖvq me©gn‡j e×g~j n‡q Av‡Q †h, we`¨gvb AvBb Abyhvqx (2000, ms‡kvwaZ 2005) KwcivB‡Ui †gqv`
cÖ‡YZvi g„Zÿi ci lvU eQi ch©šÍ we¯Í…Z| GwU cÖKvwkZ mvwnZ¨, bvU¨, msMxZ I wkíK‡g©i †gqv` m¤c‡K© Kvh©Ki, Z‡e
Ab¨vb¨ wel‡q MÖvn¨ bq| AvB‡bi cÂg, lô I mßg Aa¨v‡q bvbv iKg m„wóKg©, m¤cÖPviKg©, m¤cv`bKg© I
cÖKvkbvK‡g©i †gqv` m¤c‡K© e¨vL¨v Av‡Q ( aviv 24 †_‡K 40)| †Kv‡bv KwcivB‡Ui cÖ‡YZvi AwaKv‡ii †gqv` Zvui
g„Zÿi cieZ©x cwÄKve‡l©i ïiæ †_‡K MYbv Ki‡Z nq| cÖ‡YZv ej‡Z aviv 2(24) Abyhvqx MÖš’Kvi (mvwnZ¨ I
bvU¨K‡g©i †¶‡Î), myiKvi ev iPwqZv (msMxZ welqK K‡g©i †¶‡Î), wbg©vZv (d‡UvMÖvd e¨ZxZ Ab¨ †Kv‡bv wkí myjf
K‡g©i †¶‡Î), wPÎMÖvnK (d‡UvMÖv‡di †¶‡Î), cÖ‡hvRK (Pjw”PÎ A_ev kã †iKwW©sGi †¶‡Î) Ges m„wóKvix e¨w³
(Kw¤cDUvi gva¨‡g m„ó mvwnZ¨, bvU¨, msMxZ ev wkímyjf K‡g©i †¶‡Î) BZ¨vw` †evSvq| Gi evB‡i i‡q‡Q m¤cwK©Z
Ab¨vb¨ AwaKvi, hv †bBevwis ivBUm wn‡m‡e AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡e ¯^xK…Z| cÖK…wZ‡f‡` Gme AwaKv‡ii †gqv` wewfbœ iKg|
†gŠwjK m„wóK‡g©i †¶‡Î cÖ‡YZv GK †nvK ev †hŠ_ †nvK, KwcivB‡Ui †gqv` Zvi ev Zv‡ì RxerKvj I ZrcieZ©x lvU
eQi| †hŠ_ cÖ‡YZvi †¶‡Î whwb me‡k‡l g„ZÿeiY K‡i‡Qb, Zvi g„Zÿi ZvwiL a‡iB GB wnmve Kiv n‡e|
Pjw”PÎ wd‡j¥i KwcivB‡Ui †gqv` Kg©wU cÖKvwkZ nIqvi cieZ©x cwÄKvel© †_‡K lvU eQi| kã †iKwW©sGi †¶‡ÎI
KwcivB‡Ui †gqv` Abyiƒc| GB Dfq †¶‡Î cÖ‡hvRK mvaviYZ KwcivB‡Ui AwaKvix| †¶Îwe‡k‡l cÖ‡YZvi m‡½ GB
AwaKvi AvbycvwZK n‡q hvq| cÖ‡hvRK ej‡Z †mB e¨w³‡K †evSvq, whwb Kg©wUi wel‡q D‡`¨vM, wewb‡qvM I `vwqZ¡
cvjb K‡i‡Qb| bvgme©¯^ cÖ‡hvRK G †¶‡Î AvB‡bi †Pv‡L MÖvn¨ bv-I n‡Z cv‡ib| kã †iKwW©s Gi †¶‡ÎI GwU
mgfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| lvU eQi c~iY n‡j êa cÖ‡hvR‡Ki RxeÏkv‡ZB GB †gqv` AewmZ n‡e| d‡UvMÖv‡di †gqv` Kg©wU
cÖKvwkZ nIqvi ci cÂvk eQi| d‡UvMÖvd ej‡Z d‡Uv wj‡_vMÖvd ev d‡UvMÖvd m`„k †Kv‡bv cÖwµqvq cÖ¯‘Z Kg©, wKš‘
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170

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Aóg Aa¨v‡qi 29 bs wewa‡Z G welqwU ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| g~jZ GB aviv I wewa‡Z †ev‡W©i MVb, AvIZv, Kg©cwiwa I
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AbwaK cvuP ermi ejv n‡q‡Q|
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171

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aviv m¤c‡K© AewnZ bv †_‡K †KD hw` KwcivBU j•Nb K‡i _v‡Kb, Zvn‡jI Zv Aciva e‡j we‡ewPZ n‡e|
Gevi Aciv‡ai kvw¯Í m¤c‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv hvK| j•Nb mbv³ K‡i cÖ‡YZv ev KwcivB‡Ui êa ¯^Z¡vwaKvix †Ìqvbx
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KwcivBU †ev‡W©i Kv‡Q Av‡e`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gvwj‡Ki G ai‡bi Av‡e`b ev gvgjvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z Aciva mbv³KiY
I AvBbvbyM kvw¯Í cÖ`vb Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
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AvBbvbyM KZ©…c‡¶i Kv‡Q †mvc`© Ki‡Z cv‡ib| miKvi KZ©…K m¤cÖwZ MwVZ Uv¯‹‡dvm©I G KvRwU Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
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j•Nb K‡ib ev j•Nb Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡ib, wZwb Ab~a© Pvi ermi wKš‘ Aby¨b Qq gvm †gqv‡ì Kviv`Ê Ges Ab~a© `yB
j¶ UvKv wKš‘ Aby¨b cÂvk nvRvi UvKv A_©`‡Ê `Êbxq n‡eb| Z‡e Av`vj‡Z hw` cÖgvY Kiv hvq †h, j•NbwU
evwYwR¨K D‡Ï‡k¨ nqwb, Zvn‡j Av`vjZ kvw¯Í cwigvY Kwg‡q w`‡Z cv‡ib|
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UvKv A_©`Ê cÖ‡`q, Z`ycwi kvw¯Í wkw_j Kivi †Kv‡bv AeKvk †bB| 82 bs avivq wØZxq ev cieZ©x Aciv‡ai ewa©Z
kvw¯Í ewY©Z| cÖ_gevi Aciva K‡i kvw¯Í‡fv‡Mi ci †KD hw` Avevi Aciva K‡i Zvn‡j †mB e¨w³ Qq gvm †_‡K wZb
eQi Kviv`Ê I GK j¶ †_‡K wZb j¶ UvKv A_©`‡Ê `wÊZ n‡eb|
84 bs avivq Kw¤cDUvi †cÖvMÖv‡gi jw•NZ Kwc ÁvZmv‡i eënv‡ii Aciva ewY©Z n‡q‡Q| avivwUi Askwe‡kl 2005
mv‡j ms‡kvwaZ n‡q‡Q| G †¶‡Î Ab~a© Pvi eQ‡ii Kviv`Ê I Pvi j¶ UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`‡Êi weavb Av‡Q| hw` cÖgvwYZ
nq †h, j•NbwU AeëmvwqK Kvi‡Y N‡U‡Q Zvn‡j `Ê wkw_j Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| 85 I 86 bs avivq AwaKvi j•NbKvix
†cøU ˆZwi, `L‡j I wewje›U‡bi kvw¯Í cÂvk nvRvi UvKv ch©šÍ A_©`‡Ê I `yB eQi ch©šÍ Kviv`Ê| 87 bs avivq
†iwR÷v‡i wg_¨v AšÍf©~w³, wg_¨v mv¶¨ cÖ`vb BZ¨vwì kvw¯Í ewY©Z n‡q‡Q Ab~a© `yB eQi Kvivevm I `k nvRvi UvKv
Rwigvbv|
88 bs avivq cÖZvwiZ ev cÖfvweZ Kwievi D‡Ï‡k¨ wg_¨v wee„wZ cÖ`vb m¤cwK©Z kvw¯Í Ab~a© `yB eQi Kvivevm I cuwPk
nvRvi UvKv Rwigvbv| 89 bs avivq cÖ‡YZvi wg_¨v KZ©…Z¡ Av‡ivc-Gi kvw¯Í Ab~a© `yB eQi Kvievm I cuwPk nvRvi UvKv
Rwigvbv| G avivwU †jLK, cÖ‡YZv, myiKvi, MxwZKvi, cvidigvi, wPÎKi, Kw¤cDUi wbg©vZv, Pjw”PÎKvi cÖgy‡Li Rb¨
we‡klfv‡e cÖ‡hvR¨| 90 avivq AvB‡bi 71 aviv j•Nbc~e©K †iKW© ev wfwWI wPÎ ˆZwii kvw¯Í Ab~a© wZb eQi Kviv`Ð I
wZb j¶UvKv Rwigvbv| 91 avivq ejv n‡q‡Q †Kv‡bv †Kv¤cvbxi Aciv‡ai †¶‡Î †Kv¤cvbxi `vwq‡Z¡ wb‡qvwRZ I
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†Kv¤cvbx ej‡Z †Kvb wewae× ms¯’v ev Ab¨ †Kvb mwgwZ †evSv‡e|
172

92 aviv Abyhvqx `vqiv RR Av`vjZ A‡c¶v wb¤œZi †Kvb Av`vjZ ewY©Z Aciva wePviv_© MÖnY Ki‡e bv| 93 avivg‡Z
mve BÝ‡c±‡ii wb‡P bq Ggb †h †Kvb cywjk Kg©KZ©v †MÖdZvwi c‡ivqvbv QvovB jw•NZ Abywjwc Rã K‡i hZ `ªæZ
m¤¢e GKRb g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui mvg‡b Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| eZ©gvb cwiw¯’wZ‡Z KwcivBU AvB‡bi h_vh_ cÖ‡qvM I cvB‡iwm
†ivaK‡í we‡kl miKvwi wb‡`©ke‡j i¨vwcW G¨vKkb e¨v‡Uwjq‡bi (i¨ve) m¤c„³Zvq †h D”P ¶gZvm¤cbœ Uv¯‹ †dvm©
MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q, Zv eZ©gvb miKv‡ii hy‡Mvc‡hvMx c`‡¶c| GB Uv¯‹‡dvm©‡K mKj cÖKvi n¯Í‡¶c Qvov ¯^vaxbfv‡e
KvR Ki‡Z †`qvB hyw³hy³| mKj †¶‡Îi cÖwZwbwa wb‡q GB Uv¯‹ †dvm© evsjv‡`‡ki me©Î Awfhvb cwiPvjbv Ki‡e|
Zviv mbv³K…Z Acivaxi weiæ‡× Zvr¶wYKfv‡e AvBbvbyM eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| GB Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i Kvh©KvwiZvi Dc‡iB
evsjv‡`‡k KwcivBU cÖ‡qv‡Mi mdjZv eûjvs‡k wbf©ikxj| Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i Kvh©µg by¨bZg wZbwU av‡c cwiPvwjZ n‡Z
cv‡i :
(K) m‡PZbZv m„wói Rb¨ †mwgbvi, wm‡¤cvwRqvg I MY‡hvMv‡hvM;
(L) Awfhvb cwiPvjbvi Av‡M mswkøó mK‡ji Rb¨ mZK©xKiY weÁwß Rvwi Ges
(M) mywbw`©ó Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z SwUKv Awfhvb cwiPvjbv I Acivax‡ì Zvr¶wYKfv‡e `„óvšÍg~jK kvw¯Í cÖ`vb|
wbqwgZ GB Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡j cwiw¯’wZ Aek¨B DbœZZi n‡e|
†gav¯^Z¡
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cwie¨vwß‡Z †gav¯^Z¡ _vK‡Z cv‡i ev nIqv m¤¢e| KweZv, w_wmm, bvUK Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvwnZ¨Kg©, Pjw”PÎ, †KvwiIMÖvwdi
KvR (bvP, e¨v‡j BZ¨vw`), wgDwRKvj K‡¤cvwRkb, AwWI †iKwW©s, wPÎ ev †cBw›Usm, AvuKv ev WªBs, ¯‹víPvi ev
g~wZ©/cÖwZK…wZ evbv‡bvi wkí, d‡UvMÖvd, mdUIq¨vi, †iwWI I †Uwjwfk‡bi mivmwi I Ab¨vb¨ m¤cÖPvi, Ges wKQz wKQz
GLwZqv‡i wkí-bKkv (BÛvw÷ªqvj wWRvBb) Gi AšÍM©Z|
bKkv ev wkí-bKkv¸‡jvi (BÛvw÷ªqvj wWRvBb) Rb¨ †Kvb †Kvb GLwZqv‡i Avjv`v ev hyMcr/AwaµgYKvix
(Ifvij¨vwcs) AvBb _vK‡Z cv‡i| †gav¯^Z¡ AvBb, eyw×e„wËK m¤c` (B‡›U‡jKPzq¨vj †cÖvcvwU©) msµvšÍ GKwU e¨vß
wel‡qi Aax‡b A‡bK¸wj AvB‡bi GKwU| †gav¯^Z¡ AvBb ïaygvÎ wVK Kx Dcv‡q ev Kx iƒ‡c aviYvmg~n (AvBwWqv)
A_ev Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡e †mUv we‡ePbv K‡i| GUv †gav¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z Kv‡Ri g~j aviYv, g~jbxwZ (Kb‡mÞ), mZ¨
(d¨v±), aib (÷vBj) A_ev c×wZwU‡K AvIZvfz³ K‡i bv ev Kivi †Póv K‡i bv| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv hvq, wgwKgvDm
KvU©zb wel‡q †h †gav¯^Z¡ msi¶Y Kiv Av‡Q, GUv Abbygw`Z †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb KZ©…K GB KvU©zb weZi‡Yi AwaKvi
iwnZ K‡i Ges Abbygw`Z †Kn wWRbxi m„ó gvbylm`„k wgwKgvD‡mi gZ GKB iKg †Kvb Qwei Abywjwc ev bKj Ki‡Z
cvi‡e bv; wKš‘ GB AvBb mvaviYfv‡e gvby‡li gZ †`L‡Z Ab¨ †Kvb Bu`yi AvuK‡Z ev m„wó Ki‡Z evav †`q bv hZ¶Y
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GLwZqv‡i, †gav¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z Kv‡Ri we`ªæcvZ¥K ev e¨vL¨vg~jK KvR cÖKv‡kiI Dcvq _v‡K| †UªWgvK© Ges c¨v‡U›U-Gi
gZ Ab¨vb¨ AvB‡bi aviv cybtcÖKvk ev cybtDrcv`b wKsev eënv‡ii Dci wewawb‡la Av‡ivc K‡i, †hUv †gav¯^Z¡ AvBb
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cÖwgZKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges BD‡ivcxq BDwbq‡bi gZ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’v ev wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi m`m¨ †`k¸‡jv‡Z GUv
cÖ‡qvRb nq|
173

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QvcvLvbvi cÖmvi nIqvi AvM ch©šÍ †gav¯^Z¡ D™¢vweZ nqwb| AvVv‡iv kZ‡Ki ïiæi w`‡K QvcvLvbv¸‡jvi GK‡PwUqv
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Abywjwc ˆZwii e¨vcviUv m¤c‡K© m‡PZb n‡q, ivRKxq we‡klvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i jvB‡mÝ wewagvjv 1622 Rvwi K‡ib|
Gi d‡j jvB‡mÝ cÖvß/Aby‡gvw`Z eB¸‡jvi GKwU wbeÜb ZvwjKv cÖwZôv Ki‡Z nq, Ges GUvi GKUv Abywjwc mg¯Í
cÖKvkbv cÖwZôv‡b Rgv ivL‡Z nq, Ges cÖ‡qvRb Abymv‡i mycÖwZwôZ mswkøó wel‡qi Aby‡gv`b †`qv Pvjy Kiv nq| '`v
÷¨vPz Ae A¨vb' wQj †gav¯^Z¡ msiw¶Z cÖ_g KvR, Ges Gi †jLK‡K wbw`©ó mg‡qi †gav¯^Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡iwQj, Ges †mB
wbw`©ó mg‡qi c‡i †gav¯^Z¡ †kl n‡q wM‡qwQj| †gav¯^Z¡ eB Ges gvbwPÎ cÖKv‡ki Ges Abywjwc wbqš¿‡Yi GKwU
AvBbMZ welq †_‡K †e‡o GKwU cÖvq mKj AvaywbK wk‡í ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix welq n‡q‡Q, hvi AvIZvfz³
n‡q‡Q kã †iKwW©s, wdj¥/Pjw”PÎ, Qwe (d‡UvMÖvd), mdUIq¨vi Ges ¯’vc‡Zï KvR|
w` evb© Kb‡fbkb
1886 mv‡ji evb© Kb‡fbkb cÖ_‡g ¯^vaxb ivóª¸‡jvi †gav¯^‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ †`q| GB evb© Kb‡fbkb Abymv‡i, †gŠwjK
Kv‡Ri †gav¯^Z¡ AR©b Ki‡Z ev †NvlYv Ki‡Z n‡e bv, KviY †m¸‡jv ¯^qswµqfv‡eB m„wói mv‡_ Kvh©Ki nq| evb©
Kb‡fbkb MÖnYKvix iv‡óªi GKRb †jLK‡K †gav¯^‡Z¡i Rb¨ †Kvb Av‡e`b ev wbeÜb Kivi cÖ‡qvRb n‡e bv| hLbB
KvRUv m¤cbœ n‡e, A_©vr wjwLZ wKsev †Kvb gva¨‡g †iKW© Kiv n‡e, Gi mªóv ¯^qswµqfv‡eB †mB KvR Ges †mLvb
n‡Z Drcbœ Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mg¯Í †gav¯^‡Z¡i AwaKvix n‡eb, hw` bv †mB mªóv mywbwÏ©ófv‡e †mUvi ¯^Z¡ Z¨vM Kivi
†NvlYv K‡ib wKsev †gav¯^‡Z¡i †gqv` †kl n‡q hvq| we‡`kx †jL‡Ki †gav¯^‡Z¡i AwaKviI evb© Kb‡fbk‡b ¯^v¶iKvix
†`kmg~n ¯^‡`kx †jLK‡ì gZB mgfv‡e wbwðZ K‡i| hy³ivR¨ 1887 mv‡j evb© Kb‡fbk‡b ¯^v¶i K‡i wKš‘
KwcivBU wWRvBb GÛ c¨v‡U›U wewagvjv 1988 Aby‡gvw`Z nIqvi Av‡Mi 100 eQi GB AvB‡bi eo As‡ki cÖ‡qvM
K‡iwb| hy³ivóª 1989 mv‡ji AvM ch©šÍ evb© Kb‡fbk‡b ¯^v¶i K‡iwb| evb© Kb‡fbk‡bi wewagvjv wek¦ evwYR¨ ms¯’vi
TRIP Pzw³‡Z GKxf‚Z Kiv n‡q‡Q, Gfv‡e evb© Kb‡fbkb mviv c„w_ex‡Z Qwo‡q c‡o|
bgybv cÖkœ
1. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wbivc`, ˆbwZK Ges SzuwKc~Y© eënvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
2. Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ hš¿vsk msiÿY Kivi Dcvq eY©bv Kiæb|
3. mvBevi Aciva Kx? cÖPwjZ cvuPwU mvBevi Aciva m¤ú‡K© wjLyb|
4. Kw¤úDUvi fvBivm Kx?
5. n¨vwKs ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
6. Gw›UfvBivm Kxfv‡e KvR K‡i?
7. KwcivBU Kx? evsjv‡`‡k KwcivBU AvB‡bi wewfbœ w`K Zz‡j aiæb|
8. †gav¯^Z¡ Kx?
Z_¨m~Î
1. W. AvjgMxi †nv‡mb I W. jyrdi ingvb, Kw¤úDUvi dvÛv‡g›Uvjm, BDwcGj, XvKv
2. gvneyyeyi invgb, Kw¤úDUvi cwiwPwZ, wm‡÷K cvewjkvm©, XvKv
3. gywRei ingvb, cÖv_wgK aviYv: Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, f‡qRvi cvewj‡Kkbm, evsjv evRvi, XvKv
4. 6ô - 8g †kÖwYi Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, RvZxq wkÿvµg I cvV¨cy¯ÍK †evW©, XvKv
5. gvneyyeyi invgb, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wm‡÷K cvewjkvm©, XvKv
6. gwReyi ingvb, Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³, wmweI cvewj‡Kkbm, XvKv
7. https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kw¤úDUvi nvW©Iq¨vi
8. www.comjagot.com
9. http://arts.bdnews24.com/?p=5016
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Edbn 1403

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e¨v‡Pji Ae GWz‡Kkb

evsjv‡`k D›gy³ wek¦we`¨vjq

cÖ_g gy`ªb: wW‡m¤^i 2018

G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqmg~n−

1.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

1.1 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i aviYv

1.2 GKwesk kZ‡Ki wk¶K †hvM¨Zv Ges ICT-Gi ¸iæZ¡

(A) GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki we‡kl `¶Zvmg~n

(Av) GKyk kZ‡Ki wk¶‡Ki wWwRUvj `¶Zvmg~n

(L) wPšÍvg~jK Ges mvgvwRK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi `¶Zv

(N) D”PZi `¶Zv

Avgv‡`i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wWwRUvj `¶Zvmg~n

1.3 evsjv‡`‡k wk¶vq AvBwmwUi ¸iæZ¡: RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ, AvBwmwU

RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ 2010-G wk¶vq AvBwmwUi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvM

G Aa¨v‡qi Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯‘mg~n-

2.1 nvW©Iq¨vi (BbcyU I AvDUcyU) I mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

2.1 nvW©Iq¨vi (BbcyU I AvDUcyU) I mdUIq¨vi cwiwPwZ

cÖ_g cÖRb¥ (1951-1959)

wØZxq cÖRb¥ (1959-1965)

PZz_© cÖRb¥ (1971- eZ©gvb)

cÂg cÖRb¥ (fwel¨r cÖRb¥)

Kw¤cDUv‡ii BbcyU wWfvBmmg~n

Kw¤úDUv‡ii AvDcUcyU wWfvBmmg~n

wPÎ: Kw¤úDUv‡ii wewfbœ AvBKb

G¸‡jv cÖ‡Z¨KwU GK GKwU dvBj

wPÎ: GKwU WªvB‡f iwÿZ wewfbœ ai‡bi dvBj

2.3 Ab I Ad Kiv, dvBj I †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv, bvg †`qv I cybtbvg

†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ab Kivi cÖwµqv:

we`¨yr myBP Ab BDwcGm ev †÷wejvBRvi Ab cvIqvi myBP Ab

†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g Kw¤úDUvi Ad Kivi cÖwµqv:

‡cÖvMÖvg Ad Kiv ÷vU© †gby‡Z wK¬K Kiv kvU WvDb-G wK¬K

dvBj I †dvìvi ˆZwi Kiv

wPÎ: dvBj ˆZwi Kivi cÖwµqv

†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g dvBj ˆZwi Kivi mnR DcvqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

gvD‡mi ivBU evUb wK¬K wbD gvB‡µvmdU Awdm IqvW©

dvBj †jv‡Kkb †`wL‡q w`B

dvBj †_‡K †mf GR-G wK¬K

†d¬vPv‡U©i gva¨‡g †dvìvi ˆZwi Kivi mnR DcvqwU †`Lv‡bv n‡jv:

bvg †`qv I cybtbvg †`qv

wPÎ: cybtbvg †`qvi GKwU Dcvq

wPÎ: gvD‡mi mvnv‡h¨ Kwc Ges †c÷

KvU Ges †c÷ Kivi c×wZ

‡c÷ nIqv dvBj

wPÎ: KvU-‡c÷ Kivi c×wZ

cÖ‡R±-1 dvBjwU wm‡j± K‡i Kx‡evW©

B‡qm-G wK¬K Ki‡j dvBjwU wWwjU n‡q

wimvB‡Kj web †_‡K WKy‡g›U †diZ cvIqv

Avevi mwZ¨B hw` †KvbI dvBj‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e gy‡Q

2.4 d¬¨vkwW¯‹/ wigy‡fejwW¯‹, †g‡gvwi KvW©, g‡Wg BZ¨vw`i e¨envi, wewfbœ

wb‡Z n‡e wP‡b

wPÎ: g‡W‡gi Kvh©cÖwµqv

mswÿß DËig~jK cÖkœ

G Aa¨v‡q Av‡jvwPZ welqe¯‘mg~n-

3.1 IqvW© cÖ‡mwms mdUIq¨vi (GgGm IqvW©) cwiwPwZ Ges Bs‡iwR I

wPÎ: gvB‡µvmdU IqvW©

evsjv †jLvi `ÿZv Abykxjb

wPÎ: Aå Kx‡evW© evi

wPÎ: Aå Kx‡evW© wdwi‡q Avbvi cÖwµqv

d›U wbe©vPb d‡›Ui d‡›Ui †QvU

‡evì/BUvwjK/ AvÛvi is ‡jLvi

GLv‡b wK¬K K‡i

GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv †evì n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh

GB N‡i wK¬K Ki‡j †jLv BUvwjK n‡e| †hgb: Bangladesh

C3 Kjv‡gi wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e|

K3 Kjv‡gi wb‡Pi †mj¸‡jv‡Z djvdj Kwc Ki‡Z n‡e (Dc‡ii Qwe‡Z)|