DisableResearch Report 2010

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GB M‡elYv cÖK‡í A_©vqb Kivi Rb¨ `vwi`ª we‡gvPb Kg©m~Px, MÖvgxY Uªvó-Gi wbKU
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W. mvgQyj evwi, gnv-eë¯’vcK Rvwgj †nv‡mb †P․ayix, Kg©m~Px Kg©KZ©v mv`vd b~ix Ges
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cÖvK-K_b I KiYxq 7-10
Aa¨vq-1: cÖwZewÜZ¡: cwimsL¨vb Ges Ae¯’vb 11-42
1.1. c„w_exi wPÎ
1.2. Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji wPÎ
1.3. evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎ
1.4. cÖwZeÜx msµvš— wKQy M‡elYv Z_¨
1.5. cÖwZewÜZvi KviY: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖ¶vcU
1.6. cÖwZeÜx Ges gvbevwaKvi
1.7. cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi Ges evsjv‡`k
1.8 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZ Kvh©vejx
1.8.1. miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÊ
1.8.2. †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÊ
1.8.3. Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡q †hvMv‡hvM: Dbœqb c¨v‡KR Ges
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †mev
Aa¨vq-2: M‡elYvi †h․w³KZv c×wZ I D‡Ïk¨ 43-45
2.1. M‡elYvi †h․w³KZv
2.2. M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨
2.3. M‡elYv c×wZ
2.4. M‡elYv ev¯—evqb c×wZ
Aa¨vq - 3: M‡elYvi djvdj 46-70
3. M‡elYvi djvdj
3.1. cÖwZeÜx‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v
3.2. cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i aib
3.3. •eevwnK Ae¯’v
3.4. cÖwZeÜx Lvbv cÖav‡bi wk¶v
3.5. †ckv
3.6. Avq
3.7. Lvbv cÖavb‡ì mš—vb msL¨v
3.8. evm¯’v‡bi aib
3.9. cÖwZeÜxi eqm
3.10 cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i eqm
3.11 cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i KviY
3.12. cÖwZeÜx‡ì `¶Zv I Zv‡ì AvMÖn
3.13. cÖwZeÜx KZ©„K msmv‡ii Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`vb
3.14. cÖwZeÜxi cÖwZ AvPiY
5
3.15. cÖwZeÜxi cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Y AskMÖnY cÖwµqv

3.16. cÖwZeÜx‡K wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ M„nxZ c`‡¶c
3.17 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Avq-DcvR©b
3.18. cÖwZeÜxi cybe©vmb
3.19. cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶v
3.20. miKvi KZ©„K cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb cÖYqb m¤úwK©Z Ávb
3.21. cÖwZewÜZv Ges DËivwaKvi
3.22. cÖwZewÜZv m¤úwK©Z m„ó Amyweavmg~n
3.23. cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b wb‡q hvIqv Ges evwn‡i Pjv‡div
3.24. cÖwZeÜxi bvMwiK AwaKvi
3.25. cÖwZeÜx‡ì •eevwnK Ae¯’v
Aa¨vq - 4: Rxebv‡jL¨ (†Km÷vwW)-Gi Av‡jv‡K we‡klY 71-75
4.1. wk¶v
4.2. Kg©ms¯’vb
4.3. Av‡eMcÖeYZv; †cÖg, weevn I `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb
4.4. kvixwiK, gvbwmK ¶wZmvab
4.5. cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ Ges ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK ea©b
4.6. cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv
Aa¨vq-5: Rxebv‡jL¨ 76-135
Aa¨vq-6: Av‡jvPbv I KiYxq 136-138
mshyw³ 1: RvwZmsN- cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi mb` Ges
Hw”QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb
139-179
6
cÖvK-K_b I KiYxq
Avgv‡ì mgv‡R `vwi`ª¨ cÖcxwoZ, wk¶vewÂZ cÖwZwU gvbylB †hb cÖwZeÜx| G

my¯-’ cÖwZeÜx‡ì wf‡o wKQy msL¨K cÖK…Z cÖwZeÜx †Zv Avgv‡ì bR‡i covi
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g‡Z, evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 10 fvM †Kvb-bv-†Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZeÜx|
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ejv hvq, Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖwZeÜx gvbyl msL¨vq wecyj| G wecyj RbmsL¨vi
†g․wjK cª‡qvR‡bi welqwU Pigfv‡e D‡cw¶Z| G‡ì ¯^v¯’¨‡mev, cwiPh©v, wk¶v,
Kg©ms¯’vb BZ¨vw` wel‡q G wb‡q ivóªxq ch©v‡q †h wPš—vfvebv Zv GLbI †Kvb
cÖvwZôvwbK AeKvVv‡gvMZ iƒcjvf K‡iwb| ivóªxq ch©v‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †h
AeKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv n‡q‡Q Zv cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq wbZvš—B AcÖZzj|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K GLbI Dbœq‡bi Askx`vi ev Dbœqb cÖwµqvq m¤ú„³ Kivi
AeKvVv‡gv wewbg©vY Kiv hvqwb| Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi wbwðZ
Kivi wKQy wKQy c`‡¶c ïi‚ n‡jI Zv GLb ch©š— AvBbMZ •eaZv cvqwb| A_P
Avgv‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx RbmsL¨vi Rxe‡bi gv‡bvbœq‡bi Rb¨
miKvwi Ae¨vnZ Avš—wiK cÖqvm cwijw¶Z nq| Aek¨ RvwZmsN mb` Ges
Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK †NvlYvq ¯^v¶iKvix †`k wn‡m‡e evsjv‡`‡k miKvwi Ges
†emiKvwi ch©v‡q we‡kl K‡i GbwRI-†ì gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx gvby‡li Rb¨ †h
Kg©KvÛ ïi‚ n‡q‡Q Zv hwÌ cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq Kg- ZeyI Gi BwZevPK
m~Pbv‡K Aek¨B ¯^vMZ Rvbv‡bv hvq| wej‡¤^ n‡jI wewfbœ †`‡ki miKvi,
bvMwiK mgvR, mgv‡Ri AMÖmi wPš—vi wKQy e¨w³i cÖqv‡m cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨
wk¶v, e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y I cybe©vmb cÖwµqv ïi‚ n‡q‡Q Ges †ek wKQy msL¨K
cÖwZeÜx wk¶v MÖnY K‡i Rxeb msMÖv‡g wU‡K _vKvi `„p cÖZ¨q wb‡q GwM‡q
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cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †Kvb Kvh©µg MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j cj-x GjvKvq emevmKvix
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7
cÖK…ZA‡_©B evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY Kzms¯‥viv‛Qbœ, GLbI wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î Svo-duzK,

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cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ‡ekxivI ms¯‥viekZ Ggb aviYvB cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb|
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nb| cÖwZeÜxiv my¯’ gvby‡li Amy¯’ gvbwmKZvi Øviv Avµvš— n‡Z n‡Z wbRM„‡n
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K‡i w`‡j Zviv Zv‡ì‡K mgv‡R, A_©bxwZ‡Z Ges ms¯‥…wZ‡Z D‡jL‡hvM¨
BwZevPK Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g| BwZnvm mv¶¨ †`q †h, †ò eQi eq‡m `„wó I
kªeY cÖwZeÜx n‡qI †n‡jb †Kjvi Rxeb msMÖv‡g nvi gv‡bbwb| wZwb
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wQ‡jb AÜ A_P AÜ‡ì Rb¨ †i‡L †M‡Qb hyMvš—Kvix Avwe¯‥vi-†eªBjx c×wZi
wk¶v eë¯’v| wek¦L¨vZ weÁvbx wó‡db nwKsm GKRb kvwiixK cÖwZeÜx|
cÖwZeÜx †h hyMvš—Kvix cÖwZfvi AwaKvix n‡Z cv‡i Zvi AviI D`vniY †`qv
†h‡Z cv‡i| †cÖwm‡W›U i‚R‡fë, wesk kZvãxi GKRb me‡P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨
ivR‣bwZK e¨w³Z¡| wZwb †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q c½yZ¡ eiY K‡iwQ‡jb|
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nIqvq Zv Zuvi gb Ges gbbkxjZvq cÖmvwiZ n‡qwQj| G AekZv Zv‡K
AwMœcix¶vi m¤§yLxb K‡iwQj| Gici †_‡K Zuvi J×‡Z¨, AvZ¥Zzwó Ges wPš—v-
†PZbvi AMfxiZv K‡g wM‡qwQj| Aciw`‡K, wZwb Zuvi mg¯— `„wó •bwgwËK
Kv‡R wbe× Ki‡Zb| wZwb Av‡iv †ekx K‡i wPš—v Ki‡Zb Ges Av‡iv †ekx
e¨w³Z¡m¤úbœ n‡qwQ‡jb| wZwb Zuvi me©kw³ wb‡qvM K‡iwQ‡jb †PZbv I Kv‡Ri
g‡a¨ Ges AvZ¥kw³ e„w×i Rb¨|Ó G AekZv Zuvi Rb¨ kv‡cei n‡qwQj e‡j
e‡jwQ‡jb Zvi ¯¿x Gwj‡bviv i‚R‡fë| Avgv‡ì †`‡ki cÖwZeÜx wµovweìv
1991 mv‡j Pg‡K w`‡qwQj †`kevmx‡K| †m ermi hy³iv‡óª AbywôZ Iqvì©
†¯úkvj Awjw¤ú‡K cÖ_gev‡ii gZ Ask †bq 5 Rb cÖwZeÜx, AskMÖnYKvix‡ì
g‡a¨ GKRb ¯^Y© I Aci wZbRb †i․c¨ c`K wb‡q wd‡i Av‡mb; 95 mv‡j GKB
Awjw¤ú‡K 15 Rb cÖwZeÜx µxovwe` Ask wb‡q hy³iv‡óªi wbD n¨v‡f‡b 5wU ¯^Y,©
6wU K‡i †i․c¨ I †eªvÂ c`K jvf K‡i| 1996 mv‡j Px‡bi mvsnvB‡q AbywôZ
cÖ_g Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK †¯úkvj Awjw¤úK †Mg‡m AskMÖnY K‡i 13wU ¯^Y,© 6wU
†i․c¨ I 9wU †eªvÂ c`K jvf K‡i| 1999 mv‡ji Ryb gv‡m hy³iv‡óªi b_©
K¨v‡ivwjbvq AbywôZ †¯úkvj Awjw¤ú‡K evsjv‡`‡ki 42 Rb eyw× cÖwZeÜx
AskMÖnY K‡i| GLv‡b evsjv‡`‡ki eyw× cÖwZeÜxiv 23wU ¯^Y©, 10wU †i․c¨ I
8
70wU †eªvÄ c`K †c‡qwQj| G mvdj¨ wK RvZxq `‡ji my¯’ µxovwe`‡ì

mvd‡jï †P‡q A‡bK eo bq! GK_v wbm‡›`‡n ejv hvq †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨
wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y Ges mgmy‡hv‡Mi m„wó Ki‡j GivI cÖwZeÜKZvnxb‡ì gZ ¯^ ¯^
†¶‡Î Zv‡ì †P‡q D‡jL‡hvM¨ Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡ib|
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cÖwZeÜx‡ì `„wófw½, cvwievwiK Ae¯’v, AwffveK‡ì gb¯—vwË¡K-cÖwZwµqv Ges
Ab¨vb¨ Av‡eMcÖeY welqmn cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi m¤úwK©Z welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ
M‡elYv-gbb-`„wófw½ wb‡q we‡klY Kivi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ
mvgvwRK `„wófw½, gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Ges RbMY‡K AvswkKfv‡e n‡jI
m‡PZb Kivi cÖqvmmn cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbweK AvwZ©i welq¸‡jv we‡ePbvq G‡b
bxwZ wba©viKMY eZ©gvb M‡elYvi Av‡jv‡K RbMY‡K m‡PZbKiY I cybe©vmb
cÖwµqvq Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c wb‡Z cvi‡eb e‡j Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv| wKQyUv n‡jI
eZ©gvb M‡elYv G wel‡q bxwZ wba©viKMY‡K Av‡jvwKZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡j
Avgv‡ì kªg mv_©K e‡j g‡b Kiv n‡e| GB M‡elYv †_‡K Ri‚ix wfwË‡Z hv
KiYxq e‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q Zv wbæiƒc:
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU †K›`ªxq wPwKrmvjq M‡o †Zvjv| GB
wPwKrmj‡q mKj hš¿cvwZ I DcKi‡Y mw¾Z _vK‡e| wkïKv‡j ev
R‡b¥i cici †Kvb GjvKvi wkïi cÖwZewÜZvi j¶Y †`Lv †M‡j m‡½
m‡½ G †K‡›`ª wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z n‡e| GUv
¯’vbxq cÖkvmb ev Kg©iZ †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv Ki‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì wPwKrmvi Rb¨ miKvwi nvmcvZvj ev wK¬wb‡K webvg~‡j¨
Ges †emiKvwi wK¬wb‡K Aa©g‡~ j¨ wPwKrmv myweav †`qvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z
n‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU miKvwi mnvqK hš¿cvwZ (Assistive
device) •Zixi KviLvbv M‡o Zz‡j mnRjf¨ I mK‡ji µq¶gZvi
g‡a¨ Avbvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vwe¯—v‡ii Rb¨ mviv‡`‡k ¯‥zj I KvwiMwi wk¶vj‡qi
msL¨v e„w× Kiv| Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cvVµg I AeKvVv‡gv M‡o
†Zvjv Ges cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨vcK my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
 miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b mgmy‡hv‡M PvKzixi eë¯’v I
PvKzix‡¶‡Î Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ †Rjvq Aš—Z GKwU K‡i we‡bv`b
†K›`ª M‡o †Zvjv| G †K‡›`ª, µxov, ms¯‥w… Z I cvVvMv‡ii eë¯’v
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9
 evm, †ij I D‡ovRvnv‡R cÖwZeÜx‡ì Aš—Z 10% Avmb msiw¶Z

_vK‡e Ges A‡a©K fvovq hvZvqv‡Zi e‡›`ve¯— Kiv| ågYKv‡j
hvbevnb Kg©xiv cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqZv`v‡bi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv| iv¯—v
cvivcviKv‡j cÖwZeÜx‡ì UªvwdK cywj‡ki mnvqZvi weavb Pvjy Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 Awd‡m, fe‡b PjvPjKv‡j cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx wmuwo •Zwi Kiv
Ges GiKg ¯’v‡b Kg©iZ Kg©x‡ì eva¨Zvg~jK mnvqZv `vb|
 cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Kyms¯‥vi †hgb evIevZvm, R¡xb-
f~‡Zi AvQi, cv‡ci dmj BZ¨vw` AcaviYv wbg~©‡ji Rb¨ Z„Yg~j
chv©‡q e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv|
 cÖwZeÜx I cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mgv‡R cÖPwjZ AÜaviYv I Kzms¯‥vi `~i
Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ cwiev‡i I mgv‡R mngwg©Zvi ms¯‥w… Z M‡o
Zzj‡Z msev`cÎ I MYgva¨g‡K m‡PZb Kiv|
 cÖwZeÜx, cÖwZeÜx cwiev‡ii m`m¨ I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨‡ì Z_¨
mieivn I Aeva Z_¨cÖevn wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_gZ †K›`ªxqfv‡e
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B›Uvi‡bU myweav BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU wbqwgZ msev`cÎ cÖKvk hv Aš—Z mvßvwnK ev
cvw¶K n‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ mgv‡R mK‡ji, we‡klZt cÖwZeÜx cwievi I
cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì Avk¦vm, fimv I mnvbyf~wZi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv
cÖ‡qvRb|
 †hme †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb cÖwZewÜ‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q, †mme
cÖwZôv‡bi mgš^‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi I bvMwiK AwaKvi
cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
m‡ev©cwi, cÖwZeÜx AvBb I bxwZgvjv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯—evq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡R

Ggb g‡bvfw½ M‡o †Zvjv hv‡Z K‡i ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv mvgvwRK gh©v`v I
bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡R‡ì gvbyl fvevi g‡Zv cwi‡ek cvq|
10
Aa¨vq-1
cÖwZewÜZ¡: cwimsL¨vb Ges Ae¯’vb
GB Aa¨vq-G cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i e¨vcKZv, G m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Kg©m~wP, bxwZgvjv Ges

wewfbœ M‡elYvq cÖvß djvdj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G Av‡jvPbv †_‡K g~j
welq m¤ú‡K© GKwU mg¨K aviYv cvIqv hv‡e|
1.1. c„w_exi wPÎ

c„w_exi me gvÕB wkïi f~wgó nIqvi ci, mw¤^r wd‡i †c‡j wbKU¯’‡ì cÖ_g cÖkœ
K‡ib mš—vbwUi me wVK Av‡Q wKbv A_©vr †Kvb A½nvwb ev AcÖK…wZ¯’ n‡q‡Q
wKbv! G cÖkœ wPiš—b| eveviI GKB D‡ØM _v‡K| mš—v‡bi A½nvwb ev AcÖK…Z¯’
Ae¯’v Kv‡iviB Kvg¨ bq| bv gv-evevi, bv cwiev‡ii, bv mgv‡Ri| wKš‘ Avgiv
bv PvB‡jI G c„w_ex‡Z eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ 10 R‡b 1 Rb cÖwZeÜx| A‡b‡K Avevi
GKvwaK cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q emevm K‡i| c„w_ex‡Z 500 wgwjqb ev 50 †KvwU
†jvK cÖwZeÜx| G‡ì g‡a¨ †ekxifvM 300 wgwjqb ev 30 †KvwU emevm K‡i
Dbœqbkxj Mwie †`k¸‡jv‡Z| Gme cÖwZeÜx‡ì 140 wgwjqb ev 14 †KvwU wkï
Ges 160 wgwjqb ev 16 †KvwU gwnjv|
1.2. Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji wPÎ

Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji RbmsL¨vi GK `kgvsk cÖwZeÜx| G‡ì msL¨v 300
wgwjqb ev 30 †KvwU| G RbmsL¨vi 60-80 fvM cjx GjvKvq emevm K‡i| G
AÂ‡ji cÖwZeÜx‡ì Ae¯’v GKiKg bq| G‡K Ac‡ii †_‡K Avjv`v| G
wfbœZvI wewfbœ Kvi‡Y| Zv‡ì Avkv-AvKv“¶v, mvs¯‥…wZK Ae¯’v, eqm, mvgvwRK
my‡hvM-myweavi cÖwZ AwaKvi Ges G‡ì cÖwZewÜZvi aibI Avjv`v| Gwkqv
c¨vwmwdK GjvKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ `kK (1993-2002) †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Avwki `k‡Ki c~e© ch©š— Gwkqvi A‡bK †`‡kB cÖwZeÜx‡ì m¤ú‡K© †Kvb
m‡PZbZvB m„wó nqwb| Giv mgv‡R A`„k¨ RbmsL¨v wQj|
1.3. evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎ

evsjv‡`k c„w_exi me©v‡c¶v NbemwZc~Y© Rbeûj GKwU Dbœqbkxj †`k|
gv_vwcQy Mo Avq 350 gvwK©b Wjvi Ges cÖwZeQi gv_vwcQy ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi e¨q
2.50 gvwK©b Wjvi| †`k‡K `vwi`ªgy³ Ges h_vh_ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`vb †`‡ki Rb¨
11
GKwU P¨v‡jÄ| wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb‡W· Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k c„w_exi

143Zg †`k wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q (2001 Gi wnmve g‡Z)| G cwigvc Kiv
n‡q‡Q Mo Avqy, Mo Avq, Mo K¨v‡jvwi MÖnY, D‛P wkï g„Zz¨ nvi, wbæ wk¶vi nvi
BZ¨vwì wfwË‡Z| G nj mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi mvgwMÖK ev¯—e wPÎ| mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi
Zzjbvq cÖwZeÜx gvby‡li mvgwMÖK Ae¯’v Ggb GKwU AbybœZ Av_©-mvgvwRK
Ae¯’vq Av‡iv fqven n‡e GUvB ¯^vfvweK| cÖwZeÜxiv †h Dbœq‡bi Ask Zv
mvgwMÖKfv‡e miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi Dbœqb Kg©m~wP‡Z ej‡Z †M‡j cÖvq
Abycw¯’Z| Dbœqbkxj †`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K jywK‡q ivLv nq| Zv‡ì‡K Dbœqb
cÖwµqv †_‡K mwi‡q ivLvi gvb‡mB Zv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G jyKv‡bvi cÖeYZv
cÖgvY K‡i †h, cÖwZeÜxiv mgv‡Ri †Kvb Drcv`bgyLx Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ibv Ges Ab¨w`‡K aviYv Kiv nq, mgvR‡K Zv‡ì Rb¨ D‛Pg~j¨ w`‡Z n‡‛Q|
Aek¨B Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K †Kvb cÖKv‡iB wew‛Qbœ K‡i ivLv
wVK bq, eis gvbwmKZvi cwieZ©b Avbq‡b Kvh©Kwi D‡`¨vM MÖnY LyeB
cÖ‡qvRb| evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡ì msL¨v wbiƒc‡Yi mwVK †Kvb Z_¨ †bB|
wewfbœ ms¯’v wfbœ wfbœ Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Ki‡Q| evsjv‡`k miKv‡ii ey¨‡iv Ae
÷¨vwUmwUK&m 1982 Ges 1991 mv‡ji GK cwimsL¨v‡b †`‡ki †gvU RbmsL¨vi
kZKiv 0.52 fvM GK ev GKvwaK cÖwZewÜi wkKvi e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Q |
wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi wn‡m‡ei Zzjbvq G msL¨v LyeB AcÖZzj| wKš‘ wewfbœ †emiKvwi
ms¯’v KZ©K „ cwiPvwjZ bgybv Rwi‡ci mvnv‡h¨ †h msL¨v cÖKvk Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv
evsjv‡`k ey¨‡iv Ae& ÷¨vwUmwUK&‡mi Zzjbvq A‡bK¸Y †ekx| G¨vKkb GBW
Ges mvicf& evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx‡ì msL¨v †`‡ki mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 8.8
fvM e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx Kj¨vY mwgwZ (BPKS) G msL¨v
7.8 fvM e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Q| 1995 mv‡j weªwUk miKv‡ii IfvimxR
†W‡fjc‡g›U G¨vWwgwb‡óªkb-Gi GBW g¨v‡bR‡g›U Awd‡mi W: Rywjqvb
d¨vbwmR KZ…K © cÖYxZ cÖwZ‡e`‡b †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 9
wgwjqb ev 90 jvL cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q Ges Gi wmsnfvM A_©vr 7 wgwjqb ev 70
j¶ emevm K‡i cjx AÂ‡j|3 †m›Uvi di mvwf©‡mm Ges Bbdi‡gkb Ab
wWmG¨vwewjwU KZ©K „ cÖKvwkZ wmPz‡qkb G¨vbvjvBwmm Ab wWRvóvi GÛ
wWmG¨vwewjwU Bmy¨ Bb w` †Kvóvj †eë Ae evsjv‡`k (†m‡Þ¤î 1999)
cÖwZ‡e`‡b ejv n‡q‡Q, evsjv‡`‡k eZ©gv‡b 1 j¶ 20 nvRvi cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q,
hviv eZ©gv‡b ¯^í ev †Kvb cÖKvi mvnvh¨B cv‡‛Qbv| G‡ì g‡a¨ cÖvq kZKiv
6-8 fvMB wkï| Gme cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K cwievi Ges KwgDwbwUi Dbœqb Kg©m~wP
3
Mohamed Farashuddin, Vice Chancellor, East-West University, The Integration
of the Disabled as an Active Agent of Economic Growth, Second South Asian
Conference on CBR Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh 3-6 December 1997.
12
†_‡K `~‡i ivLv n‡q‡Q| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z miKvi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Dbœqb
Kg©Kv‡Û cÖwZeÜx‡ì mwVK Ae¯’v I f~wgKv ev` c‡o‡Q A_ev mwVK Ae¯’vi
cÖwZdjb N‡Uwb| G M‡elYvi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj DcK~jxq AÂ‡j emevmKvix
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvwe©K Ae¯’vi Abyaveb Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq we‡kl
K‡i `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejvi mgq Gi cÖfve wbY©q Kiv|
1.4. cÖwZeÜx msµvš— wKQy M‡elYv Z_¨

G †K Gg †gvwgb, cwiPvjK †m›Uvi di w` win¨vwewj‡Ukb Ae w` c¨vivjvBRW,
Zvi Ômvm‡UBwbs wm we Avi Bb w` KwgDwbwUÕ cÖe‡Ü D‡jL K‡ib †h, cÖvwZôvwbK
†mev KwgDwbwUi me m`m¨‡ì‡K †mev w`‡Z m¶g bq, GRb¨ ¯’vbxqfv‡e cÖvß
m¤ú‡ì wfwË‡Z KwgDwbwUwfwËK †mev cÖ`vb‡K wZwb AskMÖnYg~jK I g~j¨
mvkªqx e‡j D‡jL K‡ib|
Ab¨ GKwU cÖeÜ Ôw` Bw›U‡MÖkb Ae w` wWmG¨vejW G¨vÛ G¨vb GKwUf G‡R›U
Ae& B‡Kv‡bvwgK †MÖv_Õ-G wZwb cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v‡K Dbœqb mgm¨vi Ask wn‡m‡e
†`Lvi Dci ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i KwZcq mycvwik †ck K‡ib| cÖwZeÜx‡ì
mgm¨v‡K wZwb GKwU gvbweK mgm¨v e‡j D‡jL K‡ib Ges G mgm¨v
wbimbK‡í mnR, ev¯—em¤§Z Ges g~j¨ mvkªqx cš’v D™¢veb I Aej¤^b Ki‡Z
n‡e e‡j wZwb gZcÖKvk K‡ib| W. Rywjqvb d¨vwÝm Gi M‡elYvq cÖgvwYZ
n‡q‡Q †h, cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡R‡ì‡K cÖwZeÜx g‡b K‡i bv - hw` Zv‡ì Rb¨ c~Y©
mgqKvjxb Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó Kiv hvq| myZivs cÖwZeÜx‡ì `¶Zv evwo‡q
Zv‡ì‡K c~Y© mg‡qi Rb¨ Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì gvbweK g~j¨‡eva evwo‡q
†Zvjv m¤¢e|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU †UKmB DbœqbgyLx Kvh©µg M‡o Zzj‡Z n‡j mgMÖ
†`ke¨vcx Av`gïgvixi gva¨‡g (K) cÖwZeÜx‡ì mwVK mgm¨v wbiƒcY Ki‡Z n‡e
(L) cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K Zv‡ì Kg©`¶Zv Abyhvqx wef³ Ki‡Z Zv mnR n‡e; GKwU
†emiKvwi Ges miKvwi mgš^q KwgwUi gva¨‡g KwgDwbwU †eBRW&
wi‡nwewj‡Uk‡bi aib, A_© Ges Kg©c×wZ wba©viY K‡i cÖwZeÜx‡ì Ae¯’vi
Dbœqb m¤¢e|
Ab¨ Ô†jvK÷ g‡Wjm Ae KwgDwbwU-†eBRW wi‡nwe‡j‡Ukb di w` wWmG¨vej

Bb †W‡fjc Kvw›UªmÕ kxl©K GK cÖe‡Ü cÖeÜKvi myjZvbv m‡ivqvi Rvgvb D‡jL
K‡ib †h, miKvwi bxwZ MÖnY cÖwµqvq cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖvavb¨ †`qv nq bv Ges
¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`vbKvix we‡klÁMY cÖPwjZ c×wZ‡Z †Kvb cwieZ©b Avb‡Z AvMÖnx
13
bb| wZwb Zvi cÖe‡Ü †`kx Ges we‡`kx mKj KwgDwbwU †eBRW wi‡nwewj‡Ukb
Kvh©µ‡gi K_v e‡j‡Qb| wZwb †gw·‡Kvi †cÖvwR‡gv Kvh©µg, †hLv‡b kZkZ
cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì‡K cybe©vwmZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv g‡Wj wn‡m‡e MÖnY Kivi K_v
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| G cÖKíwUi Kvh©µg ¯’vbxq cÖwZeÜx‡ì gva¨‡g Pvjv‡bv nq,
†ckv`vi‡ì gva¨‡g bq| †mev cÖ`vbKvix Ges †mevMÖnYKvixi g‡a¨ mgZvi
g‡bvfve eRvq ivLvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcbv, ¯^í Avq Ges Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q Kvh©µg
we¯—v‡ii gva¨‡g KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wRg‡Kqvi wRgev‡eŸi Avi GKwU cÖK‡íi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges †mLv‡b
cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì Rb¨ GKwU Awfbe wk¶v c×wZi D‡jL i‡q‡Q| †nvg-†eBRW&
GWy‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg Ges eBcÎ I wfwWIÕi gva¨‡g óvd cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’vi K_v
D‡jL i‡q‡Q| G Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g †nvg †eBRW GWy‡Kkb †mevi †P‡qI †ekx
wKQy Ges mivmwi wb‡`©k w`‡‛Q| GLv‡b Mvqvbvq †nvg †Uªwbs, †nvg †m›Uvi
†eBRW& Aviwj B›Uvi‡fbkb †cÖvMÖvg PwÛMo, fviZ Ges R¨vgvBKvi Kvh©µ‡gi
K_v D‡jL i‡q‡Q|
GLv‡b †jLK Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki M„nxZ wWmU¨vÝ †Uªwbs

c¨v‡KR †cÖvMÖv‡gi D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges G Kvh©µg‡K wZwb Awfbe e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb|
1986 mv‡j G Kvh©µg evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûk‡bi D‡`¨v‡M †bqv n‡q‡Q|

Kvh©µg MÖn‡Yi D‡Ïk¨ wQj evsjv‡`‡ki cÖZ¨š— AÂ‡j †hme cÖwZeÜx emevm
K‡i Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi †mev MÖn‡Y Zv‡ì Amyweavi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq Zv
`~ixKi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ Hme cÖwZeÜx cwievi‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv- †Kgb K‡i
cÖwZeÜx‡ì fvlv AvqË Kiv‡e, gvbwmK eyw× weKv‡k mnvqZv I mvgvwRKxKiY,
cÖvZ¨vwnK Rxebhvc‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq civgk© †hgb-LvIqv‡bv, Kvco-†Pvco
cov‡bv, cvqLvbv-cÖmªve Ki‡Y mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges wKfv‡e KwgDwbwU‡Z emevm
Ki‡Z nq †m m¤ú‡K© cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Qvcv‡bv Qwe m¤^wjZ cyw¯—Kvi gva¨‡g
G wWmU¨vÝ Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡q _v‡K| g~j¨vqb cÖwZ‡e`‡b G Kvh©µg‡K
Kvh©Ki e‡j D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûk‡bi Avi GKwU
†K›`ª avgivB‡q cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡K‡›`ª cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K cÖv_wgK I KvwiMwi
wk¶v cÖ`vb Kiv n‡‛Q| G‡K›`ª gv‡q‡ì‡KI cÖwk¶Y w`‡‛Q| 1996 mv‡ji
RyjvB gv‡m, evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûkb ÔAvwj© B›Uvi‡fbkb †cÖvMÖvg _ªy
wmweAviÕ 4wU MÖv‡g evwo evwo wM‡q GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q| G Rwic
cwiPvjbv K‡i‡Q cÖwkw¶Z KwgDwbwU Kg©xiv, Lvbv ev nvDR‡nvì dig, gv I
14
wkï dig Ges 10wU cÖkgœ vjvi wfwË‡Z| Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wQj 2 †_‡K 9 eQi
eqmx ev‛Pv‡ì g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K wPwýZ Kiv Ges 1753 Rb wkïi g‡a¨
†gvU 34 Rb‡K cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv n‡qwQj| cieZ©x‡Z Gme wPwýZ
wkï‡ì‡K we‡klÁ Øviv cix¶v Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj Ges †hme wkï‡ì mvnv‡hï
cÖ‡qvRb n‡qwQj Zv‡ì‡K Ô`~i wk¶‡YiÕ c¨v‡K‡Ri gva¨‡g cÖwk¶Y †`qv
n‡qwQj|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q i‚wgRDwÏb Avn‡¤§` KwgDwbwU-†eBRW& †cÖvMÖvg Ges

†mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae& w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WU, evsjv‡`k Gi
g‡W‡j AjUvi‡bwUf ¯‥zj-†eBRW †cÖvMÖvg Pvjyi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G ms¯’vi 36wU
†K‡›`ªi 17wU‡Z G Kvh©µg Pvjy i‡q‡Q Ges G †K›`ª¸‡jv‡Z 876 Rb wkï
AskMÖnY K‡i‡Q| W. †gv. dRjyj nK Ges gviMvwiUv G‡›Uvwbqv‡im
ÔKwgDwbwU †eBRW wi‡nwewj‡Ukb (VBR) IqvK© _ªy †gvevBj wK¬wbK mvwf©‡mmÕ
cÖe‡Ü e‡j‡Qb †h, wewfbœ _vbvq msMwVZ 10wU †gvevBj wK¬wb‡K 1309 Rb
†ivMx G‡m‡Q| Zv‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 98 fv‡MiB †Kvb-bv-†Kvb cÖwZewÜZv wQj|
cÖeÜKviØq cÖwZewÜZvi KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb-KvwW©I fvmKzjvi wWwRR
kZKiv 45 fvM, †mwieªvj c¨vjvwm (CP) kZKiv 20 fvM, †cvwjI gvBjvwUm
kZKiv 7 fvM, Av_©vBwUk kZKiv 6 fvM, c„‡ôi e¨_v 3 fvM Ges Ab¨vb¨
kZKiv 29 fvM| †gvevBj wK¬wb‡K AvMZ‡ì g‡a¨ †ekxi fvM wkï (250) Ges
cieZ©x hviv AskMÖnY K‡i‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ 40-49 ermi eq‡mi wQj 230
Rb|
Ô†ivj Ae& GbwRI Bb w` †W‡fjc‡g›U Ae& wmweAviÕ cÖe‡Ü †gv. Avwid Ges
†gv. †Mvjvg imyj Avigvb g~jZ: †emiKvwi ms¯’vi KiYxq †hgb m‡PZbv e„w×,
cÖwZewÜZv wbimbK‡í M„nxZ eë¯’v, cÖwk¶Y, cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v, wk¶v
Kvh©µg, Avqg~jK Kg©ms¯’vb, cÖwZôvb MVb, miKvwi-†emiKvwi ms¯’vi mv‡_
m¤úK© Dbœqb, KvwiMix mnvqZv `vb Ges Kvh©Ki †idv‡iÝ eë¯’v M‡o Zzj‡Z
mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Z m¶g|
L›`Kvi Rûi‚j Avjg Ô†ivj GÛ †Kv-Acv‡ikb Ae& Mf: GÛ GbwRIm Bb

wmweAviÕ cÖe‡Ü miKvwi bxwZ wba©vi‡Y Ges Zv Kvh©Kifv‡e cÖ‡qv‡M ¯’vbxq,
RvZxq Ges Avš—Rv© wZK ch©v‡q f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡e e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
Ô†W‡fjwcs Mf: GbwRI †Kv-Acv‡ikb Bb wmweAviÕ cÖe‡Ü †gv. gvneyeyj
Avkivd e‡j‡Qb †h, ÔmiKvwi mnvqZv g~jZ: AvBbMZ Ges KvwiMix mnvqZvi
g‡a¨ mxgve× i‡q‡QÕ| miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi g‡a¨ mgš^q Ges
15
mn‡hvwMZvi aib, `vZv Ges miKvwi AvBb BZ¨vw` wel‡q bxwZ wba©viYx
Av‡jvPbv i‡q‡Q| †hme welq †emiKvwi ms¯’v‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i BZ¨vw`
Abyave‡bi Rb¨ fjv›Uvwi †nj_ mvwf©‡mm †mvmvBwU 1996 mv‡j GKwU M‡elYv
cwiPvjbv K‡iwQj| Rwi‡c cÖvß djvd‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, hw` miKvwi Ges
†emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv Zv‡ì f~wgKv I mn‡hvwMZvi aib cwieZ©b bv K‡i Zvn‡j
AvMvgx 25 eQ‡iI †`‡ki mgMÖ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kv‡Q †mev †cu․‡Q †`qv m¤¢e n‡e
bv| cÖeÜKvi gš—e¨ K‡i‡Qb †h, miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki
mn‡hvwMZvq cÖwZeÜx‡ì †mevi bZzb w`K D‡¤§vwPZ n‡Z cv‡i|
wg. gbmyi Avn‡¤§` †P․ayix, dvinvbv ingvb, wg. MvB‡j dvby-Ôw` GgcvIqvi‡g›U
Ae& wccjm DB_ wWmG¨vwewjwU Bb KwgDwbwU †eBR&W wi‡nwewj‡UkbÕ kxl©K
cÖe‡Ü cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¶gZvq‡b KZ¸‡jv evavi K_v e‡j‡Qb| G¸‡jv n‡‛Q,
cÖ_gZ: cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvby‡li cÖwZ weiƒc g‡bvfve hv cwiev‡iB cÖ_g ïi‚ nq|
cwievi cÖwZeÜx‡ì jywK‡q iv‡L Ges Zv‡ì‡K cwiev‡ii Avc` ev †evSv g‡b
K‡i| µgvš^‡q G g‡bvfve cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡aÏ msµwgZ nq| wØZxqZ:
cÖwZeÜxiv wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y ewÂZ, Z…ZxqZ: Zviv Z_¨cÖevn †_‡KI ewÂZ,
PZz_©Z: m¤ú‡ì AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ| cÖeÜKviMY Gme evav AwZµg Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ_‡g g‡bvfve cwieZ©b, wk¶v I cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó, Z_¨ †`qv Ges
m¤ú‡ì cÖwZ AwaKvi ev my‡hvM m„wói gva¨‡g G evav AwZµg K‡i cÖwZeÜx‡ì
¶gZvqb Kiv m¤¢e e‡j AwfgZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb|
Ôc¨v‡i›Um Bbfj&f‡g›U Bb w` Avwj© B›Uvi‡fkb †cÖvMvg, †cwWqvwUªK

AwWIjwRK¨vj G¨v‡mm‡g›U d¨vwmwjwUR Bb evsjv‡`kÕ, ÔGWy‡Kkb di wPj‡Wªb
DB_ wWmG¨vwewjwU Bb AiwWbvix ¯‥zjÕ cÖfw„ Z cÖe‡ÜI evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Ae¯’vi cÖwZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
bvqjv †RW Lvb Ges AvKwjgv †eMg Ô†W‡fjc‡g›U mvwf©‡mm Bb G¨vb Avievb
KwgDwbwU Bb XvKv wmwUÕ M‡elYvq 2 †_‡K 9 ermi eq‡mi ev‛Pv‡ì g‡a¨ 10wU
cÖkgœ vjvi wfwË‡Z †gvU 2 nvRvi wkïi Dci Rwic Pvwj‡q †`‡L‡Qb †h, G‡ì
g‡a¨ kZKiv 13 fvM 10wU cÖ‡kœ c‡RwUf A_©vr cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡q‡Q|
G‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 77 fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb-bv-†Kvb cÖKvi cÖwZewÜZ¡ cwijw¶Z
n‡q‡Q| Pig cÖwZeÜx kZKiv 6 fvM| kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi Aek¨ GK eQ‡ii
g‡a¨ DbœwZ j¶¨ Kiv †M‡Q|
16
c¶vNvZMÖ¯—‡ì cybe©vmb †K›`ª (wmAviwc) ÔXvKv †_‡K †gi‚i¾yi AvNvZ wb‡q

emevmÕ MÖ‡š’ c¶NvZMÖ¯‡’ ì Rb¨ A‡bK Ri‚ix Z_¨ mwbœ‡ewkZ Kiv n‡q‡Q|
AvNv‡Zi j¶Ymg~n, evsjv‡`‡k †gi‚i¾yi AvNv‡Zi KviYmg~n Ges AvNvZwenxb
(wewfbœ †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y) c¶Nv‡Z Avµvš— nIqvi eY©bv i‡q‡Q| †K›`ª ûBj †Pqvi
•Zwi, Zvi eënvi Ges i¶Yv‡e¶Y, g~Î_wji wbqš¿Y, cÖvK…wZK Kvh©vwì
eë¯’vcbv, Z¡‡Ki hZœ, cywó, †gi‚i¾y‡Z AvNvZcÖvß e¨w³i Av‡eM I Abyfw~ Z,
†h․bRxeb Ges e¨w³MZ m¤úK©, wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ BZ¨vw` wel‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq
w`Kwb‡`©kbv †`qv n‡q‡Q| GwU GKwU wk¶vg~jK cÖ‡qvRbxq cyw¯—Kv hv
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wewfbœfv‡e mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z m¶g|
Ô†m›Uvi di mvwf©‡mm GÛ Bbdi‡gkb Ab wWmG¨vewjwU Avb‡fBwjs WvK©‡bm:

wmPz‡qkb G¨vbvjvBwmm Ab wWRvóvi GÛ wWmG¨vewjwU Bmy¨m Bb w` †Kvóvj
†eë Ae& evsjv‡`k (†m‡Þ¤î 1999)Õ kxl©K Rwi‡ci cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ wQj, ¯’vbxq
†jvKRb cÖwZeÜx‡ì m¤ú‡K© wK fv‡eb, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’v,
cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi Av‡M, `y‡h©v‡Mi mgq Ges `y‡h©vM cieZ©x cÖwZeÜx‡ì Ae¯’v
BZ¨vw` we‡klY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Rwi‡c cÖvß Z‡_¨ †`Lv †M‡Q †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì cyi‚l-bvix AbycvZ 63%-37%
fvM| G‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 53 Rb 0-20 eQi eqmmxgvi g‡a¨, mv¶vrKvi
`vbKvix kZKiv 56 RbB kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx; kZKiv 46 fvM bvbv †iv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q| kZKiv 38 fvM R‡b¥i mgqKvi AmyweavRwbZ Kvi‡Y
cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i wkKvi| mv¶vrKvi `vbKvix kZKiv 76 fvM cÖwZeÜxi †Kvb wk¶v
†bB| †KejgvÎ kZKiv 1 fv‡Mi D‛Pgva¨wgK wk¶v i‡q‡Q, 15 erm‡ii E‡×©
eqm Ggb kZKiv 45 fvMB †eKvi, DËi`vZv‡ì kZKiv 13 fvM wf¶zK,
cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 53 fvM cvwiev‡ii Rb¨ wKQy-bv-wKQy DcvR©‡b m¶g,
kZKiv 50 fv‡MiB cwiev‡i 7 Rb A_ev Zvi †ekx m`m¨ i‡q‡Q; kZKiv 87
R‡bi Ni euv‡ki •Zwi Ges †KejgvÎ kZKiv 17 fv‡Mi wU‡bi Ni i‡q‡Q|
kZKiv 92 fvM cwiev‡ii cÖavb cyi‚l, kZKiv 100 fvM DËi`vZvB Rxe‡b
KLbI-bv-KLbI cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM †gvKv‡ejv K‡i‡Q| kZKiv 17 fvM‡K `y‡h©vM
Avkªq †K‡›`ª wb‡q hvIqv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖvq kZKiv 20 fvM‡K ¯’vbxq †jvKRbB
mvnvh¨ K‡i‡Q; kZKiv 49 Rb cÖwZeÜx e‡j‡Qb †h, KwgDwbwUi †jvKR‡bi
mnvbyf~wZ i‡q‡Q Zv‡ì Rb¨; kZKiv 80 fvM cÖwZeÜx cwievi mvnvh¨ †c‡q‡Q,
gvÎ kZKiv 2 fvM cwievi cÖwZeÜx _vKvi Kvi‡Y `y‡h©vM-cieZ©x mvnvh¨
†c‡q‡Q Ges kZKiv 28 fvM cÖwZeÜx Avqg~jK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi Rb¨ mvnvh¨
†c‡q‡Qb|
17
Ô†m›Uvi di mvwf©‡mm GÛ Bbdi‡gkb Ab& wWmG¨vwewjwU Gi wmPz‡qkb

G¨vbvjvBwmm GÛ bxW G¨v‡mm‡g›U DB_& wWmG¨vwewjwUm Bb XvKv wmwU (wW‡m¤î
1999)Õ GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv K‡i| Rwi‡ci D‡Ïk¨ wQj-cÖwZeÜx wkï, hviv
iv¯—vq emevm K‡i Zv‡ì Av_©mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Abyaveb Ges wK wK ev¯—e
c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i Gme wkï‡ì Dbœqb Kiv m¤¢e Zv LwZ‡q †`Lv| Rwi‡ci
djvd‡j cÖZxqgvb n‡q‡Q †h, kvixwiK cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v kZKiv 51.76 fvM,
evK Ges kªeY cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v kZKiv 9.17 fvM Ges GKvwaKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx
kZKiv 4.17 fvM| G‡ì g‡a¨ 0-5 eQi eqm mxgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kZKiv
1.67 fvM, 6-10 eQi eqmmxgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kZKiv 38.33 fvM, 11-15
eQi eqmmxgvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kZKiv 53.33 fvM Ges 16 Ges Z`y‡a© kZKiv
6.67 fvM| Gme ev‛Pv‡ì †ekxifvMB evwo‡Z Ae‡nwjZ Ges mgmy‡hvM †_‡K
ewÂZ| cwievi Zv‡ì‡K †evSv g‡b K‡i| A‡bK cwieviB cÖwZewÜZv‡K fvM¨
Ges wbqwZi cwinvm e‡j g‡b K‡i| A‡b‡KB Zv‡ì‡K cvwievwiK Ges
mvgvwRK Kvh©Kjvc †_‡K `~‡i mwi‡q iv‡L| A‡bK mgq Zv‡ì‡K kvixwiK I
gvbwmKfv‡e wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi n‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii m`mïv cÖwZeÜx
mš—vb‡K jvfRbK eëmv‡q wb‡qvwRZ K‡i| †`Lv †M‡Q †h, cwiev‡i gv Ges
†evbB Gme cÖwZeÜx‡ì †ekx hZœ K‡i| Zv‡ì‡K mvgvwRK Ges Dbœqbg~jK
Kg©KvÛ †_‡K `~‡i ivLv nq, †ekxi fvM‡KB cÖPwjZ gRyix ev Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM
†_‡K ewÂZ n‡Z nq|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cwiev‡ii m`mïv mvaviYZ †gwW‡Kj †Kqvi wb‡q‡Q|

cwiev‡ii c¶ †_‡K †Zgb †Kvb cybe©vmb cÖwµqv †bqv nqwb Ges Dbœq‡bi
RbÏ mxwgZ c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡ì kZKiv 63.30 fv‡MiB †Kvb
wk¶v †bB| Gme cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 46.67 fvMB wf¶zK, kZKiv 43.33
fv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb †ckviB D‡jL †bB| Avevi 43.33 fvM †Kvb AvqB K‡ibv,
500-1000 UvKv Avq K‡i kZKiv 15 fvM cÖwZeÜx, kZKiv 11 fvM Avq K‡i
1001-2000 UvKv Ges Ab¨ kZKiv 11 fv‡Mi Avq 2000 UvKvi E‡×©|
`¶Zvi †¶‡Î †`Lv †M‡Q †h, kZKiv 53.33 fv‡Mi †¶‡Î `¶Zvi †Kvb D‡jL
†bB| kZKiv 4.17 fvM n¯—-wkí, kZKiv 5.83 fvM †gKvwbK&m, 11.67 fvM
†`vKv‡b KvR K‡i| mgv‡Ri A‡b‡KB cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K ÔHk¦wiK kvw¯—Õ Ges
mgv‡Ri Rb¨ †evSv, Zviv Amnvq Ges Drcv`b cÖwµqvq AskMÖn‡Y Awb‛QyK
e‡j g‡b K‡ib|
1.5. cÖwZewÜZvi KviY: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖ¶vcU

18
cÖwZewÜZvi A‡bK KviY i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡K cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Avevi
A‡b‡K cieZ©x‡Z wewfbœ Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx nq| Gwkqv c¨vwmwdKfy³ Dbœqbkxj
†`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZewÜZvi Kvib eûgyLx| cÖavb cÖavb KviY¸‡jv n‡jv Acywó,
msµvgK †ivM, Mf©eZx Ae¯’vq ch©vß †mevi Afve ev Lye wbægv‡bi †mevMÖnY,
`yN©Ubv Ges AvµgY ev mwnsmZv| cÖwZewÜZvi kZKiv 70 fvMB G
KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨ N‡U _v‡K|
Gwkqv Ges c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji kZKiv 40 fvM wkï cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e Rb¥MÖnY
K‡i| G AÂ‡ji Mf©eZx gwnjviv Lye wbægv‡bi Mf©Kvjxb †mev ev †mev bv
cvevi Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx nq| nvg, welwµqv, g¨v‡bbRvBwUm, G¨vb‡mcvnvBjvwUm,
P¶z Ges Kv‡bi cÖ`vn, Uªgv, Kzô BZ¨vw` Ges wKQy wKQy †h․bevwnZ †ivM hv
Mf©eZx gwnjv‡ì gva¨‡g Mf©¯’ mš—v‡bi †`‡n msµvgK n‡qI cÖwZewÜZvi m„wó
K‡i|
Avgv‡ì gZ A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Wv³v‡ii civgk© e¨wZ‡i‡KB Jla †meb

Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq Mf©eZx gwnjv‡ì †¶‡Î †h Jla Mf©ve¯’vq †meb‡hvM¨
bq, Zv †me‡bi gva¨‡g Mf©¯’ å‚Y ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡qB cÖwZeÜx wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|
G‡¶‡Î Mf©ve¯’vi cÖ_g wZbgv‡m Wv³v‡ii civgk© e¨wZ‡i‡K Jla †meb bv
KivB †kªq| Mf©ve¯’vq G wewa †g‡b Pjv LyeB Ri‚ix| wewfbœ eªv‡Ûi G¨vmwcwib
hv evRv‡i cvIqv hvq, †m¸‡jv Mf©eZx gwnjviv AwaKgvÎvq †meb Ki‡j g„Z
mš—vb cÖme ev Kg IR‡bi wkï f~wgô n‡Z cv‡i| G Jla Mf©ve¯’vi †klw`‡K
MÖnY Ki‡j Mf©¯’ wkïi Af¨š—ixY i³¶iY n‡Z cv‡i| Ggb KZ¸‡jv
Bb‡RKU¨vej Rb¥wb‡ivaK i‡q‡Q, hvi eënvi DbœZ †`k¸‡jv‡Z A‡bK Av‡MB
eÜ Kiv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Gkxq AÂ‡ji A‡bK †`‡k Zv eëüZ n‡‛Q| hw`
Mf©ve¯’vq G¸‡jv fyjµ‡g †`qv nq Zvn‡j Î‚wUc~Y© wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|
Mf©ve¯’vq G¨vj‡Kvn‡ji eënv‡iI Î‚wUc~Y© wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i| bvi‡KvwUKm
Ges †Kv‡K‡bi eënv‡ii d‡j Kg IR‡bi wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i| Mf©ve¯’vq
wfUvwgb wm (cÖwZw`b 1 MÖv‡gi †ekx) wfUvwgb G I wW Ges †K-Gi †ekx eënvi
Mf©¯’ å‚‡Yi Rb¨ ¶wZKi| A‡bK mgq †`Lv hvq Mf©ve¯’vq †Kvb gv hw` ¸i‚Zi
eûg~Î †iv‡M †fv‡Mb A_ev ü`wc‡Ûi Amy‡L †fv‡Mb Zvn‡j Zvi Mf©¯’ mš—vb
gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx A_ev Ab¨fv‡e cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e Rb¥ wb‡Z cv‡i| †R‡bwUK
A_ev †µv‡gvR‡gi A¯^vfvweKZvi Kvi‡YI cÖwZeÜx wkïi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i|
Mf©ve¯’vq hw` cyiv‡bv G·‡i †gwk‡b G·‡i Kiv nq Zvn‡j A½weK…wZ Ges
Mf©ve¯’vi †h †Kvb mgq G·‡i Kiv‡j Zv‡Z beRvZ‡Ki K¨vÝvi nIqvi mg~n
m¤¢vebv _v‡K|
19
Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb mg‡qB †h †KD cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,

msµvgK e¨vwa g¨v‡jwiqv, Gb‡mdvjvBwUm, g¨v‡bbRvBwUm, wWc‡_wiqv, Kzô,
h²v BZ¨vw` †ivM¸‡jv mvaviYZ wbægv‡bi Rxebhvc‡bi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ges G
†ivM¸‡jvi Kvi‡Y Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb mg‡qB †h †KD cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i|
A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek, cvbxq R‡ji Afve, AveR©bv Ges cqwb®‥vk‡bi Afve Ggb
†iv‡Mi Rb¥ w`‡Z cv‡i hv †Kvb †Kvb KwgDwbwUi †jvKRb‡K cÖwZeÜx Ki‡Z
cv‡i| cÖwZ eQi AcywóRwbZ AÜZ¡, wfUvwgb-G Gi Afv‡e evsjv‡`‡k wÎk
nvRvi wkï AÜ nq| A‡bK mgq AcwiKwíZ Dcv‡q wkívqb, ivmvqwbK eR©¨,
Av‡m©wbK, Uw·K W¨v¤ú, cigvYy wewKiY, gvK©vix Ges Ab¨vb¨ cwi‡ek `~lYKvix
c`v‡_©i Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i| A‡bK mgq KxU-cZ½ weaŸsmx ivmvqwbK
c`v_©-K¨vÝvi, Mf©cvZ Ges A½weK…wZ NUv‡Z m¶g| c„w_ex‡Z wewfbœfv‡e cÖvß
ev eënvh© 2 j¶¨ †KwgK¨v‡ji 2 fvM cix¶v Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Gi gvÎ
26wU‡ZB gvbe‡`‡ni Rb¨ K¨vÝv‡ii AvjvgZ cvIqv †M‡Q|
`yN©Ubv cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i Ab¨Zg cÖavb KviY| G `yN©Ubv n‡Z cv‡i evox‡Z, iv¯—vq,
Kg©¯‡’ j, cvigvYweK Pzjx‡Z Ges KjKviLvbv ev d¨v±ix‡Z| GQvov, hš¿cvwZ
eënv‡i A`¶Zv, Av‡M KLbI hš¿cvwZi ms¯ú‡k© Av‡mwb ev cÖwk¶Y cvqwb
ev †ckvMZ wbivcËvi Afve; D‛Pch©v‡qi hš¿cvwZi fyj eënvi †hgb †jmvi
iwk¥ BZ¨vwì fyj eënv‡ii Kvi‡YI cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i| KwgDwbwU-†eBRW
win¨vwewj‡Ukb (wmweAvi) IqvK© _ªy †gvevBj wK¬wbK mvwf©‡mm kxl©K cÖe‡Ü c„‡ô
e¨_v, †cvwjI gvBjvBwUm, Av_©vBwUm, †m‡ieªvj c¨vjvwm, KvwW©IfvmKzjvi wWwRm
BZ¨vw` mgm¨v cÖwZewÜZvi KviY e‡j D‡jwLZ n‡q‡Q| †g›Uvj wiUvi‡Wkb -
evsjv‡`k cvim‡cKwUf& kxl©K cÖe‡Ü †hme Kvi‡Y mvaviYZ cÖwZewÜZ¡ nq Zv
D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q| KviY¸‡jv nj-ZxeªR¡i, cÖPÛ Wvqwiqv, cvÛy‡ivM,
Bwc‡jcwm, UvBd‡qW, wbD‡gvwbqv, †g‡bbRvBwUm, evW wW‡mw›Uª, †eªBb wUDgvi
Ges k¦vmKó|4
GKwU M‡elYvc‡Î D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, 13 ermi eq‡mi ciB mvaviYZ
kZKiv 85 fvM cÖwZeÜx nq Ges kZKiv 90 fvM wkï cÖwZeÜx nq mvgvwRK
†hgb-Amy¯’Zv ev `vwi`ª, eskMZ ev †R‡bwUK Kvi‡Y| c„w_exi cÖwZ 5 Rb
4
Rowshon Ara Rani, Mental Retardation: Bangladesh Perspective.
20
cÖwZeÜxi GKRb nq AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡Y| GiciI i‡q‡Q kvixwiK AvNvZ,

`yN©Ubv, cwi‡ek `~lY, AZ¨waK gvbwmK Pvc Ges AwZwi³ kvw¯—|
21
RvwZmsN KZ…K
© †NvwlZ cÖwZewÜZvi KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
 hy× Ges hy‡×i cwiYwZ;
 AZ¨š— `wi`ª cwievi hviv RbvKxY© A¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡k emevm K‡i;
 wk¶vewÂZ wecyj Rb‡Mvôx, hviv mvgvwRK †mevmg~n Ges ¯^v¯’¨‡mev
†_‡K ewÂZ;
 cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mwVK aviYvi Afve, Gi KviY Ges cÖwZKvi m¤ú‡K©
AÁZv;
 Ach©vß cÖv_wgK ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v;
 †f․‡MvwjK `~iZ¡, kvixwiK I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK evav hv AwZµg K‡i
A‡bK †¶‡ÎB wbw`©ó †K‡›`ª wM‡q †mev †bqv m¤¢e nqbv;
 ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v, e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y †`qvi ev mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ h_vh_
AeKvVv‡gv A_ev AeKvVv‡gvi AcÖZzjZv;
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK my‡hvM-myweavi cÖwZ
AMÖvwaKvi bv †`qv;
 wkí, K…wl Ges hvbevnb m¤úwK©Z `yN©Ubv;
 cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM Ges f~wgK¤ú;
 cwi‡ek `~lY;
 cÖ_vMZ mgvR †_‡K AvaywbK mgv‡R DËi‡Yi d‡j m„ó g‡bv-mvgvwRK
Pvc;
 Jl‡ai h‡_‛Q eënvi, †_ivwci Rb¨ eënvh© JlacÎ, Jl‡ai eënvi;
 AvNvZcÖvß e¨w³‡ì †¶‡Î fyj wPwKrmvI cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i KviY;
 bMivqb Ges cwi‡ek `~lY BZ¨vw`|
wewfbœ ch©v‡qi we‡klÁiv cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †hme Dcvqmg~‡ni K_v

e‡j‡Qb, Zvi mvigg© wbæiƒc:
 hy× cwinvi;
 mgv‡Ri me‡P‡q fvM¨vnZ Rb‡Mvôxi wk¶v, mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK
Dbœqb;
 †f․‡MvwjK mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ cÖwZewÜZvi aib I KviY wbY©q Kiv;
 cywówelqK mywbw`©ó Kvh©µg MÖnY;
 ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi Dbœqb;
 cÖv_wgK Ae¯’vq cÖwZewÜZvi aib wPwýZKiY Ges †ivM wbY©q Kiv;
 Mf©Kvjxb Ges Mf©‡Ëvi h_vh_ cwiPh©v;
 h_vh_ ¯^v¯’¨‡mev m¤úwK©Z m‡PZbZv;
22
 cwievi cwiKíbv;
 AvBb Ges wbqš¿Y;
 Rxebhvc‡bi gv‡bv‡bvbœqb;
 we‡kl †mev AvBb;
 cwi‡ek wbqš¿Y m¤úwK©Z wk¶v; Ges
 cvwievwiK I KwgDwbwU ch©v‡q cvi¯úwiK eÜb `„pKiY|
1.6. cÖwZeÜx Ges gvbevwaKvi

cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v‡K Dbœqb mgm¨v ev gvbweK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e GLbI A‡bK mgv‡R
we‡ePbv Kiv nq bv| hwÌ RvwZmsN KZ©K „ cÖwZeÜx `kK †NvwlZ n‡q‡Q Ges
welqwU GKwU gvbweK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †c‡q‡Q| Z_vwcI Dbœqbkxj
A‡bK †`k Ges mgvR G mgm¨v‡K GLbI gvbweK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e †`‡L bv|
wKš‘ BwZg‡a¨B cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q bZzb K‡i fve‡Z ïi‚ Kivq welqwU gvbweK I
Avš—Rv© wZKZv jvf K‡i‡Q| Z_¨cÖev‡ni †¶‡Î N‡U‡Q Af~Zc~e© wece Ges Zv
Aeva nevi Kvi‡Y GLb DËi-`w¶Y, c~e©-cwð‡gi Z_¨ cÖwZeÜx m¤úwK©Z DbœZ
†`‡ki wPš—v-†PZbv Avgv‡ì‡K bZzb K‡i fve‡Z Dãy× K‡i‡Q cÖwZeÜx‡ì
m¤ú‡K©| Avgv‡ì wbwj©ßZvi †cQ‡b †MvUv mgv‡Ri `vwi`ª cwiw¯’wZ KvR
K‡i‡Q| Z_¨cÖev‡ni G hy‡M G‡m bekw³ mÂvwiZ n‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì †PZbvq|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ gvbweK `„wóf½x mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi fvebv Ges AZx‡Zi

BwZnvm Avgv‡ì‡K e‡j †h,
Kvj©eªvDU‡K hLb b~‡igev‡M© hy× Acivax UªvBeybv‡j 20 nvRvi wkï Ges c~Y©
eq¯‥-kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡K nZ¨vi `v‡q wePvi Kiv n‡qwQj ZLb
wZwb wb‡R‡K G e‡j wb‡`©vl cÖgvY Kivi †Póv K‡iwQj †h, Out of pity for the
victim and out of a desire to free the family and loved ones from a lifetime
of needless sacrifice| wZwb 1939-41 m‡bi g‡a¨ †h 2 j¶ cÖwZeÜx‡ì nZ¨v
K‡iwQ‡jb| wZwb Zv‡ì‡K Lives Unworthy of Life e‡j AwfwnZ K‡iwQ‡jb|
wkï‡ì‡K Abvnv‡i Ges eq¯‥‡ì‡K M¨vm‡P¤^v‡i †g‡iwQ‡jb| Euthanasia
Programme-Gi D‡Ïk¨ wn‡m‡e ejv n‡q‡Q-kvixwiK Ges gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì
†eu‡P _vKvi †Kvb A_© nq bv; bvrmx Rvg©vbxi G nZ¨vKvixiv wek¦vm KiZ †h
cÖwZeÜxiv mgv‡Ri †Kvb Drcv`bkxj Kv‡R AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges
mgv‡Ri Rb¨ A_©‣bwZK msKU m„wó K‡i| G AcaviYvi ekeZ©x n‡qB Zv‡ì‡K
nZ¨v Kiv n‡qwQj|
23
Px‡bi †Kvb †Kvb As‡k cÖwZeÜx‡K gvbweK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K GLbI †`Lv nq bv|
Px‡bi wKQy wKQy †Rjvq GLbI cÖwZeÜx‡ì weevn Aby‡gv`b K‡i bv hZ¶Y
ch©š— bv weev‡n‛Qy‡ì GKRb eÜ¨vKiY bv K‡ib| Gfv‡e ¸qvsmy †Rjvq 5
nvRvi Rb eÜ¨vKiY K‡iwQ‡jb| wmPzqvb †Rjvi miKvwi fv‡l¨ ejv n‡q‡Q †h,
†hme `¤úwËi eskMZ †ivM †hgb-gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK cÖwZewÜZv i‡q‡Q,
Zv‡ì ev‛Pv †bqv †Kvbg‡ZB Aby‡gv`b Kiv hv‡e bv| hLb †Kvb cÖwZeÜx gwnjv
Mf©eZx nq, ZLb Zv‡K †Rvi K‡i Mf©cvZ Kiv‡bv nq|
A‡bK †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx gwnjv ev cyi‚l‡K †Rvi K‡i eÜ¨vKi‡Yi NUbv A‡bK
mgv‡RB N‡U _v‡K| GgbwK †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx †Kvb bvixi Ôgvwm‡Ki
weo¤^bvÕi †`vnvB w`‡q Rivqy †K‡U †djvi gZ NUbvI N‡U|
gvbevwaKvi wb‡q †h †`kwU me‡P‡q †ekx wPwš—Z, ev we‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI

gvbevwaKvi jswNZ n‡j me‡P‡q †ekx †kvi‡Mvj †Zv‡j †h Av‡gwiKv, †Lv` †m
Av‡gwiKv‡ZB cÖwZeÜxiv weevn eÜ‡b Ave× n‡j ivóª KZ©K „ †`q
my‡hvMmyweavmg~n we‡kl K‡i ¯^v¯’¨‡mevi my‡hvM msKzwPZ A_ev †Kvb †Kvb †¶‡Î
Zv evwZj Kiv nq| G cÖm‡½ GKRb fy³‡fvMx Av‡¶c K‡i e‡j‡Qb †h,
mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡ii g‡Z, cÖwZeÜx‡ì fvjevmvq co‡Z †bB, weevn eÜ‡b
Ave× n‡Z †bB Ges Zv‡ì †h․b Rxeb _vK‡Z †bB| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z Avgiv ne Ro
c`v_© Ges KvgkxZj|
GLv‡b j¶Ÿxq †h, gvby‡li †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi ev¯—e cÖwZdjb †Kvb

mgv‡RB cÖwZeÜx‡ì †¶‡Î N‡Ubv| A‡bK gvbweK Abyfw~ Z cÖKv‡ki my‡hvMI
mgvR cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Aei‚×| cÖwZeÜx‡ì G gvbweK AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ
Kivi d‡j Zv‡ì `¶Zv, AvZ¥gh©v`v Ges AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva `vi‚Yfv‡e wewNœZ
nq| Avi G gh©v`v I e¨w³Z¡nxb Rxebhvcb Zv‡ì‡K nZvkvi Mfx‡i †V‡j
†`q|
1.7. cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi Ges evsjv‡`k

evsjv‡`k c„w_exi AbybœZ †`k¸‡jvi Ab¨Zg| wnDg¨vb Bb‡W· †W‡fjc&‡g›U
Abymv‡i evsjv‡`k c„w_exi 143Zg †`k (2001 Gi wn‡me g‡Z)| Pig-`vwi`ª,
Awk¶v, RbmsL¨vwaK¨Zv, Ach©vß ¯^v¯’¨‡mev nj Avgv‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRKZvi
•bwgwËK| evsjv‡`‡ki eZ©gvb RbmsL¨v cÖvq 13 †KvwU (2001 Gi wn‡me
g‡Z)| c„w_exi NbemwZc~Y© †`kmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg G †`kwU‡Z cÖwZ
eM©wK‡jvwgUv‡i 800 R‡bi AwaK RbmsL¨vi emevm| †`kwU cÖavbZ
24
K…wlwbf©i| †`‡ki kZKiv 75 fvM Kg©¶g Rbej G‡¶‡Î Kg©iZ| Kg©¶g

RbmsL¨vi kZKiv 24 fvM †eKvi| kZKiv 85 fvM RbmvaviY MÖvg GjvKvq
emevm K‡i Ges kZKiv 48 fvM RbmsL¨vB gwnjv| †`‡ki mgMÖ RbmsL¨vi
cÖvq 50 fv‡MiB eqm 25 erm‡ii wb‡P| cÖwZ nvRv‡i RxweZ wkï R‡b¥ gvÎ 77
Rb| 1985-86 m‡bi GK Rwi‡c cÖvß djvd‡j †`Lv †M‡Q †h, kZKiv 60
fvM wkïB cÖ_g A_ev wØZxq †MÖ‡Wi Acywó‡Z †fv‡M| Wvqwiqv, †cvwjI,
ûwcsKvwk, h²v, wU‡Ubvm, wbD‡gvwbqv Ges gw¯—‡¯‥i cÖ`vn BZ¨vwì Kvi‡Y
cÖwZeQi AmsL¨ wkï gviv hvq A_ev c½yZ¡ eiY K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki Mo gv_vwcQy
Avq gvÎ 350 Av‡gwiKvb Wjvi (2001 Gi wn‡m‡e) hv `w¶Y Gkxq AÂ‡ji
†h‡Kvb †`‡ki †P‡q Kg|
GZ cðv`c` A_©bxwZi GKwU †`‡k Ggwb‡ZB cvuPwU †g․wjK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv

m¤¢e n‡‛Qbv e‡jB gvbevwaKvi A‡bKvs‡k jswNZ| GZ eo cðv`c` A_©bxwZi
GKwU †`‡k wecyj RM‡Mvôx cÖwZeÜx, wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi g‡Z, 1 †KvwU 30 j¶|
¯^v¯’¨ Awa`ßi KZ…K
© cÖKvwkZ GK Z‡_¨ †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k 1 †KvwU 30
j‡¶i †ekx gvbwmK †ivMx Av‡Q| Ab¨ GK wnmv‡e †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, Gme
cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 70 fvMB wk¶vi my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ| hv‡ì wk¶v i‡q‡Q,
Zv LyeB mvgvb¨| Rxeb Ges RxweKvi Rb¨ G wk¶v mvgvb¨B mnvqK n‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZ eQi cÖvq 250 nvRvi cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v ev‡o| cÖwZermi G †`‡k wfUvwgb
G RwbZ Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y 30 nvRvi wkï AÜ n‡‛Q|
Pig-`vwi`ª, cÖme-c~e© DbœZ †mev wPwýZ Ki‡Z bv cviv, Awbivc` I A¯^v¯’¨Ki

cwi‡e‡k mš—vb cÖme, msµgY †ivM, `yN©Ubv, cÖvK…wZK `y‡hv©M, Acywó, wfUvwgb-G
Gi Afve, cwi‡ek `~lY I wech©q, ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZvi Afve, wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi
g‡a¨ weevn eÜb-Gme KviY¸‡jvB mvaviYZ cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ eûjvs‡k `vqx|
RvwZmsN KZ…K © mbv³K…Z †hme Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZewÜZv †`Lv †`q evsjv‡`‡k
Zvi me¸‡jvB eZ©gvb| RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨ GK wn‡m‡e †`Lv hv‡‛Q ‡h, mg¯—
cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 80 fvM Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z Ges cjx GjvKvq emevm
K‡i| GLv‡b GKwU welq j¶Ÿxq †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cÖvß wPwKrmv my‡hvM-
myweav hv kni GjvKvq wKQyUv cvIqv hvq; †mme my‡hvM-myweav cj-x GjvKvq
†c․u‡Q †`qv m¤¢e bq; Ges GKB Kvi‡Y Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K
gvb‡eZi Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z nq| RvZxq miKvi¸‡jv cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v‡K KLbI
RvZxq mgm¨v wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡iwb| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z, cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi
GmKj AbybœZ mgvR eë¯’vq Pigfv‡e jswNZ n‡q‡Q Ges n‡‛Q| evsjv‡`‡ki
25
gZ K…wlwfwËK GKwU cðv`c` A_©‣bwZK mgvR eë¯’vq emevmKvix

cÖwZeÜx‡ì †¶‡ÎI GKB Ae¯’v j¶Ÿxq|
evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwaKv‡ii welqwU AZ¨š— bvRyK chv©‡q i‡q‡Q|

†Kbbv †hLv‡b †`‡ki kZKiv 50 fv‡Mi †ekx RbmsL¨v `vwi`ªmxgvi wb‡P
emevm K‡i, †mLv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Ae¯’v †h †kvPbxq Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| g~jZ
cÖwZewÜZv GKw`‡K cwiev‡ii `vwi`ª evwo‡q †Zv‡j, Ab¨w`‡K G‡ì wPwKrmv
e¨q Ges cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y Zviv †Kvb DcvR©bkxj Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i
bv|
cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q G f~L‡Û cÖ_g KvR ïi‚ nq lv‡Ui
`k‡K| wKš‘ welqwUi cÖwZ wbweo-`„wó †`qv nq 1971 m‡bi ci hLb RvwZmsN
KZ…K© gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi †NvlYv Kiv nq| cieZ©x‡Z RvwZmsN KZ…K©
cÖwZeÜx `kK Ges Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂj KZ…K © †NvwlZ cÖwZeÜx `kK Ges
Ab¨vb¨ AvÂwjK I Avš—Rv©wZK Kvh©µg M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| A_v©r welqwU mË‡ii
`k‡Ki ci †_‡KB GKwU Dbœqb I gvbevwaKvi Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e c„w_exe¨vwc wPwýZ
n‡Z ïi‚ K‡i |
1983 mb †_‡K 1992 mb ch©š— RvwZmsN cÖwZeÜx `kK †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| hLb
RvwZmsN KZ…K © †NvwlZ `k‡Ki g~j¨vqb cÖwZ‡e`‡b cwijw¶¨Z n‡q‡Q †h,
Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡j G `k‡K †h AR©b nIqv DwPZ wQj, Zv nqwb|
GgZve¯’vq Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jv‡Z cybivq cÖwZeÜx `kK †NvlYv

Kiv nq 1993 †_‡K 2002 mb ch©š—| Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK †NvwlZ cÖwZeÜx `k‡K
evsjv‡`kI GKwU ¯^v¶iKvix †`k| G `kK KZ…©K †NvwlZ Kvh©µ‡g evsjv‡`k
AskMÖnY Ki‡e Ges Zv ev¯—evq‡bI A½xKvive×| G Kvh©µ‡gi Ask wn‡m‡e
1997 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m KwgDwbwU-wbf©i cybe©vmb cÖwµqvi Dci evsjv‡`‡kB
`w¶Y Gkxq AvÂwjK Kbdv‡iÝ AbywôZ n‡qwQj|
BD‡b‡¯‥vi wn‡me g‡Z, Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi gvÎ kZKiv 1 fvM cÖwZeÜx

Zv‡ì Rb¨ †hme my‡hvM-myweav i‡q‡Q Zv †fvM K‡i| evsjv‡`‡ki †¶‡ÎI Gi
e¨wZµg bq| G †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq m¤ú`, `¶ Rbej Ges
cÖ‡qvRbxq DcKi‡Yi Afve i‡q‡Q| cªwZwU mgv‡Ri Ges iv‡óªiB cÖwZeÜx
mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| mvaviYZ: cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K cÖwZ mgv‡RB †nq K‡i †`Lv‡bv nq|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K A‡bK mgq wcZv-gvZv ev cÖwZeÜxi wb‡Ri cv‡ci cÖvqwðË ev
26
cv‡ci dj e‡j aviYv Kiv nq| Avgv‡ì mf¨ mgvR eë¯’vq kªeY I evK
cÖwZeÜx‡K mivmwi cv‡ci cwiYvg e‡j g‡b Kiv nq| A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii
m`mïv cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvwi‡q †Zvjvi Rb¨ AvcÖvY †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ wKQy wKQy
†¶‡Î cÖwZ‡ekxiv cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ AgvbweK AvPiY K‡i| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z,
cÖwZeÜxiv ¯^vaxbfv‡e Rxeb-hvcb A_ev †Kvb cÖKvi †ckvMZ `¶Zv AR©‡b
m¶g nqbv| Avi GKwU welq j¶Ÿxq †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¯^vej¤^x nÕ‡Z †h
gvbwmK kw³ ev AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi cÖ‡qvRb Zv‡ì M‡o I‡Vwb; Zviv †h cwi‡e‡k
emevm K‡i †m cwi‡ek AvZ¥wek¦vmx nÕ‡Z mnvqK bq; Zviv fve‡Z †k‡L †h,
Avg„Zz¨ Zviv cwiev‡ii †evSv| Rxe‡bi ïi‚‡ZB Zviv fve‡Z _v‡K †h, Rxe‡b
Zviv ewÂZ Ges KLbB ¯^vej¤^x n‡Z cvi‡e bv| cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì iƒp AvPiY
Zv‡ì‡K AviI †ekx wbivcËvnxb K‡i †Zv‡j Ges Zviv AviI †ekx nZvkvMÖ¯ —
n‡q c‡o|
Avgv‡ì mgvR †hLv‡b mvgwMÖKfv‡e AcÖwZeÜx gwnjv‡ì Ae¯’v Lye GKUv

m‡š—vlRbK bq, †mLv‡b Zviv Awk¶v, A_©‣bwZK I kvixwiK I cvwievwiK
AwbivcËvq †fv‡Mb, †m‡¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx bvix‡ì Ae¯’v Av‡iv †kvPbxq Ges
Ki‚Y| cÖwZewÜZv bvix‡ì Rxe‡b A‡bK mgm¨vi m„wó K‡i- †g‡q‡ì weev‡ni
m¤¢vebv‡K iwnZ K‡i; A_ev AZ¨waK †h․Zz‡Ki gva¨‡g weevn †`qvi eë¯’v
Ki‡Z nq A_ev Ggb GKRb ei Lyu‡R †ei Ki‡Z nq hvi we‡q Kivi m¤¢vebv I
†hvM¨Zv †bB ej‡jB P‡j| G‡¶‡Î mvaviYZ ei nq e„×, Db¥`, wPi-RivMÖ¯—
A_ev GKvwaK ¯¿x i‡q‡Q Ggb| cÖwZeÜxiv cwiev‡ii Rb¨ D`qv¯— cwikªg
Ki‡jI Zv‡ì‡K cwiev‡ii †evSv g‡b Kiv nq| D`vniY¯îƒc ejv †h‡Z cv‡i,
†Kvb cwiev‡i hw` †evev †Kvb †g‡q _v‡K Zvn‡j †`Lv hvq †h †m cwiev‡ii
wewfbœ `vwe †gUv‡bv †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i mKvj-mÜ¨v cwikªg K‡i| welqUv Ggb g‡b
nq †h, †g‡qwU ïay wewfbœ KvR Kivi Rb¨B †hb cwiev‡i Rb¥MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ g‡bvfve mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœfv‡e

cÖwZdwjZ n‡Z †`Lv hvq, we`¨vjqmn Ab¨vb¨ wk¶v cÖwZôv‡b cÖwZeÜxiv h‡_ó
mnvbyf~wZ I mn‡hvwMZv cvq bv| A‡bK cwieviB Zv‡ì cÖwZeÜx †g‡q‡ì‡K
we`¨vj‡q cvVv‡Z B‛QyK wKš‘ Zviv wk¶K, QvÎ Ges Ab¨vb¨‡ì KZ…©K †h․b I
Ab¨vb¨ nqivwbi f‡q Zv‡ì‡K we`¨vj‡q cvVvq bv| cÖwZeÜx‡ì †hvM¨Zv _vKv
m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì‡K PvKzix †`qv nq bv| cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v wPwýZ Kivi ciI ivóª
cÖwZeÜx‡ì cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ h_vh_ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î GLbI Zrci bq|
cÖwZeÜx cybe©vmb cÖwµqv m‡egvÎ ïi‚ n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ mvgvwRK
27
g‡bvfve AwZ m¤cÖwZ cwiewZ©Z n‡Z ïi‚ K‡i‡Q| G BwZevPK cÖwµqvq miKvi
Ges †emiKvwi cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni mwµq f~wgKv wµqvkxj|
1.8 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZ Kvh©vejx
cÖwZeÜx cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq evsjv‡`kx mgvR eë¯’vq KZ¸‡jv we‡kl myweav
i‡q‡Q; Gme myweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-Avgv‡ì KwgDwbwU Ges cvwievwiK eÜb
A‡bK mgv‡Ri ZzjbvqB kw³kvjx| Avgv‡ì K…wl cÖavb mgv‡R G eÜb cjx
GjvKvq †ek `„p| m¤cÖwZ RvwZmsN Ges wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ KwgDwbwU c×wZi g‡a¨ me‡P‡q cwievi Ges cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì Dci
AZ¨waK ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`‡k cwievi Ges KwgDwbwUi †jvKRb‡K
hw` cÖwk¶Y †`qv nq Zvn‡j Zviv cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ n‡e|
evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY mnvbyfw~ Z I nv`©¨ ms¯‥w… Z‡Z wek¦vmx| cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ
†h‡Kvb ai‡bi Kg©m~wP MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î cvwievwiK eÜ‡bi welqwU LyeB ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©;
†Kbbv cÖwZewÜZ¡ cÖwZ‡iv‡a A_©‣bwZK m¤úK© LyeB ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©| GKwU wkícÖavb
†`‡k wewfbœ cÖwZôvb ev ivóªB cÖwZeÜx‡ì G `vwqZ¡ MÖnY K‡i| wKš‘
evsjv‡`‡ki gZ A_©‣bwZKfv‡e AbMÖmi GKwU K…wlcÖavb †`‡k †hLv‡b m¤ú‡ì
Pig msKU we`¨gvb, †mLv‡b ivóª ev cwiev‡ii c‡¶ cÖwZeÜx‡ì cybe©vm‡bi
e¨qfvi enb Kiv mnR bq| myZivs GgZve¯’vq cÖwZeÜx cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq hw`
cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv nq, Zvn‡j cybe©vmb cÖwµqv n‡e Kg
e¨qmvkªqx Ges ev¯—em¤§Z|
evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †hme Kg©KvÊ †bqv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wbæwjwLZ

fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i-
K| miKvi KZ…K © M„nxZ Kg©KvÊ;
L| †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ…©K M„nxZ Kg©KvÊ;
M| wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Yg~jK Kg©KvÊ;
N| mnvqZv Ges cybe©vmbg~jK Kg©KvÊ Ges
O| †bUIqvwK©s ev †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v|
1.8.1. miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÛ

hwÌ evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì msL¨v wbiƒc‡Yi mwVK †Kvb cÖ‡Póv †bqv nqwb,
ZeyI cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q †h GKev‡iB KvR nqwb Zv ejv hv‡e bv| Avgv‡ì
msweav‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kj¨v‡Yi cÖwZkÖ‚wZi K_v i‡q‡Q| 1974 mv‡j
mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi D‡`¨v‡M `„wó cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ 47wU we`¨vjq cÖwZôv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1996 mv‡ji ci Av‡iv 17wU we`¨vj‡qi Aby‡gv`b †`qv n‡q‡Q|
28
miKvi eZ©gv‡b 64wU RvZxq cÖwZeÜx bxwZ MÖnY K‡i‡Q| mgwš^Z AÜ wk¶v
bxwZi AvIZvq 5wU AÜ we`¨vjq, g~K Ges ewai‡ì Rb¨ 6wU, kvixwiKfv‡e
A¶g cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ 4wU cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª Ges GKwU †fv‡Kkbvj cÖwk¶Y
BbwówUDU hv cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Q| GKwU we‡kl cÖwk¶Y
†K›`ª, GKwU Kw¤úDUvivBRW& †eªBjx †cÖm, GKwU bKj wj¤^ G‡m¤^wjs †K›`ª Ges
gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU †K›`ª eZ©gv‡b miKv‡ii mgvRKj¨vY Awa`ßi
KZ©K„ cwiPvwjZ n‡‛Q|5 eZ©gv‡b †`‡k miKv‡ii 72wU wewfbœ BDwbU
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q| †`‡ki wecyj msL¨K cÖwZeÜxi mvgvb¨ AskB
Gme Kg©Kv‡Ûi AvIZvfy³ n‡q‡Q|
RvZxq cÖwZeÜx bxwZ I AvBb

m¤cÖwZ evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU RvZxq bxwZ †NvlYv K‡i‡Q|
cÖwZewÜZ¡ cÖwZ‡iva, wPwýZKiY, wk¶v, cybe©vmb, M‡elYv I cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Kj¨v‡Yi Rb¨ bxwZgvjv M„nxZ n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ RvZxq bxwZi Kvh©Ki ev¯—evqb
GLb ch©š— m¤¢e nqwb| Kvh©Ki ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ GKwU G¨vKkb c¨vb kxNªB
M„nxZ n‡e| evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx Ges GwZg‡ì Rb¨ PvKzixi †¶‡Î
kZKiv 10 fvM †KvUv eivÏ †i‡L‡Q| wKš‘ cÖvß Z‡_¨ G msL¨v kZKiv
GKfv‡MiI Kg|6
cÖwZeÜx msµvš— RvZxq bxwZ

1995 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq KZ…K © cÖwZeÜx msµvš— RvZxq
bxwZ M„nxZ nq| G bxwZgvjv RvwZmsN KZ…K © †NvwlZ bxwZi Av‡jv‡KB Kiv
n‡q‡Q| G bxwZgvjvq evsjv‡`‡ki msweavb¯^xK…Z bxwZ I †g․wjK gvbevwaKv‡ii
cÖwZdjb N‡U‡Q| GLv‡b †h welq¸‡jvi cÖwZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv
wbæiƒc:
1| cÖwZ‡iva: mgMÖ †`ke¨vcx cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i KviY m¤ú‡K© RbMY‡K m‡PZb
Kivi Rb¨ cÖPvi Pvjv‡Z n‡e|
2| (K) wPwýZKiY: cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ cÖ_‡g †Kvb we‡kl
e¨w³i cÖwZewÜZv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| (L) cÖwZewÜZv wPwýZKi‡Yi
5
Speech of Prime Minister of Bangladesh in Inaugural Session of South Asian
Conference of CBR Network, Dhaka, Bangladesh. 3-6 December 1997.
6
Mohammad Farashuddin, The Integration of the Disabled as an Active Agent of
Economic Growth.
29
Rb¨ wewfbœ chv©‡qi we‡klZ AvPi‡Yi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Rb¨ †mev wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3| AMÖmi chv©‡q cÖwZ‡iva: Dckgg~jK Ges cÖwZ‡ivag~jK c`‡¶c cwievi
ch©vq †_‡KB M„nxZ nIqv cÖ‡qvRb|
4| hš¿cvwZ: cÖwZewÜZvi cÖ‡Kvc Kgv‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq hš¿cvwZ wbwðZ
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5| wk¶v: cÖwZeÜxi aib‡f‡` wk¶vi eë¯’v Kiv|
6| cybe©vmb: cÖwZeÜx‡ì cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y Ges
hš¿cvwZi mieivn wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
7| gvbe-m¤ú` Dbœqb: mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì mv‡_
mswkó mevB‡K cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z n‡e|
8| Kv‡Ri my‡hvM m„wó: cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ Kg©ms¯’vb Ges Kg©‡¶Î
•Zwii my‡hvM m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e|
9| M‡elYv: mgwš^Z Dbœq‡bi j‡¶¨ M‡elYvi my‡hvM m„wó, cÖwZewÜZv
cÖwZ‡iva, cybe©vmb Ges Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó|
10| ¯^vfvweK MwZ Ges PjvP‡ji my‡hvM: ivóª KZ…K © cwiPvwjZ cwienb
eë¯’v Ges febmg~‡n cÖwZeÜxiv hv‡Z Aev‡a PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡i Zvi
my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
11| Z_¨: cÖwZeÜx msµvš— Z_¨ Rbmg‡¶ Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvg‡b Zz‡j
aivi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e|
12| we‡bv`b: †Ljva~jvq AskMÖnY Kiv, g¨vMvwRb cÖKvk Kiv, †iwWI Ges
‡Uwjwfk‡b AskMÖnY Kiv‡bvi gva¨‡g we‡bv`‡bi eë¯’v Kiv|
13| †bZ…Z¡`vb: cÖwZeÜx‡ì me©Î PjvP‡ji gva¨‡g Zv‡ì †bZ…‡Z¡ †`qvi
¶gZv evov‡bvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
14| Abyaveb Ges mgš^q: cÖwZeÜx m¤úwK©Z Kvh©µg Abyaveb K‡i
mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b cÖwZeÜx msµvš— Awa`ßi cÖwZôv I
cwiPvjK wb‡qvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
cÖwZeÜx RvZxq mgš^q KwgwU MwVZ

mgvKRj¨vY gš¿xi ZZ¡veav‡b evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx RvZxq mgš^q KwgwU
MVb K‡i‡Q| miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi cÖwZwbwai mgš^‡q G KwgwU MwVZ
n‡q‡Q|
evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx Uªv÷
30
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wewfbœ Dbœqb Ges Kj¨vYg~jK Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv miKvwi I

†emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n‡K civgk© I Dc‡`k †`qvi Rb¨ G Uªv÷ MwVZ n‡q‡Q|
31
wk¶vbxwZ
mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvj‡qi cÖwZwbwa‡Z¡ Ges wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi mgš^‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Rb¨ GKwU RvZxq wk¶vbxwZ †NvlYv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G bxwZ‡Z mvaviY
we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶v †`qvi bxwZMZ wm×vš— M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
BD‡bm‡Kv G Kvh©µ‡g me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
we‡kl wk¶v cÖ`vb m¤úwK©Z RvZxq †K›`ª MwVZ

1991 mv‡j biI‡qi wZbwU †emiKvwi ms¯’vi mnvqZvq G †K›`ªwU ¯’vwcZ nq|
G †K‡›`ªi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡‛Q Kg©x cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wbiƒcY, cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cÖwk¶Y Ges cybe©vmb, mn‡hvwMZvi aib Ges c×wZ D™¢veb Ges civgk©
cÖ`vb| G wel‡q wUPvm© †Uªwbs K‡jR di †¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb Kvh©µ‡g †h
wk¶Kiv cÖwZeÜx wk¶vi mv‡_ RwoZ Zviv cÖwk¶‡Y mnvqZv Ki‡eb|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ AvevwmK we`¨vjq cÖwZôv; GLv‡b `„wó, kÖeY, evK Ges Ab¨vb¨
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wk¶v eë¯’v i‡q‡Q Ges i‡q‡Q GKwU wi‡mvm© BDwbU|
G BDwbU cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K KvwiMix mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Q| †hme wk¶Kiv
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vi mv‡_ RwoZ, Zv‡ì‡K XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡q cÖwk¶Y †`qvi
eë¯’v M„nxZ n‡q‡Q|
wkïweKvk †K›`ª
cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì‡K wPwKrmv myweav †`qvi Rb¨ XvKvi wkï nvmcvZvj mvnvh¨
cÖ`vb Ki‡Q Ges GLv‡b GKwU wkïweKvk †K›`ª cÖwZôv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G †K‡›`ª
cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì‡K wewfbœ wPwKrmv, Dc‡`k Ges cÖwZKvi I cÖwZewÜZ¡
cÖwZ‡iv‡a wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
RvZxq †KvAwW©‡bÝ KwgwU

evsjv‡`k miKvi RvZxq †KvAwW©‡bkb KwgwU MVb K‡i‡Q| G KwgwUi cÖavb
n‡‛Qb, mgvRKj¨vY `ß‡ii gš¿x| mswkó gš¿Yvjq, †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Kg©KZ©vMY
G KwgwUi m`m¨| miKvi Aek¨ RvZxq cÖwZeÜx Kj¨vY Uªv÷ MVb K‡i‡Qb Ges
GLv‡b miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Kg©KZv©MY m`m¨ wn‡m‡e i‡q‡Qb|
evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶‡Yi wel‡q wKQy c`‡¶c MÖnY
K‡i‡Q| Gme M„nxZ c`‡¶‡ci g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q- wk¶v gš¿Yvj‡qi Aax‡b GKwU
we‡kl KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges G KwgwU‡Z mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq Ges
32
BDwb‡md‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G KwgwU mvaviY we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡ì

wk¶v cÖmv‡ii eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K|
1.8.2. †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÛ

miKv‡ii mxwgZ cÖqv‡mi cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi A‡bK ms¯’v
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q| G ms¯’v¸‡jvi Kv‡Ri g~j D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZKfv‡e cybe©vwmZ Kiv, Zv‡ì AwaKvi
cÖwZôv Kiv Ges bvMwiK wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì‡K AwaKvi m‡PZb K‡i †Zvjv|
eZ©gv‡b †`‡k 71wU †emiKvwi ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i|
m¤cÖwZ Avwki `kK †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i A‡bK¸‡jv †emiKvwi ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì
wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q| Gme ms¯’vi mgš^‡q b¨vkbvj †dvivg Ad AM©vbvB‡Rkbm&
IqvwK©s DB_& wWmGejW hv ms‡¶‡c NFOWD MwVZ n‡q‡Q| 1992 mv‡ji
MV‡bi ci G ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †ek wKQy D‡jL‡hvM¨ KvR K‡i‡Q hv
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgmy‡hvM, AwaKvi Ges c~Y© AskMÖnY msµvš— Lmov AvBb cÖYqb
K‡i Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq, AvBb gš¿Yvjq Ges cvj©v‡g›Uvwi
G‡dqvi KwgwU‡Z †cÖiY K‡i‡Q| G Lmov AvB‡b cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ ej‡Z Amy‡L,
`yN©Ubvq, wPwKrmv Î‚wU ev Rb¥MZfv‡e hw` †Kvb e¨w³ kvixwiK ev gvbwmKfv‡e
¶wZMÖ¯— n‡q Zvi Kg©¶gZv AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©fv‡e †jvc cvq A_ev Zzjbvg~jK
n«vm cvq, Zvn‡j †mB e¨w³‡K †evSv‡e| G AvBb Øviv 7 (mvZ) ai‡bi
cÖwZeÜx‡K wPwýZ Kiv n‡q‡Q: (1) `„wó cÖwZeÜx (2) kvwiixK cÖwZeÜx (3)
kÖ‚eY cÖwZeÜx (4) gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx (5) Pig cÖwZeÜx (6) evK cÖwZeÜx (7)
GKvwaKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx| G Lmov AvB‡b miKvi Zuvi Avw_©K m¶gZv Ges
Dbœq‡bi mxgvi g‡a¨ cÖwZewÜZvi KviY cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ me ai‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY,
mgm¨v wPwýZKiY I wb‡iva, wk¶vi my‡hvM m„wó, Pig I GKvwaK cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Rb¨ wk¶v wbwðZKiY, ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I cybe©vmb, cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKvi m‡š—vlRbK
KiYv‡_© Rbej Dbœqb, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kg©ms¯’vb m„wó, cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v wb‡q
M‡elYv Ae¨vnZ ivLv, cÖwZeÜx‡ì gy³ GjvKvq hvZvqvZ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi my‡hvM
myweavmg~n, Z‡_ï AwaKvi, wPËwe‡bv`‡bi AwaKvi, wbivcËv, cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Kj¨vYg~jK msMV‡b Drmvn cÖ`vb m¤^wjZ AvBb cÖYqb BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv
DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q G Lmov AvB‡b7|
7
cÖwZeÜxwelqK Lmov AvBb
33
evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi ms¯’v 1970-Gi `kK †_‡K Kvh©µg ïi‚ Ki‡jI 80

Ges 90-Gi `k‡K Zv we¯—vijvf K‡i| cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q Ggb
ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K `yfv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
K) ms¯’vmg~n hviv ïaygvÎ cÖwZeÜx msµvš— Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q; Ges
L) ms¯’vmg~n hviv KwgDwbwU ch©v‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv
Ki‡Q|
†emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n g~jZ: wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y Ges KvwiMix mnvqZvmn wPwKrmv

†mev, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kj¨vYv‡_© AvBb cÖYq‡bi mycvwik Ges †hvMv‡hvM ev
†bUIqvK© M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ KvR K‡i _v‡K|
wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y

cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶v cÖ`v‡bi welqwU LyeB ¯úk©KvZi| †Kbbv cÖwZeÜx‡ì aib
GKiKg bq| i‡q‡Q Avjv`v Avjv`v ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx| †`Lv hv‡‛Q †KD
gvbwmK, †KD kvwiixK, †KD Dfq cÖKvi cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡iB wkKvi| †KD m¤ú~Y©
AÜ, Avevi †KD ¯^í n‡jI †`L‡Z cvq, †KD evK cÖwZeÜx †KD `„wó cÖwZeÜx|
kvixwiK cÖwZeÜxiI i‡q‡Q wfbœZv| †hme cÖwZeÜx‡ì cv †bB Zv‡ì mgm¨v
Avevi †h e¨w³i nvZ †bB Zvi †_‡K m¤ú~Y© wfbœZi| gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ìI
i‡q‡Q wewfbœ cÖKvi gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv| G †cÖw¶‡Z wk¶v I cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi
†¶‡Î A‡bK wKQyB we‡ePbvq †i‡L wk¶v I cÖwk¶Y c×wZi web¨vm Kiv
cÖ‡qvRb|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î `yÕai‡bi c×wZ Aejw¤^Z nq

(K) cÖwk¶K‡ì Rb¨ GKai‡bi KvwiKz¨jvg Ges (L) cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GK
ai‡bi KvwiKz¨jvg| evsjv‡`‡k G `yÕai‡bi KvwiKz¨jvg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Ggb
cÖwZôvb i‡q‡Q|
1991 mv‡j b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di †¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb cÖwZôv Kiv nq| Kvh©µ‡g
wZbwU biI‡qi †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb-biI‡qwRqvb G‡mvwm‡qkb di w` evBÛ GÛ
cviwmqvwj mvB‡UW, biI‡qwRqvb G‡mvwm‡qkb di w` Wxd Ges biI‡qwRqvb
G‡mvwm‡qk di w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW mnvqZv †hvMv‡‛Q| b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di
†¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb mvaviYZ wZb ai‡bi cÖwZeÜx‡ì †mev cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K-
gvbwmK, `„wó Ges kªeY cÖwZeÜx| G ms¯’vi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ i‡q‡Q wUPvm© †Uªwbs
K‡jR, †iwm‡Wbwmqvj ¯‥zj Ges miKvwi wi‡mvm© BDwbU|
34
XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWcvU©‡g›U Ae& †¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb `„wó Ges gvbwmK

cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ wk¶K‡ì cÖwk¶Y w`‡q _v‡K| W. myjZvbv
Gm Rvgvb G wWcvU©‡g‡›Ui cÖwZôvZv|
gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †mev

GK wn‡m‡e †`Lv †M‡Q †h, evsjv‡`‡k 36 jv‡LiI †ekx gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx
i‡q‡Q| Ggb cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxbZvi A‡bK KviY i‡q‡Q| Gme
KviY¸‡jvi g‡a¨ wbæwjwLZ¸‡jvB cÖavb-
 †R‡bwUK ev eskMZ: A‡bK †¶‡Î †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, eskMZ Kvi‡YI
gvbwmK cÖwZeÜxi Rb¥ n‡Z cv‡i Ges RxbMZ Î‚wUi Rb¨ esk ci®úivq
†Kvb cwiev‡i G Ae¯’v Pj‡Z cv‡i|
 cwi‡ekMZ: †Kvb weiƒc cwi‡e‡k wkïi Rb¥ n‡jB wkï gvbwmK
fvimvg¨ nvwi‡q gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i|
 Î“wUc~Y© jvjb cvjb: Acywó, Ae‡njv Ges Mf©ve¯’vq †Kvb ¶wZKi
Jla ev Ab¨ †Kvb c`v_© MÖnY Ki‡j ev‛Pvi ¶wZ n‡Z cv‡i|
 gv-evevi Î“wUc~Y© i‡³i MÖ“c: hw` †Kvb gv‡qi i‡³i MÖ‚‡ci Avi GBP
†b‡MwUf nq Ges evevi GKB MÖ‚c i‡³i Avi GBP c‡RwUf nq Ges
Zv‡ì hw` †Kvb mš—vb Rb¥MÖnY K‡i Ges H mš—v‡bi hw` Avi GBP
c‡RwUf nq Zvn‡jI H mš—vb gvbwmKfv‡e fvimvg¨nxb n‡Z cv‡i|
 welwµqv: Mf©ve¯’vq welwµqvi d‡j mš—vb gvbwmK fvimvg¨nxb n‡Z
cv‡i| R‡b¥i mgq mš—vb hw` i‚‡ejv, Rvg©vb wnDm, wmwdwjm Ges
B‡´v‡cv‡jvgwmm Øviv Avµvš— nq, Zvn‡jI wkïiv gvbwmKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx
n‡Z cv‡i|
 †gUvewjRg Ges AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡YI wkïi gvbwmK •eKj¨ †`Lv w`‡Z
cv‡i|
 gv_vq AvNvZ: Mf©¯’ åƒ‡Yi gv_vq AvNvZ, cÖm‡ei mgq AvNvZ ev
•kk‡e gv_vq AvNvZ, Gmwdw·qv (Aw·‡R‡bi AfveRwbZ †ivM), †eªBb
n¨vgv‡iR Gme Kvi‡YI wkï gvbwmK fvimvg¨ nviv‡Z cv‡i|
 gw¯—‡¯‥i †ivM: wUDgvi, wbD‡iv dvB‡eb‡gUvBwmm, h²v Ges nvbwUsUb
†dvweqv RwbZ Kvi‡YI wkïiv gvbwmKfv‡e c½y n‡Z cv‡i|
 Rb¥c~e© ARvbv †ivM: Mf©ve¯’vq wKQy ARvbv Kvi‡Yi Rb¨ gvbwmKfv‡e
wkïiv ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡Z cv‡i ev †eªB‡bi †Kvb As‡ki ¶Z msMwVZ n‡Z
35
cv‡i A_ev A¯^vfvweK †QvU ev eo gv_v †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i| Gme Kvi‡YI
wkïiv gvbwmKfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯— nq|
 †µv‡gv‡mvgvj wWmUimb: †µv‡gv‡mvgvj wWmUimb Mf©¯’ å‚‡Yi ¶wZ
K‡i Ges G‡Z Avµvš— wkï gvbwmKfv‡e cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i|
 Mf©ve¯’vi RwUjZv: wcÖg¨vwPDi †Wwjfvix ev mwVK mg‡qi c~‡e© ev‛Pvi
Rb¥ (†kl gvwm‡Ki cÖ_g w`b †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i Mf©ve¯’vi 37 mßv‡ni c~‡e©
f~wgô nIqv), Kg IRb wb‡q Rb¥MÖnY Kiv ev `xN© cÖme †e`bvI wkïi
gvbwmK ¶wZi KviY n‡Z cv‡i|
 wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi g‡a¨ weevn eÜb: wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi g‡a¨ weev‡ni
Kvi‡YI A‡bK mgq wkï gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx n‡Z cv‡i|
gvbwmK cÖwZewÜZvi ZxeªZvi iKg †f‡` cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K wfbœ wfbœfv‡e wPwýZ

Kiv n‡q _v‡K| (1) gWv‡iU ev Lye †ekx fvimvg¨nxb bq Ggb (2) gvSvgvwS
(3) Zxeª (4) Lye †ekx Zxeª| mvaviYZ: gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K G Pvifv‡e
fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|
1977 mv‡ji c~e© ch©š— miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q gvbwmKfv‡e

fvimvg¨nxb‡ì wb‡q †Kvb wPš—vfvebv Kiv nqwb| hwÌ evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN
KZ©K
„ †NvwlZ wkï AwaKvi mb‡` ¯^v¶i`vbKvix †`k hv cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì wk¶vi
AwaKvi‡KI ¯^xKvi K‡i, wKš‘ Zv m‡Ë¡I miKvi G mgq ch©š— cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì
wk¶vi Rb¨ †Kvb we‡kl c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡iwb|
1977 mv‡ji wW‡m¤î gv‡m Wv. Rvgvb †mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb

Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW& evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZôv K‡ib| gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì
gvbwmK Ae¯’v cix¶vi eë¯’v 1975 mv‡ji Av‡M wQj bv| Wv. Rvgvb XvKv
†gwW‡Kj K‡j‡R me©cÖ_g G eë¯’vi cÖeZ©b K‡ib| †mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi
GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW evsjv‡`k QvovI cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûkb,
wkïweKvk †K›`ª evsjv‡`‡k gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q|
evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûkb g~jZ WvqMbw÷K †mev, wk¶v Ges e„wËg~jK

cÖwk¶Y w`‡‛Q| G ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q M‡elYvI Ki‡Q| G ms¯’vi GKwU
AvaywbK †ivM wbY©q †K›`ª i‡q‡Q| †hLv‡b gvbwmK Ae¯’vi Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi
wK¬wbK¨vj †U÷ Kiv nq| GLv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ civgk© †mevI †`qv nq|
Kj¨vYx bv‡g GKwU we`¨vj‡qi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx‡ì we‡kl wk¶v †`qv n‡‛Q|
36
GLv‡b wkïiv wPËwe‡bv`bmn e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y †hgb - KvV, b·v Ges gvwUi
•ZRmcÎ •Zwi Kiv cÖfw„ Z wkL‡Q| Kj¨vYxi i‡q‡Q cÖwk¶Y Kvh©µg| G
Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq wkïiv Ges wkï‡ì AwffveKiv wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖwk¶Y wb‡‛Qb| avgivB‡q Aew¯’Z Ôw`kvixÕ cÖwk¶Y †K›`ª wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y
w`‡‛Q|
cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûkb Ghver †ek wKQy msL¨K cÖwZeÜx‡K cÖwk¶Y w`‡q‡Q| XvKvi
†Kvb e¨w³ n‡j Zvi †_‡K 200 UvKv †iwR‡óªkb wd Ges XvKvi evB‡ii Kv‡iv
wbKU †_‡K G wd †bqv nq bv|
†mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW evsjv‡`‡ki

gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Kivi me‡P‡q e„nr cÖwZôvb| b¨vkbvj BbwówUDU
di †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW; †mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj
wiUvi‡WW-Gi GKwU cÖKí| G cÖK‡í mgvRKj¨vY gš¿Yvjq Ges biI‡q `vZv
wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q| b¨vkbvj BbwówUDU di †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW ms¯’vwU‡K
eZ©gv‡b b¨vkbvj BbwówUDU di w` Bb‡U‡jKPzq¨vwj wWmG¨vejW& Kiv n‡q‡Q|
GmKj ms¯’vi ZrciZv I Kg©Kv‡Êi d‡j gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ mgv‡Ri
AvPiYMZ A‡bKUv n‡jI cwiewZ©Z n‡q‡Q e‡j g‡b n‡‛Q|
†mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW-Gi gva¨‡g

mgMÖ evsjv‡`ke¨vcx †gvU Pvi nvRvi cÖwZeÜx wkïiv wewfbœ ai‡bi †mev cv‡‛Q|
Gme †mev¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jL‡hvM¨ nj-civgk©`vb, wdwRI‡_ivwc, ¯úxP †_ivwc
BZ¨vw`| G †K›`ª¸‡jv †_‡K cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K A_©‣bwZKfv‡e ¯^vej¤^x nIqviI
cÖwk¶Y †`qv n‡‛Q| b¨vkbvj Bbw÷wUDU di Bb‡U‡jKPzq¨vwj wWmG¨vejW&
cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì wcZvgvZv‡ì †_‡K `‡ji m`m¨ g‡bvbqb K‡i _v‡K|
†mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW †cÖv‡U©R †cÖvMÖvg
Ges wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’vi KwgDwbwU-†eBRW wi‡nwewj‡Ukb †cÖvMÖv‡gi wfwË‡Z
KwgDwbwU-†eBRW& Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| ms¯’v 1984 mvj †_‡KB G Kvh©µg
cwiPvjb Ki‡Q|
G ms¯’vi 36wU kvLvi g‡a¨ 17wU kvLv KwgDwbwU-†eBR&W Kvh©µg nv‡Z

wb‡q‡Q| 1997 m‡bi cÖvß GK wn‡m‡ei wfwË‡Z Rvbv hvq †h, G Kvh©µ‡g
Ghver †gvU 8kÕ 76 Rb wkï Aš—f³
y© n‡q‡Q|
37
†hme cÖwZeÜx wkïiv we`¨vjqwfwËK wk¶v MÖn‡Y Amg_© †mme wkï‡ì Rb¨
†mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW KwgDwbwU-
†eBRW& Kvh©µg nv‡Z wb‡q‡Q| G Kvh©µ‡gi AvIZvq wKQy msL¨K Kg©x evox
evox wM‡q cwiev‡ii GKRb m`m¨‡K cÖwZeÜx‡ì hZœ wKfv‡e wb‡Z nq Zv
†kLvb Ges cieZ©x‡Z H e¨w³B cÖwZeÜx‡K cÖwkw¶Z K‡i †Zv‡jb| †mvmvBwU
di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb Ae w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW ms¯’vwUi bvg cwieZ©b
K‡i †mvmvBwU di w` I‡qj‡dqvi Ae w` Bb‡U‡jKPzq¨vwj wWmG¨veì Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
PvBì †W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi Ges †m›Uvi di w` †g›Uvwj n¨vwÛK¨vc-G `y‡Uv †K›`ª

XvKv wkï nvmcvZv‡ji Aax‡b cwiPvwjZ Ges cÖwZeÜx wPwKrmvq G `y‡Uv †K›`ª
Lye ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Q|
w` GwmmwUf wWfvBm GÛ †bU: cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqK e¯‘ Drcv`b Ges Gi

weZi‡Yi Rb¨ G¨vwmmwUf wWfvBm †bUIqvK© 7wU miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vi
mgš^‡q MwVZ n‡q‡Q| G ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqK Ggb c×wZ I hš¿cvwZ
D™¢veb, cÖ¯Z‘ Ges Zv weZiY Ki‡e| G mvZwU ms¯’vi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †m›Uvi di
w` win¨vwewj‡Ukb Ae& w` c¨vivjvBRW (CRP), b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di w` †¯úkvj
GWy‡Kkb, evsjv‡`k KvDwÝj di w` PvBì I‡qj‡dqvi, Ggcq‡g›U
win¨vwewj‡Ukb di w` wdwRK¨vwj n¨vwÛK¨vcW, nxW-evsjv‡`k, nvB‡Kqvi Ges
B›UvijvBd-evsjv‡`k| Gme ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rxebavi‡Yi Rb¨ mnvqK Ggb
c×wZ D™¢veb, cÖ¯Z ‘ Ges weZiY K‡i _v‡K| GW †bU 1988 mv‡j ¯’vwcZ
n‡q‡Q| D‡Ïk¨ n‡‛Q:
 m‡PZbZv e„w× Ges mnvqK hš¿cvwZi eënvi e„w×KiY;
 mnvqK hš¿cvwZi mnRcÖvc¨Zv wbwðZ Kiv;
 mnvqK hš¿cvwZi h_vh_ eënvi m¤úwK©Z `¶ Rbkw³ e„w×KiY;
 mnvqK hš¿cvwZi Rb¨ †UKmB c×wZi Dbœqb; Ges
 mnvqK hš¿cvwZ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ wewbgq|
†hme ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqK hš¿cvwZ •Zwi K‡i, Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-
B›UvijvBd-evsjv‡`k| G ms¯’vwU 1970 mvj †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k KvR Ki‡Q|
ms¯’vwU evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †h Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Ki‡Q Zvi g‡a¨
Ab¨Zg n‡‛Q mnvqZvg~jK hš¿cvwZ •Zwi| Giv ûBj †Pqvi, we‡kl ai‡bi wZb
PvKvi mvB‡Kj, ùvov‡bvi mnvqK †Uwej, †evW©, we‡kl Kb©vimxU Ges c¨viv‡jj
evi we‡klZ cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì Rb¨ •Zwi nq|
38
nvB‡Kqvi bv‡g Ab¨ GKwU ms¯’v 1980 mb †_‡K evsjv‡`‡k KvR Ki‡Q|
ms¯’vwU AvswkK kªeY cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i| †hme wkïiv kªeY I evK
cÖwZeÜx Zv‡ìB GB ms¯’v †ekx ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i| kÖ‚eY cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ kªeY
kw³ evov‡bvi †Kvb mnvqK c×wZ 1998 mv‡ji Av‡M G‡`‡k Avwe¯‥…Z ev
¯’vbxqfv‡e •Zwi nqwb| BwZc~‡e© kÖ‚eY cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Gme mnvqK hš¿cvwZ
we‡`k †_‡K Avg`vwb Kiv nZ| wKš‘ nvB‡Kqvi G‡`‡k kªeYkw³ evov‡bvi Rb¨
mnvqK c×wZ •Zwii Rb¨ G‡`‡k me©cÖ_g j¨ve‡iUwi M‡o †Zv‡j| Ggcq‡g›U
wi‡nwewj‡Ukb Ae& wdwRK¨vwj n¨vwÛK¨vcW& bv‡g Ab¨ GKwU ms¯’v cÖavbZ: kªeY
c×wZ D×veb K‡i| Zviv †eªBjx c×wZ‡Z `„wó cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ eB Qvcv‡bvi
Rb¨ GKwU QvcvLvbv ¯’vcb K‡i‡Q| G ms¯’v †hme mnvqK c×wZ •Zwi K‡i Zvi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-bKj nvZ, cv ev cv‡qi Dc‡ii Ges wb‡Pi Ask, †eªm, Nvo-Kjvi
BZ¨vw`| evsjv‡`k KvDwÝj di wPj‡Wªb I‡qj‡dqvi 12 eQi eq‡mi wb‡Pi
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ e¨vK¯-ve, K¨vwjcvi, IqvwKs †d«g BZ¨vw` •Zwi K‡i|
AvwU©wdwmqvj wj¤^ †cÖvWvKkb BDwbU nxW-evsjv‡`‡kiB GKwU BDwbU| U½x‡Z
wewmK wkí bMix‡Z G BDwbUwU Aew¯’Z|
GLv‡b kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ mnvqK c×wZ •Zwi Kiv nq| bKj nvZ-cv
•Zwi K‡i Zv eënviKvix‡ì g‡a¨ mieivn Kiv nq| †m›Uvi di win¨vwewj‡Ukb
Ae& w` c¨vivjvBRW-Gi avZe mnvqK hš¿ •Zwi Kivi GKwU KviLvbv i‡q‡Q|
wewfbœ ai‡bi ûBj †Pqvi, wbPz Uªwj, KbyB µ¨vP, nuvUvi jvwV, e¨vK ¯ve, óªvBKvi
¯ve, mvwf©K¨vj Kjvi, Ug UªvKkb, ivBwUs w¯úwjó, †óªPvi Uªwj, K¨vwjcvi, UªvB
mvB‡Kj, nuvUvi Rb¨ we‡kl †d«g BZ¨vw` •Zwi K‡i| G ms¯’v Zv‡ì •Zwi ûBj
†Pqvi we‡`‡kI ißvbx K‡i _v‡K| w` b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di GWy‡Kkb GKwU
miKvwi ms¯’v Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vi Rb¨ mnvqK hš¿cvwZ •Zwii Rb¨ G
ms¯’vi GKwU Kg©kvjv i‡q‡Q|
1998 mv‡ji GwcÖj gv‡m mnvqK hš¿cvwZi cÖ¯Z‘ KiY I weZiY m¤úwK©Z GKwU
Kg©kvjvi Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| G Kg©kvjvq †h mycvwikgvjv †ck Kiv nq Zv nj:
 gvbm¤úbœ, AvKl©Yxq Ges †UKmB hš¿cvwZ •ZwiKiY
 ¯’vbxqfv‡e Drcvw`Z KvuPvgvj eënvi K‡i hš¿cvwZ •Zwi
 wbæAv‡qi cwiev‡ii Kv‡Q MÖnY‡hvM¨ g~‡j¨ Zv weµq Ges
 m¤¢ve¨ eënviKvix‡ì Kv‡Q GZ`msµvš— Z_¨ †c․uQv‡bv|
39
1.8.3. Avš—R©vwZK ch©v‡q †hvMv‡hvM: Dbœqb c¨v‡KR Ges

cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ †mev
1958 Ges 1969 m‡bi wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v KZ…©K cÖYxZ †UKwbK¨vj wi‡cv‡U©
cybe©vmb cÖwµqv‡K hLb ¯^v¯’¨ †mevi Ask e‡j gš—e¨ Kiv n‡qwQj ZLbB g~jZ
KwgDwbwU-†eBRW& win¨vwewj‡Ukb Kvh©µg wek¦¯^v¯’¨ ms¯’v KZ…©K M„nxZ n‡qwQj|
G cÖwZ‡e`‡b Aek¨ mycvwik Kiv n‡qwQj †h, Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jv‡Z g~j¨-
mvkªqx cÖvwZôvwbK †mevi my‡hvM _vK‡Z n‡e| Gwkqv Ges c¨vwmwdK GjvKvi
Rb¨ mvgvwRK Ges A_©‣bwZK Kwgkb 1993-2002 mvj‡K Gwkqv Ges
c¨vwmwdK GjvKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ì `kK †NvlYv K‡i‡Q Ges GZ`msµvš— wewfbœ
Kg©m~wP MÖnY K‡i‡Q| M„nxZ Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ KwgDwbwU-
wbf©i Dbœqbg~jK Kv‡Ri cÖmv‡ii Rb¨ cÖPvi Kiv| KwgDwbwU-wbf©i Kg©m~wPi g~j
cÖwZcv`¨ welq nj-cÖwZeÜx‡ì Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ cwievi Ges KwgDwbwU‡K m¤ú„³
Kiv| KwgDwbwU-wbf©i cybe©vmb cÖwµqv cÖvwZôvwbKZv †c‡q‡Q g~jZ: RvwZmsN
KZ©K„ M„nxZ cÖ‡Póvi d‡jB| evsjv‡`‡kI wewfbœ ms¯’v KwgDwbwU-wbf©i cybe©vmb
cÖwµqvq mwµqfv‡e mvov w`‡q‡Q|
Avš—tms¯’v m¤úwK©Z mgš^q

Avš—Rv© wZKfv‡e †hme ms¯’v cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i Zv‡ì mv‡_ evsjv‡`‡k
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i Ggb ms¯’vmg~‡ni i‡q‡Q Nwbô ms‡hvM|
wWmG¨vejW& wccjm B›Uvib¨vkbvj (DPI), BbKzjymb B›Uvib¨vkbvj
(B›Uvib¨vkbvj jxM Ae& †mvmvBwU di cvimb DB_& †g›Uvwj n¨vwÛK¨vc),
win¨vwewj‡Ukb B›Uvib¨vkbvj, Gwkqvb †dWv‡ikb di †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW
(AFMR), mvD_ Gwkqvb †bUIqvK© di wmweAvi, mvK© †m›Uvi di wWmG¨vejW,
GmKvc Ges RvZxq †dvivg di w` AM©vbvB‡Rkb IqvwK©s DB_ wWmG¨vejW mn
G †dviv‡g 46wU ms¯’v KvR Ki‡Q Ges evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨
D‡jL‡hvM¨ mvgvwRK Ges ivR‣bwZK AR©b m¤¢e n‡q‡Q|
mvD_ Gwkqvb wmweAvi ev `w¶Y Gwkqv KwgDwbwU-†eBRW win¨vwe‡j‡Ukb

Kvh©µg 1992 mv‡j ev½v‡jv‡i AbywôZ n‡qwQj| †bcv‡j AbywôZ wmweAvi
†bUIqvK© m‡¤§j‡b evsjv‡`k Ask wb‡qwQj| wmweAvi †bUIqv‡K©i m`m¨
†`k¸‡jv n‡‛Q: evsjv‡`k, †bcvj, fviZ, cvwK¯—vb Ges kªxj¼v| G †bUIqv‡K©i
D‡Ïk¨ n‡‛Q: Z_¨ msMÖn, cÖwµqvRvZKiY Ges ms¯’vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Z_¨
wewbgqKiY, AwfÁZv wewbgq, ms¯’vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ KvwiMix mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ges
wewbgq Ges miKvi‡K AvBb cÖYqb Ges bxwZwba©vi‡Y cÖfvweZ Kiv Ges GKB
GjvKvq GKvwaK ms¯’v KZ©„K GKB Kvh©µg cwinvi Kivi bxwZ MÖnY|
40
KwgDwbwU-wbf©i evsjv‡`k Kvh©µ‡gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡‛Q:

 KwgDwbU-wbf©i cybe©vmb cÖwµqv wel‡q ev¯—e AwfÁZv mÂq;
 m`m¨ †`kmg~‡ni Z_¨ msMÖn Ges Zv weZiY Kiv;
 KwgDwbwU-wbf©i cybe©vmb cÖwµqvi Dci M‡elYv cwiPvjbvq m`m¨
†`kmg~n‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv Ges
 RbMY‡K DØy× Kivi Rb¨ wgwUs, †mwgbvi, IqvK©kc, Kbdv‡iÝ BZ¨vwì
Av‡qvRb Kiv|
evsjv‡`kx‡ì Øviv A_ev evsjv‡`kx‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡ i‡q‡Q Ggb ms¯’v¸‡jv nj:

1| wWmG¨vej wccj B›Uvib¨vkbvj
2| BbK¬zmb B›Uvib¨vkbvj
3| wi‡nwe‡j‡Ukb B›Uvib¨vkbvj
4| Gwkqvb †dWv‡ikb di w` †g›Uvwj wiUvi‡WW
5| mvD_ Gwkqvb †bUIqvK© di wmweAvi
6| mvK© †m›Uvi di wWmG¨vej
7| GmKvc
8| Gb Gd Wwe-D I wW|
KwgDwbwU-†eBRW cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq RbM‡Yi AskMÖnY

G,GBP,Gg †bvgvb Lvb Zuvi GKwU cÖe‡Ü KwgDwbwU-†eBRW& cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq
cybe©vmb Dcv`vb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| G Dcv`vb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q
cÖwZeÜx‡ì m¤ú‡K© mgv‡R AbyKzj g‡bvfve m„wó, cybe©vmb †mevi my‡hvM m„wó,
wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó, Avqg~jK Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM Ges wPwKrmv
†mevi m„wó Kiv| cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡ivaKiY, eë¯’vcbv, gwbUwis Ges g~j¨‡ev‡ai
DciI me©vwaK ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖe‡Ü cÖwZewÜZv‡K Dbœq‡bi Bmy¨
wn‡m‡e Ges cÖwZeÜxi mgm¨v‡K Dbœq‡bi cÖavb avivi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Kivi Dci
¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡ib|
1997 mv‡j AbywôZ †m‡KÛ mvD_ Gwkqvb Kbdv‡iÝ Ae wmweAvi †bUIqvK©

†k‡l ÔXvKv †NvlYvÕ bv‡g GKwU †NvlYvcÎ cÖKvk Kiv n‡qwQj| G †NvlYvc‡Î
Gwkqv Ges c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji Rb¨ M„nxZ A_©‣bwZK I mvgvwRK Kwgk‡bi
†NvlYvi K_v Ges Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji †NvwlZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì `kK 1993-
41
2002 Gi ÔcÖwZeÜx‡ì mg-my‡hvM, mg-AwaKvi Ges c~Y© AskMÖnY m¤úwK©ZÕ

†NvlYv ¯§iY Kwi‡q w`‡q Zv ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ KwgDwbwU †eBRW&
wi‡nwewj‡Uk‡bi myôz ev¯—evq‡bi Dci ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| †NvlYvq G
AÂ‡ji me miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv‡K Aby‡iva Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q †hb
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v‡K Dbœqb Bmy¨ wn‡m‡e †`Lv Ges Zv Kvh©Kifv‡e ev¯—evwqZ
nq †m j‡¶¨ Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv Kiv| miKvwi Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n †hb
mgv‡Ri me©¯—‡i AÁZv, fq Ges Kzms¯‥vi `~ixKi‡Y mgv‡Ri me©Î cÖwZeÜx‡ì
¯^v_© msi¶‡Y Zvi AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM m„wó Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì †mev cÖ`v‡bi
evav¸‡jv Acmvi‡Yi K_vI ¯§iY Kwi‡q †`qv n‡q‡Q G †NvlYvc‡Î| G
†NvlYvq miKvwi, †emiKvwi I Ab¨vb¨ ms¯’vi g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvgvwRK I
gvbwmK my¯v^ ‡¯’ï wbðqZv weavbmn cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¯^v_©-msiw¶Z RvZxq bxwZgvjv
†NvlYv I ev¯—evq‡bi cÖwZ ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Q|8
RInv‡ij Bmjvg gvgyb Zuvi ÔKvw›Uª wi‡cvU©Õ- G D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, evsjv‡`k
`w¶Y Gkxq KwgDwbwU-†eBRW †bUIqv‡K©i mv‡_ m¤ú„³ n‡q‡Q Ges
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q †bUIqv‡K©i AvIZvq KvR ïi‚ K‡i‡Q| KwgDwbwU- †eBRW
wi‡nwewj‡Ukb n‡‛Q Ggb GKwU †K․kj †h †K․kj Aej¤^b K‡i cybe©vmb,
my‡hv‡Mi mgZv m„wó Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ mvgvwRK mngwg©Zv cÖKvk Kiv m¤¢e|
wZwb Zvi G cÖe‡Ü D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, evsjv‡`‡k 1 †KvwU 20 j¶ cÖwZeÜx
i‡q‡Q Ges Gi msL¨v µgk: e„w× cv‡‛Q| hwÌ evsjv‡`‡ki i‡q‡Q m¤ú‡ì
mxgve×Zv, `¶ Rbkw³i Ges KvwiMwi my‡hvM-myweavi Afve Z_vwcI evsjv‡`k
m¤cÖwZ cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v‡K GKwU gvbweK mgm¨v e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡Z ïi‚
K‡i‡Q| Gwkqv Ges c¨vwmwdK cÖwZeÜx `k‡Ki (1993-2002) Kg©cwiKíbv
Abyhvqx KvR ïi‚ K‡i‡Q| evsjv‡`k RvwZmsN KZ©K „ †NvwlZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì
AwaKvi mb‡ì cÖwZ AvbyMZ¨ cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Ges Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡j
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mg-AwaKvi, my‡hvM Ges AskMÖnYwelqK mb‡ì cÖwZ c~Y© mg_©b
e¨³ K‡i‡Q|
wZwb Zuvi cÖe‡Ü RvwZmsN KZ©„K M„nxZ wewfbœ c`‡¶‡ci K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
RvwZmsN 1971 mv‡j gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì wel‡q ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i Ges ÔgvbwmK
cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwaKviwelqK mb`Õ †NvlYv K‡i; cieZ©x‡Z 1981 mvj‡K
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Avš—Rv© wZK el© wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i; 1982 m‡b ÔIqvj©W †cÖvMÖvg
8
Second South Asian Conference of CBR Network Dhaka, Bangladesh 3-6
December, 1997.
42
Ae& G¨vKkbÕ †NvlYv K‡i cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v wbim‡b Kvh©Ki c`‡¶c †bqv nq|
1983-92 mgqKv‡j RvwZmsN cÖwZeÜx `kK e‡j †NvlYv K‡i Ges Gi D‡Ïk¨
wQj:
- cÖwZeÜx‡ì m¤ú‡K© mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w×;
- m`m¨ ivóª¸‡jv hv‡Z cvb Ae& G¨vKkb ev¯—evwqZ K‡i; Ges
- cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ Avw_©K Ges KvwiMwi myweav e„w×KiY|
RvwZmsN KZ©K
„ M„nxZ Kg©m~wPi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ mgv‡R Ab¨
bvMwiK‡ì gZ mg-mvgvwRK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi †fv‡Mi myweavi m„wó Kiv
Ges †mev I Ab¨vb¨ my‡hvM-myweav m„wóKi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx‡ì Drcv`bkxj
K‡i †Zvjv|
RvwZmsN KZ©K „ †NvwlZ mb‡ì mdj ev¯—evqb bvbv ev¯—e Kvi‡Y m¤¢e n‡‛Q bv|
RvwZmg~‡ni g‡a¨ Ges Avš—Rv© wZK ch©v‡q mgš^‡qi Afve Ges m¤ú‡ì
AcÖZzjZvI j¶Ÿxq| RvwZmsN mb` Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v‡K ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡q
evsjv‡`k miKvi wKQy c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡i‡Q| 1995 mv‡ji 9 b‡f¤î K¨vwe‡bU
KwgwU cÖwZeÜx m¤úwK©Z RvZxq bxwZ Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q Ges evsjv‡`k miKvi
cÖwZeÜxmn Ômevi Rb¨ wk¶vÕ bxwZI †NvlYv K‡i‡Q| Rbve Bmjvg Zvi cÖe‡Ü
evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeÜx mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †hme c`‡¶c M„nxZ n‡q‡Q †m m¤ú‡K©I
Av‡jvKcvZ K‡i‡Qb|
evsjv‡`k RvZxq msm‡ì †Kwe‡bU KwgwU 1995 mv‡ji b‡f¤î gv‡m cÖwZeÜx
m¤úwK©Z RvZxq bxwZ msµvš— wej cvm K‡i‡Q| G bxwZ wbav©iYx‡Z cÖwZeÜx
cÖwZ‡iva wPwýZKiY wk¶v Ges cybe©vmb, M‡elYvmn cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¯^v‡_© M„nxZ
Kg©KvÊ eë¯’vcbvq mywbw`©ó wbqgvejx cÖYqb K‡i‡Q| Gme bxwZ h_vh_fv‡e
ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ AvBb cÖYqb welqwUI Lye Ri‚ix| GLv‡b D‡jL¨ †h miKvi
PvKzixi †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ kZKiv 20 fvM Avmb msi¶‡Yi K_v †NvlYv
K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ GLbI Zv msm‡` cvk n‡q AvBb wn‡m‡e M„nxZ nqwb|
43
Avgv‡ì †`‡k cÖwZeÜx Bmyï cÖwZ †h m¤cÖwZ `„wó †`qv n‡q‡Q Zvi •elg¨
evsjv‡`k Ges fviZ KZ©„K cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ M„nxZ Kvh©vejx †_‡KB my¯úó:
µg fviZ evsjv‡`k
1 cybe©vmb KvDwÝj Ae BwÛqv †Kvb KvDwÝj MwVZ nqwb
2 PviwU cÖwZeÜx Bbw÷wUDU (cÖwZ †Kvb cÖwZeÜx Bbw÷wUDU †bB
ai‡bi cÖwZeÜxi Rb¨ Avjv`v
Avjv`v)
3 AvÂwjK cybe©vmb †K›`ª AvswkKfv‡e Kiv n‡q‡Q
4 RvZxq n¨vwÛK¨vc&W dvBb¨vÝ Ges G ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwZôvb †bB
†W‡fjc‡g›U †m›Uvi
5 AvwU©wdwmqvj wj¤^ g¨vbyd¨vKPvwis
m¤cÖwZ †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb
Ki‡cv‡ikb Ae BwÛqv eª¨v‡Ki GKwU BDwbU G ai‡bi
GKwU ms¯’v M‡o Zz‡j‡Q
6 Aj BwÛqv Bbw÷wUDU Ae wdwRK¨vj G ai‡bi †Kvb cÖwZôvb †bB
†gwWwmb GÛ wi‡nwewj‡Ukb †Uªwbs
GÛ wimvP©
7 †`ke¨vcx we‡kl Ggcq‡g›U G·‡PÄ evsjv‡`‡k PvKzix †¶‡Î
MwVZ n‡q‡Q kZKiv 10 fvM †KvUv
msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q
8 Bw›U‡MÖ‡UW GWy‡Kkb dvg© b¨vkbvj †m›Uvi di w`
†¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb
9 †Rjv cÖvBgvix GWy‡Kkb †cÖvMÖvg GWy‡Kkb KvDwÝj
44
Aa¨vq-2
M‡elYvi †h․w³KZv c×wZ I D‡Ïk¨
2.1. M‡elYvi †h․w³KZv

Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi †cÖw¶‡Z ¯úó †h, evsjv‡`‡k 1 †KvwU 30 j¶ cÖwZeÜx
RbmsL¨v i‡q‡Q Ges G cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 70 fvM A¶i Ávbnxb| cÖwZeQi
evsjv‡`‡k 2 j¶ 50 nvRvi cÖwZeÜx evo‡Q| cÖwZeQi 30 nvRvi wkï `„wókw³
nvwi‡q G msL¨v cÖwZwbqZ e„w× Ki‡Q|
AwZwi³ `vwi`ª, Awbivc` mš—vb cÖme, wewfbœ cÖKvi msµvgK e¨vwa, `yN©Ubv,
cÖvK…wZK wech©q, Acyw÷, wfUvwgb-G Gi AfveRwbZ AÜZ¡, †j․n Ges
Av‡qvwWb NvUwZ, cwi‡ek wech©q, ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZbZvi Afve, wbKU AvZ¥x‡qi g‡a¨
weevn eÜb BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v mgv‡R µgk e„w× cv‡‛Q|
cÖwZeÜx m¤úwK©Z †Kvb mwVK Kvh©µg MÖnY Kivi †¶‡Î `vwi`ª Ges cÖwZeÜx‡ì
†hvMm~Î m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb n‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖwZewÜZ¡ mvgvwRK I cvwievwiK
Rxe‡bi Dci cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i| `vwi`ª `~ixKiYB GKgvÎ A_©‣bwZK D‡Ïk¨
bq, mvgwMÖK AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKB mv‡_ gvbevwaKvi, mvgvwRK wbf©iZv, `y‡h©vM
Ges cwi‡ekMZ wech©‡qi K_vI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| eZ©gvb M‡elYvq †h
welq¸‡jv m¤úwK©Z Kivi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q Zvn‡jv- (K) `vwi‡`ªi Av_©-
mvgvwRK †cÖw¶Z (L) cÖwZeÜxZ¡ Ges `vwi`ª (M) Z…Yg~j ch©v‡q gvbevwaKvi
m¤úwK©Z aviYv Ges (N) cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cÖPwjZ Kvh©µg Ges G m¤ú‡K©
RbM‡Yi aviYv AewnZ nIqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| myZivs eZ©gvb M‡elYvq
cÖPwjZ Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖ¶vc‡U cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e AewnZ
n‡q Zv‡ì cÖwZ †mev cÖ`v‡bi AeKvVv‡gv¸‡jv wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q|
2.2. M‡elYvi D‡Ïk¨

 kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi m¤úwK©Z welqwU AewnZ
nIqv Ges we‡klY Kiv;
 gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© kvixwiK I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡bvfve Ges
cÖwZewÜZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì Ávb hvPvB Kiv;
45
 gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© Z…Yg~j ch©v‡qi aviYv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv Ges
Gme Z_¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Kvh©µg/ cÖKí Dbœqb Ges †hme ms¯’v ev
e¨w³ cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR K‡i Zv‡ì Rb¨ mnvqK nq Ggbfv‡e Zv
Dc¯’vcb Kiv;
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ †mev`vb Ges Zv‡ì `vwi‡`ªi ¯îƒc AewnZ nIqvi
cÖqvm †bqv;
 Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ `vwi‡`ªi cÖfve I KviY Ges gvbevwaKvi I mvgvwRK
AvPi‡Yi †hvMm~Î we‡klY;
 wbw`©ó GjvKvq gvbevwaKvi Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î cÖvwZôvwbK my‡hvM-myweavi
aib hvPvBKiY;
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi m‡PZb Kivi cÖqvm †bqv; Ges
 bxwZ wba©viK I RbM‡Yi gv‡S cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKv‡ii welqwU
m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv m„wói †Póv Kiv|
2.3. M‡elYv c×wZ

G M‡elYvq ¸YMZ Ges cwigvbMZ c×wZ Aej¤^b K‡i Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv
n‡q‡Q| M‡elYvq eëüZ c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
1. GKwU wbweo Avbyf~wgK Rwic c×wZ Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q| G M‡elYv
cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ GKwU cÖkgœ vjv eënvi Kiv n‡q‡Q Ges Zv M‡elYvi
D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ msMwZ †i‡L cÖ¯‘Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
2. cÖwZeÜx‡ì m¤ú~Y© Ae¯’v Mfxifv‡e Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Ô`jMZ
Av‡jvPbvÕ c×wZI Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. cÖkgœ vjvi mvnv‡h¨ †h Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q †m Z‡_ï mv‡_ Mfxi
m¤ú~iK Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Kivi j‡¶¨ 20 Rb cÖwZeÜxi Rxebv‡jL¨ •Zwi
Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4. cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi Bmy¨ Mfxifv‡e Abyave‡bi Rb¨ Ges
GW‡fv‡Kwm †mev Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ AskMÖnYg~jK M‡elYv c×wZ (PRA)
Ges †K․kjMZ cwiKíbv cÖYqb c×wZ (SPA) Aej¤^b Kiv n‡q‡Q|
5. evsjv‡`k Ges Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡j cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q
Ggb †emiKvwi ms¯’vi Kvh©µg m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vejx msMÖn Kiv Ges Zv
we‡kl‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi Ges cÖvmw½K Bmy¨¸‡jv
we‡kl‡Yi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q|
46
2.4. M‡elYv ev¯—evqb c×wZ

M‡elYvi j¶¨ Ges D‡Ïk¨ ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ ev¯—evwqZ Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q:
cÖwZeÜx‡ì †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ 3 kZ cÖkgœ vjv c~iY Kiv n‡q‡Q; bgybvqb
Kiv n‡q‡Q •è Pq‡bi wfwË‡Z|
AskMÖnYg~jK M‡elYv c×wZ‡Z `jMZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme Av‡jvPbvq

wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cÖwZeÜx †hgb-AÜ, kvixwiKfv‡e Aek-n‡q hvIqv e¨w³,
gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ì wbKU †_‡K G Z_¨ †bqv n‡q‡Q| Kg©iZ
wewfbœ msMV‡bi mv‡_ Kbmvj‡UwUf †mkb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q Ggb msMV‡bi cÖwZwbwa, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Ges
cÖwZeÜx‡ì wcZvgvZv ev wk¶K‡ì gZvgZ †bqvi Rb¨ GKw`‡bi Av‡jvPbv
†mkb K‡i G wel‡q Zv‡ì gZvgZ Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| Z`ycwi M‡elYvi
welqwU Mfxifv‡e Abyave‡bi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq AvBb msµvš— `wjjcÎ,
mvsweavwbK fvl¨, ivóªxq bxwZ Ges gvbevwaKvi msµvš— `wjjcÎ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYv Kg©wU mwVKfv‡e cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ M‡elYvi mv‡_ RwoZ M‡elYv

mn‡hvMx Ges Z_¨ msMÖnKvix‡ì c~‡e© cuvPw`‡bi cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
M‡elYvKvj
G M‡elYv Kg©wU †gvU GK eQi mg‡q (Ryb 2000 †_‡K †g 2001) m¤úbœ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
47
Aa¨vq -3
M‡elYvi djvdj
3. M‡elYvi djvdj
eZ©gvb M‡elYvq M‡elYvjä cÖvß djvdj-we‡kl K‡i cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi,
gvbevwaKvi m¤ú‡K© aviYv Ges g‡bvfve, M‡elYvi cÖ`Ë mycvwikmg~n ev
gvbevwaKvi jsN‡bi †¶Îmg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q|
3.1. cÖwZeÜx‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v

Rwi‡ci gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx‡ì Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv
n‡q‡Q| Gme Z‡_ï g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-cÖwZeÜx‡ì aib, •eevwnK Ae¯’v, wj‡½i
wefvRb, Lvbv cÖav‡bi wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckv, Avq, mš—vb msL¨v, evm¯’v‡bi
aib BZ¨vw`|
3.2. cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i aib

wPÎ 1 : cÖwZewÜZvi aib
70% 63%
60% kvixwiK/ Pjb
50% gvbwmK/ eyw×
40% `„wó
30% evK I kªeb
20% 16%
9% 10% kªeb
10%
1%
0%
wPÎ †_‡K (wPÎ 1) †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, mv¶vrKvi †bqv n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖwZeÜx‡ì
kZKiv 63.0 fvM kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx| Gic‡i i‡q‡Q evK I kªeY cÖwZeÜx
48
kZKiv 16.3 fvM Ges `„wó I gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q h_vµ‡g kZKiv 10.0
I 9.3 fvM| kÖeY cÖwZeÜx me‡P‡q Kg cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q- kZKiv 1.3 fvM|
3.3. •eevwnK Ae¯’v

cÖwZeÜx‡ì •eevwnK Ae¯’v m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, M‡elYv
GjvKvq †gvU cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 48.0 fvM weevwnZ Ges AweevwnZ
kZKiv 52.0 fvM| wbe©vwPZ Ges mv¶vrKvi MÖnYKvix‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 63.7
fvM cyi‚l Ges 36.3 fvM gwnjv| (wPÎ 2)
wPÎ 2: cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i aib
48%
52%
weevwnZ AweevwnZ
3.4. cÖwZeÜx Lvbv cÖav‡bi wk¶v

c~‡e©v³ Av‡jvPbv †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡‛Q †h, Awk¶v Ges `vwi‡`ªi mv‡_
cÖwZeÜx‡ì GKUv †hvMm~Î i‡q‡Q| A_©vr cÖwZeÜx‡ì †¶‡Î `vwi`ª A‡bKUv
cÖfve we¯—vi K‡i _v‡K| †hgb- `wi`ª †kªYx ¯^v¯’¨ m‡PZb bq, †Kvb †iv‡Mi
†ivM-e¨vwai mgqgZ wPwKrmv wb‡Z cv‡i bv| SvoduzK, ZvweR-KeR Zv‡ì
A‡bKUv eo Aej¤^b; `wi`ªZvi Rb¨ Mf©eZx gwnjviv cÖmec~e© †mev wb‡Z cv‡i
bv| A_©vr mš—vb R‡b¥i mgq Wv³vi, bvm© ev †Kvb cÖwkw¶Z e¨w³i mnvqZv wb‡Z
cv‡i bv A_ev mš—vb R‡b¥i ci mwVK jvjb-cvjb cÖwµqvI Zv‡ì ARvbv|
Z`ycwi, Zviv Kzms¯‥viv‛Qbœ| GgZve¯’vq Rwi‡ci mgq cÖwZeÜx‡ì Ae¯’v
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Abyave‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì cwiev‡ii cÖavb ev Lvbv cÖav‡bi
wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, †ckv, eZ©gvb Avq, mš—vb msL¨v I evm¯’v‡bi aib Rvb‡Z
PvIqv n‡q‡Q|
49
mviYx 1: Lvbv cÖav‡bi wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv

wb‡`©kK MbmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
wbi¶i 112 37.3
¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cv‡i 54 18.0
1-5 71 23.7
6 - 10 35 11.7
11 + 28 9.3
†gvU 300 100
mviYx 1 †_‡K cÖZxqgvb n‡‛Q †h, cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q Ggb cwiev‡ii 37.3 fvM
Lvbv cÖav‡bi †Kvb wk¶v †bB| †KejgvÎ ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cv‡i Ggb Lvbv cÖav‡bi
msL¨v kZKiv 18.0 fvM| 1 †_‡K 5 eQ‡ii A_©vr cÖ_g †kªYx †_‡K 5g †kªYx
ch©š— wk¶v i‡q‡Q Ggb Lvbv cÖav‡bi msL¨v kZKiv 23.7 fvM| kZKiv 11.7
fv‡Mi i‡q‡Q 6ô †kªYx †_‡K 10g †kªYx ch©š— wk¶v| †KejgvÎ kZKiv 9.3
fv‡Mi i‡q‡Q GKv`k †kªYx ev Zvi †ekx ch©v‡qi wk¶v|
3.5. †ckv
†ckv m¤úwK©Z msM„nxZ Z‡_¨ †`Lv wM‡q‡Q †h, kZKiv 46.0 fvM Lvbv cÖav‡bi
†ckv w`bgRyix, gvQaiv, f¨vb-wi·v Pvjbv| kZKiv 31.7 fvM Lvbv cÖav‡bi
wPÎ- 3 : Lvbv cÖav‡bi †ckv

K…wl
¶z`ª eëmv
6.7% eMv©Pvl
31.7%
PvKzix
n¯—wkí
46.0% 8.3% w`b gRyi
2.0% 8.3% 3.7% wf¶zK
†ckv K…wl| ¶z`ª eëmv Av‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 8.3 fvM, PvKzixi K_v
50
D‡jL K‡i‡Qb GKB msL¨K e¨w³ (8.3 fvM), A‡bï Rwg eM©vPvl K‡ib Ggb
msL¨v kZKiv 3.7 fvM Ges wf¶v K‡i RxweKv wbe©vn K‡i Ggb e‡j‡Qb
kZKiv 6.7 fvM Lvbv cÖavb| Dc‡iv³ Z_¨ †_‡K my¯úó †h, cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q
Ggb cwiev‡ii Lvbv cÖav‡bi A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’vb wePvi Ki‡j Zv Lye GKUv
myweavRbK Ae¯’v‡bi m~PK bq|
3.6. Avq
Av‡qi Drm m¤ú‡K© Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q GRb¨ †h, cvwievwiK Avq mš—v‡bi
wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨ I cywói Dci h‡_ó cÖfve iv‡L| †`Lv hvq †h, w`bgRyix Ges
wf¶ve„wËB AwaKvsk Lvbv cÖav‡biB cÖavb Av‡qi Drm| cieZ©x Av‡qi Dr‡mi
K_v ejv n‡q‡Q K…wl (kZKiv 28 fvM), ¶z`ª eëmv I PvKzix h_vµ‡g kZKiv
8.3 fvM Ges 7.3 fvM Rwg eM©vPvl K‡ib| nuvmgyiMx cvjb, n¯—wk‡íi gva¨‡g
Avq K‡ib Lye Kg msL¨K, h_vµ‡g kZKiv 2.3 fvM, .3 fvM Ges kZKiv 1.0
fvM|
Dc‡iv³ Drm e¨wZ‡i‡K Ab¨ †Kvb LÊKvjxb Drm Av‡Q wKbv G m¤úwK©Z GK
cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e kZKiv 28.3 fvM nu¨vm~PK DËi w`‡q‡Qb| Z‡e DwjwLZ Drm
†_‡K Zv †Zgb Avjv`v Drm e‡j g‡b nqwb|
mviYx 2 : Lvbv cÖav‡bi evrmwiK Avq

Avq MbmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
8000 Gi wb‡P 65 21.7
8000 - 12000 98 32.7
12001 - 16000 37 12.3
16001 - 20000 28 9.3
20001 Gi Dc‡i 72 24.0
†gvU 300
Mo Avq 18058.33
Rwi‡ci mgq cÖwZeÜx cwievi cÖav‡bi evrmwiK Mo Avq m¤ú‡K© cÖkœ Kiv
n‡qwQj| Lvbv cÖav‡bi evwl©K Mo Avq cvIqv †M‡Q 18,058.33 UvKv; hv
wbZvš—B Kg| G wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì gvwmK Mo-Avq ùvovq gvÎ 1,504.83 UvKv|
51
GKwU 4-6 m`m¨wewkó cwiev‡i G Avq cÖ‡qvR‡bi Zzjbvq †h KZ Kg Zv

mn‡RB Aby‡gq| kZKiv 21.7 fvM cwiev‡ii evwl©K Avq 8 nvRvi UvKvi Kg|
kZKiv 32.7 fvM cwiev‡ii Avq 8 nvRvi †_‡K 12 nvRvi UvKv| 12 nvRvi
†_‡K 16 nvRvi UvKv Avq K‡ib kZKiv 12.3 fvM cwievi| Aciw`‡K 16
nvRvi UvKvi Dc‡i wKš‘ 20 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Ges 20 nvRvi UvKvi Dci Avq
K‡i h_vµ‡g kZKiv 9.3 fvM Ges 24.0 fvM cwievi| †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, 8
nvRvi UvKv †_‡K 16 nvRvi UvKv ch©š— Avq K‡i kZKiv 66.7 fvM cwievi|
G Avq‡K Aek¨B ¯^íAvq ej‡Z n‡e| G Av‡q cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wPwKrmvi e¨q
m¼zjvb wbZvš—B Kómva¨| GKB Kvi‡Y A‡bK cwieviB ¯^íAv‡qi Kvi‡Y
cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶v, wPwKrmv ev cÖwk¶Y w`‡Z Amg_©|
3.7. Lvbv cÖavb‡ì mš—vb msL¨v

Lvbv cÖavb‡ì mš—vb msL¨vi wn‡m‡e †bqv n‡q‡Q, cwiev‡ii †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v
Ges cwiev‡ii aib m¤ú‡K© AewnZ nIqvi Rb¨| Lvbvi m`m¨ msL¨v cwiev‡ii
A_©‣bwZK Ae¯’vi Dci cÖfve †d‡j| msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h,
kZKiv 17.7 fv‡Mi †Kvb †Q‡j-mš—vb Ges 20.7 fv‡Mi †Kvb †g‡q-mš—vb
wPÎ 4: Lvbv cÖav‡bi †Q‡j-†g‡qi msL¨v
100% 82% 79%

80%
60%
40% 21%
18%
20%
0%
‡Q‡j ‡g‡q
n¨vu bv
†bB| 1-2wU †Q‡j i‡q‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 54.3 fvM Ges GKB
msL¨K †g‡q Av‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb 53.3 fvM Lvbv cÖavb| wZb †_‡K Pvi
Rb mš—vb i‡q‡Q e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 20.3 fvM Lvbv cÖavb| Pvi ev Z‡ZvwaK †Q‡j
52
Ges †g‡q mš—vb i‡q‡Q cÖvq mgvb msL¨K Lvbv cÖav‡bi, h_vµ‡g 4.3 Ges 3.7
fv‡Mi|
3.8. evm¯’v‡bi aib
A‡bK mgq cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q Ges M‡elKiv G m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ M‡elYvq D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb †h, emev‡mi cwi‡e‡ki mv‡_ cÖwZewÜZvi m¤úK© we`¨gvb| †Kbbv,
A¯^v¯’¨Ki, ¯^í cwim‡i emev‡mi cwi‡ek A‡bK mgq `yiv‡ivM¨ †iv‡Mi Rb¥
†`q Ges GLvb †_‡KB A‡b‡K cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi nq| cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K
cÖZxqgvb †h, bgybvq evQvBK…Z kZKiv 46.7 fvM cÖwZeÜx i‡q‡Q Ggb cwievi
Szcwo ev †MvjcvZvi N‡i emevm K‡i| euvk ev Q‡bi N‡ii K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb
kZKiv 33 fvM| wUb‡kW Ges cvKvevox i‡q‡Q Ggb cvIqv †M‡Q h_vµ‡g
kZKiv 8.3 fvM Ges 3.3 fvM cwiev‡ii †¶‡Î| A‡bï N‡i AvwkªZ Ggb
cvIqv †M‡Q kZKiv 8.7 fv‡Mi †¶‡Î| A‡bï N‡i AvwkªZ‡ì A_©‣bwZK Ges
mvgvwRK Ae¯’v †h LyeB Ki‚Y Zv mn‡RB Dcjwä Kiv hvq|
wPÎ 5: evm¯’v‡bi aib
3% 9%
8%
47%
33%
S~cwo/ †MvjcvZvi Ni euvk/ Q‡bi Ni

wUb‡kW cvKv evox
A‡bï N‡i AvwkªZ
3.9. cÖwZeÜxi eqm

M‡elYvKv‡j cÖwZeÜxi eZ©gvb eqm Ges hLb †_‡K cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q †m mg‡qi
eqm Ges cÖwZewÜZvi KviY Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| 0-5 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨
cvIqv †M‡Q kZKiv 3.3 fvM| 16-19 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q kZKiv 27
fvM; cieZ©x †ekx msL¨K cÖwZeÜx cvIqv †M‡Q Pwjk ermi E×© eq‡mi
(kZKiv 19.7 fvM) Ges cieZ©x †ekx msL¨K cvIqv †M‡Q 26 †_‡K 35 eQi
53
eqmmxgvi g‡a¨ (kZKiv 16 fvM)| eqm we‡kl‡Y cÖZxqgvb †h, †ekxi fvM
cÖwZeÜx 11 †_‡K 41 eQi ev Z`~a© eq‡mi| myZivs A‡b‡K •K‡kvi ev †h․e‡b
c`vc©Y K‡i‡Q ev A‡b‡Ki Zi‚Y eqm BwZg‡a¨B cvi n‡q †M‡Q| Giv A‡b‡KB
cwiev‡i A_©‣bwZK †evSv| A‡b‡KB wk¶vi my‡hvM †_‡K ewÂZ, G‡ì A‡b‡Ki
m¤¢ve¨ cybe©vmb cÖ‡qvRb|
wPÎ 6 : cÖwZeÜxi eZ©gvb eqm

30% 27%
25%
20%
20% 17% 16%
15%
8% 9%
10%
5% 3%
0%
0-5 6-10 11-15 16-25 26-35 36-40 41+
3.10 cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i eqm

Rwi‡ci mgq hLb †_‡K cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q †m mg‡qi eqm Rvbvi †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, Rb¥ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q kZKiv
wPÎ 7 : cÖwZeÜx‡Z¡i eqm

50.0%
40.3%
40.0%
30.0% 23.3%
20.7%
20.0%
7.0% 8.7%
10.0%
0.0%
Rb¥ †_‡K 0-5 6-10 11-20 21 +
40.3 fvM; Rb¥ †_‡K 5 eQi eq‡mi g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q kZKiv 23.3 fvM;
54
6 †_‡K 20 eQi eqmmxgvi g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q kZKiv 15.7 fvM Ges evKx
kZKiv 20.7 fvM cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q 21 ev Z`~a© eq‡m| Rb¥ †_‡K cÖwZeÜxi
msL¨v me‡P‡q †ekx| Gi KviY m¤¢eZ: gv‡q‡ì Acywó, wkïi Acywó, Î‚wUc~Y©
Dcv‡q ev AcÖwkw¶Z e¨w³i gva¨‡g mš—vb cÖme Kiv‡bv ev Î‚wUc~Y© jvjb-
cvj‡bi Kvi‡Y m¤¢eZ GZ †ekx cwigv‡Y cÖwZeÜx n‡q _vK‡Z cv‡i|
3.11 cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i KviY

Rb¥ †_‡K cÖwZeÜx nIqv e¨wZ‡i‡K wewfbœ ai‡bi KwVb e¨vwa †_‡K kZKiv
34.0 fvM, `yN©Ubv ev MvQ †_‡K c‡o cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q cÖvq GK-cÂvgvsk
wPÎ 8 : cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i KviY

Rb¥
6.3% AmyL †_‡K
19.0%
40.3%
`yN©Ubv
†_‡K
Ab¨vb¨
34.0%
(kZKiv 19 fvM); wPwKrmvi Afve, Acywó, mwnsmZv, ivR‣bwZK mš¿vm, Rwg

msµvš— we‡iva BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q kZKiv 6.3 fvM| cÖwZ eQi
evsjv‡`‡k GKgvÎ moK `yN©Ubvq gviv hvq 4 nvRv‡ii †ekx Ges c½yZ¡ eiY
K‡i A_ev Kg©¶gZv nvwi‡q †d‡j Gi‡P‡q 6 †_‡K 8 ¸Y †ewk †jvK| wewfbœ
cÖKvi `yN©Ubv cÖwZ‡iva ev Gi Drm Kwg‡q Avb‡Z cvi‡j evsjv‡`‡k Aš—Z
`yN©UbvRwbZ cÖwZewÜZ¡ cÖwZ‡iva m¤¢e A_ev cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v K‡g Avm‡e|
55
3.12. cÖwZeÜx‡ì `¶Zv I Zv‡ì AvMÖn

Rwi‡ci bgybvq‡b †hme cÖwZeÜx‡ì mv¶vrKvi MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q Zv‡ì we‡kl
†Kvb `¶Zv Av‡Q wK †bB G m¤úwK©Z GK cÖ‡kœi DË‡i Rvbv †M‡Q †h,
†KejgvÎ kZKiv 28.3 fv‡Mi †Kvb-bv-†Kvb †¶‡Î `¶Zv i‡q‡Q| hv‡ì
`¶Zv Av‡Q Zv‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 20 fv‡Mi gvQaivi `¶Zv, 18.8 fv‡Mi
i‡q‡Q Mvb MvIqvi/ Qwe AuvKv Ges kZKiv 17.7 fv‡Mi Rvj‡evbvi `¶Zv
Av‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| Aek¨ kZKiv 15.3 fvM D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †h, Zv‡ì
euvk-†e‡Zi KvR, Kv‡Vi KvR, gvwUi KvR Kivi `¶Zv i‡q‡Q| hv‡ì Gme
`¶Zv i‡q‡Q Zviv cwiev‡i †Kvb-bv-†Kvb Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g| wKš‘ hv‡ì
†Kvb `¶Zv †bB †Zgb cÖwZeÜx kZKiv 72 fvM| Giv cwiev‡i †Kvb cÖKvi
A_©‣bwZK Ae`vbB ivL‡Z m¶g bq|
mvibx 3 : cÖwZeÜxi `¶Zv

eybb/ Rvj‡evbv 15 17.7
euvk-†e‡Zi KvR/ Kv‡Vi KvR 13 15.3
we`y¨r/ †iwWI/ wUwf †givgZ 2 2.8
Mvb MvIqv/ Qwe AvuKv 16 18.8
gvQ aiv 17 20.0
†Ljvayjv 2 2.8
Ab¨vb¨ 46 56.1
†gvU 85
cÖwZeÜxiv wK wK wel‡q AvMÖnx G m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ mivmwi cÖwZeÜx‡ì KvQ †_‡K

Ges †hme cÖwZeÜx mivmwi DËi w`‡Z A¶g, †mme cÖwZeÜxi cwiev‡ii
m`m¨‡ì †_‡K Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme Z_¨ we‡klY K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q †h,
kZKiv 36.7 fvM wKQy wKQy we‡kl wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| hviv
AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Zv‡ì AvMÖ‡ni welq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, †jLvcov Kivi
B‛Qv (25.5 fvM), †mjvB‡qi KvR (13.6 fvM), †Ljva~jv/ Mvb MvIqv/ Awfbq
(15.6 fvM), ¶z`ª eëmv/ †`vKvb Kivi B‛Qv e¨³ K‡i‡Qb (40.0 fvM)|
Ab¨vb¨ †hme AvMÖn ev B‛Qvi K_v e¨³ n‡q‡Q Zvnj- †UKwbK¨vj KvR †kLv
†hgb eB evBwÛs (6.4 fvM), PvKzix/ wk¶KZv (8.2 fvM), nuvmgyiMx cvjb I
wi·v/ f¨vb/ †b․Kv Pvjbv ev †givgZ Kiv (kZKiv 1.8 fvM) BZ¨vw`|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì AvMÖ‡ni welq¸‡jv †_‡K GKwU welq my¯úófv‡e cÖZxqgvb †h,
56
cÖwZeÜxiv mvgvwRKfv‡e cÖwZôv †c‡Z Pvq| Zviv Pvq, †Kvb `¶Zv AR©‡bi
gva¨‡g †ckvMZ Rxe‡b wb‡qvwRZ n‡q cwiev‡ii fvi jvNe Ki‡Z Ges GKB
mv‡_ gh©v`vc~Y© Rxebhvcb Ki‡Z| cÖwZeÜx‡ì mv‡_ Av‡jvPbvi mgqI Zviv G
welqwUi cÖwZ me©vwaK ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Qb|
mvibx 4 : cÖwZeÜxi †Kvb wel‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn _vKv

†jLvcov Kivi B‛Qv 28 25.5
nvum-gyiMx cvjb 2 1.8
†mjvB‡qi KvR 15 13.6
†Ljvayjv /MvbMvIqv/Awfbq 17 15.5
evMvb 4 3.6
PvKzix/wk¶KZv 9 8.2
¶z`ª eëmv/ †`vKvb 44 40.0
†UKwbK¨vj KvR, evBwÛs 7 6.4
wi·v, f¨vb, †b․Kv Pvj‡bv 2 1.8
†gvU 110
mš—v‡bi cÖwZewÜZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mv‡_ mv‡_ M„nxZ eë¯’v: mš—vb †h †Kvb
†ivM-†kv‡K cÖwZeÜx n‡‛Q eyS‡Z †c‡i G ai‡bi j¶Y wPwýZ Kivi mv‡_ mv‡_
mš—v‡bi cÖwZewÜZvi j¶Ymg~n `~i Kivi Rb¨ Zvr¶wYK †Kvb c`‡¶c MÖnY
K‡i‡Q wKbv Zv AwffveK‡ì Kv‡Q Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i
kZKiv 53.7 R‡bi c¶ †_‡K nu¨v m~PK DËi G‡m‡Q| Avi hv‡ì †¶‡Î ev
†hme AwffveK †Kvb eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwb Zv‡ì eë¯’v MÖnY bv Kivi KviY
AbymÜvb Kiv n‡q‡Q| eë¯’v MÖnY bv Kivi Rb¨ me‡P‡q †ekxmsL¨K †h
Kvi‡Yi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zvn‡jv-Ôm‡PZbZvi AfveÕ| kZKiv 53.6 fvM
Am‡PZbvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges Ô`wi`ªZviÕ K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv
39.3 fvM| wPwKrmvi Afv‡ei K_v e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 10.7 fvM| ISv, dwKi,
ZvweR, Svoduz‡Ki K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 3.6 fvM| cÖwZewÜZv Rb¥MZ
Ges Zv KL‡bv fvj n‡e bv e‡j g‡b K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 7.1 fvM|
57
mviYx 5 : mš—v‡bi cÖwZewÜZv `~i Kivi Rb¨ mv‡_ mv‡_

eë¯’v MÖnY bv Kivi KviY
wb‡`©kK RbmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
`wi`ªZvi Rb¨ 11 39.3
wPwKsmvi Afv‡e 3 10.7
dwKi/ ISv/SvoduzK Kiv 1 3.6
m‡PZbvi Afve, RvbZvg bv 15 53.6
Rb¥MZ Ges fvj n‡e bv 2 7.1
†gvU 28
3.13. cÖwZeÜx KZ©„K msmv‡ii Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`vb

cÖwZeÜxiv msmv‡i †Kvb Kv‡R mnvqZv K‡i wKbv G Z_Ï msMÖn Kivi †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡R‡ì‡K wbQK A_©‣bwZK †evSv g‡b K‡i gvbwmK Kó
Abyfe K‡i wKbv A_ev G m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ K‡i Rvbv †M‡Q
kZKiv 24 fvM cÖwZeÜx msmv‡ii †Kvb Kv‡R mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡ibv;
kZKiv 11 fvM KvR K‡ibv| msmv‡ii †QvULvU KvR K‡i kZKiv 50.3 fvM|
wf¶v K‡i msmvi Pvjvq kZKiv 8.0 fvM|
wPÎ 9 : cÖwZeÜx KZ…©K msmv‡ii Kv‡R mnvqZv`vb

mvnv‡h¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv
‡Kvb KvR K‡ibv
5% 8%
1% 24%
‡QvULvU KvR K‡i
gvQ a‡i
msmv‡i †`Lvïbv K‡i
11%
50% wf¶v K‡i msmvi
Pvjvq
3.14. cÖwZeÜxi cÖwZ AvPiY

G Aa¨v‡q cÖwZeÜxi cÖwZ wcZvgvZv, msmv‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨ Ges cvov
cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì AvPi‡Yi aib Abyave‡bi cÖqvm †bqv n‡q‡Q| KviY,
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K ev cÖwZeÜxi cwievi‡K Ki‚Yv K‡i, †nq †Pv‡L †`‡L GgbwK
cÖwZewÜZv H cwiev‡ii Ôcv‡ci dmjÕ e‡jI A‡b‡K g‡b K‡i| myZivs G
58
†cÖw¶‡Z, cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ AvPi‡Yi aib Abyaveb cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡iv‡a ev

Zv‡ì‡K mgv‡R m¤§vbRbKfv‡e emev‡m mnvqK n‡e| AvPiY m¤úwK©Z Z_¨
†ekxifvM †¶‡Î wcZvgvZvi wbKU †_‡K †bqv n‡q‡Q Ges cÖwZeÜxi cÖwZ AvPiY
wKQymsL¨K gv Gfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb; ÔAvgvi †c‡Ui mš—vb, Avwg †Zv Ae‡njv
Ki‡Z cvwibvÕ| GK_v e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 18.7 fvM gv| Zviv Av‡iv e‡j‡Qb †h,
Ae‡nwjZ ev jvwÃZ nq (13.7 fvM), cÖwZewÜZv A‡b‡K Avjvni B‛Qv ev wbqwZ
e‡j †g‡b wb‡q‡Qb (kZKiv 26 fvM); A‡bK wcZvgvZv GI e‡j‡Qb †h,
cwiev‡ii wKQy wKQy m`m¨ Ges mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ †jvK cÖwZeÜx‡K Ae‡njvi
†Pv‡L †`‡L Ges Zv‡ì bvg _vKv m‡Ë¡I hviv Luywo‡q P‡jb Zv‡ì‡K e¨½ K‡i
j¨vsov ev †Luvov, AÜ‡ì‡K Kvbv, evK cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K †evev e‡j Wv‡K| G mgq
gv-evev ev cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`mïv wecbœ †eva K‡ib| cÖwZeÜxi g‡bI weiƒc
cÖwZwµqv nq e‡j AwffveKMY Rvwb‡q‡Qb| cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì weiƒc g‡bvfv‡ei
Kvi‡YB A‡bK AwffveK cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K N‡ii evi K‡ib bv A_ev cÖwZeÜxiv
wb‡RivB †ei n‡Z Pvbbv e‡jI A‡bK gv-evev Rvwb‡q‡Qb| cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì
AcÖxwZKi gš—e¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmKfv‡e AvnZ K‡i e‡jI A‡bK AwffveK
`jMZ Av‡jvPbvq e‡j‡Qb| Avgiv Rvb‡Z †c‡iwQ †h, cwiev‡ii wbKU
AvZ¥xqivI cÖwZeÜx‡ì N„Yv, D‡c¶v ev Ae‡njv K‡ib|
cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`m¨‡ì AvPiY m¤ú‡K©I AewnZ nIqvi cÖqvm †bqv

n‡q‡Q| cwiev‡ii Ab¨vb¨ m`mïv hZœkxj Ges mnvbyf~wZkxj G m¤ú‡K©
e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 64 fvM| D‡c¶v, Ae‡njv ev `ye¨© envi K‡i Ggb K_v
e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 34.3 fvM|
cÖwZ‡ekx, AvZ¥xq¯^Rb Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì Ae‡njvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK

cÖwZeÜx AvZ¡wek¦vm nvwi‡q nxbgb¨ †eva wb‡q Rxebhvcb K‡i| A_P wecixZ
wPÎ †`Lv †h‡Z cv‡i hw` Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b bv K‡i cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ m`q AvPiY
Kiv nq|
3.15. cÖwZeÜxi cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Y AskMÖnY cÖwµqv
cÖwZeÜx cwiev‡ii c~Y©v½ m`m¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv Kivi GKwU gvbwmK cÖeYZv
†hgb cÖwZeÜx‡ì †Zgwb AwffveK‡ì g‡aÏ cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K gh©v`v †`qvi
welqwU KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| G D‡Ï‡k¨B G wel‡q Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvß
Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, kZKiv 47 fvM cÖwZeÜx cvwievwiK wm×vš— MÖnY
59
cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY K‡i Ges kZKiv 68.3 fvM cÖwZeÜx Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zv‡ì
gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ ¸i‚Z¡ †`qv n‡‛Q|
wPÎ 10 : cÖwZeÜxi cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq AskMÖnY
80% 68%
53%
60% 47%
40% 31%
20%
0%
AskMÖnY K‡i gZvgZ ¸I‚Z¡ †`qv
n¨vu bv
3.16. cÖwZeÜx‡K wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ M„nxZ c`‡¶c

cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K h_vh_ wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi c`‡¶c MÖnY Kiv n‡qwQj wKbv G Z_¨
msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q GRb¨ †h, A‡bK †¶‡Î h_vh_ wPwKrmv ev mwVK civg‡k©
A‡b‡K cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i m¤¢vebv †_‡K gy³ _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Ab¨w`‡K
wPÎ 11 : cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ Wv³v‡ii g‡bvfve
18%
54%
28%
mnvbyfywZkxj Ae‡njv ¯^vfvweK
wPwKrm‡Ki fyj wPwKrmv, weiƒc AvPiY ev fyj civgk©I cÖwZewÜZ¡ †W‡K Avb‡Z
cv‡i| msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K ÁvZ nIqv †M‡Q †h, kZKiv 76.7 fvM cÖwZeÜx‡KB
wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q|
60
A‡bK DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb †h, wPwKrm‡Ki Kv‡Q †bqvi ci Awffve‡Ki g‡b

n‡q‡Q, kZKiv 18 fvM Wv³vi hZœkxj ev mnvbyf~wZkxj wQj, kZKiv 28 fvM
Wv³vi Ae‡njv cÖ`k©b K‡i‡Q Ges AwffveK‡ì g‡Z, ¯^vfvweK AvPiY K‡i‡Q
kZKiv 54.0 fvM Wv³vi| cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, wKQy msL¨K
wPwKrmKiv cÖwZeÜx‡ì wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î Avš—wiK bb|
mviYx †_‡K Rvb‡Z †Póv Kiv n‡qwQj †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwffveK‡ì g‡Z Zvi
cÖwZeÜx mš—vb Dchy³ wPwKrmv my‡hvM †c‡qwQj, bv wK cvqwb! kZKiv 65 fvMB
e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv Dchy³ wPwKrmv †c‡qwQj Ges hviv wPwKrmv cvqwb Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q wPwKrmv bv cvIqvi KviY Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡qwQj| wPwKrmv bv cvIqvi
KviY wn‡m‡e D‡jL Kiv n‡q‡Q ÔAvw_©K A¯^‛QjZv (81.3 fvM), m‡PZbZvi
Afve (26.3 fvM) Ges fyj wPwKrmv †c‡q‡Q kZKiv 7.5 fvM| fyj wPwKrmv
cvIqvi ci Avi Zviv cieZ©x wPwKrmv wb‡Z hvbwb e‡jI A‡bK AwffveK
Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
mviYx 6: cÖwZeÜx mš—vb Dchy³ wPwKrmv bv cvIqvi KviY
Avw_©K A¯^‛QjZvi Rb¨ 65 81.3
m‡PZbvi Afve 21 26.3
cÖ_‡g eyS‡Z cv‡iwb 2 2.5
fyj wPwKrmvi d‡j GiKg n‡q‡Q 6 7.5
Ggb aviYv wQj, KweivR‡K †`Lv‡j fv‡jv n‡e,
wKš‘ nqwb 2 2.5
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ eZ©gvb †h we`¨gvb wPwKrmv eë¯’v Av‡Q †m eë¯’vi Dbœq‡bi

Rb¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì wcZvgvZvi gZvgZ †bqv n‡q‡Q| Zviv †h gZ cÖKvk K‡i‡Qb
Zvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q, †h wPwKrmv eë¯’v eZ©gv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ i‡q‡Q Zvi‡P‡q
DbœZ wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e (kZKiv 90.7 fvM), Mwie‡ì webvg~‡j¨
wPwKrmv w`‡Z n‡e (13.3 fvM), Wv³vi‡ì g‡a¨ m‡PZbZv Ges Zv‡ì `¶Zv
evov‡Z n‡e (8.0 fvM), Aí Li‡P DbœZ wPwKrmvi eë¯’v Ki‡Z n‡e (5.3
fvM) Ges †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš—‡ì wPwKrmv Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kvb cÖKvi gZvgZB
cÖKvk K‡iwb kZKiv 44.1 fvM| GZ wecyj msL¨K DËi`vZv †Kvb cÖKvi
gZvgZ cÖKvk bv Kivi Rb¨ m¤¢eZ: Zv‡ì Am‡PbZvB `vqx|
61
†hme ¯’v‡b mvaviYZ: wPwKrmv †`qv nq †mme wPwKrmvi ¯’vbmg~‡ni K_vI

Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q †ekx msL¨K D‡jL K‡i‡Qb miKvwi
nvmcvZv‡ji K_v (kZKiv 68.3 fvM)| cieZ©x‡Z DwjwLZ n‡q‡Q KweivR I
Svoduz‡Ki K_v (kZKiv 22.3 fvM)| we‡`‡k wPwKrmvi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb
kZKiv 6 fvM| wPwKrmvi †Kvb †K‡›`ªi K_v Rv‡bbv e‡j‡QbI mgvb msL¨K
DËi`vZv|
3.17 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Avq-DcvR©b

cÖwZeÜx‡ì Avq-DcvR©b AZ¨š— ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© welq| †Kbbv Avgiv †`‡LwQ †h,
cÖwZeÜx‡ì A‡b‡KB wb‡R‡ì‡K cwiev‡ii †evSv g‡b K‡ib, A_ev cwiev‡ii
A‡bK m`m¨ Zv g‡b K‡ib| Avgiv we‡kl‡Y †`‡LwQ †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì cwiev‡ii
Mo evrmwiK Avq GKwU cwiev‡ii A_©‣bwZKfv‡e wU‡K _vKvi Rb¨ h‡_ó bq|
Avgv‡ì msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, kZKiv gvÎ 30 fvM cÖwZeÜx Avq
K‡ib| A_v©r †ekxifvM (70 fvM) cÖwZeÜxB Avq K‡ibv| Avq bv Kivi KviY
wn‡m‡e D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kvixwiK A¶gZv (43.1 fvM) Ges DcvR©‡bi eqm nqwb
(kZKiv 24.4 fvM) BZ¨vw`|
3.18. cÖwZeÜxi cybe©vmb

cÖwZeÜx‡ì cybe©vmb GKwU Ri‚wi I cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c| cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K
mgv‡Ri ev cwiev‡ii A_©‣bwZK †evSv bv †f‡e cybe©vmb K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
m¤§vbRbK Rxeb ev RxweKv AR©‡b me‡P‡q ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
cÖwZeÜx cybe©vmb GKwU Ri‚wi gvbweK welqI| GRb¨ KwgDwbwU-wbf©i cybe©vmb
cÖwµqvi Dci ivóª Ges †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv me‡P‡q †ewk ¸i‚Z¡v‡ivc K‡i‡Q|
wPÎ 12 : cÖwZeÜx KZ„©K D‡jwLZ c~Y©evm‡bi

wk¶v
Rb¨ mn‡hvMxZv
wPwKrmv
35% 18% cÖwk¶Y
2% PvKzix
3%
AvBbMZ AwaKvi
7% 56% FY
35% Ab¨vb¨
62
Avi G cybe©vmb cÖwµqvq mdj n‡Z n‡j cÖwk¶Y LyeB Ri‚wi Ges cÖwk¶Y
e¨wZ‡i‡K cybe©vmb m¤¢e bq| RwicK…Z 300 Rb cÖwZeÜxi g‡a¨ gvÎ 15 Rb
A_v©r kZKiv 5 fvM cybe©vmb cÖwk¶Y †c‡q‡Q| G‡ì g‡a¨ 40 Rb ev kZKiv
13 Rb e‡j‡Qb †h, †Kvb ai‡bi cÖwk¶Y †bqvi eqm Zv‡ì nqwb| 17 Rb ev
kZKiv 6.7 R‡bi cÖwk¶Y MÖn‡Yi †Kvb my‡hvM †bB|
wK ai‡bi cybe©vmb ev wK ai‡bi mn‡hvwMZv Zviv †c‡Z Pvb G m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi

DË‡i †ekxifvM e‡j‡Qb †h Zviv wPwKrmv †c‡Z Pvb (kZKiv 56 fvM),
cÖwk¶‡Yi K_v e‡j‡Qb (kZKiv 35 fvM) Ges kZKiv 18.3 fvM wk¶v †c‡Z
Pvb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| PvKzix, AvBbMZ AwaKvi, cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi we‡q w`‡Z
Pvb Ges FYcÖvwßi K_vI ¯^í msL¨K DËi`vZv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
mviYx 7 : cybe©vm‡bi `vwqZ¡

wb‡`k©K RbmsL¨v kZKiv nvi
miKvi 244 81.3
GbwRI 10 3.3
BDwbqb cwil` 3 1.0
mK‡ji 33 11.0
Rvwb bv 10 3.3
†gvU 300
DËi`vZv‡ì KvQ †_‡K Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q, cybe©vm‡bi `vwqZ¡ †K enb
Ki‡e e‡j Zviv g‡b K‡ib? †ekxifvM DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb †h cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cybe©vm‡bi `vwqZ¡ miKv‡ii (81.3 fvM), KwgDwbwUi `vwq‡Z¡i K_v e‡j‡Qb
kZKiv (11.0 fvM), †emiKvwi ms¯’vi `vwq‡Z¡i K_v e‡j‡Qb Lye KgmsL¨K
DËi`vZv (3.3 fvM) Ges GKB msL¨K DËi`vZv G `vwqZ¡ †K enb Ki‡e Zv
Zviv Rv‡b bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| †emiKvwi ms¯’v †h †`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cybe©vm‡bi Rb¨ Kg©KvÊ cwiPvjbv K‡ib, G m¤ú‡K© cÖwZeÜx cwievi¸‡jv Lye
KgB Rv‡b †emiKvwi ms¯’vi c¶ †_‡KI G m¤ú‡K© Kg cÖPvi-cÖPviYv Kiv
n‡‛Q|
miKvi, BDwbqb cwil` ev Ab¨ †Kv_vI †_‡K cÖvß mvnvh¨: Avgiv †`‡LwQ
†h, cÖwZeÜx cwiev‡ii Aw_©K Ae¯’v †gv‡UB m‡š—vlRbK bq| †m †¶‡Î Gme
cwiev‡ii ¯^vfvweK cÖZ¨vkv †h miKvwi †Kvb ms¯’v Zv‡ì mvnvh¨v‡_© GwM‡q
Avm‡e| wKš‘ mviYx 13 †_‡K cÖZxqgvb †h, kZKiv 14 fvM mvnvh¨-
63
mn‡hvwMZvi K_v e‡j‡Qb Ges cÖvq GKB msL¨K e‡j‡Qb †h Zviv gv‡S gv‡S
mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Qb| Avi †Kvb ai‡bi mvnvh¨ cvbwb e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 72.7 fvM|
cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q, BDwbqb cwil` Ges miKvi †_‡K †h mvnvh¨
cÖwZeÜxi cwievi †c‡q‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb †m¸‡jv nj VGF KvW© (24
fvM) gv‡S gv‡S Pvj/ Mg mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e †c‡q‡Qb e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv
wPÎ 13 : BD.wc ev miKvi †_‡K cÖvß mvnv‡hï aib
VGF Card
UvKv I Jla
9% 24%
eq¯‥fvZv
Pvj I Mg
9% ‡jLvcov I
51% 3% fib‡cvlY
51.2 fvM; Lye Kg cwigvY UvKv ev Jla mvnvh¨ wn‡m‡e †c‡q‡Q e‡j D‡jL
K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 9 fvM Ges cÖwZeÜx ¯‥y‡j webvLi‡P †jLvcov Kivi my‡hvM
cv‡‛Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb kZKiv 9 fvM AwffveK|
†hme cÖwZeÜx cwievi †Kvb ai‡bi mvnvh¨ ev mn‡hvwMZv cvqwb Zv‡ì KvQ
†_‡K Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡q‡Q †Kb Zviv †Kvb cÖKvi mvnvh¨ ev mn‡hvwMZv cvqwb?
G‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 58.3 fvM e‡j‡Qb †h, mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ Zviv †hvMv‡hvM
K‡iwb ev Zv‡ì mvnv‡hï †Kvb ìKvi wQj bv; Aci GK-Z…Zxqvsk (kZKiv
31.2 fvM) DËi`vZv e‡j‡Qb †h, miKvwi ms¯’v ev BDwbqb cwil` ¸i‚Z¡ †`q
bv| †Pqvig¨vb †KvUvix ¯^v‡_©i Kvi‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡iwb, ïay `jxq †jvK‡ì Ges †h
evwo‡Z †fvUvi †ewk †mLv‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i| miKvwi my‡hvM myweav m¤ú‡K© 10
fvMB †Kvb Z_¨ Rv‡bb bv e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
64
3.19. cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶v
RwicKv‡j cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶v m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv,
mvaviY ev KvwiMix †h wk¶vB †nvK bv †Kb Zv GKRb cÖwZeÜx‡K m¤§vbRbK
Rxebhvc‡b mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i| A_©vr wk¶vRxe‡bi cwiwa‡K evov‡Z cv‡i,
evov‡Z cv‡i †ckvi gvb| Avgv‡ì RwicK…Z 300 cÖwZeÜxi g‡a¨ †gvU 45 Rb
wPÎ 14 : cÖwZeÜx mš—vb ¯‥y‡j hvq
15%
hvq
hvq bv
85%
we`¨vj‡q hvq A_©vr kZKiv 15 R‡bi wk¶v i‡q‡Q e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| †hme
cÖwZeÜxiv ¯‥z‡j hvq bv Zv‡ì †_‡K ¯‥z‡j bv hvIqvi KviY Rvb‡Z PvIqv
n‡q‡Q| me‡P‡q †ekx DwjwLZ KviY nj, Ô¯‥z‡ji eqm cvi n‡q †M‡QÕ kZKiv
3 fvM), Zvici DwjwLZ KviY nj, cov‡kvbv Kivi eë¯’v †bB (9 fvM), ¯‥z‡j
hvIqvi ¶gZv †bB A_ev GKv GKv ¯‥z‡j †h‡Z cv‡i bv (12.1 fvM),
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl wk¶vi Afve (2.3 fvM) BZ¨vw`|
wPÎ 14 : ¯‥z‡j bv hvIqvi KviY

73% QvÎ/wk¶Kiv cQ›`
80% K‡ibv
covïbv Kivi eë¯’v
60% †bB
¯‥z‡j hvIqvi ¶gZv
†bB
40% we‡kl wk¶vi Afve
17%
20% 9% 12% ¯‥z‡ji eqm †kl n‡q
2% 2% †M‡Q
Ab¨vb¨
0%
65
Aek¨ KL‡bv ¯‥z‡j wM‡qwQj wKbv G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i kZKiv 29.4 fvM c~‡e© ¯‥z‡j
wM‡qwQj e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb| mncvVx‡ì AvPi‡Yi Dci A‡bK cÖwZeÜxi
wk¶vRxeb Pvwj‡q hv‡eb wK hv‡eb bv Zv wbf©i K‡i| A‡bK †¶‡Î mncvVx‡ì
Ae‡njv, Abvì, D‡c¶v ev `ye¨©env‡ii Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜxiv ¯‥zj cwiZ¨vM
K‡i‡Qb e‡jI Rvbv †M‡Q| mncvVxiv hZœkxj ev mnvbyf~wZkxj e‡j‡Qb 50 Rb
cÖwZeÜx, 40 Rb D‡c¶v, Ae‡njv, `ye©ënv‡ii K_v e‡j‡Qb| Z_¨ †_‡K
cÖZxqgvb n‡‛Q †h, weivU msL¨K cÖwZeÜx ¯‥z‡j Ae‡njvi wkKvi n‡‛Q|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¯‥z‡j †Kvb AwZwi³ my‡hvM-myweav †`qv nq wKbv G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i
wmsnfvMB e‡j‡Qb †h, Zviv AwZwi³ †Kvb my‡hvM-myweav cvb bv| ¯^ímsL¨K
DËi`vZv AwZwi³ my‡hvM-myweavi K_v D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
3.20. miKvi KZ©„K cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cÖYxZ AvBb cÖYqb m¤úwK©Z Ávb
evsjv‡`k miKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v‡K wPwýZ K‡i Ges Zv‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨
we‡kl AvBb cÖYq‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i‡Qb| hwÌ G AvBb GLb ch©š— RvZxq
msm‡` cvk nqwb, †KejgvÎ AvB‡bi Lmov cÖYxZ n‡q‡Q| G Lmov AvBbwU
wej AvKv‡i msm‡` DÌvwcZ n‡q‡Q, wKš‘ GLbI Zv msm‡` cvk nqwb|
cÖwZeÜx ev cÖwZeÜxi cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì wbKU †_‡K Rvbvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q,
Zviv G m¤ú‡K© AewnZ wKbv! †KejgvÎ kZKiv 1.7 Rb G m¤ú‡K© AewnZ
e‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb| myZivs ejv hvq †h, G m¤ú‡K© Rbg‡b GLbI m‡PZbZv m„wó
nqwb (wPÎ 16)
wPÎ 16: cÖwZeÜx AvBb m¤ú‡K© AewnZ
2%
n¨vu
bv
98%
66
cÖwZeÜxi cwiev‡i ev mgv‡R mgvb AwaKvi †fvM Kiv DwPZ wKbv G m¤úwK©Z
cÖ‡kœi DË‡i kZKiv 30.7 fvM e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖwZeÜxi mgvb AwaKvi †fvM Kiv
DwPZ| A_P wmsnfvMB Ôbvm~PKÕ DËi w`‡q‡Qb| mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi
Dcvqmg~n wKfv‡e evov‡bv hvq G m¤úwK©Z gZvg‡Z DËi`vZviv e‡j‡Qb †h,
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ we‡kl Dbœqb Kg©KvÊ MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g (36.7 fvM), my‡hvM
myweav evwo‡q (25.3 fvM) I mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i cÖwZeÜx‡ì
AwaKv‡ii cwiwa‡K evwo‡q mgv‡R Ges cwiev‡i mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi
D‡`¨vM †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i| `jMZ Av‡jvPbvq A‡bK AwffveKB AwfgZ cÖKvk
K‡i‡Qb †h, mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv e„w× A_©vr cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ AvPiYMZ
cwieZ©b hZ †ekx wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e ZZB cÖwZeÜxiv mvgvwRK mvnvh¨ I
mnvbyf~wZ jvf K‡i wb‡R‡ì‡K mgv‡Ri c~Y©v½ m`m¨ e‡j fve‡Z ïi‚ Ki‡e|
3.21. cÖwZewÜZv Ges DËivwaKvi
wPÎ 17: DËivwaKvi m~‡Z gvwjKvbv
7%
n¨vu
bv
93%
cÖwZeÜxi DËivwaKvi m¤ú‡K© DËi`vZviv wK fv‡eb Zv AbymÜv‡bi †Póv Kiv

n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv, A‡bK cÖwZeÜx‡K m¤úwËi DËivwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ Kiv nq
GRb¨ †h, Zviv m¤úwË †fvM-`Lj Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| Ggb åvš— aviYv A‡b‡KB
†cvlY K‡i _vK‡Z cv‡ib| DËivwaKvim~‡Î cÖwZeÜx mš—vb m¤ú‡ì gvwjK n‡Z
cv‡i wKbv, G m¤úwK©Z cÖ‡kœi Rev‡e DËi`vZv‡ì wmsnfvM (93%) e‡j‡Qb
†h, DËivwaKvim~‡Î gvwjK n‡Z cv‡i (mviYx 15)|
gvwjK bv n‡Z cvivi KviY m¤ú‡K© cÖwZeÜxiv ev Zv‡ì AwffveKiv g‡b

K‡ib, m¤úwË †fvM Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y|
67
3.22. cÖwZewÜZv m¤úwK©Z m„ó Amyweavmg~n

cÖwZeÜxiv wewfbœ cÖwZK~j Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb nb| wbR cwiev‡i, cwiev‡ii evB‡i
Ges mvgvwRK Rxe‡b| G cÖwZeÜKZv gvbwmK Ges kvixwiK| cÖwZeÜx ev
cÖwZeÜxi AwffvKiv wK wK Amyweavi m¤§yLxb nb Zv Rvb‡Z PvIqvi †Póv Kiv
n‡q‡Q| mviYx 17 †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, kZKiv 97 fvMB e‡j‡Qb, Pjv‡div
Ki‡Z Amyweav nq| Ab¨vb¨ †h †h mgm¨vi K_v DËi`vZviv D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Zvi
g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q-mvaviY RbMb weiƒc †Pv‡L †`‡L (56.9 fvM)| A_©vr cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cÖwZewÜZv‡K mvaviY RbMY mnvbyf~wZkxj `„wó‡Z †`‡Lb bv| GUv Zv‡ì
g‡bvK‡ói cÖavb KviY| AZci †h mgm¨vi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q Zv nj-wb‡Ri Pjvi
¶gZv †bB; kZKiv 36.5 fvM Ggb K_v e‡j‡Qb| A_©vr Zv‡ì‡K Pjv‡divi
Rb¨ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e A‡bï Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| ev‡m wb‡Z Pvq bv (kZKiv 15.4
fvM) Ges ev‡mi hvÎxiv cQ›` K‡i bv (14.6 fvM) Ges GKv GKv cÖwZeÜx‡K
†Kv_vI cvVv‡Z cÖwZeÜxi AwffveKiv fq cvb (kZKiv 17.6 fvM)|
cÖwZeÜx wb‡Ri cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR wb‡R Ki‡Z cv‡i wKbv G cÖ‡kœi DË‡i kZKiv
60 fvM cÖwZeÜx Rvwb‡q‡Qb †h, Zviv •`bw›`b Rxe‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxq KvR Zviv
wb‡RivB Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3.23. cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b wb‡q hvIqv Ges evwn‡i

Pjv‡div
wPÎ-18: mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b bv wb‡q hvIqv ms‡KvP‡eva nq

KviY
6, 4% 3, 2% GKv GKv
45, 31% Pjv‡div Kiv m¤¢e
47, 33% bq
wb‡R †h‡Z Pvq bv
Abïv Dcw¯’wZ
44, 30% cQ›` K‡i bv
Ab¨vb¨
cÖwZeÜxi gvbwmK ¯^v‡¯’ï Rb¨ Ab¨ mvaviY my¯’ gvby‡li gZ wPËwe‡bv`‡bi

cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q GK_v Aek¨B Ab¯^xKvh©| wKš‘ wewfbœ Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K
mvgvwRK †Kvb AvPvi-Abyôv‡b wb‡q hvIqv nqbv| Giv KviY m¤¢eZ weo¤^bv,
68
†jvKj¾v ev cÖwZeÜx‡K mnvbyf~wZi †Pv‡L bv †`Lv BZ¨vw` i‡q‡Q|

AwffveK‡ì Kv‡Q G welqwU Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡j ejv n‡q‡Q †h, kZKiv 34.7
fvM e‡j‡Qb, Zviv Zv‡ì cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b wb‡q
hvb| kZKiv 65.3 fvMB Zv‡ì‡K wb‡q hvb bv| hviv wb‡q hvb bv Zv‡ì
Kv‡Q bv wb‡q hvIqvi KviY m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡j †ekxifvMB e‡j‡Qb †h,
cÖwZeÜx wb‡R †h‡Z Pvq bv, ms‡KvP‡eva K‡i (kZKiv 47.0 fvM),
Awffve‡Kiv wb‡Riv wb‡q †h‡Z ms‡KvP‡eva K‡ib (44.0 fvM) Ges cÖwZeÜx
GKv GKv Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv e‡j Zv‡ì‡K †Kvb mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b
AwffveKiv wb‡q hvb bv (44.4 fvM)| A‡b‡K cÖwZeÜx‡K mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b
wb‡q bv hvIqvi KviY Abïv mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Dcw¯’wZ cQ›` K‡i
bv|
GgZve¯’vq cÖwZeÜxi gvbwmK Ae¯’v mn‡RB Aby‡gq Ges evwoi ev cwiev‡ii

mevB hLb †Kvb mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b hvq ZLb cÖwZeÜx †Kv_vq Ae¯’vb K‡i, †K
Zvi †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i, G mgq cÖwZeÜxi gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv †Kgb Zv Rvbvi †Póv
Kiv n‡q‡Q| AwffveK‡ì †ewkifvMB e‡j‡Qb †h, cÖwZeÜx GKv GKv _v‡K
(57.1 fvM), evwo‡Z _v‡K cÖPÛ †¶vf cÖKvk ev KvbœvKvwU K‡i (kZKiv 27.6
fvM), evwo‡Z gv-evevi Kv‡Q _v‡K (kZKiv 18.9 fvM)|
mviYx 8 : cÖwZeÜx‡ì evwn‡i Pjv‡div

K. cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K wb‡q KLbI evB‡i †Kv_vI †eov‡Z hvIqv n‡q‡Q
nu¨v 284 94.7
bv 16 5.3
L. bv hvIqvi KviY
ms‡KvP‡eva K‡i 6 37.3
Abïv Zvi Dcw¯’wZ cQ›` K‡i bv 4 25.0
Zvi Pjv‡divi ¶gZv †bB 7 43.8
†gvU 16
M. cÖwZeÜx eÜzevÜe‡ì mv‡_ wgk‡Z cv‡i
nu¨v 135 45.0
bv 165 55.0
A_P †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K wb‡q mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b hvIqvi †P‡q gv-
eveviv Zv‡ì‡K wb‡q evB‡i †Kv_vI †eov‡Z hvIqv cQ›` K‡ib| KviY Ggb
69
n‡Z cv‡i †h, mvgvwRK Abyôv‡b AvZ¥xq-¯^R‡bi Kv‡Q j¾v ev weeªZKi Ae¯’vq
co‡Z nq| Ab¨w`‡K †eov‡Z hvIqvq G ai‡bi NUbv Kg N‡U ev G‡Kev‡iB
NUvi m¤¢vebv †bB| †ewkifvM A_©vr kZKiv 94.7 fvMB e‡j‡Qb †h, Zv‡ì
mš—vb‡ì‡K †eov‡Z evB‡i wb‡q hvb| Avi †h ¯^ímsL¨K gv-evev cÖwZeÜx mš—
vb‡ì‡K †Kb evB‡i wb‡q hvb bv, Rvb‡Z PvIqv n‡j Zviv e‡j‡Qb, cÖwZeÜxiv
wb‡Riv Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cv‡i bv Ges ms‡KvP‡eva K‡ib Ges Abïv cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Dcw¯’wZ cQ›` K‡i bv e‡jB Zv‡ì‡K evB‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq bv| Avgv‡ì
RwicK…Z cÖwZeÜx‡ì kZKiv 45 fvM eÜzevÜe‡ì mv‡_ wgk‡Z cv‡i| (mviYx
8)|
3.24. cÖwZeÜxi bvMwiK AwaKvi
bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg AwaKvi nj bvMwi‡Ki †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi

AwaKvi| RwicK…Z cÖvß Z‡_¨ cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 80.9 fvM †fvUvi
n‡q‡Q e‡j D‡jL K‡i‡Qb Ges hviv †fvUvi n‡q‡Qb Zv‡ì g‡a¨ kZKiv 83.5
fvM MZ mvaviY wbe©vP‡b †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM K‡i‡Qb e‡jI D‡jL K‡i‡Qb|
cÖvßeq¯‥ cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡a¨ †fvUvi nIqv Ges †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î
cÖwZeÜx‡ì ev Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii D‡`¨vM m‡š—vlRbK|
mviYx : 9 : (cÖvßeq¯‥‡ì Rb¨) cÖwZeÜx †fvUvi nIqv m¤úwK©Z

K. †fvUvi n‡q‡Q
nu¨v 170 80.9
bv 40 19.1
†gvU 210
L. me©‡kl wbev©P‡b †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM
nu¨v 142 83.5
bv 28 16.5
†gvU 170
3.25. cÖwZeÜx‡ì •eevwnK Ae¯’v

cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖvßeq¯‥ nIqvi mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖwZeÜxi aviYvbyhvqx †h․bRxeb
hvc‡bi B‛Qv Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY my¯’ gvby‡li gZ Zv‡ì g‡aÏ RvMÖZ nIqv
¯^vfvweK| Avi G •RweK cÖ‡qvRb †h A¯^vfvweK wKQy bq Zv mgv‡Ri A‡bK
m`m¨B gvb‡Z ivRx bq| G gvbwmKZvi Kvi‡Y A‡bK cÖwZeÜxi weevneÜ‡b
70
Ave× nIqvi gZ ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’v _vKv m‡Ë¡I mgv‡Ri Ges cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì
h_vh_ mnvbyfw~ Zm¤úbœ g‡bvfve bv _vKvi Kvi‡Y A‡b‡KB †h․bRxeb hvcb
†_‡K ewÂZ _vK‡Q| Avgv‡ì msM„nxZ Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hvq †h, kZKiv 42
fvM cÖwZeÜxi weev‡ni eqm n‡q‡Q| we‡qi eqm n‡q‡Q Ggb cÖwZeÜx bvix-
cyi‚‡li we‡qi e¨vcv‡i AvMÖn I AvPiY Abyave‡bi cÖ‡Póv †bqv n‡q‡Q| cÖvß
Z_¨ †_‡K †`Lv hv‡‛Q †h, kZKiv 60 fvM cÖvß- eq¯‥ AweevwnZ cÖwZeÜx
we‡qi cÖwZ AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i‡Q| AvMÖn _vKv m‡Ë¡I kZKiv 8.3 fvM kvixwiK
A¶gZvi Rb¨ we‡q Ki‡Z Pvb bv| A‡bK cÖwZeÜxi we‡qi AvMÖn Av‡Q wKš‘
cÖwZewÜZvi Rb¨ Ae‡njvi Avk¼vq A‡b‡KB weevneÜ‡b Ave× n‡Z AvMÖnx
wPÎ- 19 : ¯^vgx/ ¯¿x cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ AvPi‡Yi aib
3% ¯^vfvweK
24%
hZœkxj
52%
Ae‡njv/D‡c¶v
20%
`ye¨©envi
bq| kZKiv 18 fvM we‡qi cÖwZ †Kvb AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡iwb|

we‡qi wel‡q cvÎ-cvÎx c‡¶i AvPi‡Yi †¶‡Î cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q †h, kZKiv 60
fvM †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ cvÎ-cvÎxi Rb¨ †Kvb cÖ¯—ve Av‡m bv, cÖwZewÜZvi
Kvi‡Y fv‡jv cvÎ-cvÎx cvIqv hvq bv, A‡bK AwffveK e‡j‡Qb †h, †gvUv
UvKvi wewbg‡q nqZev cvÎ¯’ Ki‡Z n‡e|
eZ©gvb M‡elYvq weevwnZ cÖwZeÜx `¤úwZ G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ †Kgb AvPiY K‡i
†m wel‡q AewnZ nIqvi †Póv Kiv n‡q‡Q| ¯^vfvweK AvPiY Kivi K_v e‡j‡Qb
kZKiv 52.0 fvM, G‡K Ac‡ii cÖwZ hZœkxj e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 20 fvM,
Ae‡njv ev D‡c¶vi K_v e‡j‡Qb kZKiv 24 fvM, `ye¨© env‡ii K_v Rvwb‡q‡Qb
kZKiv 3.2 fvM|
Avevi †hme cÖwZeÜx wcZvgvZvi mš—vb i‡q‡Q †mme wcZvgvZv mš—vb‡ì cÖwZ
†Kgb AvPiY K‡ib Ges wcZvgvZvi cÖwZ mš—vb‡ì AvPiY †Kgb †m wel‡qI
Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv n‡q‡Q| cÖvß Z_¨ †_‡K Rvbv hvq †h, fv‡jv AvPiY I fv‡jv
71
eënvi K‡i kZKiv 55.9 fvM| A‡b‡K e‡j‡Qb †h, †Q‡j‡g‡qiv mK‡jB gv-
evev‡K fvjev‡m| Aek¨ wKQymsL¨K e‡j‡Qb †h, gv-evev cÖwZeÜx nIqvq A‡bK
mgq mš—vbiv gv-evev‡K D‡c¶v K‡i| GQvovI mš—vbiv cÖwZeÜx wcZvgvZvi
Rb¨ Amnvq‡eva K‡ib e‡j Rvbv †M‡Q| †Q‡j‡g‡qiv cÖwZeÜx gv-evev‡K
†`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib e‡jI A‡b‡K RwicKv‡j Rvwb‡q‡Qb|
72
Aa¨vq-4
Rxebv‡jL¨ (†Km÷vwW)-Gi Av‡jv‡K
we‡klY
Avgv‡ì eZ©gvb M‡elYvK‡g© 20wU †Km÷¨vwW Aš—f©y³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G wekwU

†Km÷¨vwW hwÌ 20 R‡bi wPÎ, ZeyI GLv‡b Ggb wKQy Abyfw~ Z, Av‡eM,
DrKÚv, AwbðqZv wea„Z n‡q‡Q hv evsjv‡`‡ki Ab¨vb¨ GjvKvi cÖwZeÜx‡ìI
cÖwZwbwaZ¡kxj n‡Z cv‡i| msM„nxZ †Km÷¨vwW †_‡K Avgiv K‡qKwU wel‡qi
Dci Av‡jvKcvZ Ki‡Z cvwi| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q: Kzms¯‥viRwbZ Kvi‡Y mš—
v‡bi wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv n‡qwb; GKB Kvi‡Y †Kvb Wv³v‡ii Kv‡Q wPwKrmv bv
Kwi‡q SvoduyK, ZvweR-Ke‡Ri Avkªq †bqv n‡h‡Q; Avw_©K A¯^‛QjZv Ges
m‡PZbZvi Afv‡e AvaywbK •eÁvwbK wPwKrmv wb‡Z cªwZeÜKZv m„wó K‡i‡Q|
cÖwZewÜZv‡K wbqwZ e‡jB A‡b‡K Av‡cvl K‡i‡Q Ges ïi‚‡ZB Zv K‡i
A‡b‡KB wPwKrm‡Ki kiYvcbœ nqwb| G wbqwZgyLxZvq A‡b‡KB Pig
cÖwZewÜZvq iƒcvš—wiZ K‡i‡Q| wbqwZ-wbf©ikxjZvi djkÖ‚wZ A‡bK AwffveKB
Abyaveb Ki‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb ev Gi cwiYvg AvuP Ki‡Z cv‡ibwb|
4.1. wk¶v
cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶v m¤ú‡K© i‡q‡Q Pig Abxnv| †Kbbv †h mgv‡R `wi`ª
wcZvgvZvi my¯’ ¯^vfvweK mš—v‡bi wk¶vi e¨vcv‡i bvbv Kvi‡Y i‡q‡Q Abxnv,
†mLv‡b cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi wk¶vi K_v bv fvevB A‡bKUv ¯^vfvweK mvgvwRK
cÖeYZv| A_P wk¶v ev eënvwiK wk¶v cÖwZeÜxi Rxeb e`‡j w`‡Z cv‡i, a¨vb-
aviYv cwieZ©b K‡i Rxeb msMÖv‡g K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i mvnmx| wk¶vi Afve
¯^vfvweK my¯’ gvbyl‡KI mgvR †_‡K wew‛Qbœ iv‡L| †mLv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vi
Afve Zv‡ì‡K Av‡iv †ekx K‡i wew‛Qbœ K‡i iv‡L| evsjv‡`‡k AvbyôvwbK,
DcvbyôvwbK Ges we‡kl wk¶v eë¯’v Pvjy i‡q‡Q| hwÌ miKvwi bxwZgvjvi
AvIZvq AvbyôvwbK wk¶v eë¯’vi AvIZvq cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vi eë¯’v Kivi K_v
ejv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ GLb ch©š— e¨vcKnv‡i mvaviY we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z G wk¶vi
AeKvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjv hvqwb| myZivs cÖwZeÜxiv ev Zv‡ì AwffveK‡ì c‡¶
B‛Qv _vKv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡ì mš—v‡bi Rb¨ wk¶vi my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z e¨_© nb|
D‡jL¨ †h, kvixwiKfv‡e cÖwZeÜxiv cÖPwjZ wk¶v eë¯’vqI wk¶v MÖnY Ki‡Z
cv‡ib| wKš‘ Ab¨ cÖwZeÜx †hgb kªeY, `„wó ev evK cÖwZeÜxiv †m my‡hvM MÖnY
73
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †h‡nZz G ai‡bi ¯’vcbv †ekxifvM †¶‡ÎB knivÂ‡j Aew¯’Z,
MÖvgvÂ‡j †bB, †m‡nZz AwaKvsk DwjwLZ ai‡bi cÖwZeÜxiv †h‡Kvb ai‡bi wk¶v
†_‡K ewÂZ| cjx GjvKvq emevmKvix kªeY, evK, `„wó cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶vi
my‡hvM m¤cÖmviY GKwU Ri‚ix welq nIqv DwPZ| Ab¨w`‡K AviI GKwU welq
Mfxifv‡e j¶Ÿxq †h, A‡bK AwffveKB Zv‡ì cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡ì‡K †`‡k
cÖPwjZ g~jwk¶v aviv AvbyôvwbK wk¶v eë¯’vq m¤ú„³ Kiv †h m¤¢e Zv Zv‡ì
Av‡`․ Rvbv †bB| A_ev †h‡Kvbfv‡eB †nvK bv †Kb AwffveKiv Zv‡ì
cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡ì wk¶v MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Pig Ae‡njv, AÁZv ev J`vmxb¨ cÖKvk
K‡i _v‡K| Ab¨w`‡K KwgDwbwUi †jvKRb, we`¨vj‡qi QvÎ-QvÎx GgbwK
wk¶Kiv ch©š— cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ ¯^vfvweK AvPiY K‡ib bv e‡j A‡bK cÖwZeÜx
ÔgvbwmKfv‡e AvnZÕ n‡q wk¶v‡¶Î Z¨vM K‡i‡Q| KwgDwbwUi †jvKRb, cvov-
cÖwZ‡ekxi mnvbyf~wZkxjZv Ges mn‡hvwMZvg~jK AvPiY cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K wk¶v
MÖn‡Y DØy× Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK cÖwZeÜxiv Drmvn-DÏxcbv †c‡j mgv‡Ri
Ab¨vb¨ ¯^vfvweK my¯’ bvMwi‡Ki gZ wewfbœ †¶‡Î BwZevPK Ae`vb ivL‡Z
cv‡i|
4.2. Kg©ms¯’vb
wk¶vi cvkvcvwk cÖwZeÜx‡ì Avi GKwU nZvkvRbK wPÎ cÖwZdwjZ n‡q‡Q
Kg©ms¯’v‡bi †¶‡Î| Ggwb‡ZB †`‡k ¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vq Kg©ms¯’v‡bi i‡q‡Q Zxeª
msKU, †m‡¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx‡ì Kg©ms¯’v‡bi welqwU Ae‡nwjZ _vK‡e Zv A‡bKUv
¯^vfvweK| wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î cwijw¶Z n‡q‡Q †h, cÖwZeÜx‡ì i‡q‡Q A`g¨
Kv‡Ri B‛Qv, A_©‣bwZK Kg©Kv‡Êi gva¨‡g wb‡Ri fvM¨, cwiev‡ii ¯^v‛Q›`¨ e„w×i
Mfxi AvKv“Lv| wKš‘ ev¯—e‡¶‡Î Zv cÖ‡qv‡Mi my‡hvM cÖwZeÜxiv cv‡‛Q bv|
A‡bK‡¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K cÖwZeÜx e‡j wb‡qvMKvixiv wb‡qvM w`‡Z B‛QyK bv|
Avevi wb‡qvM Ki‡jI Zv‡ì cÖwZ gRywi cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î •elg¨g~jK AvPiY Kiv
nq (†`Lyb BKev‡ji A`g¨ B‛Qv kxl©K †Km÷¨vwW)| kvixwiKfv‡e m¶g
cÖwZeÜx‡ìI g~jab, Drmvn, cvwievwiK cwi‡e‡ki Afv‡ei Kvi‡Y Avqg~jK
Kg©Kv‡Ê AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM †bB|
4.3. Av‡eMcÖeYZv; †cÖg, weevn I `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb

e¨w³MZ Av‡eM cÖKv‡ki cÖeYZv gvbylgv‡ÎiB mnRvZ ag©| cÖwZeÜx‡ìI G
cÖeYZv _vK‡e †mUvB ¯^vfvweK| evK, `„wó, kªeY cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡aÏ G cÖwµqv
mgvbfv‡e KvR K‡i| hviv evK, `„wó Ges kªeY cÖwZeÜx bq Zv‡ì †¶‡Î G
Av‡eM cÖKvk Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e mnRZi| Avi hviv G wZb ai‡bi cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i
74
wkKvi Zviv Zv‡ì D‡ØwjZ Av‡eM wfbœfv‡e cÖKvk K‡i _v‡Kb| weL¨vZ i‚k
†jLK Bfvb Zz‡M©wb‡fi ÔgygÕy M‡íi evK cÖwZeÜx cÖavb PwiÎ Ô†MivwmgfÕ †hgb
cÖKvk K‡iwQj Zvi g‡bi AvKzwZ `wqZ ZvwZqvbvi cÖwZ, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Av‡eM
cÖKv‡ki GwU GKwU wPivqZ D`vniY| wKš‘ Avgv‡ì gZ AbybœZ GKwU mgvR
eë¯’v †hLv‡b `vwi`ª, Awk¶v Ges Kzms¯‥viv‛QbœZvi Kvi‡Y ¯^vfvweK my¯’ e¨w³i
gvbwmK kw³ mnRfv‡e weKwkZ n‡Z cv‡i bv ev e¨w³MZ Av‡eMcÖeYZv GLbI
Ô†nq †Pv‡L †`Lv nqÕ| Ggwb GK mgvR eë¯’vq cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmK I
e¨w³MZ Av‡eM Pig D‡cw¶Z n‡e G nq‡Zv AZ¨š— ¯^vfvweK| cÖwZewÜZvi
Kvi‡Y `v¤úZ¨ Rxeb weow¤^Z n‡q‡Q, e¨w³MZ Av‡eM cÖKvk Ki‡Z wM‡q hyeK
jvwÃZ n‡q‡Q, cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †Rvi K‡i B‛Qvi wei‚‡× AcwiwPZ hye‡Ki
mv‡_ †h․Zy‡Ki wewbg‡q Kb¨vi we‡q w`‡q‡Qb wcZv| cÖwZeÜxiv †Kvb †Kvb
†¶‡Î †g․wLK Ges kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi| cÖwZeÜx fvB‡K mvnvh¨-
mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z wM‡q ev Zv‡K wb‡q †eov‡Z hvIqvi Rb¨ GK cÖwZeÜxi †evb
GjvKvi hyeK‡ì Akxj gš—‡eï wkKvi nb| G‡Z †m †hgb gvbwmKfv‡e
¶wZMÖ¯— nq Ab¨w`‡K Av‡iv Zxeª gvbwmK hš¿Yvi wkKvi nq Zvi †evbI| Gfv‡e
mgvR cÖwZeÜxi cwievi ev Zvi m`m¨‡ì‡K mn‡hvwMZv bv K‡i Zv‡ì‡K
gvbwmKfv‡e wbh©vZbB K‡i| A_©vr cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbweK Abyfw~ Z cÖKvk,
Awb‛Qvm‡Z¡I AwffveK‡ì wm×vš— †g‡b †bqv Zv‡ì AeY©bxq g‡bvK‡ói KviY
n‡q ùvovq| cÖwZeÜxZvi Kvi‡Y `v¤úZ¨ Rxe‡b hLb weo¤^bv †`Lv †`q ZLb
cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡R‡ì‡K Amnvq g‡b K‡i Ges ZvivI µ‡g µ‡g gvbweK ¸Yvejx
nvwi‡q µgk: n‡q I‡V i‚p| Zviv mgvR, gvbyl I cvwicvwk¦©KZvi Dci wek¦vm
nvwi‡q gvbwmKfv‡e †`Dwjqv n‡q c‡o|
A‡bK mgq cwiev‡ii †jvKRbI cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ m`q AvPiY K‡i bv| Gi
nq‡Zv GKvwaK KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| cÖ_gZ: `vwi`ª Ges Avw_©K AbUb
cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì fve‡Z †kLvq †h cÖwZeÜx msmv‡ii †evSv| wØZxqZ:
cÖwZeÜxi Rb¨ cwiev‡ii mgq Ges m¤ú` e¨wqZ n‡‛Q hv AcP‡qi mvwgj Ges
Z…ZxqZ: cwiev‡ii A‡b‡KiB cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ mnvbyf~wZkxj g‡bvfve bv _vKvi
Kvi‡Y gvbwmKfv‡e Zv‡ì‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z, cÖwZeÜxiv
wb‡R‡ì cwiev‡ii Af¨š—‡iB Zxeª gvbwmK hš¿Yvi wkKvi nb| G ai‡bi AvPiY
†ekx cwijw¶Z nq †g‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì †¶‡Î|
†ekxifvM †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx mš—vb †h cwiev‡i i‡q‡Q †m cwiev‡ii cÖwZ

cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì AvPiYI AmvgÄm¨c~Y©| cÖwZ‡ekx Ggb wK AvZ¥xq¯^Rbiv ch©š—
cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i Rb¨ gv-evev‡K `vqx K‡ib| cÖwZ‡ekxiv cÖvqB g‡b K‡ib †h, gv-
75
evevi †Kvb c~e© cv‡ci dmj G mš—vb| wcZ…Zvwš¿K mgvR eë¯’vq G‡`vl
m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Pvcv‡bv nq gv‡qi Dci| †Kbbv, gv mš—vb M‡f© aviY K‡ib e‡jB
m¤¢eZ: `vq`vwqZ¡ gv‡qi Dci Pvcv‡bv nq| cÖwZ‡ekx Ges AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡ì
Ggb AvPi‡Yi d‡j cÖwZeÜx mš—vb i‡q‡Q Ggb cwieviwU mgvR †_‡K
m¤ú~Y©fv‡e wew‛Qbœ Rxebhvcb K‡i| A_P AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb I cÖwZ‡ekxiv mvgvb¨
mnvbyf~wZm¤úbœ n‡jI cÖwZeÜxi cwieviwU AvZ¥m¤§vb Ges AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡q
cÖwZeÜx mš—v‡bi Rb¨ BwZevPK c`‡¶c wb‡Z †ewk AvMÖnx nq|
4.4. kvixwiK, gvbwmK ¶wZmvab

cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ iƒp AvPiY, kvixwiK I gvbwmK AZ¨vPvi, †h․b nqivwb BZ¨vw`
A‡bK mgq cwiev‡i Af¨š—‡i A_ev cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì ØvivI msNwVZ n‡Z cv‡i|
Gme NUbvq †`Lv hvq, †ekxifvM †¶‡Î A‡b‡KB AvBwb mnvqZv †bb bv ev cvb
bv| G‡Z cªwZeÜxiv GK ai‡bi wbivcËvnxbZvq †fv‡Mb Ges G mvgvwRK
AwbivcËv A_©‣bwZK AwbivcËv‡K Av‡iv eû¸‡b evwo‡q †Zv‡j| kvixwiK I
gvbwmK AZ¨vPv‡ii g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q gviwcU Kiv, cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K jywK‡q ivLv, kvw¯—
cÖ`vb ev ch©vß Lvevi Ges cwi‡aq e¯¿ bv †`qv ev †bvsiv, cyi‡bv Kvco cwiav‡b
eva¨ Kiv BZ¨vw`| A‡bK mgq wbKU AvZ¥xq ev cÖwZ‡ekx hviv KcU mvnvh¨-
mnvbyf~wZ cÖ`k©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx †g‡q‡ì‡K †h․b nqivwb K‡i _v‡K| Gme
†¶‡Î mvaviYZ: wcZvgvZviv †Kvb D‛PevP¨ K‡ibv| KviY †kl ch©š— †`vl
Pvcv‡bv nq cÖwZeÜxi Dci, Acivaxi Dci bq|
Avgiv †`‡LwQ wKfv‡e wnsmvZ¥K Kvh©Kjvc GKRb my¯’ gvbyl‡K cÖwZewÜZvq

†V‡j †`q| ¯^v_©v‡š^lx gnj wKfv‡e Ab¨‡K eënvi K‡i! cieZ©x‡Z wnsmv,
nvbvnvwb‡Z wjß n‡q c½y ev ¶wZMÖ¯— n‡j ¶wZMÖ¯—‡ì cÖwZ Zviv wKfv‡e AvMÖn
nvwi‡q †d‡j, †Km÷¨vwW‡Z ewY©Z cv-nviv nvi‚Y Zvi R¡jš— cÖgvY|
4.5. cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ Ges ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK ea©b

Av‡jvPbvq cÖwZfvZ n‡q‡Q †h, †Kvb gv-evevB †Q‡j-†g‡q‡ì mv‡_ Zv‡ì
¯^vfvweK kvixwiK ea©b I cwieZ©b cÖwµqv Ges we‡kl K‡i †g‡q‡ì kvixwiK
†h cÖwZwµqv †`Lv hvq †m m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Av‡jvPbvB K‡i bv| myZivs G m¤úwK©Z
aviYv bv †`qv Ges Zv‡ì wbR¯^ cÖwµqvq Ávb Avni‡Yi †Kvb Dcvq bv _vKvq
Zviv gvbwmK AcÖ¯w‘ ZRwbZ Kvi‡Y A¯^vfvweK Ae¯’vi m¤§yLxb nb Ges
gvbwmKfv‡e AvnZ ev Amnvq‡eva K‡ib|
76
4.6. cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv

cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbwmK cÖwZwµqv wKQy wKQy †¶‡Î LyeB Zxeª| hviv evK cÖwZeÜx bq
Zviv Zv‡ì cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡i‡Q| cÖwZeÜx‡ì G cÖwZwµqv A‡bK¸‡jv
mvgvwRK, gvbwmK I mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡ek-wbf©i| cÖwZeÜxi gvbwmK Ae¯’v ev
gb¯—vwË¡K Dbœqb wbf©i K‡i cvwievwiK MÖnY‡hvM¨Zvi Dci| cieZ©x‡Z mvgvwRK
MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv I mvgvwRK cwi‡ek Zv‡ì‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| †hme cwiev‡i
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K h_vh_ hZœ Kiv nq Zviv Kg nZvkvMÖ¯—, Kg welYœ, †ekx Rxeb-
D‛Q¡j| Gme cÖwZeÜxivI wcZv-gvZvi Av_©-mvgvwRK †cÖw¶Z eyS‡Z m¶g|
Ab¨w`‡K, †hLv‡b Abvì ev Ae‡njv cÖ`wk©Z nq †mme cwiev‡ii cÖwZeÜxiv
¶zä, Amš‘ó, welYœ ev AwbivcËvRwbZ Amnvq‡Z¡i Abyfw~ Z Øviv Avµvš—| Gme
wkï‡ì g‡a¨ AvZ¥gh©v`v I AvZ¥m¤§vb‡eva †e‡o I‡V bv eis Giv
nxbgb¨Zv‡ev‡a Avµvš— Ges AvZ¥wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡j| cÖwZeÜxiv hw`
cvwievwiK ev mvgvwRKfv‡e gvbwmK mnvbyf~wZ jvf K‡i Zvn‡j ZvivI mvgvwRK
Ges e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b mvdj¨ cÖ`k©b Ki‡Z cv‡i| cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ Amg,
Ae‡njvc~Y© eënvi cª`k©b Zv‡ì e¨w³‡Z¡i Aegvbbv; Zv †m †Zgb eënvi
cvwievwiKfv‡eB †nvK ev Ab¨‡Kvb mvgvwRK ¯’vb †hgb-¯‥zj, K‡jR, nvU-
evRvi, iv¯—v-NvU, Kg©‡¶Î †hLvb †_‡KB †`Lv‡bv †nvK bv †Kb cÖwZeÜx‡ì
cÖwZ •elg¨g~jK AvPiY K‡i g~jZ: cÖwZeÜx‡ì AwbivcËvi w`‡K †V‡j †`qv
n‡‛Q| A_©vr gvby‡li †h g~j gvbevwaKv‡ii wbivcËv Zv cÖwZeÜx‡ì †¶‡Î
Pigfv‡e jswNZ n‡Z Avgiv cÖwZwbqZB †`wL| Zviv jvwÃZ n‡qI AvBwb
mnvqZv †_‡K ewÂZ| G eÂbvi cÖavb KviY, Avgiv Zv‡ì Rb¨ †Kvb
Av‡jvwKZ ev cÖwZkÖ‚wZkxj cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡Z cviwQ bv| A‡bK mgq wbR
cwiev‡i cÖwZeÜxiv †øn, fvjevmv, cÖ‡qvRbxq Lvevi Ges cwi‡aq e‡¯¿i
AfveRwbZ nxbgb¨Zvq †fv‡M| G nxbgb¨Zv‡evaRwbZ eÂbvI gvbevwaKv‡ii
GK ai‡Yi jsNb| cieZ©x‡Z mgvR Ges mvgvwRK cwi‡e‡ki eënvi, Amg
AvPiY, Akvjxb Ges AegvbbvKi Dw³, Kg©‡¶‡Î cÖwZeÜx e‡j KUv‡¶i wkKvi
GmeB gvbevwaKvi jsN‡bi kvwgj| wKQy wKQy cÖwZeÜx Gme AegvbbvKi Ae¯’v
†_‡K wb‡R‡ì‡K i¶v Ki‡Z Pvb| Zviv mvgvwRK cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡iva K‡i
Amg evav-wecwË AwZµg K‡i A‡b‡KB `¶Zvi ¯^v¶i †i‡L‡Qb| M‡elYv
cwiPvjbvKv‡j AvZ¥m¤§vb I AvZ¥gh©v`vc~Y© Rxebhvc‡bi AvKv“Lv I `„p cÖZ¨q
e¨³ K‡i‡Qb A‡bK cÖwZeÜx|
77
Aa¨vq-5
Rxebv‡jL¨
jvwKqvi fvM¨
jvwKqvi evwo cwðg mv‡qov MÖv‡g| evevi bvg Avey gyQv| `wi`ªZvi Qvc Zv‡ì
evwogq| Uvwj I †MvjcvZvq evbv‡bv `yBLvbv Ni| `vwi‡`ªi KviY n‡jv, Zvi
evevi `yBwU we‡q Ges †m Kvi‡Y `yB msmvi| `yB gv‡qi †gvU mš—vb msL¨v 13
Rb|
jvwKqvi eqm 25 eQi| jvwKqvi gv msmv‡ii eo eD Ges Ab¨ gv †QvU|

jvwKqvi gv‡qi 6 mš—vb| 4wU †Q‡j Ges 2wU †g‡q| jvwKqv mevi †QvU †g‡q|
mr gv‡qi †Q‡j‡g‡q Z_v `yB gv‡qi `yB cwiev‡ii g‡a¨ mym¤úK© †bB|
jvwKqv hLb 4 eQ‡ii ZLb †cvwjIi _vev Zvi evg cv‡qi kw³ ï‡l wb‡qwQj|
jvwKqv wb‡R Ges Zvi gv GLb wek¦vm K‡i †h Ôb¨vov evZvmÕ A_©vr ÔevI evZvmÕ
†j‡M‡Q| ZvB Zvi G Ae¯’v| ¯’vbxq KweivR ev ISv †`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj| †Kvb
Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv nqwb| eZ©gv‡b †h †cvwjI wUKv LvIqv‡bv nq Zvi Kvh©KvwiZv
wK, ZvI †m Rv‡b bv| GKUv euv‡ki jvwV Ges GK cvÕi mvnv‡h¨ A‡bKUv
K¨vsMvi‚i gZ K‡i Pjv‡div Ki‡Z nq jvwKqv‡K|
jvwKqv †jLvcov Kivi my‡hvM cvq wb| Ab¨ fvB‡ev‡bivI K‡iwb| eo †ev‡bi
we‡q n‡q †M‡Q| fvB 4wU †QvU| Zv m‡Ë¡I Zviv w`bgRywi K‡i I gvQ a‡i
msmvi Pvjvq| KviY evev Zv‡ì msmv‡ii †Kvb †LuvR-LeiB iv‡L bv|
`wi`ª cwiev‡i cÖwZeÜx mš—vb _vK‡j †m wKiƒc Rxebhvcb K‡i, Zvi GK bgybv
n‡jv jvwKqv| cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì Kv‡Q gvbyl wn‡m‡e jvwKqvi †Kvb g~j¨
†bB| Zvi Kv‡Q †Kvb m`m¨ †Kvb wel‡q Avjvc K‡i bv, Rvb‡ZI Pvq bv| †Kvb
wel‡q gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvMI Zv‡K †`qv nq bv|
mvgvwRKfv‡eI †m bvbviƒc Ae‡njvi wkKvi| †Kvb cÖwZeÜxi Kv‡Q †M‡j fvj

eënvi cvq bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡K j¾v-kig Z¨vM K‡i †eu‡P _vKvi ZvwM‡`
Zv‡ì Kv‡Q †h‡Z nq| A‡bKUv KzKiz -weovj‡K †hfv‡e gvbyl Dw‛Qó †`q, †m
78
†Zgwb mvnvh¨ cvq| cÖwZeÜx Ges Amnvq gvbyl wn‡m‡e †Kvb mvnvh¨-mnvbyf~wZ
Kv‡iv wbKU †m cvq bv|
hLb Zvi eqm 20 eQi, ZLb Zvi cÖwZ‡ekx PvPviv GKwU †Q‡j‡K wb‡q Av‡m
jvwKqvi m‡½ we‡q †`qvi Rb¨| Zvi PvPviv Lyjbvi GKwU wg‡j PvKzix K‡i|
†Q‡jwU‡K †mB wgj †_‡KB wb‡q G‡mwQj| †Q‡jwUi †Kej bvg Qvov Avi †Kvb
cwiPq ev evwoN‡ii wVKvbv †KDB
`wi`ª cwiev‡i cÖwZeÜx mš—vb RvbZ bv| jvwKqvi evev
_vK‡j †m wKiƒc Rxebhvcb K‡i, cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì K_vq ivRx n‡q †Mj|
Zvi GK bgybv n‡jv jvwKqv| Zvi aviYv, cÖwZeÜx †g‡q‡K †Kvb
cwiev‡ii Ab¨ m`m¨‡ì Kv‡Q †Q‡j we‡q Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv| ZvB
gvbyl wn‡m‡e jvwKqvi †Kvb g~j¨ †hb‡Zbfv‡e cvÎ¯’ Ki‡Z cvi‡jB
Zvi `vqgy³ nq| jvwKqv‡K hLb
†bB| Zvi Kv‡Q cwiev‡ii †Kvb
†Q‡jwUi K_v Rvbv‡bv nq, ZLb †m
m`m¨ †Kvb wel‡q Avjvc K‡i bv, Zvi bvg, wVKvbv I cwiPq Rvb‡Z
Rvb‡ZI Pvq bv| †Kvb wel‡q Pvq| wKš‘ Zvi evev A_ev cÖwZ‡ekx
gZvgZ cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM Zv‡K PvPviv †KDB bvg kwn`yj Bmjvg
†`qv nq bv| Qvov Avi wKQy Rvbv‡Z cv‡iwb|
welqwU jvwKqvi Kv‡Q AegvbbvKi
GLb jvwKqv †eu‡P Av‡Q, Ô†m ïay g‡b n‡qwQj| wVKvbv-cwiPqnxb
evevi cv‡ci dmjÕ Ggb aviYv GKwU †Q‡ji m‡½ Zvi evev †Kb
m¤^j K‡i| Zvi †kl fvebv-hw` Zv‡K we‡q †`‡e! we‡kl K‡i †h evev
KL‡bv Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K mvnvh¨ Zv‡ì †Kvb †LuvR-Lei †bq bv, †m
cvq Zvn‡j Avjv`v wfwU‡Z wb‡Ri †Kb Zvi Dci AwffveKZ¡ djv‡Z
gZ K‡i GKwU Kuz‡o eva‡e Ges Avm‡e? Zvn‡j †m cÖwZeÜx e‡jB wK
†jvKP¶zi Aš—iv‡j wb‡R‡K wbi‡e G Ae¯’v? GK ch©v‡q Zvi evev Zv‡K
wbt†kl K‡i †`‡e| †Kvb cÖwZev` e‡jB emj, Ô†Zv‡K †K we‡q Ki‡e
A_ev †¶vf †bB Kv‡iv Kv‡Q| †h ZzB AgZ KiwQm?Õ Rev‡e jvwKqv
Rvbvq, Ôevev Zzwg Avgv‡K GB MÖv‡gi
†PbvRvbv GKwU †Q‡ji m‡½ we‡q
`vI| †m Avgv‡K †`‡Lï‡b ey‡S we‡q Ki‡j nq‡Zv KLbI †Q‡o hv‡e bv| Avi
wVKvbv-cwiPqnxb GKwU †Q‡ji m‡½ we‡q w`‡j AvR ev‡` Kvj †d‡j †M‡j
†Zvgvi Avgvi wKQyB Kivi _vK‡e bv|Õ
79
h_vixwZ jvwKqvi K_vi g~j¨ †`qwb Zviv| GK gaïv‡Z GjvKvi †g․jex †W‡K
Zvi we‡qi eë¯’v Kiv nj| A‡bKUv cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì bv Rvwb‡q †Mvc‡b we‡q
†`qvi Av‡qvRb| †ivRvi gvm ZLb †kl n‡q‡Q| wKQyUv Amy¯’Zv Ges `yej © Zv
wb‡q †m iv‡Z jvwKqv Nywg‡qwQj| Zv‡K †W‡K †U‡b Zz‡j ÔKeyjÕ ej‡Z ejv nq|
AvR jvwKqv g‡b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv †m iv‡Z †m Keyj ejwQj wKbv! Z‡e ¯§„wZ
nvZov‡j Ôbv-†evaKÕ DËiUvB D¾¡j n‡q aiv †`q| ïi‚ nq jvwKqvi Amgw_©Z
`v¤úZ¨ Rxeb|
GK be`¤úwËi bZzb cwievi m„wó nevi ci KZ Avkv, KZ ¯^cœ wb‡q c_Pjv ïi‚
nq| jvwKqvi welqwU nj m¤ú~Y© wecixZ| G‡K‡Zv B‛Qvi wei‚‡× we‡q, Zvi
Dci hw` ¯^vgx Zvi h_vh_ `vwqZ¡ cvjb bv K‡i, Zvn‡j Zvi gvbwmKZv †Kgb
n‡Z cv‡i Zv mn‡RB Aby‡gq| jvwKqvI †f‡ewQj, Zvi ¯^vgx‡K †m Av‡¯— Av‡¯—
†evSv‡Z cvi‡e A_ev wb‡R‡K †evSv‡e| `ywU gb GKvZ¥ n‡ZI myLx `v¤úZ¨
Rxe‡bi ¯^v` †c‡Z n‡j b~¨bZg wKQyUv mgq cÖ‡qvRb| wKš‘ cwiZv‡ci welq
n‡jv, ¯^vgxmyjf †Kvb AvPiY A_ev `vwqZ¡ cvjb bv K‡iB †hgb iv‡Zi
AÜKv‡i G‡mwQj †Zgwb GK iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i KvD‡K wKQy bv e‡jB we‡qi 15
w`b ci cvwj‡q †Mj| ¯^vgx ev msmvi ej‡Z hv †evSvq Zv †evSvi Avi Zvi
my‡hvM nqwb| Avi †evSv nqwb e‡jB AvR 5 eQi c‡i G‡m ¯^vgx m¤ú‡K© †Kvb
K_v ej‡j †m wbi‚Ëi _vK‡Z cQ›` K‡i| GKvš—B wKQy ej‡Z ej‡j †m e‡j,
ÔAvgvi‡Zv we‡qB nqwb|Õ Zvi ¯^vgx P‡j hvevi ci †LuvR wb‡q †`Lv †M‡Q †m
bvwK BwZc~‡e© wewfbœ RvqMvq GKvwaK we‡q K‡i‡Q Ges UvKv-cqmv wb‡q †K‡U
c‡o‡Q| QvovQvwoi cÖ‡kœ jvwKqv Rvbvq, †h cvwj‡q †M‡Q iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i, †m
Qvo‡jB ev wK Avi _vK‡jB ev wK? jvwKqv e×cwiKi †h †m KL‡bv we‡qi gZ
`ywe©ln Rxe‡b Avi cÖ‡ek Ki‡e bv| KviY Zvi gZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ we‡q bq|
†h‡nZz evev Zv‡ì †Kvb †LuvR-Lei iv‡L bv, Avi fvB‡qiv GLb ch©š— Avq
Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZvB jvwKqvi hZUzKz hZœ ev mn‡hvwMZv ìKvi Zv †m cvq bv|
ZvB‡Zv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i euvP‡Z †Póv K‡i †m| cqmvi wewbg‡q cvovcÖwZ‡ekxi
Kuv_v †mjvB K‡i| Abïv †h Kuv_v †mjvB Ki‡j 50 UvKv cvq, †mLv‡b jvwKqv
cvq gvÎ 25/30 UvKv| jvwKqv eva¨ n‡q ZvB †bq| Zv bv n‡j Zvi Kvco-
†Pvco, mvevb, †Zj BZ¨vw` †Kv_vq cv‡e! Avi Kg gRywi †èvi Rb¨ cÖwZev`
Kivi ¶gZv Zvi †bB| KviY cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e †m Av‡M †_‡KB Ae‡nwjZ|
80
Pjv‡div Kivi †¶‡Î GKwU euv‡ki jvwV‡K m¤^j K‡i‡Q jvwKqv| †MvQj I
Kvco †avqvi †¶‡Î e„×v gv-B Zv‡K mvnvh¨ K‡i| hLb gv _vK‡e bv, ZLb wK
n‡e G wb‡q GLbI wPš—v K‡i bv|
wØZxq †kªYx‡Z covi ci Avi Zvi ¯‥z‡j hvIqv nqwb| KviY cov‡kvbvi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi K_v Zv‡K †KD e‡jwb| †gS fvB we‡q K‡i Avjv`v n‡q †M‡Q|
gv A_ev Zvi m‡½ m¤úK© †bB| jvwKqvi †Kvb AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb †bB e‡j †m
Rvbvq| KviY †m KL‡bv †Kvb AvZ¥x‡qi evwo‡Z †eov‡Z hvq bv ev Zv‡K wb‡q
hvIqv nq bv|
GLb jvwKqv †eu‡P Av‡Q, Ô†m ïay evevi cv‡ci dmjÕ G aviYv m¤^j K‡i| Zvi
†kl fvebv hw` KL‡bv Kv‡iv KvQ †_‡K mvnvh¨ cvq Zvn‡j Avjv`v wfwU‡Z
wb‡Ri gZ K‡i GKwU Kuz‡o eva‡e Ges †jvKP¶zi Aš—iv‡j wb‡R‡K wbi‡e
wbt†kl K‡i †`‡e| †Kvb cÖwZev` A_ev †¶vf †bB Kv‡iv Kv‡Q, Kv‡iv wei‚‡×|
81
cÖwZeÜx fvB‡qi Rb¨ †ev‡bi Kó
e‡`vLvjxi Avj gvgy‡bi K_v ejwQ| †m GKRb Rb¥ cÖwZeÜx| †m gvbwmK Ges
kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx| eqm 15 eQi| wPwKrmv Kiv‡bvi †¶‡Î evev-gvi †Póvi
†Kvb Î‚wU wQj bv| mvg_© Abymv‡i MÖvgxY Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Z‡e eo †Kvb
kn‡i wb‡q AvaywbK wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv nqwb| A‡bKUv Am‡PZbZv Ges wKQyUv
A_©‣bwZK Afv‡ei Kvi‡YB nqwb| Z‡e dwKi Ges KweivR †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q
A‡bK| Kzms¯‥v‡ii E‡×© Giv DV‡Z cv‡iwb| m‡e©vcwi Avj gvgyb GKv bq
ûgvqyb Kwei bv‡g Zvi eo fvBI wVK ZviB gZ gvbwmK I kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx|
GKB cwiev‡i `yB fvB cÖwZeÜx|
Avj gvgy‡bi evev BkviZ GKRb K…lK| wb‡Ri †h Rwg Av‡Q ZvB-B Pvlvev`
K‡ib| gvwmK Avq cÖvq 1600 UvKvi gZ| wU‡bi Ni †eu‡a‡Qb| †gvUvgywU
MÖvgxY ¯^‛Qj cwievi ejv hvq| BkviZ †k‡Li 3 †Q‡j Ges 2 †g‡q| eo †g‡q
we‡q w`‡q‡Qb| 2wU †Q‡j cÖwZeÜx| GK †Q‡j †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKyix K‡ib| †h
†g‡qwU AweevwnZ Av‡Qb †m-B †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib cÖwZeÜx fvB‡ì|
mKv‡j Nyg †_‡K D‡V iv‡Z Nygv‡bv

†Kvb Abyôvb ev cve©‡Y Ab¨ ch©š—-Gi gv‡S hZ KvR Zvi
m`‡mï bZzb †cvlvK bv w`‡jI †ekxifvMB K‡i w`‡Z nq gvgyb‡K|
gvgyb Ges Ii fvB‡K †`qv nq| GK RvqMvq ewm‡q w`‡j Lye Kó K‡i
KviY, Zviv bZzb †cvlv‡Ki cÖwZ nvgv¸wo w`‡q mvgvb¨ bovPov Ki‡Z
`ye©j| GgbwK cvov cÖwZ‡ekxivI cv‡i| †MvQj Kiv‡bv, Kvco cov‡bv,
Zv‡ì gv‡S gv‡S Dcnvi †`q| Lvevi †Ìqv mKj KvRB K‡i Zvi
†gRfvB, †h †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKzix †evb †iev| gvgyb cwi®‥vifv‡e K_vI
K‡ib, †mI evwo G‡j wKQy-bv-wKQy ej‡Z cv‡ibv, Avi †hUzKz ej‡Z cv‡i
ZvI †evSv Lye `y®‥i| A_P †ievi
wK‡b wb‡q Av‡m cÖwZeÜx fvB‡ì
†Kvb weiw³ †bB| Zuvi gš—e¨, ÔAvR
Rb¨|
evev Av‡Qb wZwb †`L‡Qb, †hw`b
wZwb _vK‡eb bv ZLb Avgv‡ì‡KB
†`L‡Z n‡e| Avjvni m„wó wZwbB i¶v Ki‡ebÕ| †evSv hvq fwel¨Z m¤ú~Y©
AwbwðZ|
82
gvgyb Ges Zvi fvB‡K †KD †Kv_vI wb‡q hvb bv| KviY `ywU-cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K
e‡q wb‡q hvIqv gy‡Li K_v bq| we‡kl K‡i wi·v ev f¨v‡bI Zviv em‡Z cv‡i
bv| eZ©gv‡b kixi wKQyUv fvixI n‡q‡Q|
cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ Zv‡ì‡K Lye fvjev‡mb| †Kvb weiw³ ev †evSv g‡b
K‡ib bv| ïay g‡b K‡ib, Iiv †h‡nZz wKQy Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, †m‡nZz I‡ì KvR
Ab¨‡ì K‡i †Ìqv DwPZ| †mB `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi gvbwmKZv †_‡KB Iiv †g‡b
wb‡q‡Q mewKQy|
†Kvb Abyôvb ev cve©‡Y Ab¨‡ì bZzb †cvlvK bv w`‡jI gvgyb Ges Ii fvB‡K
†Ìqv nq| KviY Zviv bZzb †cvlv‡Ki cÖwZ `yej © | GgbwK cvov-cÖwZ‡ekxivI
Zv‡ì gv‡S gv‡S Dcnvi †`q| †gRfvB, †h †mbvevwnbx‡Z PvKzwi K‡ib, †mI
evwo G‡j wKQy-bv-wKQy wK‡b wb‡q Av‡m cÖwZeÜx fvB‡ì Rb¨|
GKRb gvby‡li ¯^vfvweK Rxebhvcb cÖYvjxi m‡½ gvgy‡bi †Kvb wgj †bB|
ïaygvÎ Pjb cÖwZeÜx n‡jI my¯’ gw¯—®‥ wb‡q my¯’ wPš—v Ges KvR Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘
Dfq w`K †_‡K cÖwZeÜx n‡j Zvi ¯^vfvweK Rxebhvcb cÖYvjx e¨vnZ nq cÖvq
mKj w`K †_‡K| †hgb-gvgyb Ges Zvi Ab¨ cÖwZeÜx fvB‡K iv‡Z fvZ †L‡Z
†Ìqv nq bv| KviY n‡jv, imv‡jv Lvevi LvIqv‡j iv‡Z cÖmªve-cvqLvbvi
cÖ‡qvRb n‡Z cv‡i| cÖmªve-cvqLvbv †hUv Kiv‡Z Lye Kó Ki‡Z nq| †mB
weo¤^bv †_‡K †invB cvevi Rb¨ imv‡jv Lvevi †Ìqv nq bv| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZeÜx
fvB‡qiv wb‡RivI K‡ói welqwU eyS‡Z wk‡L‡Q| ZvB Zviv wb‡RivI Avi †L‡Z
Pvq bv| Zviv †ewki fvM mgq ïK‡bv Lvevi †hgb-wPov, gywo, i‚wU BZ¨vw`
Lvq| hv‡Z iv‡Z IVvi hš¿Yv †_‡K gyw³ cvq|
†jLvcov Kivi cÖwZ gvgy‡bi Lye AvMÖn| wKš‘ Pjv‡div Ki‡Z bv cvivi Kvi‡Y
Zv‡K ¯‥z‡j cvVv‡bv m¤¢e nqwb| ¯‥zj wK wRwbm Zv gvgyb †gv‡UB Rv‡b bv| gv‡S
gv‡S †iev eB wb‡q †Póv K‡i cov‡Z| wKš‘ D‛PviY Ki‡Z Zv‡ì GZ Kó nq
†h fvB‡ì †P‡q †ievB Kó cvq †ekx|
83
BKev‡ji A`g¨ B”Qv
BKevj m`©vi| evwo cwðg mv‡qov| evevi bvg gZ‡je m`©vi| BKevj GKRb
cÖwZeÜx| Zvi Wvb cv‡q mgm¨v| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q P‡j| †jv‡K Zv‡K †Luvov e‡j
Wv‡K| Rb¥MZfv‡eB †m cÖwZeÜx| BKev‡ji evevi aviYv, evI-evZvm †j‡M
†Q‡ji G Ae¯’v n‡q‡Q| hLb BKevj gv‡qi M‡f© wQj, ZLb Zvi gv wewfbœ
RvqMvq wew¶ßfv‡e †Nviv‡div KiZ| Amveav‡b Pjv‡div †_‡KB Zvi mš—v‡bi
G Ae¯’v|
BKevj cÂg †kªYx ch©š— c‡o‡Q| ¯‥z‡ji †Q‡jivI Zv‡K †Luvov e‡j| ZvB g‡bi
K‡ó †m Avi KL‡bv ¯‥z‡j hvqwb| hwÌ †m g‡b K‡i GKRb cÖwZeÜxi wKQy
†jLvcov Rvbv _vK‡j mgvR †m Zvi ¯’vb K‡i wb‡Z cv‡i|
BKev‡ji eZ©gvb eqm 15 eQi| 1999 mv‡j dwKinv‡Ui mgvR‡mev Awa`ß‡i

†m I‡qwìs cÖwk¶Y wb‡q‡Q| cÖwk¶Y cÖvq 1 eQ‡ii| †mLvbKvi wk¶KMY Zv‡K
Lye fvjevmZ| †m hv‡Z nv‡Z-Kj‡g
BKevj cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì KvQ †_‡K mwVKfv‡e KvR wkL‡Z cv‡i †mB
GKwU bZzb bvg Dcnvi †c‡q‡Q Zv cÖ‡Póv Zviv K‡i‡Qb, cÖPzi Drmvn
n‡jv, Ô†LuvovÕ| G bvg mgvR Zv‡K w`‡q‡Qb| ZviB djkÖ‚wZ‡Z BKevj
AvR MÖxj •Zwi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
w`‡q‡Q| Zv‡Z †m †gv‡UB mš‘ó
bq| KviY G bvgKi‡Yi Rb¨ †m BKev‡ji evev cv‡bi eëmv K‡ib|
†gv‡UB `vqx bq| fv‡e, GRb¨ msmv‡i 5 †Q‡j Ges 2 †g‡q wb‡q
†Rvi cÖwZev` Ki‡e| wKš‘ †m kw³ wZwb Ôw`b Av‡b w`b LvqÕ Ae¯’vq
†Kv_vq? BKevj fv‡e, Zvi g‡Zv, RxebhvcY Ki‡Qb| cÖwZeÜx BKevj
A‡bK cÖwZeÜx Av‡Q mgv‡R| †KD Z…Zxq †Q‡j| Zvi cÖwZ Avjv`v
wK G‡m ùvov‡e Zv‡ì cv‡k? `„wócvZ Kivi my‡hvM Zvi nqwb|
Aš‘Z: Ô†LvuovÕ bvgwU NyuwP‡q †mLv‡b †jLvcov †kLv‡bvi e¨vcv‡i wZwb
Ôgvbyl BKevj‡KÕ MÖnY Ki‡e? KL‡bv Zv‡K DrmvwnZ K‡ibwb|
†f‡e‡Qb †m‡Zv A¶g-cÖvq|
BKev‡ji B‛Qv †m Zvi KvwiMwi wk¶v‡K Kv‡R jvMvq| wKš‘ AZ g~jab cv‡e
†Kv_vq †h GKwU IqvK©kc w`‡Z cv‡i! A‡bï †`vKv‡b KvR Ki‡Z †M‡j h_vh_
84
gRywi cvq bv| KviY Ab¨ gvwjK‡ì aviYv BKev‡ji cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y
†`vKv‡b cÖ‡qvRbxq kªg w`‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi jvf K‡g hv‡e| ZvB
Zv‡K gRywiI Kg †Ìqv nq| BKevj Rvj eyb‡Z cv‡i| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Ki Rvj
ey‡b w`‡q †m mvgvb¨ wKQy UvKv Avq K‡i| me wgwj‡q †m 3/4 kZ UvKv gv‡m
Avq K‡i| kªg QvovI wb‡Ri DcvwR©Z UvKv †_‡K msmv‡i mvnvh¨ K‡i|
cÖv³b ¯îvóªgš¿x giûg Rbve †gv¯—vwdRyi ingvb Zv‡K GKevi 4 nvRvi UvKv
Aby`vb w`‡qwQ‡jb| †mB UvKv ZLb †m h_vh_fv‡e Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡iwb|
GKK_vq ejv hvq, †L‡qB †kl K‡i‡Q| wKš‘ AvR g‡b K‡i †h UvKvUv _vK‡j
Kv‡R jvMZ|
cwiev‡i BKev‡ji Ae¯’vb LyeB fvj| KviY Zvi cwievi g‡b K‡i Ab¨vb¨ mš—
vb‡ì Zzjbvq BKevj †ewk mvnvh¨ K‡i| cvwievwiK wewfbœ wel‡q Zvi gZvgZ
†bqv nq| BKevj fv‡e, hw` Av‡iv †ekx DcvR©b Ki‡Z cviZ, Zvn‡j †m Av‡iv
fvj f~wgKv ivL‡Z cviZ|
cÖwZewÜZ¡ wb‡q BKevj gv‡S gv‡S fv‡e, †Kb Ggb nj! evev-gv‡qi gy‡L ï‡b‡Q
†QvU‡ejvq bvwK Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lvivc wQj| ZLb Zuv‡ì mvg_©¨ Abyhvqx Wv³vi
†`wQ‡q‡Q| d‡j kvwiixK Ae¯’v †ek wKQyUv DbœZ n‡q‡Q| ZvB‡Zv AvR †m
Luywo‡q n‡jI Pj‡Z cv‡i| BKev‡ji gv‡S gv‡S g‡b nq, hw` gv-evev Av‡iv
fvj Wv³vi †`Lv‡Zv, Zvn‡j nq‡Zv m¤ú~Y© fvj nZ| wKš‘ Zvi evevi †mB mvg_©
ZLb wQj bv|
BKevj cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì KvQ †_‡K GKwU bZzb bvg Dcnvi †c‡q‡Q Zv n‡jv,
Ô†LuvovÕ| G bvg mgvR Zv‡K w`‡q‡Q| G‡Z †m †gv‡UB mš‘ó bq| KviY G
bvgKi‡Yi Rb¨ †m †gv‡UB `vwq bq| fv‡e GRb¨ †Rvi cÖwZev` Ki‡e| wKš‘ †m
kw³ †Kv_vq? BKevj fv‡e Zvi g‡Zv A‡bK cÖwZeÜx Av‡Q mgv‡R| †KD wK
G‡m ùvov‡e Zv‡ì cv‡k? Aš‘Z Ô†LvovÕ bvgwU NuywP‡q †mLv‡b Ôgvbyl BKevj‡KÕ
MÖnY Ki‡e?
85
bvwRg †k‡Li wQbœ wfbœ msmvi
iYweRqcyi MÖvg| G MÖv‡gi GKRb evK cÖwZeÜxi bvg bvwRg †kL|

Rb¥MZfv‡e †m cÖwZeÜx| bvwRg evev-gvi cÖ_g mš—vb| hLb wkïiv ¯^vfvweK
wbq‡g K_v ejv ïi‚ K‡i, bvwRg ZL‡bv PzcPvc| evev-gv †f‡e‡Q A‡bK ev‛Pviv
†`wi‡Z K_v ejv †k‡L| bvwRgI nq‡Zv †m iKg| wKš‘ Av‡iv wKQyw`b c‡i
Zviv Dcjwä Kij †h Zv‡ì mš—vb K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| A‡bK KweivR I
dwKi †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| wKš‘ †Kvb KvR nq wb| gv GLb g‡b K‡i Zvi K‡g©i
†`v‡lB mš—vb †evev n‡q‡Q|
bvwR‡gi evev ewki †kL gviv †M‡Qb 5 eQi c~‡e©| eZ©gv‡b bvwR‡gi eqm 26
eQi| Zviv 3 fvB‡evb| eo kL K‡i GKwU †evb‡K we‡q w`‡qwQ‡jb| wKš‘
GKwU †g‡q nIqvi ci Zvi ¯^vgx gviv hvq| †mB †g‡q‡K wb‡q weaev †evb
bvwR‡gi msmv‡i emevm K‡i| Avq ej‡Z LvbRvnvb Avjx ìMvi †gv‡o
bvwR‡gi GKwU †QvU Pv-i‚wUi †`vKvb Av‡Q| †ePv‡Kbv hv nq ZvB w`‡qB †Kvb
cÖKv‡i 4 m`‡mï msmvi P‡j hvq|
wZb eQi c~‡e© bvwR‡gi gv bvwRg‡K

†evev‡ì †h wk¶v cÖwZôvb _vK‡Z we‡q Kivq cv‡ki MÖv‡g| bvwRg †h
cv‡i †m wel‡q Zviv AÁ| mgvR †evev †m K_v Kb¨vc¶‡K my¯úófv‡e
Zv‡K †evev bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ Rvwb‡q w`‡qB cyÎea~ N‡i †Zv‡jb
K‡i‡Q| iv¯—vq Pjvi mgq wZwb| cÖ_gw`‡K fvjfv‡eB ¯^vgx-
AwaKvsk †jv‡K e‡j, Ô†evev hvq ¯¿xi msmvi PjwQj| Afve-AbUb
†evev hvqÕ| Zvi †`vKvb †Pbv‡Z wQj e‡U, Z‡e evK cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q
n‡jI †jv‡K e‡j †evevi †`vKvb| †Kvb weZK© I‡Vwb| wKQyw`b c‡i
GLb Zvi bvwRg bvgUvI XvKv c‡o bvwR‡gi GKwU †g‡q nq| bvwR‡gi
hvevi Dcµg| A‡b‡K bvwRg ¯¿x Zuvi evK cÖwZeÜx ¯^vgxi
cÖwZewÜZvi ARynv‡Z SMovq wjß
ej‡j †P‡b bv, wKš‘ †evev ej‡jB
nq| †evSveywSi cvjv †hb †kl n‡q
†P‡b mK‡j|
†Mj gvÎ AvovB eQ‡ii gv_vq|
A‡bKUv †gvnwb`ªv †f‡½ †mv‛Pvi K‡Ú
†m †NvlYv Kij †h, †evev ¯^vgxi Ni Kiv Zvi c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| GgbwK evevi
evwo‡Z wM‡q `k nvRvi UvKv `vwe K‡i ZvjvK †P‡q cvVvq| •`wbK 30/40
86
UvKv Av‡qi †`vKvb †_‡K wb‡R‡ì †cUB P‡j bv| Zvi Dci `k nvRvi UvKvi
`vwe! bvwRg ey‡S DV‡Z cv‡i bv wK Ki‡e! KvD‡K wKQy eywS‡q ejvi ¶gZvI
Zvi †bB| GKRb gvby‡li gy‡Li fvlvB wK me! bvwRgI evievi †Póv K‡i‡Q
¯¿x‡K eywS‡q mywS‡q Avbvi Rb¨| Aek¨ gy‡Li fvlv †bB e‡j Bkvivq †evSv‡Z
†Póv K‡i‡Q| ¶gvI †P‡q‡Q hw` †Kvb fyj K‡i _v‡K Zvi Rb¨| wKš‘ Zvi ¯¿x
†Kvb cÖKv‡iB eySevi †Póv K‡iwb| Ae‡k‡l QvovQvwo|
bvwRg KL‡bv ¯‥z‡j hvqwb| †evev e‡j ¯‥z‡j cvVv‡bvi K_v fv‡ewb evev-gv|
†evev‡ì †h wk¶v cÖwZôvb _vK‡Z cv‡i †m wel‡q Zviv AÁ| mgvR Zv‡K †evev
bv‡g AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Q| iv¯—v †_‡K Pjvi mgq AwaKvsk †jv‡K e‡j, Ô†evev hvq
†evev hvqÕ| Zvi †`vKvb †Pbv‡Z n‡jI †jv‡K e‡j †evevi †`vKvb| GLb Zvi
bvwRg bvgUvI XvKv c‡o hvevi Dcµg| A‡b‡K bvwRg ej‡j †P‡b bv, wKš‘
†evev ej‡jB mK‡j †P‡b|
bZzb K‡i †m Avi we‡q Ki‡Z ivwR nq bv| Zvi AvovB eQ‡ii †g‡q, weaev
†evb, †ev‡bi GKwU †g‡q‡K wb‡q Kó K‡i n‡jI wbS©ÅvU †eu‡P _vK‡Z Pvq|
hwÌ †m †Kvbw`b †jLvcov K‡iwb, ZviciI †m †`‡L‡`‡L wjL‡Z cv‡i|

nq‡Zv †m †gv‡UB †ev‡S bv wK wjL‡Q! †jLvi AvK…wZ †`L‡j g‡b nq †m ey‡S-
ï‡bB wjL‡Q|
Zv‡ì GKwU gvÎ Ni| †mB N‡iB msmv‡ii 4Rb emevm K‡i| †MvjcvZv w`‡q
QvIqv NiLvwbI wVKgZ †givgZ Kiv nq bv Avi Ava‡cUv †L‡qI †mB N‡ii
†fZi KvwU‡q w`‡‛Q Rxeb| A‡bKUv D‡Ïk¨wenxb RxebhvÎvi gZ|
87
AwbðqZvB mywgÎvi wbðqZv
mywgÎv ivbx `vm| eqm 20/22 eQi| evwo ev‡MinvU Dc‡Rjvi lvUM¤^yR
BDwbq‡bi evivKcyi MÖv‡g| mywgÎv GKRb cÖwZeÜx| Zvi cÖwZeÜKZv GKUz wfbœ
cÖK…wZi| mywgÎvi ¯^vfvweK kvixwiK e„w× nqwb| emv Ae¯’vq Zvi D‛PZv m‡e©v‛P
†ò dzU| nuvU‡Z cv‡i bv †gv‡UB| cv †mvRv nq bv| fuvR K‡i e‡m _v‡K| gv
Zv‡K †Kv‡j K‡i GLv‡b-ILv‡b †bq|
R‡b¥i mgq mywgÎv AvKv‡i Lye †QvU wQj| gv-evev †f‡ewQj KZ wkïB‡Zv
AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q Rb¥vq| c‡i eqm e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡ì •`wnK e„w×I N‡U|
wKš‘ mywgÎvi †ejvq Zv nqwb| evev-gvi aviYv, GUv m„wóKZ©vi GKwU †Ljv|
Zv‡ì B‛Qv-Awb‛Qvq wKQy hvq Av‡m bv| KweivR, ISv, dwKiMY g‡b K‡i
mywgÎv hLb M‡f© wQj, ZLb gv‡qi Dci f~Z ev †cÖ‡Zi e`bRi c‡o‡Q|
Ab¨w`‡K, Wv³vi g‡b K‡ib Ggb †ivMxi ¯^vfvweK e„w× bv NU‡jI A‡b‡K
nuvU‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ mywgÎv hLb cv‡i bv ZLb GUv †cvwjI †ivM Qvov Ab¨wKQy
bq| hwÌ mywgÎv‡K AvaywbK †Kvb wPwKrmK‡K †`Lv‡bv nqwb|
mywgÎvi evev Abv_ eÜz `vm GKRb K…lK| emZevox Qvov av‡bi Rwg †bB
ej‡jB P‡j| A‡bï Rwg Pvl K‡ib| Zv‡Z eQ‡ii K‡qK gvm †L‡Z cv‡i|
evKx mgq w`bgRyix K‡i Avq K‡ib| gvwmK Avq M‡o 3 nvRvi UvKvi
KvQvKvwQ| evwo‡Z GKwU wU‡bi Ni, †eov Kv‡Vi Ges cv‡k GKwU †QvU ivbœvNi
K‡i‡Qb| mywgÎvi gv evwo‡Z nuvmgyiMx cvjb K‡ib| GKwU M„n¯’ cwievi ej‡Z
hv †evSvq A‡bKUv †m iKg|
mywgÎv Mvb ïb‡Z Lye fvjev‡m| evev Zv‡K GKwU †QvU †iwWI wK‡b w`‡q‡Qb|
mvivw`b e‡m e‡m †m Mvb †kv‡b| N‡i e‡m †m †LRyicvZvi cvwU •Zwi Ki‡Z
cv‡i| †h‡nZz Pjv‡div Kiv Zvi Rb¨ Am¤¢e, †m‡nZz cwievi‡K †m †Kvbfv‡eB
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cv‡ibv| Z‡e gv Zv‡K †Kv‡j K‡i Pzjvi cv‡k ewm‡q ivbœvi mvgMÖx
†RvMvo K‡i w`‡j †m ivbœv Ki‡Z cv‡i| gvi aviYv mywgÎvi ivbœvi nvZ Lye
fvj| gv‡K gv‡S gv‡S Kuv_v †mjvB K‡i †`q|
mywgÎv fvB-†evb‡ì g‡a¨ eo| Zviv `yB †evb Ges GK fvB| mywgÎvi †evbwU
fvi‡Z GK AvZ¥xqi Kv‡Q _v‡K| evwo‡Z GKgvÎ fvB K‡j‡R cÖ_g e‡l©i QvÎ|
mywgÎv‡K †jLvcov Kiv‡bv m¤¢e nqwb ïaygvÎ Pjb cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y| mywgÎv
88
hLb †QvU wQj ZLb Zv‡K †Kv‡j K‡i gv Gw`K †mw`K †eov‡Z wb‡q †hZ| wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b †m eo nIqvq Zv Avi m¤¢e nq bv| †m Kvi‡Y mywgÎvi gvI †Kv_vI
†eov‡Z hvq bv| †M‡j †g‡q‡K †`L‡e †K? GgbwK cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì evwo‡Z
bZzb †Kvb †e․ Avm‡j mywgÎvi gv †`L‡Z hvq bv| KviY mywgÎv ï‡b g‡b Kó
cv‡e †h gv Zv‡K Qvov †e․ †`L‡Z wM‡q‡Qb| mywgÎv‡K †`Lv‡Z bv cvivi Rb¨
wb‡RI †`‡Lb bv| Avi hwÌ ev KLbI †Kvb AvKl©Yxq welq †`‡Lb Zv evwo‡Z
G‡m e‡jb bv| †g‡qi Rb¨ wb‡Ri A‡bK Avb›` Drme Z¨vM K‡ib wZwb|
cÖwZ‡ekxiv mywgÎv‡K fvjev‡m| Z‡e †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZ‡ekx mywgÎv‡K †`‡L †Luvov
A_ev evgb e‡j KUzw³ K‡i| mywgÎvi gv Gme K_v ï‡bI bv †kvbvi †Póv
K‡ib| KL‡bv Zv‡ì mv‡_ weZ‡K© wjß nb bv, Z‡e KL‡bv †Kvb wkï Ggb K_v
ej‡j, †m †¶‡Î wZwb Zv‡ì eywS‡q e‡jb, G ai‡bi K_v bv ejvi Rb¨|
cwiev‡ii †jvK Qvov Ab¨ †Kvb †jvK

R‡b¥i mgq mywgÎv AvKv‡i Lye
†Kvb cÖkœ Ki‡j mywgÎv Reve †`q bv
†QvU wQj| gv-evev †f‡ewQj, KZ
ej‡jB P‡j| †ewk cxovcxwo Ki‡j
wkïB‡Zv AvKv‡i †QvU n‡q Rb¥vq| †m w¶ß nq, `ye¨© envi K‡i| KLbI
c‡i eqm e„w×i m‡½ m‡½ Zv‡ì KLbI MvjvMvwj ch©š— K‡i| gv
•`wnK e„w×I N‡U| wKš‘ mywgÎvi e‡jb, Ô†QvU‡ejv‡Z Ii ¯^vfvweK
†ejvq Zv nqwb| evev-gvi aviYv, gvbwmKZv wQj| wKš‘ Av‡¯— Av‡¯—
GUv m„wóKZ©vi GKwU †Ljv| Zv‡ì Zvi †gRvR Pov n‡q †M‡Q|Õ GKwU
B‛Qv-Awb‛Qvq wKQy hvq Av‡m bv| wkï eo nq Ab¨ wkï ev cÖwZ‡ekx
KweivR, ISv, dwKiMY g‡b K‡i m½x-mv_x‡ì mvnP‡h©| wKš‘ mywgÎvi
mywgÎv hLb M‡f© wQj, ZLb gv‡qi †ejvq N‡U‡Q m¤ú~Y© D‡ëv| †m †Kvj
Dci f~Z ev †cÖ‡Zi e`bRi †_‡KB cwievi Qvov Avi Kv‡iv mv‡_
c‡o‡Q| Ab¨w`‡K, Wv³vi †`Lv‡j wgk‡Z cv‡iwb| m½xnxbZv Zv‡K
GKvwK‡Z¡i iv‡R¨ e›`x K‡i‡Q| †mB
Zviv g‡b K‡i ¯^vfvweK e„w× bv
e›`xkvjv †_‡K mywgÎv †Póv Ki‡jI
NU‡jI A‡b‡K nuvU‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘
†ei n‡Z cv‡i bv| mvgvwRK †Kvb
mywgÎv hLb cv‡i bv ZLb GUv cÖKvi my‡hvM Zvi bvMv‡j †cu․Qvqwb|
†cvwjI †ivM Qvov Ab¨wKQy bq| †mRb¨ my¯’ †Kvb †jvK‡KB †m mn¨
hwÌ mywgÎv‡K AvaywbK †Kvb Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| mvgvb¨ K_v‡ZB
wPwKrmK‡K †`Lv‡bv nqwb| D‡ËwRZ nq eKvewK K‡i| GgbwK
Zvi gv hw` Ab¨ Kv‡iv Kv‡Q Zvi
m¤ú‡K© e‡j, Zvn‡j gv‡KI †m eKvewK K‡i| †jLvcovi cÖwZI Ii cÖPÊ N„Yv|
89
K‡j‡R cov fvBwU hw` KL‡bv Zv‡K cov‡Z hvq, Zvi DciI w¶ß n‡q I‡V|
me †_‡K †ewk w¶ß nq Ôwe‡qÕ Ôg„Zz¨Õ Ges Ô†KD wb‡q hv‡eÕ GB wZbwU wel‡qi
K_v ïb‡j| ZLb †m wnZvwnZ Ávb nvwi‡q gy‡L hv Av‡m ZvB e‡j|
mywgÎvi mKj Ave`vi, evqbv Zvi evevi Kv‡Q| KL‡bv hw` gv Zvi mv‡_ ivM
K‡ib, ZvI †m evevi Kv‡Q Awf‡hvM K‡i| evev Zvi Ab¨vb¨ mš—vb‡ì †P‡q
mywgÎv‡K GKUz †ewkB fvjev‡mb| ZvB‡Zv cwiev‡ii †Kvb wel‡q wm×vš— MÖnY
Ki‡Z n‡j mywgÎvi gZvg‡Zi g~j¨ †`b wZwb|
mywgÎvi gv Av‡gbv fv‡eb, hw` evwoi KvQvKvwQ ¯‥zj _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j wZwb
mywgÎv‡K †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †Kv‡j K‡i ¯‥z‡j w`‡Zb Ges Zv‡Z mywgÎv †jLvcov
wkL‡Z cviZ| hw` wPwKrmvi †Kvb my‡hvM _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j mewKQyi wewbg‡q Zvi
wPwKrmv Kiv‡Zb| mgvR hw` †g‡b wbZ Zvn‡j Zvi we‡qi cÖ¯—ve AvmZ| wKš‘
†KvbUvB †evanq m¤¢e bq| m¤¢e bq e‡jB hZw`b wZwb RxweZ Av‡Qb ZZw`b
Ii hZœ K‡i hv‡eb| Avi hLb wZwb _vK‡eb bv, ZLb m„wóKZ©vB Zv‡K †`L‡e|
Z‡e, †g‡qi fwel¨Z †h AwbwðZ wZwb Zv eyS‡Z cv‡ib| A_©‡bwZKfv‡e
GKgvÎ †Q‡j hw` †Kvb w`b cÖwZwôZ n‡Z cv‡i ZLb Zv‡KB ej‡eb w`wì Rb¨
wKQy GKUv Ki‡Z|
90
wbivkªqx wgjb
Avãyj nK MvRx (wgjb) GKRb cÖwZeÜx| Pjb cÖwZeÜx| `yB cv‡qB mgm¨v|
nuvU‡Z †M‡j Lye Kó nq| Rb¥ †_‡KB cÖwZeÜx| eZ©gv‡b Zvi eqm 18 eQi|
evevi bvg Bgvg Avjx MvRx| evwo ev‡`vLvjx MÖv‡g| evev gviv hvb wgj‡bi
†QvU‡ejvq|
†Q‡j‡ejv wKQyw`b gv‡qi Kv‡Q ivLvi ci gv wgjb‡K GwZgLvbvq †i‡L †`b|

†mLv‡b wgjb cÂg †kªYx †_‡K Aóg †kªYx ch©š— †jLvcovi my‡hvM cvq| LyeB
Ae‡nwjZfv‡e †mLv‡b †m wQj| wVKgZ LvIqv bq, hZœ bq| wgjb g‡b K‡i †m
cÖwZeÜx e‡jB Ab¨vb¨ QvÎ‡ì †_‡K Zv‡K Ae‡njvi †Pv‡L †`Lv nZ|
cieZ©x‡Z GwZgLvbvi cÖkvmwbK RwUjZv ïi‚ n‡j †mLvb †_‡K †m P‡j Av‡m|
†Kvb cÖKvi j¶¨ †bB ZLb Zvi cÖwZ Kv‡iv| fv‡e, nv‡Zi †Kvb KvR wkL‡Z
cvi‡j fvj nZ| KviY my¯‡’ ì gZ †m KL‡bvB Pjv‡div Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| ZvB
Ab¨‡ì gZ mKj KvR Kiv Zvi c‡¶ m¤¢e bq| ïay nvZ-B Zvi fimv|
GKwU weÁwß Zvi `„wó †K‡o wbj GKw`b| dwKinvU cÖwZeÜx †m›Uvi
cÖwZeÜx‡ì nv‡Zi KvR wk¶v †`‡e| †mLv‡b fwZ© nj| †e‡Q wbj `wR© wefvM|
Lye g‡bv‡hvM w`‡qB wkLj `wR©i KvR| hw` KL‡bv Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i! Zvn‡j
nq‡Zv †eu‡P _vKvi GKwU Dcvq Luy‡R cvIqv hv‡e|
evev gviv hvevi mgq mvgvb¨ wKQy Rwg Ges GKwU wU‡bi Ni †i‡L hvb| gv
nv‡Zi KvR A_©vr Szwo‡evbv, †mjvB Kiv BZ¨vw` K‡i gv‡m 700/800 UvKv Avq
KiZ| ZvB w`‡q `yR‡bi Ava‡cUv †L‡q w`b P‡j †hZ| nVvr gv wØZxq we‡q
Kivi cwiKíbv †bq| wgjb cÖ_gw`‡K †gv‡UB †g‡b wb‡Z cv‡iwb gvi G
wm×vš—| †m fveZ, †Kvb GKw`b †m wbðq Avq-†ivRMvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| Zv
w`‡qB `yR‡bi P‡j hv‡e| GKRb gvbyl‡Zv Avi nvRvi eQi euv‡Pbv! G ¶z`ª
RxebUzKz Pvjv‡Z n‡j mvgvb¨ Avq n‡jB n‡e| gv‡K †m Zvi K_v Ly‡j ej‡Z
cv‡iwb j¾vq| gv wK g‡b K‡i e‡m! Ab¨w`‡K gvI †Q‡j‡K †d‡j w`‡Z cv‡ib
bv| hw` my¯’ nZ, Zvn‡j wfbœ K_v| cÖwZeÜx mš—vb‡K hw` Zvi bZzb ¯^vgx †g‡b
wb‡Z bv cv‡i †mB Avk¼vq wZwb Zvi Rwg †_‡K †Q‡ji bv‡g evwoi wf‡U †_‡K
wKQy Rwg wj‡L †`q| A‡bKUv †Q‡ji fwel¨Z fvebv †f‡eB| wKš‘ Zvi †m
fvebv †ewkw`b ¯’vqx nj bv|
91
gv‡qi bZzb ¯^vgxi m‡½ Zvi ax‡i ax‡i m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ n‡Z _v‡K| wgjb‡K
†m †gv‡UB mn¨ Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| Gi GKgvÎ KviY n‡Z cv‡i mvgvwRK
g~j¨‡eva| ¯¿xi c~‡e©i msmv‡ii mš—vb‡K wb‡Ri mš—vb wn‡m‡e †`L‡Z n‡j †h
gvbwmKZvi ìKvi Avgv‡ì mgv‡R Zv AwaKvsk gvby‡liB †bB| Zvi Dci
Avevi cÖwZeÜx|
wKQyw`b c‡i †`Lv †Mj wgj‡bi gvI

wKQyw`b c‡i †`Lv †Mj wgj‡bi Zvi bZzb ¯^vgxi my‡i myi †gjv‡Z ïi‚
gvI Zvi bZzb ¯^vgxi my‡i myi Ki‡jb| GZw`b wgjb‡K †h `„wó‡Z
†gjv‡Z ïi‚ Ki‡jb| GZw`b †`L‡Zb Zvi cwieZ©b n‡q bZzb
wgjb‡K †h `„wó‡Z †`L‡Zb Zvi ¯^vgxi `„wófw½ Zvi mv‡_ †hvM nj|
cwieZ©b n‡q bZzb ¯^vgxi `„wófw½ †h wgj‡bi †Kvb Î‚wU wQj bv
Zvi mv‡_ †hvM nj| †h wgj‡bi †KvbKv‡jB, †m wgj‡bi GLb A‡bK
†Kvb Î‚wU wQj bv †KvbKv‡jB, †m Î‚wU wZwb †`L‡Z jvM‡jb| wgjb
wgj‡bi GLb A‡bK Î‚wU wZwb Zvi gvi bZzb ¯^vgx‡K GKmgq †g‡b
†`L‡Z †c‡Z jvM‡jb| wgjb Zvi wb‡qwQj| wgjb †f‡ewQj, gv nq‡Zv
gvi bZzb ¯^vgx‡K GKmgq †g‡bB GKwU wbf©ikxj Avkªq Pvq| gv‡qi
Avkªq wgjj e‡U wKš‘ wewbg‡q wgjb
wb‡qwQj| wgjb †f‡ewQj, gv
wbivkªqx n‡q †Mj| mr wcZvi
nq‡Zv GKwU wbf©ikxj Avkªq Pvq| `ye¨© envi, cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q KUzw³
gv‡qi Avkªq wgjj e‡U, wKš‘ BZ¨vw` wgjb‡K `~‡i †V‡j w`j|
wewbg‡q wgj‡bi AvkªqwU nvwi‡q K‡ói †fjvq P‡o wgjb c„_K n‡q
†Mj| mr wcZvi `ye©ënvi, †Mj gv‡qi msmvi †_‡K| Zv‡Z gyw³
cÖwZeÜKZv wb‡q KUzw³ BZ¨vw` †cj mr wcZv| nvwm dzU‡jv gv‡qi
wgjb‡K `~‡i †V‡j w`j| K‡ói gy‡LI| Aciw`‡K wgjb m½x-mv_x
†fjvq P‡o wgjb c„_K n‡q †Mj nviv wbe©vK GKv GK N‡i| wb‡Ri
gv‡qi msmvi †_‡K| Zv‡Z gyw³ fv‡Mï, bvwK mgv‡Ri cwinvm, Zv
†cj mr wcZv| nvwm dzU‡jv gv‡qi wgjb Rv‡b bv| ïay Rv‡b, †m GKv
gy‡LI| Aciw`‡K, wgjb m½x-mv_x Ges GKRb Amnvq cÖwZeÜx|
nviv wbe©vK GKv GK N‡i| wb‡Ri
cÖvq wZbgvm nj wgjb GKvKx
fv‡Mï, bvwK mgv‡Ri cwinvm, Zv
Rxebhvcb K‡i| GKvB Avq Kivi
wgjb Rv‡bbv| ïay Rv‡b, †m GKv †Póv K‡i| wb‡R ivbœv K‡i Ges
Ges GKRb Amnvq cÖwZeÜx| wb‡RB Lvq| †`Lv ev †kvbvi †KD
92
†bB| gv‡K †Q‡o GKv _vK‡Z Zvi Lye Kó nq| Zvi G Kó Zvi gv‡K KL‡bv
†m ej‡Zv bv| Gi KviY ivM bv Awfgvb Zv wgjb ej‡Z cv‡ibv| gv‡S gv‡S
g‡b nq hw` KL‡bv iv‡Zi AÜKv‡i Amy¯’Zvi Rb¨ KvZi n‡q c‡o A_ev gviv
hvq, Zvn‡j gy‡L GK †duvUv cvwb †`qvi gZ Zvi †KD _vK‡e bv|
wb‡Ri Av‡qi Øviv wb‡Ri Rxeb Pvjv‡Z nq e‡j †jLvcovq mgm¨v nq wgj‡bi|
†m eZ©gv‡b GmGmwm cix¶vi Rb¨ cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡‛Q| ¯‥z‡ji wk¶KMY Zv‡K Lye
fvjev‡mb| we‡kl K‡i †nWgvóvi mv‡ne Zuv‡K Lye DrmvwnZ K‡ib| wZwb Pvb
wgjb †jLvcov wk‡L wb‡Ri cv‡q ùvovK| ¯‥zj KZ©c„ ¶ wgj‡bi wbKU †_‡K
†eZb Kg †bq| ¯‥z‡j Zuvi Aš—i½ PviRb eÜy Av‡Q| †mB Pvi R‡bi g‡a¨
GKRb‡K Zvi mKj myL-`y‡Li K_v e‡j|
Avq ej‡Z wgjb K‡qKRb QvÎ covq| MÖv‡gi `wi`ª gvby‡liv wUDkbx wd
mgqgZ Ges cwigvYgZ cwi‡kva Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| RbcÖwZ 100 UvKvI †KD
†KD w`‡Z Pvq bv| A‡bK mgq m¤ú~Y© Abv`vqx †_‡K hvq| wgjb fvj Qwe
AvuK‡Z cv‡i| Qwe AvuKvi e¨vcv‡i Zvi †Kvb wk¶K †bB| wbR¯^ wPš—vfvebvi
Av‡jv‡K †m Qwe Auv‡K| †cwÝ‡ji eënvi †ewk K‡i| KviY `vwg is wK‡b Qwe
AuvKvi gZ mvg_© Zuvi †bB| Qwe Gu‡KI †m wKQy Avq K‡i| MÖv‡gi †jv‡Kiv Zvi
Qwe AuvKvi cÖksmv K‡i e‡U Z‡e, Zv‡K w`‡q Qwe AuvwK‡q wb‡q wVKgZ UvKv
†`q bv| ZviciI Qwei hr mvgvb¨ Avq wgjb‡K Pj‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i| A‡b‡K
cÖksmv K‡i wgjb‡K e‡j, ÔZzwg AvU© K‡j‡R co Zvn‡j fvj n‡eÕ| GB gš—e¨
ï‡b wgjb Av‡iv e¨_v cvq| g‡b g‡b fv‡e, hw` AvU© K‡j‡RB coe Zvn‡j
†Kb cÖwZeÜx n‡q Rb¥ †be, †Kb wkïKv‡j Avgvi evev gviv hv‡e! †Kb gv
Avevi Ab¨Î we‡q Ki‡e?Õ gv‡S gv‡S A‡j․wKK wPš—vI K‡i wgjb|
Qwe AuvKv wb‡q wgj‡bi Rxe‡b N‡U‡Q GKwU AZ¨š— †e`bv`vqK NUbv| †h
NUbvi Rb¨ wgjb wb‡R‡KB `vwq K‡i| A_P Zvi wKQyB Kivi wQj bv| wkíx
bv‡gi Zvi GK evÜex wQj| Zvi m‡½ cÖ_g w`‡K ïayB eÜzZ¡ Qvov Avi wKQyB †m
Avkv K‡iwb| GKw`b wkíx Zvi GKwU Qwe Gu‡K w`‡Z e‡j wgjb‡K| wgjb
GhverKv‡ji g‡a¨ hZ Qwe Gu‡K‡Q, evÜex wkíxi Qwe me †_‡K ü`q wbsov‡bv
ggZvq AuvKvi †Póv K‡i| Qwe †`‡L wkíx nZevK n‡q hvq| ZLb wgjb‡K Avi
cÖwZeÜx wgjb g‡b nqwb Ges `yR‡bi ü`‡qi m‡½ `yR‡b GKvKvi n‡q †M‡Q|
Gfv‡eB Av‡e‡Mi †mªv‡Z †f‡mwQj `yR‡b| ZLb wgjb fveZ, ÔAvwg Avi
cÖwZeÜx bBÕ| Avgv‡K wkíxi gZ my¯’ †g‡q hLb fvjevm‡Z cv‡i ZLb Avwg
mgv‡Ri Ab¨‡ì gZ euvP‡Z cvie| wKš‘ cÖK…wZi Kvj‣ekvLx S‡oi gvZg †h
93
Zvi wèv¯^cœ †f‡½ †`‡e Zv wgjb RvbZ bv| wkíx wb‡RB G‡m GKw`b Zv‡K
Zvi we‡qi Lei w`‡q ¶gv †P‡q †Mj| †m ¯úó K‡i Rvwb‡q †Mj †h,
PvjPz‡jvnxb †Kvb cÖwZeÜxi m‡½ Zvi AwffveK Zv‡K we‡q †`‡eb bv| KviY
Av‡eM w`‡q †Zv Avi Rxeb P‡j bv| Zzwj A_ev †cwÝj Pj‡Z cv‡i| †mBw`b
wgjb me †_‡K †ekx eyS‡Z †c‡iwQj †h †m †Zv Avm‡j cÖwZeÜxB| mgvR Zv‡K
Avjv`v K‡i w`‡q‡Q| wgjb wb‡RB wb‡R‡K cÖkœ K‡i, ÔGi Rb¨ `vqx †K?Õ wKš‘
†Kvb Reve †g‡j bv|
eZ©gv‡b wgj‡bi Rb¨ gv‡S gv‡S we‡qi cÖ¯—ve Av‡m| wKš‘ wgjb ivRx nq bv|
Zvi Avi B‛Qv K‡ibv we‡qi fvebv fve‡Z| Avi hw` fve‡ZB nq Z‡e Zv
cÖwZwôZ nevi ci|
KL‡bv KL‡bv AvZ¥nZ¨v Ki‡Z B‛Qv K‡i wgj‡bi, hLb iv¯—vq Pjv‡divi mgq
Zv‡K †jv‡Ki KUzw³ ïb‡Z nq| abx eÜz‡ì m‡½ wgjb KL‡bv †g‡kwb, Avi
ZvivI wgjb‡K eÜz wn‡m‡e †bqwb| mgv‡Ri ¯^‛Qj e¨w³MY `wi`ª cÖwZeÜx‡ì
Gfv‡e †KvYVvmv K‡i ivL‡Z Af¨¯—| G ch©š— eûevi †Luvov m‡¤§vab ïb‡Z
n‡q‡Q wgjb‡K| GgbwK †Kvb †g‡q‡K cÖvB‡fU cov‡j Zvi gv Ges bvbx ch©š—
mgv‡jvPbv K‡i| ZLb wgjb fv‡e, †m †Zv wek¦vm nviv‡bvi gZ Ggb wKQy
K‡iwb| ZviciI †Kb G KUzw³! GZwKQyi c‡iI hLb gv‡S gv‡S nvZ Li‡Pi
Rb¨ gv‡qi Kv‡Q nvZ cvZ‡Z nq ZLb Zvi AvZ¥gh©v`vq eo AvNvZ jv‡M|
GLb wgj‡bi mvg‡b ïay GKUvB cÖZ¨vkv-K‡e wb‡Ri gZ K‡i GKUz euvP‡e! K‡e
†jLvcovUv wbwðZfv‡e Ki‡Z cvi‡e! A_©‣bwZK mgm¨v Avi _vK‡e bv|
m‡e©vcwi cÖwZeÜx bq, GKRb gvbyl wn‡m‡e mgv‡R Ab¨‡ì gZ K‡i †eu‡P
_vKvi ¯^cœ †`‡L wgjb|
94
Av‡jvnxb Avjvwgb
AÜ Avjvwg‡bi eqm 10 eQi| MÖvg cwðg mvqvov| Zvi Pvi fvB‡evb| `yB
fvB-`yB †evb| evev †bB| K¨vÝv‡i gviv †M‡Qb| Zv‡K euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ h_vmva¨
†Póv Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ e¨_© n‡q‡Q mKj †Póv| GLb gv-B Zv‡ì AwffveK|
PviwU mš—vb wb‡q Zv‡ì gv GLb A‣_ cv_v‡i| GB PviwUi g‡a¨ wZbwU mš—vbB
AÜ| A_©vr cÖ_g mš—vb, eo †g‡q Ges †QvU `yB †Q‡j| cwiev‡ii cuvP R‡bi
g‡a¨ wZbRbB AÜ| ejv hvq, Rb¥ †_‡KB AÜ| gv e‡jb, ÔR‡b¥i mgq my¯’
wkï‡ì gZ Zv‡ì †PvLI fvj wQj| hZ eqm ev‡o Z‡Zv †PvL e‡m hvq Ges
Zv‡ì `„wónxbZv ax‡i ax‡i aiv c‡o I ¯úó n‡Z _v‡K| gv-evev †KDB Rv‡bbv
†Kb mš—vb‡ì G AÜZ¡! cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì gš—e¨, Zv‡ì `yBR‡bi i³ cix¶v
Kiv ìKvi wQj| wKš‘ Zviv Zv K‡iwb| Zviv Am‡PZb wQj e‡j cÖ_g mš—v‡bi
AÜ‡Z¡i ci †Kvb eë¯’v MÖnY K‡iwb| ïaygvÎ †gS †g‡q my¯|’
gv mš—vb‡ì jvjb-cvjb Kivi Rb¨ A‡bï evwo‡Z wS-Gi KvR K‡i| wZbwU
mš—vb AÜ nIqvq Zv‡ì hZUv h‡Zœi cÖ‡qvRb, Zv wZwb Ki‡Z cv‡ib bv|
Avjvwgb Lye kvš— ¯^fv‡ei †Q‡j| †m Rv‡b, ïay Bw›`ª‡qi Ici wbf©i K‡i evKx
Rxeb Zv‡K KvUv‡Z n‡e| Rxe‡bi AvwObvq Av‡jvi QUv †Kvbw`bB †m †`‡Lwb,
Avi †`Lvi m¤¢vebvI †bB| †mUv XvKv †_‡K Avmv P¶z wkwe‡ii Wv³vi
cwi®‥vifv‡e Rvwb‡q w`‡q‡Qb|
c‡ii evwo‡Z wS-Gi KvR K‡i gv

cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ wg‡j cy‡iv msmvi Pvjvb| Avjvwg‡bi
GKmv‡_ †L‡Z emv nq bv ej‡jB GKgvÎ †QvU PvPv Zvi mvg_©¨
P‡j| gv Kv‡R hvevi mgq Lvevi Abymv‡i †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib| wZwb
mvg‡b w`‡q hvq| ïaygvÎ nvZ GgbI fv‡eb, ÔZvi GKUv †PvL †K‡U
eywj‡q †L‡q †bq Zviv| gv‡S gv‡S Avjvwgb‡K jvwM‡q w`‡Z hw` †KD
_vjvi Lvevi gyiMx A_ev †eov‡j cv‡i, Zvn‡j †m Zvi †PvL w`‡q
fvMvfvwM K‡i †L‡q hvq| eyS‡Z †`‡eÕ|
cvi‡j Zvovq, Avi eyS‡Z bv
cvi‡j Zvov‡Z cv‡i bv| gv Qvov GKgvÎ my¯’ iwgRv| †m Aóg
†kªYx‡Z c‡o| iwgRv Zvi wZbwU AÜ
95
fvB‡evb‡K wb‡q wK Ki‡e Zv Zvi Rvbv †bB| †h‡nZz gv c‡ii evwo‡Z wS-Gi
KvR K‡ib, †m‡nZz AÜ fvB‡evb‡ì A‡bKLvwb †`Lv‡kvbv Zv‡KB Ki‡Z nq|
AÜ eo †ev‡bi nvZ a‡i gv‡S gv‡S evwoi Av‡kcv‡k †eov‡Z †ei nZ| wKš‘
eZ©gv‡b eo †evb eq‡m eo nIqvq Avi Zv‡K evwn‡i wb‡q hvIqv nq bv| GLb
†m AÜ `„wói mv‡_ eÜ N‡ii AÜKvi‡K hy³ K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
Avjvwg‡bi cwiev‡i wZb fvB AÜ nIqvq †K Kv‡K †`Lv‡kvbv Ki‡e Zvi †Kvb
wVK wVKvbv †bB| e„×v `v`x Zvi `yej© kixi wb‡q hZUzKz cv‡i I‡K mvnvh¨
K‡i| cwiev‡ii mKj m`m¨ wg‡j GKmv‡_ †L‡Z emv nq bv ej‡jB P‡j| gv
Kv‡R hvevi mgq Lvevi mvg‡b w`‡q hvq| ïaygvÎ nvZ eywj‡q Abygv‡b †L‡q †bq
Zviv| gv‡S gv‡S _vjvi Lvevi gyiMx A_ev †eov‡j fvMvfvwM K‡i †L‡q hvq|
eyS‡Z cvi‡j Zvovq, Avi eyS‡Z bv cvi‡j Zvov‡Z cv‡i bv|
†QvU AÜ †Q‡jwU A‡bK wKQyB eyS‡Z Pvq bv| mvgvb¨‡ZB A‡bK evqbv K‡i
†R` a‡i| †mB evqbv _vgv‡Z Zvi PvPv ch©š— AvcÖvY †Póv K‡ib| GK mgq
†Ku‡` †Ku‡` †_‡g hvq Zvi evqbv|
gv KL‡bv evB‡i †eov‡Z †h‡Z cv‡i bv| GKm‡½ wZbwU AÜ mš—vb m‡½ wb‡q
Pjv‡div Kiv KZUv KwVb KvR, Zv †mB †ev‡S| AvRKvj AÜ‡ì Rb¨ wk¶vi
my‡hvM Av‡Q wKbv Zv Avjvwg‡bi gv mwVK Rv‡b bv| Z‡e †KD †KD e‡j‡Q,
h‡kvi †Rjv kn‡i cvVv‡j Zv‡ì Rb¨ my‡hvM-myweav _vK‡Z cv‡i| Avjvwg‡bi
gv AÜ mš—vb‡ì `~‡i cvVv‡Z bvivR| Zvi wPš—v †mLv‡b †K Zv‡ì †`L‡e?
nq‡Zv GKw`b g‡iB hv‡e Abv`‡i| Z‡e ev‡Minv‡U hw` AÜ‡ì Rb¨ †Kvb
wk¶vg~jK cÖwZôvb _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j Avjvwg‡bi gv Aš—Z Avjvwgb‡K †mLv‡b
w`Z| KvQvKvwQ e‡j gv‡S gv‡S wM‡q Zv‡K †`‡L Avm‡Z cvi‡Zv|
Avjvwg‡bi gv fv‡e, BDwbqb cwil` †_‡K GjvKvevmx Pvj, Mg mvnvh¨ cvq|

wKš‘ †m AvR ch©š— †Kvb mvnvh¨ cvqwb| ïay cÖwZ‡ekxiv C` A_ev †Kvb Drm‡e
mvgvb¨ wKQy mvnvh¨ K‡i|
Avjvwg‡bi Kv‡Q c„w_exi iƒc, cwi‡ek, jZvcvZv m¤ú‡K© wRÁvmv Ki‡j †m

wbðzc _v‡K| GKRb gvbyl A_ev Kjgx dzj †Kgb Zv †m Rv‡b bv| ïay Abyfe
K‡i| nq‡Zv m„wóKZ©v Zvi Z…Zxq P¶z wn‡m‡e †mUv‡KB mPj †i‡L‡Qb| †m
iv‡R¨ †m GKvB wePiY Ki‡Z cv‡i, Ab¨ †KD bq|
96
Rwibvi Revbe›`x
Rwibv bv‡gi Amnvq †g‡qwUi Rb¥ lvUM¤^yR BDwbq‡bi iYf~wg MÖv‡g| evevi bvg
†kL iwngywÏb| wZwb K…wlKvR K‡ib| wb‡R‡ì mvgvb¨ Rwgi Drcv`‡b msmv‡ii
fiY‡cvlY m¤¢e bq weavq c‡ii Rwg eM©v Pvl K‡ib| wZb‡evb, GKfvB I gv-
evevÑ†gvU QqR‡bi msmvi, †gv‡UB ¯^‛Qj bq| Zvi Dci `yB‡evb cÖwZeÜx|
Rwibv GKwU cv_i †Pv‡L c„w_ex‡K †`‡L Ges †QvU †evb iwngv evK cÖwZeÜx|
gv‡S gv‡S Zvi cwieviwU‡K cÖwZeÜxi cvš’kvjv g‡b nq|
Rwibvi hLb Rb¥ nq, ZLb A`¶ MÖvg¨ avÎx Øviv gv‡qi cÖme Kiv‡bv nq| †mB
R‡b¥i mgq avÎxi b‡Li †LuvPv jv‡M evg †Pv‡L| ZLb †KDB welqwU j¶¨
K‡iwb| wZbgvm eq‡mi mgq †PvLwU jvj n‡Z ïi‚ K‡i| Zvici Lye ¯^í
mg‡qi eëav‡b hš¿Yv ïi‚ nq| †`Lv‡bv nq Lyjbv †gwW‡K‡ji Wv³vi| ZLb
Zv‡K cÖv_wgK wPwKrmv †Ìqv nq| wKš‘ w`b w`b Ae¯’v Av‡iv Lviv‡ci w`‡K
hvq| GK mgq †PvLwU M‡j M‡j co‡Z _v‡K| hLb eqm GK eQi ZLb †PvLwU
m¤ú~Y© bó n‡q hvq| Lyjbv †gwW‡K‡jB †PvLwU Zz‡j †d‡j w`‡q GKwU cv_‡ii
†PvL jvMv‡bv nq| †mB †_‡K GLb ch©š— GKwU cv_‡ii †PvL w`‡q Ab¨
†PvLwU‡K †m mnvqZv K‡i hv‡‛Q| cÖK…wZi †Kvb is, iƒc, Av‡jv †mB cv_i‡K
†f` K‡i Aš—‡i †cu․‡Q bv| Aš—‡ii †Kvgj ewn:cÖKvkI †hb gv‡S gv‡S †mB
cv_‡i evav †c‡q Aš—‡iB cybivq wd‡i Av‡m| d‡j eyS‡Z †kLvi ci †_‡KB
ïay ü`‡qi AcÖKvwkZ †evSvq †m fvivµvš—|
nvRv‡iv `wi`ªZvi gv‡S GKwU †Pv‡Li mvnvh¨ wb‡q cÖv_wgK we`¨vjq †m cvi
K‡i‡Q| A‡bK cÖwZeÜKZvi g‡aÏ †m cov‡kvbv Pvwj‡q †M‡Q| evwo‡Z
nuvmgyiMx cvj‡bi mvgvb¨ Avq fvB‡evb‡ì †cQ‡b e¨q n‡q‡Q| GZ cÖ‡Póvi
c‡iI fve‡Z Zvi Lvivc jv‡M †h GKgvÎ fvB‡K gvbyl Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
GLb Zvi g‡b c‡o ¯‥z‡j hvevi mgq ÔGK †PvLvÕ A_ev ÔKvbvÕ BZ¨vw` e‡j
KUzw³i Zxi Zv‡K we× K‡i‡Q| i³v³ ü`q wb‡q ZeyI c_ P‡j‡Q| Rxe‡b
Pjvi c_, we‡kl K‡i GKRb †g‡q cÖwZeÜxi Rb¨ †h KZUv K›UKgq Zv †m
Rxeb w`‡q Dcjwä Ki‡Z cv‡i| fv‡e †m, mgvR hw` mvnvh¨ KiZ Zvn‡j Zvi
Rb¨ wKQz wKQy welq A‡bK mnR nZ| Avi mnR bv n‡jI Aš‘Z GZUv KwVb
nZ bv| cvov-cÖwZ‡ekxiv hLb Zvi evev-gvi Kv‡Q e‡j, ÔGK †PvL Kvbv
97
†g‡q‡K UvKv-cqmv LiP K‡i †jLvcov wkLv‡bvi wK ìKvi! Zvi‡P‡q GKUv

Mixe †Q‡j †`‡L we‡q w`‡q
KvD‡K AvR ch©š— ejv nqwb †h GmGmwm `vIÕ ZLb evev-gvmn †m wb‡RI
covi mgq Zvi GKRb mncvwV Zv‡K †cÖg Kó cvq| fv‡e †m, gbyl¨
wb‡e`b Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘ wb‡Ri mgv‡R emevm Kwi, bvwK Avw`g
Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i †m KLbI mvov hy‡M? GZ mgv‡jvPbvi c‡iI †m
6/7 wK‡jvwgUvi c_ cv‡q †nu‡U
†`qwb| Zv‡K hvPvBI Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj †h,
Zvici K‡j‡Ri Mvox a‡i K¬vm
Zvi fvjevmvi MfxiZv KZUzKz! wKš‘ Zvi K‡i‡Q| mvg‡b Zvi wWMÖx
djvdj wn‡m‡e wd‡i G‡m‡Q Zvi cix¶v| ¯^cœ †`‡L, wWMÖx cvk
cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q KUzw³ n‡q| GK‡PvL K‡i GKwU ¯‥z‡ji wkw¶Kv n‡e|
Kvbv, Zvi Dci GZ †`gvM! ZLb Zvi g‡b KviY evox‡Z †m wKQy QvÎQvÎx
covq| MÖv‡gi `wi`ª gvbyl Lye
n‡q‡Q cÖwZewÜZv Ggb GK †`qvj hv †f`
†ekx UvKv w`‡Z cv‡ibv| mvgvb¨
K‡i fvjevmvi Av‡jvq KL‡bv †cu․Qv‡bv †h UvKv cvq (300 UvKv) Zv
m¤¢e bq| Zvici †_‡K †cÖg-fvjevmvi w`‡q wb‡Ri Pj‡Z Zvi Lye Kó
wLiKx‡Z cv_‡ii Mvu_ybx w`‡q †i‡L‡Q| nq| GZwKQyi c‡iI
GKevi Aek¨ mivmwi we‡qi GKwU cÖ¯—ve cÖ w Z‡ekxiv hLb Zv‡K ÔKvbvB
gvóviÕ e‡j Wv‡K, ZLb mgv‡Ri
G‡mwQj| wKš‘ †m k³ fvlvq bv K‡i
GB wb›`y‡Ki gy‡L QvB †dj‡Z
w`‡q‡Q| KviY, Zviv A‡bK UvKv †h․ZzK B‡‛Q K‡i Zvi| wKš‘ Zvi †m
†P‡qwQj| evev-gv‡K †m eywS‡q ivRx kw³ †Kv_vq?
Kiv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q †h, †Q‡j‡K †h․ZzK bv
w`‡q †m UvKv Avgv‡K `vI| Avwg †jLvcov gv‡S gv‡S Zvi wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi
w`‡K Avi wd‡i ZvKv‡Z B‛Qv
Kie| evev-gv †mw`b Zvi K_v †i‡LwQ‡jb
K‡ibv| †QvU †ev‡bi w`‡K †P‡q
e‡jB AvR †m wWMÖx cix¶v w`‡Z cÖ¯w‘ Z Zvi g‡b nq wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi
wb‡‛Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †h․Zz‡Ki UvKv †`qvi wewbg‡q n‡jI hw` †QvU
Rb¨ Zvi evev †kl Rwg LÛ wewµi nvZ †evbwUi gy‡Li fvlv wdwi‡q
†_‡K †invB cvb| w`‡Z cviZ Zvn‡j Rb¥ mv_©K
g‡b Ki‡Zv| hw` †`‡k †evev
†jvK‡ì Rb¨ wk¶vi my‡hvM
_vK‡Zv Zvn‡j KwVb cwikª‡gi wewbg‡q n‡jI Zv‡K ¯‥z‡j cvVv‡Zv| Ii RxebUv
†m‡¶‡Î AbïKg n‡Z cviZ|
98
A_©-weË †KvbUvB Zvi Kv‡Q KL‡bv Kvgbvi e¯‘ nqwb| ïay wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi
†evSv wb‡R e‡q wb‡q hvIqvi mvg_©¨ AR©b Ki‡Z Pvq| Rwibvi g‡bvfve Zvi
cwievi eyS‡Z cv‡i| KviY cvwievwiK †Kvb Av‡jvPbvq Zv‡K Ae‡njv Kiv nq
bv| Dciš‘ †QvU fvB‡ev‡biv Zv‡K eo †ev‡bi Avm‡b h_vh_ gh©v`v cÖ`vb K‡i|
†mB gh©v`vi g~j¨ ivL‡Z †m Zvi c‡ii †evbwU‡K we‡q‡Z ivRx Kwi‡q we‡q
w`‡q‡Q| †m PÆMÖv‡g ¯^vgx, mš—vb wb‡q my‡LB Av‡Q| I‡ì myL Kíbv K‡i †m
wb‡RI myL Abyfe K‡i|
wUb Ges †MvjcvZvi QvDbx Ges L‡oi †eov w`‡q Rwibvi evev †h Kuz‡oNi
†eu‡a‡Q †mLv‡b cÖvPz‡h©ï †Quvqv †bB| ïay Av‡Q †Kvbfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Avkv|
†mB Avkv wb‡qB cwiev‡ii mK‡j msMÖvgiZ|
evÜex‡ì m‡½ Mí Kivi mgq fvjevmv Ges we‡qi cÖm‡½ K_v nq| Zv‡KI
Zviv gv‡S gv‡S cxovcxwo K‡i KvD‡K †m fvjev‡m wKbv Zv Rvb‡Z| †m me
mgq Zv‡ì e‡j, ÔAvgv‡ì gZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì fvjevm‡Z †bB| KviY, fvjevmvi
e`‡j Ki‚YvB cvIqv hvq †ewk|Õ KvD‡K AvR ch©š— ejv nqwb †h GmGmwm
covi mgq Zvi GKRb mncvVx Zv‡K †cÖg wb‡e`b Ki‡Z †P‡qwQj| wKš‘
wb‡Ri Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i †m KLbI mvov †`qwb| Zv‡K hvPvBI Ki‡Z
†P‡qwQj †h, Zvi fvjevmvi MfxiZv KZUzKz! wKš‘ Zvi djvdj wn‡m‡e †c‡q‡Q
Zvi cÖwZewÜZv wel‡q KUzw³| GK‡PvL Kvbv, Zvi Dci GZ †`gvM! ZLb Zvi
g‡b n‡q‡Q cÖwZewÜZv Ggb GK †`qvj hv †f` K‡i fvjevmvi Av‡jvq KL‡bv
†cu․Qv‡bv m¤¢e bq| Zvici †_‡K †cÖg-fvjevmvi wLiKx‡Z cv_‡ii Muv_ybx w`‡q
†i‡L‡Q| GKevi Aek¨ mivmwi we‡qi GKwU cÖ¯—ve G‡mwQj| wKš‘ †m k³
fvlvq bv K‡i w`‡q‡Q| KviY, Zviv A‡bK UvKv †h․ZzK †P‡qwQj| evev-gv‡K
†m eywS‡q ivRx Kiv‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Q †h, †Q‡j‡K †h․ZzK bv w`‡q †mB UvKv
Avgv‡K `vI| Avwg †jLvcov Kie| evev-gv †mw`b Zvi K_v †i‡LwQ‡jb e‡jB
AvR †m wWMÖx cix¶v w`‡Z cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡‛Q| Ab¨w`‡K, †h․Zz‡Ki UvKv †`qvi Rb¨
Zvi evev †kl Rwg LÛ wewµi nvZ †_‡K †invB cvb|
GZ cÖwZK~jZvi gv‡SI ü`‡q ARvbv GK Avb‡›ì myijnix †m Abyfe K‡i

hLb Zvi QvÎQvÎxiv cix¶vq fvj dj K‡i| wVK Ggwb K‡i ¯^vfvweK wkï‡ì
gZ cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì RbÏ hw` †jLvcov Kievi my‡hvM _vK‡Zv, Zvn‡j Zvi
A_ev Zvi †ev‡bi gZ cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡Ri gZ K‡i euvPvi my‡hvM †cZ| Zviv Avi
KLbI wb‡R‡ì Amnvq g‡b Ki‡Zv bv|
99
AvR wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb †_‡KB Zvi ej‡Z B‛Qv K‡i, ivóª hw` cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbyl
wn‡m‡e mgmy‡hvM cÖ`vb K‡i, Zvn‡j cÖwZeÜxivI Ab¨‡ì gZ bvMwiK f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| hw` KL‡bv cÖwZeÜxiv GKm‡½ msMwVZ n‡q Zuv‡ì
gvbevwaKvi msi¶Y Kivi Kv‡R †b‡g c‡o Zvn‡j RwibvI †mB wgwQ‡ji
GKRb n‡e e‡j Rvbvq|
100
wbZx‡ki RxebwPÎ
wbZxk gnjx, wcZv: wb‡iva gnjx, MÖvg: evivKcyi, BDwbqb: lvUM¤^yR,

ev‡MinvU| wbZx‡ki eZ©gvb eqm 16 eQi| Zuviv wZbfvB Avi GKwU cvZv‡bv
†evb| gv-evev mK‡jB †eu‡P Av‡Q| wbZxk mK‡ji †QvU|
wbZxk mvZ gvm eqm †_‡K †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q| Zvi
`yBcv‡q mgm¨v| †m ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li gZ nuvU‡Z cv‡i bv| †Mvovjxi Dci fi
K‡i nuv‡U| Wvbnv‡ZI mvgvb¨ mgm¨v Av‡Q| Zvi gv‡qi Kv‡Q Rvbv hvq,
†QvU‡ejvq GKevi †m †`vjbv †_‡K c‡o wM‡qwQj| Zvici R¡i n‡q G Ae¯’vi
m„wó nq| wPwKrmv Kiv nqwb ej‡jB P‡j| KviY, my‡hvM wQj bv|
wbZx‡ki evev g~jZ: GKRb f¨vbPvjK| f¨vb Pvjv‡bvi cvkvcvwk kx‡Zi mgq
†LRyi MvQ Kv‡U| A‡bK Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi gv‡S Zvi msmvi P‡j| wbZx‡ki eo `yB
fvB K…wlKvR K‡ib| wb‡Ri mvgvb¨ wKQy Rwg Ges A‡bï KvQ †_‡K eM©vq ivLv
Rwg‡Z KvR K‡i| gv‡S gv‡S w`bgRyixi KvRI K‡i| msmv‡ii †ek wKQyUv
Pvwn`v Zviv c~iY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
gvÎ 6/7 KvVv Rwgi Dci wbZxk‡ì emZ evox| wUb I Lwoi Øviv •Zwi GKwU
N‡i Zv‡ì emevm| bvi‡Kj, mycvix, †LRyi Mv‡Q †Niv Qvqv mywbweo wbwiwewj
cwi‡ek|
mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡ì gZ wbZxkI †jLvcov ïi‚ K‡iwQj| ¯‥z‡j †h‡Z Zv‡K
†ek Kó Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Z‡e evwoi KvQvKvwQ ¯‥zj nIqvq hvZvqv‡Z wKQyUv
mvnvh¨ n‡q‡Q| †jLvcov Kivi e¨vcv‡i cwiev‡ii mK‡jB Zv‡K mva¨gZ
mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv I Drmvn hywM‡q‡Q| GgbwK byb Avb‡Z cvš—v dziv‡bvi gZ
Ae¯’vqI wbZx‡ki Rb¨ evwo‡Z M„nwk¶K ivLv n‡q‡Q| †jLvcovq wbZx‡kiI
AvMÖn Kg wQj bv| †m ¯‥z‡ji GKRb †gavex QvÎ wnmv‡e cwiwPZ wQj| cÖ_g
†kªYx †_‡K mßg †kªYx ch©š— †m wQj cÖ_g| †mB wbZxk GmGmwmi wbe©vPbx
cix¶vq AK…ZKvh© nq| †Kb GB Ae¯’v?
†jLvcovi cvkvcvwk wbZxk fvj Awfbq KiZ| Zv‡ì ¯‥z‡j cÖvq Pvi eQi †m
cÖwZeÜx, wcZv Ges cvM‡ji Awfbq K‡i‡Q| Awfb‡q Zvi †Kvb cÖwk¶Y †bB|
101
Z‡e cÖwk¶Y wb‡Z AvMÖnx wbZxk| Zvi cwievi cÖ_gw`‡K Zvi GB Awfbq
Kiv‡K mg_©b K‡iwb| Z‡e eZ©gv‡b evev-gv mK‡jB Zvi Awfbq cQ›` K‡i|
Awfb‡qi cvkvcvwk ev`¨hš¿ QvovB †m fvj Mvb MvB‡Z cv‡i| wb‡R KweZvI
wjL‡Z cv‡i| ¯îwPZ KweZv cvV K‡i †m cyi¯‥viI †c‡q‡Q|
†jLvcovq AebwZi KviY LyuR‡Z wM‡q †`Lv hvq mßg †kªYx‡Z covKvjxb ivRxe
bv‡gi GK eÜzi mn‡hvwMZvq GK mncvwVbxi Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmvi K_v Rvbv‡Z
wM‡q Zviv `yR‡bB jvwÃZ nq|
†jLvcovi AebwZi KviY LyuR‡Z cieZ©x‡Z D³ †g‡qwU Zvi wi·vi
wM‡q †`Lv hvq mßg †kªYx‡Z PvjK‡K w`‡q wbZxk‡K cÖPÊ gviai
covKvjxb mg‡q ivRxe bv‡gi GK K‡i| GB NUbvi djkÖ‚wZ‡Z
eÜzi mn‡hvwMZvq GK mncvwVbxi cwiev‡i wbZx‡ki fveg~wZ© bó n‡q
Kv‡Q fv‡jvevmvi K_v Rvbv‡Z hvq| cwiev‡ii mK‡j Zv‡K mwVK
wM‡q Zviv `yR‡bB jvwÃZ nq| c_wb‡`©k bv K‡i Zvi cÖwZ
D`vmxbZv †`Lv‡Z ïi‚ K‡i| †mB
cieZ©x‡Z D³ †g‡qwU Zvi wi·vi
†_‡K eÜz-evÜ‡ei m‡½ evB‡i
PvjK‡K w`‡q wbZxk‡K cÖPÛ AvÇvq †g‡Z _v‡K| wmMv‡iU LvIqv
gviai K‡i| GB NUbvi ïi‚ K‡i| †mLvb †_‡K GK ch©v‡q
djkÖ‚wZ‡Z cwiev‡i wbZx‡ki †m MuvRvq Avm³ n‡q c‡o| A‡bK
fveg~wZ© bó n‡q hvq| cwiev‡ii ivZ wbZx‡ki Rxeb †_‡K AwZevwnZ
mK‡j Zv‡K mwVK c_wb‡`©k bv n‡q †M‡Q, †h iv‡Z †m evwo‡ZB
K‡i Zvi cÖwZ D`vmxbZv †`Lv‡Z †d‡iwb| D™£v‡š—i gZ c‡_Nv‡U
ïi‚ K‡i| †mB †_‡K eÜz-evÜ‡ei KvwU‡q‡Q| †f‡e‡Q, Ggb wK Aciva
m‡½ evB‡i AvÇvq †g‡Z _v‡K| †m K‡i‡Q †h Zv‡K AgvbywlK cÖnvi
wmMv‡iU LvIqv ïi‚ K‡i| †mLvb Kiv nj! wbZxk fv‡e, fvjevmvi K_v
†_‡K GK ch©v‡q MuvRvq Avm³ ejvUv wK cvc, bvwK Aciva? cvc
n‡q c‡o| Ggb A‡bK ivZ n‡j mgv‡R Ggb cvc A‡b‡KB †Zv
K‡i, Zv‡ì †Zv Gfv‡e jvwÃZ n‡Z
wbZx‡ki Rxeb †_‡K AwZevwnZ
nq bv| Zvn‡j wK Avgvi
n‡q †M‡Q, †h iv‡Z †m evwo‡ZB cÖwZewÜZvB Avgv‡K mvaviY gvbyl
†d‡iwb| D™£v‡š—i gZ c‡_Nv‡U †_‡K Avjv`v K‡i‡Q? Gfv‡e †ek
KvwU‡q‡Q| †f‡e‡Q, Ggb wK wKQyw`b KvUv‡bvi ci µ‡g avZ¯’ nq
Aciva †m K‡i‡Q †h Zv‡K wd‡i Av‡m Gici †_‡K †m Avi
AgvbywlK cÖnvi Kiv nj! evwoi evB‡i hvq bv| fv‡e, Avevi
cov‡kvbv ïi‚ Ki‡e| wKš‘ ZZw`‡b
102
†`wi n‡q †M‡Q A‡bK| cov‡kvbvi †mªvZgvb Rjavivq c‡o‡Q Pi| MwZ Avi
Av‡Mi gZ †bB| †m Kvi‡YB wbZxk wbe©vPbx cix¶vq AK…ZKvh© nq| GKvš—
wbf„‡Z Avš—wiK cwi‡e‡k Rvbvq, GLb †m ïay AvZ¥nZ¨v Kivi GKwU gv‡n›`ª¶Y
LyuR‡Q|
mgv‡R wbZxk‡K A‡bK KUzK_v ïb‡Z n‡q‡Q Ges nq| ¯‥z‡j A‡bK QvÎQvÎxiv
Ôe¨vO‡LuvovÕ e‡j Dcnvm K‡i, Ggb wK iv¯—vqI| ZLb m„wóKZ©vi Dci Zvi Lye
ivM nq| wbZx‡ki g‡b nq, m„wóKZ©vi wK Ggb ¯^v_© i¶v nj Zv‡K ¯^vfvweK
gvby‡li gZ bv K‡i cÖwZeÜxi KvZv‡i mvwgj K‡i| Ggb wK, †h †g‡qwU‡K †cÖg
wb‡e`b Ki‡Z wM‡q jvwÃZ n‡qwQj, †mI wbZxk‡K †`‡L Ggb Dcnv‡mi nvwm
nv‡m; Zv‡Z wbZxk wb‡R‡K Avi gvbyl e‡j fv‡e bv, A‡bKUv Rš‘Rv‡bvqv‡ii
gZB g‡b K‡i wb‡R‡K|
wbZx‡ki evev-gv me mgq wbZx‡ki fwel¨Z wb‡q wPš—v K‡i| Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii
Ab¨‡ì †KD cov‡kvbv bv Ki‡jI Zviv †L‡U †L‡Z cvi‡e| wKš‘ wbZxk Zv
cvi‡e bv| ZvB Zv‡K †jLvcov †kLv‡bvq Zv‡ì Lye B‡‛Q| hv‡Z K‡i wbZxk
wb‡Ri cv‡q ùvov‡Z cv‡i|
wbZx‡ki Av‡¶c, cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e mvgvwRKfv‡e †Kvb my‡hvM cvqwb| GgbwK

¯‥z‡j fvj djvdj Kivi RbÏ bq| Z‡e GjvKvq GKRb Wv³vi Av‡Qb, whwb
wbZxk‡K Lye fvjev‡mb| wbZxk‡K A‡bK g~jëvb Dc‡`k †`b| wbZxk Zuv‡K
Lye cQ›` K‡i|
wbZxk fv‡e, hw` KL‡bv Zv‡ì gZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rxe‡bi K_v †f‡e mgvR
my‡hvM K‡i †`q Zvn‡j †m wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi K_v bv †f‡e Zvi mg¯— kw³ wb‡q
Kv‡R †b‡g co‡e| GLb Zvi ïay GKUv B‛Qv cÖejfv‡e Zv‡K Aw¯’i K‡i
†Zv‡j| †mwU n‡jv, ÔmgvR Zv‡K GKRb gvbyl wnmv‡e †`LyK, cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e
bq|Õ
103
AvkvnZ Avmgv LvZzb
Avmgv LvZz‡bi K_v ejwQ| †h Avmgv cÖwZeÜx, †mB Avmgvi K_v| evwo Zvi
c~e© mvqov| m¤ú~Y© AR cvovMuv ej‡Z hv †evSvq, †m iKgB GKUv MÖvg|
Avmgvi Rxeb Kvwnbx‡Z gvbevwaKvi jsN‡bi GKwU R¡jš— cÖgvY cvIqv hvq|
Avmgvi evev †kL Rv‡ei Avjx| K…wlwfwËK cwievi ej‡Z hv †evSvq Rv‡ei
Avjxi cwievi wVK ZvB| K…wlKvR K‡i msmvi Pvjvb ¯^‛QjZvi mv‡_B| ¯¿x Ges
4 †Q‡j wb‡q †gvUvgywU my‡Li msmvi wQj| GKw`b nVvr K‡i Rv‡ei Avjxi ¯¿x
Amy¯’ n‡q co‡jb| Rv‡ei Avjxi msmvi cÖvq APj n‡q coj| ZLb cÖ_g ¯¿xi
AbygwZ wb‡q wØZxq we‡q Ki‡jb| wØZxq ¯¿xi N‡i 3 †Q‡j 4 †g‡qi Rb¥ nq|
†mB wØZxq ¯¿xi wØZxq mš—vb Avmgv|
Avmgvi eqm hLb 3/4 eQi ZLb †m †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q cÖwZeÜx n‡q
hvq| A‡K‡Rv nq Zvi evg cv| wKš‘ Avmgv Ges Zvi cwievi g‡b K‡i,
Avmgvi ÔevI evZvmÕ †j‡M‡Q| evevi wKQyUv mvg_© _vKvm‡Ë¡I DbœZ wPwKrmv
Kiv‡bv nqwb Zv‡K| ISv-Kweiv‡Ri kiYvcbœ n‡qwQj| d‡j hv nevi ZvB
n‡jv| Avmgvi cÖwZewÜZv ¯’vqx iƒc wbj| †h eq‡m ev‛Pviv †nu‡U-P‡j †eovq,
Avmgv ZL‡bv nuvU‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvici Av‡¯— Av‡¯— mK‡ji †Póvq GKUz GKUz
K‡i nuvUv ïi‚ Kij| N‡ii †eov, †Nivi euvk BZ¨vw` a‡i ïi‚ nj Zvi
Pjv‡div| Gfv‡e †m cv †U‡b nuvU‡Z cv‡i| GB Ae¯’vq †m cÂg †kªYx ch©š—
c‡o‡Q| Avmgvi B‛Qv wQj, †jLvcov wk‡L A‡bK eo n‡e| wKš‘ mvgvwRK
Ae¯’v Zvi KvQ †_‡K †mB B‛QvUv †K‡o wbj| evevi eqwm Kvgvj †kL bv‡gi
GK cÖwZ‡ekx Zv‡K iv¯—vq DZ¨³ Ki‡Z ïi‚ Kij| cÖ_‡g Avmgv †f‡ewQj
wbQK iwmKZv| iwmKZvi Q‡j †m Zv‡K iv¯—vNv‡U Rwo‡q aiZ| A‡bK mgq
Kvgvj †kL Zvi wb‡Ri evox‡Z wb‡qI Rwo‡q aiZ| KviY, Avmgv‡ì evwoi
cv‡kB Kvgvj †k‡Li evwo| Avmgv Kvgvj †k‡Li ¯¿xi Kv‡QI G wel‡q bvwjk
K‡i‡Q| ZLb Zvi ¯¿x gš—e¨ K‡i‡Q, Ô†Zvi m‡½ im K‡i|Õ wKš‘ Kvgvj †k‡Li
g‡b wQj Aíeqmx GKwU cÖwZeÜx †g‡q‡K we‡q Kivi jvjmv| Ae¯’v hLb Pig
ch©v‡q DVj ZLb Avmgv Avi iv¯—vq †e‡iv‡Z cv‡i bv|
Avmgvi evev ZLb †g‡q‡K evwoi mvg‡b GKwU †`vKvb K‡i †`q| Avmgv †mB
†`vKvb wb‡RB Pvjv‡Zv, †ek fvjfv‡eB w`b KvUwQj Zvi| m¤ú~Y© wb‡R Avq-
104
†ivRMvi Ki‡Z cv‡i Avmgv| wb‡R DcvR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡Q GUv fve‡Z Zvi Lye
fvj jv‡M|
nVvr GKw`b †`Lv †Mj Kvgvj †kL Avmgvi †`vKv‡bi cv‡k GKwU †`vKvb
Kij| †mBw`b †_‡KB ïi‚ nj Avmgvi fv‡Mï weo¤^bv| Kvgvj †kL w`‡bi
ci w`b Zv‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ cxovcxwo Ki‡Z _v‡K| ZLb Avmgvi eqm gvÎ
13 eQi| GKwU wK‡kvix eq‡mi †g‡q‡K wKfv‡e ek Ki‡Z nq Zv Kvgvj †kL
fvjfv‡eB Rvb‡Zv| KviY †h Avmgv wb‡RB GKw`b Zvi VvÆv-g¯‥iv cQ›` KiZ
bv, †mB AvmgvB Zv‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ cvMj n‡q DVj| Ae¯’v †eMwZK †`‡L
Kvgvj †k‡Li ¯¿x Zvi ¯^vgx‡K Avmgvi m‡½ we‡q †èvi cÖ¯w‘ Z †bq| wKš‘ kZ©
wn‡m‡e ¯^vgxi wbKU †_‡K †ekwKQy RwgRgv Zvi wb‡Ri bv‡g wjwL‡q †bq| hLb
Avmgvi evevi Kv‡Q Kvgvj †k‡Li c¶ †_‡K cÖ¯—ve †Ìqv nq, ZLb Avmgvi
evev-fvB‡qiv GK K_vqB ivwR n‡q
hvq| Zv‡ì aviYv, Avmgvi gZ
cÖwZwU cÖwZeÜxiB DwPZ †jLvcov GKwU cÖwZeÜx †g‡q‡K †KD we‡q
wk‡L Zvi cÖwZewÜZv †NuvPv‡bv| G Ki‡Z PvB‡e bv| AZGe we‡q n‡q
mZ¨wU AvR g‡g© g‡g© Dcjwä K‡i †Mj 13 eQi Avmgvi m‡½ cÖvq 40
Avmgv| cÖwZeÜx e‡j mvgvwRK eQi eq‡mi Kvgvj †k‡Li| †m mgq
fv‡e Zv‡K wewfbœ Ae¯’v‡b Kvgvj †k‡Li cÖvq 20 eQi eq‡mi
Aeg~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUI Zvi GKwU †Q‡j wQj|
GKwU gvbwmK hš¿Yv| hw` †m
cÖwZeÜx bv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j ¯^vgxi G eZ©gv‡b Avmgvi GKwU †Q‡j Av‡Q|
AgvbweKZvi wei‚‡× †m i‚‡L Zvi eqm 6 eQi| Avmgvi eqm
ùvov‡Zv| wKš‘ Zvi †m g‡bvej eZ©gv‡b 19 eQi| mwZ‡bi m‡½
†bB, ïaygvÎ kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZvi †gv‡UB fvj m¤úK© †bB| †m K_vB
e‡j bv Zvi m‡½| Avmgv _v‡K
Kvi‡Y| ZvB‡Zv Avmgv AvR fvlv
Avjv`v msmv‡i | myL wK, Zv AvR
_vK‡ZI †evev, †PvL _vK‡ZI AÜ Avi Avmgv Rv‡b bv| msmv‡i nvRv‡iv
Ges kÖeYkw³ _vK‡ZI ewa‡ii Afve-Awf‡hvM, A‡bKUv hš¿Pvwj‡Zi
f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| me wgwj‡q gZ Rxeb e‡q P‡j Avmgv| ¯^vgxi
AvR AvkvnZ Rxeb msMÖv‡g civ¯— msmvi Ki‡Z Zuvi †gv‡UB fvj
Avmgv| jv‡Mbv| ¯¿x wn‡m‡e †m †gv‡UB gh©v`v
cvqwb| fvj‡e‡m AvR Avi †m Kv‡Q
Uv‡b bv| A_ev †Kv_vI †eov‡ZI wb‡q hvq bv| Avmgv AvR fv‡e-we‡qi Av‡M
†hmKj K_v, †hmKj cÖwZkÖ‚wZ Zvi GKwUI ev¯—evqb K‡iwb Zvi ¯^vgx|
105
ïaygvÎ †Q‡ji gy‡Li w`‡K ZvwK‡q Avmgv ¯^vgxi N‡i Av‡Q| Zv bv n‡j †m Avi
_vK‡Zv bv| Avmgvi aviYv, hv‡K KL‡bv †m cQ›` Ki‡Zv bv Zv‡KB †m †Kb
we‡q Ki‡Z †Mj! Zv n‡j wK Kvgvj †kL Zv‡K hv`y K‡iwQj! †mB aviYv Zvi
g‡a¨ GLb cÖvq e×g~j| Avmgv Zvi RxebUv‡K A_©nxb K‡i †èvi Rb¨ ïay
¯^vgx‡KB †`vlv‡ivc K‡i, Ab¨ KvD‡K bq|
¯^vgx bv‡ggvÎ †h `vwqZ¡UzKz cvjb K‡i Zv †Kvbfv‡eB h‡_ó bq| cv‡kB evevi
evwo weavq Zviv me mgq mva¨gZ mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv K‡i| Zv bv n‡j nq‡Zv
†kIjvi gZ †f‡m †h‡Zv †m|
cÖwZwU cÖwZeÜxiB DwPZ-†jLvcov wk‡L Zvi cÖwZewÜZv †NuvPv‡bv| G mZ¨wU

AvR g‡g© g‡g© Dcjwä K‡i Avmgv| cÖwZeÜx e‡j mvgvwRKfv‡e Zv‡K wewfbœ
Ae¯’v‡b Aeg~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| GwUI Zvi GKwU gvbwmK hš¿Yv| hw` †m
cÖwZeÜx bv n‡Zv, Zvn‡j ¯^vgxi G AgvbweK AvPi‡Yi wei‚‡× †m i‚‡L
ùvov‡Zv| wKš‘ Zvi †m g‡bvej †bB, ïaygvÎ kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZvi Kvi‡Y|
ZvB‡Zv Avmgv AvR fvlv _vK‡ZI †evev, †PvL _vK‡ZI AÜ Ges kÖeYkw³
_vK‡ZI ewa‡ii f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q| me wgwj‡q AvR AvkvnZ, Rxeb msMÖv‡g
civ¯— Avmgv|
106
Acb©vi K_v
Acb©v K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi eqm 13 eQi| evevi bvg †RvwZg©q `vm| evwo
cwðg Wv½vq| GKwU wU‡bi N‡i Zviv emevm K‡i| wZb †ev‡bi, g‡a¨ †m mevi
eo| evev K…wlKvR K‡ib| gv‡qi gy‡L †m †R‡b‡Q evev bvwK GBP, Gm, wm
cvk| evev wKQyUv gvbwmKfv‡e Amy¯’| gv‡qi hLb we‡q nq ZLb Zv gv Rvb‡Zb
bv †h evev wKQyUv gvbwmK †ivMx| we‡qi c‡i hLb Rvb‡jb ZLb Zvi Avi wKQyB
Kivi †bB| nvwmgy‡LB †g‡b wb‡qwQ‡jb Zvi gv| Gfv‡e wZbeQi wZwb KvUv‡jb
evevi m‡½| A‡bK AZ¨vPvi, A‡bK cÖnvi Zvi kix‡i bxi‡e nRg K‡i‡Qb|
Zvici Acb©vi Rb¥| gv‡qi Dci evevi AZ¨vPvi Av‡iv †e‡o †Mj| gv ZLb
f‡q Ges wkïi wbivcËvi Rb¨ Zvi evevi evwo‡Z P‡j †M‡jb| GKw`‡K wkïi
wPš—v, Ab¨w`‡K evevi wPš—v, G `yB‡q wg‡j Zvi gv me©`v welYœZvq KvUv‡Zb|
Acb©vi R‡b¥i ci mK‡j †f‡ewQj †m my¯’| wKš‘ bv, †m †kv‡b LyeB Kg wKš‘
G‡Kev‡iB K_v ej‡Z cv‡i bv| wKš‘ Pvicv‡ki †jv‡Kiv eyS‡Z cv‡i hLb
Acb©vi eqm cÖvq GK ermi| Zvi gv hLb m¤ú~Y© wbwðZ n‡jb ZLb wZwb
gvbwmKfv‡e Av‡iv †f‡½ c‡ob| GKevi Wv³vi †`Lv‡jb, Zvi aviYv‡K hvPvB
Kivi Rb¨| Wv³viI GKB gš—e¨ Ki‡jb, Zvici gv Zv‡K wewfbœ dwKi-
ISv‡ì Kv‡Q wb‡q‡Qb| A‡bKUv †kl Avkª‡qi gZ|
Acb©vi gv GLb g‡b K‡ib, †g‡q hLb M‡f© wQj ZLb evevi gvbwmK Amy¯’Zv I
AZ¨vPv‡ii Kvi‡Y gvI gvbwmKfv‡e AZ¨š— `ywðš—vMÖ¯— _vK‡Zb| d‡j Zvi
†g‡qi G cÖwZewÜZ¡| KL‡bv KL‡bv wZwb cÖPÊ iKg Aciva‡ev‡a †fv‡Mb|
KviY Mf©ve¯’vq wZwb hw` ¯^vfvweK _vK‡Z cvi‡Zb, Zvn‡j Avi GgbwU nq‡Zv
n‡Zv bv| Avevi wb‡Ri †_‡KB mvš—¡bv Lyu‡R cvb †h, cwiw¯’wZ Zvi Avq‡Z¡ wQj
bv|
hLb Acb©vi eqm 18 gvm ZLb gv Zv‡K wb‡q Zvi evevi Kv‡Q P‡j Av‡mb| †m
mgq Zvi evevi gvbwmK Ae¯’v my¯|’ evev Av‡M †ek gviai KiZ gv‡K| wKš‘
wkï-mš—vb wb‡q Avmvi ci Avi gv‡qi Mv‡q nvZ †`bwb, ïay eKvewK K‡ib|
Acb©v †jLvcov Rv‡b bv| †QvU‡ejvq Acb©v‡K Ab¨vb¨ †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì mv‡_ ¯‥z‡j
cvVv‡bv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ †mLv‡b wk¶K wK e‡jb †m †kv‡b bv| Aciw`‡K †m wK
ej‡Z Pvq wk¶K Zv †ev‡Sb bv| G bv †kvbv Ges bv †evSvi AmvgÄm¨Zvq Avi
107
¯‥z‡j hvIqv nj bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I †m †h bvg wjL‡Z wk‡L‡Q, GUv Zvi gv-B Zv‡K
N‡i e‡m wkwL‡q‡Qb| wKš‘ gv-Gi wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv LyeB mvgvb¨ weavq Avi
AMÖmi n‡Z cv‡iwb| GL‡bv †m g‡b g‡b fv‡e, hw` †Kvb e¨w³ A_ev cÖwZôvb
Zv‡K gv‡qi gZ hZœ K‡i †jLvcov †kLv‡bvi †Póv KiZ, Zvn‡j AvR gy‡Li
fvlv bv _vK‡jI KvMR-Kj‡gi fvlvUv _vKZ| mgv‡R Ab¨‡ì gZ †mI nq‡Zv
†eu‡P _vKvi GKUv iv¯—v Luy‡R †cZ| †QvU †ev‡biv hLb ¯‥z‡j hvq, ZLb Zv‡ì
mv‡_ Acb©viI †h‡Z B‡‛Q K‡i| KL‡bv KL‡bv I‡ì m½x nevi †Póv K‡i, wKš‘
wedj †m hvÎv| gv‡S gv‡S Zvi g‡b nq, †`‡ki wk¶v eë¯’vUv hw` Ggb n‡Zv
†h, †evevivI mn‡R †jLvcov Ki‡Z
cvi‡e, Zvn‡j KZB bv fvj n‡Zv!
hw` †Kvb e¨w³ A_ev cÖwZôvb †m ï‡b‡Q XvKv, Lyjbvi gZ eo kn‡i
Zv‡K gv‡qi gZ hZœ K‡i †jLvcov †evev‡ì ¯‥zj Av‡Q| wKš‘ †mLv‡b
†kLv‡bvi †Póv KiZ, Zvn‡j AvR I‡ì gZ `wi`ª cwiev‡ii mš—vbiv
gy‡Li fvlv bv _vK‡jI KvMR- wKfv‡e hv‡e! Avi †M‡jI my‡hvM
Kj‡gi fvlvUv _vKZ| mgv‡R wgj‡e wKbv †K Rv‡b!
Ab¨‡ì gZ †mI nq‡Zv †eu‡P
Acb©vi †evb `y‡Uv| †QvU n‡j wK n‡e
_vKvi GKUv iv¯—v Luy‡R †cZ| †QvU Iiv I‡K LyeB fvjev‡m| Ii VvKzi
†ev‡biv hLb ¯‥z‡j hvq, ZLb `v`vi (gv‡qi evev) evoxi mevB Lye
Zv‡ì mv‡_ Acb©viI †h‡Z B‡‛Q fvjev‡m| Gi GKUv KviY Aek¨ †m
K‡i| KL‡bv KL‡bv I‡ì m½x g‡b g‡b Av›`vR K‡i wb‡q‡Q|
nevi †Póv K‡i wKš‘ wedj †m Zvn‡jv, †m eo bvZbx Ges Zv‡ì
hvÎv| gv‡S gv‡S Zvi g‡b nq, fvlvq evK cÖwZeÜx| †mRb¨ mva¨gZ
†`‡ki wk¶v eë¯’vUv hw` Ggb Zviv fvj †cvlvK †`q| Avì K‡i
n‡Zv †h, †evevivI mn‡R ÔdzjÕ e‡j Wv‡K|
†jLvcov Ki‡Z cvi‡e Zvn‡j
KZB bv fvj n‡Zv! †m ï‡b‡Q Acb©v‡K Zviv gv‡S gv‡S we‡qi K_v
XvKv, Lyjbvi gZ eo kn‡i e‡j AvKvi Bw½‡Z| we‡q welqUv †m
LvwbKUv †ev‡S| Z‡e gv gv‡S gv‡S
†evev‡ì ¯‥zj Av‡Q| wKš‘ †mLv‡b
Zv‡K †evSv‡Z †Póv K‡ib| ZLb †m
I‡ì gZ `wi`ª cwiev‡ii †jv‡Kiv Zv‡K Bkvivq wb‡la K‡i| Z‡e
wKfv‡e hv‡e! Avi †M‡jI my‡hvM †ekxifvM mgq †m Pzc _vKvi †Póv
wgj‡e wKbv †K Rv‡b! K‡i| fv‡e, gv Zv‡K Rb¥ w`‡q‡Qb|
wZwb †ev‡Sb Zv‡K, Avi gv‡qi gZ
†K eyS‡e?
108
msmv‡ii A‡bK wKQyB †m †ev‡S| KviY, me mgq msmv‡ii Kv‡RK‡g© gv Zv‡K

m‡½ iv‡Lb| msmv‡ii mKj Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvq †m AskMÖnY K‡i| Zvi
gZvg‡Zi g~jÏ Ii evev-gv w`‡q _v‡Kb| Aek¨ †m hw` Zv‡ì †evSv‡Z m¶g
nq Zvn‡j| Ii K‡qKwU nuvmgyiMx Av‡Q| †m¸wj‡K †`Lv‡kvbv K‡i †m Zvi
Aemi KvwU‡q †`q| gyiwMi wW‡gi wnmveI ivL‡Z cv‡i| gv‡S gv‡S †mjvB
K‡i| Avi Zvi gv‡K mvnvh¨ Kiv †Zv i‡q‡QB| msmv‡ii Kv‡R gv hLb †ejv
cvi K‡i †`q ZLb Ii Lye ivM nq| evi evi cxovcxwo K‡i Zv‡K †L‡q †bqvi
Rb¨| †m Amy¯’ n‡q co‡j cy‡iv msmviB †h APj n‡q hv‡e! Ii gv fvj GKUv
kvox wKb‡Z Pvq bv| Ii nuvmgyiMxi wWg wewµi UvKv †_‡K Zv‡K wKb‡Z
Aby‡iva K‡i| wKš‘ †m Zvi K_v ivL‡Z Pvq bv| †m ïay wZb †g‡qi K_v fv‡e|
gv‡S gv‡S Acb©v G evwo I evwo †eov‡Z hvq| wKš‘ Avevi †h‡Z B‡‛QI K‡ibv,
hLb Ab¨ †Q‡j‡g‡qiv Zv‡K †evev e‡j DZ¨³ K‡i| G‡Z †m hZUv bv e¨_v
cvq, Ii gv Zvi PvB‡Z †ekx e¨_v cvb| wZwb I‡K memgq Lvivc gš—‡eï nvZ
†_‡K i¶v Kivi Rb¨ h_vmva¨ AvM‡j iv‡Lb|
GZwKQyi c‡iI Acb©v hLb Kv‡R e¨¯— _v‡K ZLb †Mvc‡b †m j¶¨ K‡i gv
Avgvi w`‡K wegl©fv‡e GK`„wó‡Z ZvwK‡q _vK‡Z _vK‡Z GK mgq `xN©k¦vm
Z¨vM K‡ib| wZwb nq‡Zv fv‡eb, GB †evev †g‡q‡K wb‡q wZwb wK Ki‡eb?
109
gvneyevi-gvneye
gvneyev mvaviY Avi cuvPwU wkïi gZB mgv‡Ri Kv‡Q bvMwiK AwaKv‡ii `vwe
†NvlYv K‡i c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m| AvR 23 eQ‡ii eëav‡b gvneyev †Kv_vq G‡m
ùvwo‡q‡Q? gvneyev Zvi Rxe‡bi †d‡j Avmv GZ¸‡jv eQ‡ii w`‡K hLb ZvKvq,
ZLb A‡bKUv `y:¯^‡cœi gZ g‡b nq|
ev‡MinvU _vbvi lvUM¤^yR BDwbqb| MÖv‡gi bvg iYweRqcyi| GKwU Qvqv-

mywbweo evwo‡Z KZ¸‡jv wkï †Ljvi Q‡j Qy‡UvQywU KiwQj| wecwË N‡UwQj
GKw`b| GK eQ‡ii gvneyev †Lj‡Z wM‡q c‡o hvq| Ggwb †Lj‡Z wM‡q c‡o
hvq †Zv me wkïB| †mB c‡o hvevi m‡½ m‡½B cÖPÛ R¡‡i cÖvq GK gvm fy‡M‡Q
gvneyev| R¡i †_‡K fvj nevi ciB †LmviZ wn‡m‡e Rxeb Zvi KvQ †_‡K Ggb
m¤ú` wQwb‡q wbj hv 23 eQ‡ii Rxeb Avi wdwi‡q †`qwb| †èvi †Kvb
m¤¢vebvI †bB| A_©vr evg cv‡qi ¯^vfvweK Pjbkw³ iwnZ n‡q †M‡Q|
gvneyevi evev GKRb †Muvov avwg©K e¨w³| Z‡e cÖK…Z ag©xq †PZbvi cwie‡Z©
AÜZ¡ ¯’vb †c‡q‡Q Zvi g‡a¨| †ek wKQy f³e„‡›ì mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZvq Zvi
msmvi PjZ| wb‡Ri Avw_©K Ae¯’v fvj bv _vKvq Ges m‡PZbvi Afv‡e †g‡q‡K
†Kvb cÖKvi wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv nqwb| AvR gvneyev eyS‡Z cv‡i †m †cvwjI †iv‡Mi
wkKvi| G‡K‡Zv wkï eqm, Zvi Dci †cvwjI †iv‡Mi Avµg‡b GKwU cv
¶wZMÖ¯—| GgZve¯’vq gvneyevi ìKvi wbwðZ fimvi ¯’vb| GKmgq †mUzKzI
_vK‡jv bv| AvovB eQi eq‡m evevi eìvMx ¯^fve Ges kvixwiK wbh©vZ‡bi
Rb¨ gv msmvi Rxeb wQbœ Ki‡jb| m‡½ wb‡jb gvneyev‡K| cÖ_g wcZ…‡ønnviv nj
gvneyev| wZbgvm ci Avevi evev Zv‡K Zvi Kv‡Q wb‡q Avm‡jb| Gevi
¯’vqxfv‡e gvZ…‡øn nvivevi cvjv| Ab¨w`‡K N‡i Gj mr gv| mr gv‡qi `ye¨© envi,
evevi D`vmxbZv m‡Ë¡I wkï gvneyev eyS‡Z cv‡iwb †h, cÖwZeÜx bvgK e›`xkvjvq
Zvi bvg Aš—f³ y© n‡q †M‡Q| A_©vr Zvi gvbweK AwaKv‡ii AwaKvsk ìRv
wPiZ‡i eÜ n‡q †M‡Q|
Kv‡iv †Kvb Drmvn QvovB gvneyev cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡q hvZvqvZ ïi‚ K‡i|
wkïmyjf g‡bvfv‡ei Kvi‡Y cÂg †kªYx‡Z covi mg‡q evÜex‡ì cÖ‡ivPbvq
GKw`b eB‡qi mKj gjvU wQu‡o †d‡j| ag©vÜ Am‡PZb evev fve‡jb †g‡qi
†jLvcovq g‡bv‡hvM †bB| djkÖ‚wZ‡Z, †jLvcovi BwZ N‡U| AvR GZ eQi
110
c‡i gvneyev g‡b K‡i cÖwZeÜx nIqv m‡Ë¡I †m hw` †jLvcovUv Pvwj‡q †h‡Z
cviZ, Zvn‡j Zvi Rxeb AvR AbïKg n‡Z cviZ|
eqm e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ gvneyev eyS‡Z

evevi evwo †_‡K †h․ZzK wn‡m‡e cv‡i †m Avi mgv‡Ri Ab¨‡ì gZ
†Ìqv UvKvq ¯^vgx hLb Ryqv †L‡j bq| evB‡i Pj‡Z †M‡j KUzw³,
ZLb †Kvb ¯¿xB my¯’ _vK‡Z cv‡i †Kv_vI †eov‡Z †M‡j AhZœ, †Kvb
bv| gvneyevI cv‡iwb| hLb bxie K_v ej‡Z †M‡j †njv‡djv|
cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z wM‡q‡Q, ZLb GZwKQyi †fZi †_‡K wb‡R‡K jywK‡q
µxZ`vmx‡ì gZ eënvi I Dw‛Qó †i‡L ïaygvÎ Ajm mgq KvUv‡bvi
Ry‡U‡Q| ïaygvÎ cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e Rb¨ nv‡Zi †mjvB wk‡L‡Q| Gfv‡e
mgv‡R my¯’‡ì gZ wb‡Ri †Kvb 8 eQi †K‡U †Mj A‡PZbfv‡e| mr
¯’vb †bB weavq ¯’wei n‡qwQj| †m gv‡qi N‡i Av‡iv wZbwU fvB‡evb
G‡jv| eo‡evb wn‡m‡e Ab¨
Rvb‡Zv bv †h †h․ZzK-we‡ivax
fvB‡ev‡biv KL‡bv Ae‡njv K‡iwb|
AvBb Zvi Rb¨ mvnv‡hï nvZ
ZviciI wb‡Ri g‡bi Kv‡Q
evov‡Z cv‡i A_ev wbh©vZv‡bi nvZ Aciva‡eva Rb¥ †bq hLb g‡b nq
†_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡i| GgbwK eo †evb wn‡m‡e Zvi hv `vwqZ¡ wQj
Zvi evevI KLbI Zvi mvnv‡h¨ Zv †m cvjb Ki‡Z cv‡iwb|
G‡Mvqwb| gvneyevi aviYv, GKwU
cÖwZeÜx †g‡qi Rb¨ Zvi evevi BwZg‡a¨ †QvU †ev‡bi we‡q n‡q hvq|
cwievi †KbB ev GZUv Sv‡gjv mvgvwRKfv‡e gvneyevi evev-gv
†cvnv‡e! wVK GgbB `ytmg‡qi mgv‡jvPbvi m¤§yLxb nb| G‡K‡Zv
gv‡S M‡f© bZzb Rxe‡bi Dcw¯’wZ kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx, Zvi Dci †QvU
Dcjwä K‡i gvneyev| Rxe‡bi †g‡qi we‡q! mvgvwRK mgv‡jvPbv
fvebvi MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq| †_‡K evev‡K gyw³ †èvi Rb¨
Awb‛Qvm‡Ë¡I GK wbKU AvZ¥xqi
(dzdv‡Zv fvB) m‡½ we‡q‡Z ivwR
n‡Z nq gvneyev‡K| †h․ZzK GKwU mvgvwRK e¨vwa| †mB e¨vwai nvZ †_‡K
cÖwZeÜx gvneyevI i¶v cvqwb we‡q‡Z| 84 nvRvi UvKv †h․ZzK †èvi
cÖwZkÖ‚wZ‡Z gvneyevi we‡q nq †eKvi dzdv‡Zv fvB‡qi mv‡_| †f‡ewQj,
†h․Zz‡Ki wewbg‡q n‡jI ¯^vgxi N‡i †Kvbfv‡e Rxeb KvwU‡q †`‡e| †mB
cÖwZkÖ‚wZ i¶v Ki‡Z cv‡iwb Zvi evev| gvÎ 15 nvRvi UvKv w`‡Z †`wi nIqvi
Kvi‡Y ¯^vgx, k¦vïox mn cwiev‡ii mK‡j wg‡j Zv‡K wbh©vZb ïi‚ K‡i| GB
wbh©vZ‡bi gvÎv eY©bv Kivi fvlv gvneyevi Rvbv †bB| evevi evwo †_‡K †h․ZzK
111
wn‡m‡e †Ìqv UvKvq ¯^vgx hLb Ryqv †L‡j ZLb †Kvb ¯¿xB my¯’ _vK‡Z cv‡i bv|
gvneyevI cv‡i wb| hLb bxie cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z wM‡q‡Q, ZLb µxZ`vmx‡ì gZ
eënvi I Dw‛Qó Ry‡U‡Q| ïaygvÎ cÖwZeÜx wn‡m‡e mgv‡R my¯’‡ì gZ wb‡Ri
†Kvb ¯’vb †bB weavq ¯’wei n‡qwQj| †m Rvb‡Zv bv †h †h․ZzK-we‡ivax AvBb
Zvi Rb¨ mvnv‡hï nvZ evov‡Z cv‡i A_ev wbh©vZ‡bi nvZ †_‡K i¶v Ki‡Z
cv‡i| GgbwK Zvi evev KLbI Zvi mvnv‡h¨ G‡Mvqwb| gvneyevi aviYv, GKwU
cÖwZeÜx †g‡qi Rb¨ Zvi evevi cwievi †KbB ev GZUv Sv‡gjv †cvnv‡e! wVK
GgbB `ytmg‡qi gv‡S M‡f© bZzb Rxe‡bi Dcw¯’wZ Dcjäx K‡i gvneyev| Zv‡Z
Zvi Rxe‡bi fvebvi MwZ cwiewZ©Z nq|
mš—vb M‡f© wb‡q ¯^vgx I k¦vïwoi AZ¨vPvi mn¨ Ki‡Z bv †c‡i gvneyev GK mgq
evevi evwo‡Z P‡j Avm‡Z eva¨ nq| †mLv‡bB Zvi GKwU cyÎ mš—vb nq|
nvRv‡iv •`b¨Zvi gv‡S gvneyev †eu‡P _vKvi GK UzK‡iv Av‡jv Luy‡R cvq| †mwU
nj Zvi cyÎ mš—vb, Zvi gvneye|
GB cyÎ mš—vb R‡b¥i GK eQi ci ¯^vgx Zvi fyj eyS‡Z cv‡i| †m gvneyevi
Kv‡Q Av‡m cybivq ¯^vgxi `vwe`vi n‡q| ZL‡bv †m †eKvi| ¯¿x-mš—v‡bi
fiY‡cvlY †`qvi gZ mvg_© Zvi GLbI †bB| Z‡e DcjwäUzKz Rb¥ wb‡q‡Q †h,
Zvi wKQy GKUv Kiv ìKvi| ZvB eZ©gv‡b gsjv e›`‡i A¯’vqx wfwË‡Z †m †hUzKz
Avq K‡i Zvi †_‡K ¯¿x I mš—vb‡K bvggvÎ Avw_©K mnvqZv K‡i|
†Q‡ji fwel¨Z wPš—v K‡i cÖvq 12 eQi ci gvneyev KvwiMwi we`¨vj‡q beg
†kªYx‡Z fwZ© nq| ZLb Zvi †Q‡ji eqm 4 eQi| evwo †_‡K we`¨vj‡qi `~iZ¡
cÖvq 3 wK‡jvwgUvi| ¯^vgx †h UvKv †`q Zv‡Z Zvi wi·vfvovB wVKgZ nq bv|
Zvi Dci †Q‡ji Ave`vi, ÔAv¤§v Avgvi Rb¨ PK‡jU-wew¯‥U wK‡b Av‡bv|Õ
†Q‡ji Ave`vi †gUv‡Z gvneyev Amy¯’ cv wb‡q †nu‡U hvZvqvZ K‡i| hvZvqv‡Zi
cqmv euvwP‡q †Q‡ji Rb¨ Lvevi †K‡b| †hw`b †m †nu‡U hvZvqvZ K‡i, †mw`b
Zvi mg¯— kix‡i cÖPÛ e¨_v _v‡K| †Kvb KvRB Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| ZviciI GKUz
mvš—¡bv Ôwkï mš—v‡bi gy‡Li nvwm|Õ
Rxe‡bi 23wU eQi weKjv½Zvi hš¿Yv, evev-gv‡qi †øn ewÂZ, mrgv‡qi

AZ¨vPvi, †h․Zz‡Ki wkKvi, kvixwiK wbh©vZb, mvgvwRK KUzw³ mewKQy‡K
Aejxjvq †g‡b wb‡q‡Q ïaygvÎ mš—v‡bi my›ì fwel¨‡Zi Avkvq| AZ¨vPvix
†eKvi ¯^vgx‡K cybivq Kv‡Q †U‡b wb‡q‡Q †KejgvÎ mš—v‡bi my¯’ Rxe‡bi Rb¨|
GZwKQyi c‡iI gvneyev hLb Rvb‡Z cv‡i Zvi gZ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ miKvwi
112
cÖwZôvbmg~‡n †Kvb my‡hvM †bB, ZLb nZvkvi Kv‡jv †gN Zvi †PvL `y‡Uv‡K
Av‛Qbœ K‡i †`q| ZviciI †eu‡P _vKvi AvKzj AvKv“¶v wb‡q Avev‡iv Rxeb
msMÖv‡g AeZxY© nq gvneyev ïay Zvi fwel¨Z mš—vb gvney‡ei Rb¨|
113
wgbwZi mva
wgbwZ `v‡mi evwo iYwRrcyi| wcZv g„Z niwmZ `vm| wgbwZi eZ©gvb eqm 21
eQi| wZb eQi eq‡m †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q weKjv½Zvi wkKvi nq †m|
evevi g„Zz¨ nIqvq eo fvB msmv‡ii mKj `vq-`vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib|
¯^vfvweKfv‡eB weKjv½ †ev‡bi mKj `vqfvi eZ©vq Zvi Dci| Zv‡Z Zvi †Kvb
Av‡¶c ev weiw³ †bB|
cwiev‡ii †gvU m`m¨ msL¨v 5 Rb| gv, eo fvB, fvex, eo fvB‡qi GKwU †QvU
†g‡q Ges wgbwZ wb‡R| cwieviwU‡K GK K_vq wkw¶Z ejv P‡j| eo fvB Ges
fvex ev‡MinvU cÖdzjP›`ª K‡j‡‡R co‡Zb| Zvi gv‡qi eqm 60 eQ‡ii E‡aŸ©
n‡jI wZwb wewfbœ wel‡q GL‡bv †ek m‡PZb|
wgbwZi evwo Avi cuvPwU mvaviY MÖvg evsjvi gZB GKwU MÖv‡g| A‡bKUv KuvPv
iv¯—v †f‡½ Zvi evwo‡Z †h‡Z nq| el©vKv‡j hvZvqv‡Zi Rb¨ `y‡f©v‡Mi Aš—
†bB| †nu‡U hvIqv †gv‡UB m¤¢e nq bv wgbwZi Rb¨| wU‡bi Pvjv Ges Kv‡Vi
†eovi gvSvix AvKv‡ii Ni| Pvicv‡k mycvix, bvwi‡Kj, euvk Ges wewfbœ cÖKvi
d‡ji Mv‡Qi Qvqvq evwoi wmsnfvM †i․`ªg³ y | Avkcv‡k Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì
wb‡q wgbwZ‡ì mvgvwRK emevm|
cÖ_g hLb Zvi AmyL nq ZLb Lye R¡i n‡qwQj †mB †Q‡j‡ejvq| †Kvgi Ges
evg cv cÖvq m¤ú~Y© A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o| cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q Zv‡K MÖv‡gi wewfbœ cÖKvi
fyj wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj| Awbj Wv³vi mbvZbx aviYvi Dci Zv‡K fyj
Bb‡RKkb w`‡qwQ‡jb| cieZ©x‡Z wgbwZ‡K Lyjbv nvmcvZv‡j fwZ© Ki‡j fyj
wPwKrmv aiv c‡o|
†mLv‡b wKQyw`b wPwKrmvaxb †_‡K Ges wdwRI‡_ivcx Kiv‡bvi d‡j eZ©gv‡b

†Kvg‡ii mgm¨v †ek wKQyUv `~i n‡q‡Q e‡U, Z‡e evg cv‡qi mgm¨v i‡qB †M‡Q|
nuvU‡Z †M‡j Lye Kó nq| nuvUz‡Z GKnvZ †i‡L fi w`‡q Pj‡Z nq| ZvI Lye
ax‡i|
114
eZ©gv‡b †Kvb wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv n‡‛Q bv| Z‡e hw` †KD DbœZ wPwKrmvi my‡hvM
K‡i †`q Zvn‡j Avi GKevi †Póv K‡i †`Lvi g‡bvevmbv i‡q‡Q Zvi| Aek¨
†mB Avkv LyeB ¶xY|
wgbwZ wbqwgZ ¯‥z‡j hvZvqvZ Ki‡Q| evwoi KvQvKvwQ ¯‥zj nIqvq †m †jLvcovi
my‡hvM †c‡q‡Q| Zv bv n‡j kix‡ii GZ eo cÖwZKzj Ae¯’v wb‡q `~‡i †Kv_vI
hvIqv Zvi c‡¶ Lye GKUv mnRmva¨ bq| ¯‥zj Lye Kv‡Q nIqv n‡Ë¡I †mLv‡b
†h‡Z c‡_ Zv‡K K‡qKevi iv¯—vi cv‡k e‡m wekªvg wb‡Z nZ| cwiev‡ii Ggb
mvg_© †bB †h wbqwgZ wi·v A_ev f¨v‡b K‡i ¯‥z‡j hvZvqv‡Zi eë¯’v Ki‡e|
kvixwiK cÖwZeÜKZv Zv‡K wk¶v †_‡K weiZ ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| Gfv‡eB †m
GmGmwm cvk K‡i‡Q| K‡j‡R wbqwgZ hvIqv m¤¢e bq weavq GBPGmwm
cÖvB‡fU cix¶v w`‡qwQj| wKš‘ AK…ZKvh© nq Ges Zv‡Z LyeB Kó cvq wgbwZ|
hw` †m my¯’ _vK‡Zv Zvn‡j wVKgZ
K¬vk Ki‡Z cviZ, †bvU †RvMvo
cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì hviv wgbwZ‡K †P‡b Ki‡Z cviZ| G‡Z Zv‡K AK…ZKvh©
ev Rv‡b Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K D`vi n‡Z nZ bv|
mn‡hvwMZv †c‡q‡Q| Avi
mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡jI †Kvb wW‡m¤î Õ99 mv‡j evsjv‡`k cÖv_wgK
cÖwZKyjZvi m„wó Zviv K‡iwb| wk¶v †evW© KZ©„K Av‡qvwRZ wk¶K
KL‡bv KUzw³i m¤§yLxb †m nqwb| wb‡qv‡Mi cix¶vq †m AskMÖnY K‡i|
wKš‘ †mLv‡bI †m e¨_©| G cix¶vq
kvixwiK cÖwZeÜx‡ì GKwU †KvUv
gvbyl wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K †Kb
wQj| wgbwZ mwVKfv‡e Rv‡b bv
Avjv`v †kªYx‡Z †djv n‡q‡Q GUv KZfvM †KvUv wQj| wgbwZ Rv‡b bv
wgbwZ Rv‡b bv| GKRb gvby‡li †m Av‡e`bc‡Îi m‡½ cÖwZeÜx
†h AwaKvi Av‡Q, cÖwZeÜx‡ì Zvi m`bcÎ Rgv w`‡Z nq| †m GUvI
†KvbwUB †bB| ¯‥z‡j, K‡j‡R, Rv‡b bv †h †Kv_v †_‡K cÖwZeÜx
hvZvqv‡Z, wPwKrmvq †Kvb †¶‡ÎB mb`cÎ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì †Kvb my‡hvM †Ìqv
nq bv e‡j wgbwZi Av‡¶c cwiev‡ii Avq¶g e¨w³ GKgvÎ eo
i‡q‡Q| Avi PvKwii K_v †Zv fvB| wZwb cwiev‡ii RgvRwg
ejvi A‡c¶vB iv‡L bv| †`Lv‡kvbv K‡ib| msmv‡ii mKj
w`K mvgvj w`‡Z nq GKgvÎ fvB‡K|
wKQy avb, bvi‡Kj, mycvix Ges wKQy
dj wewµi Av‡q Zv‡ì msmvi P‡j| ¯^vfvweK A‡_© ¯^‛Qjfv‡e Pjv ej‡Z hv
115
†evSvq, Zv †gv‡UB bq| †Kvb cÖKvi Uvbv‡cv‡o‡bi g‡a¨ Pjgvb GK msmvi ejv
hvq| gv, ¯¿x, Kb¨vmn GKvi DcvR©‡b GKwU msmvi KZLvwb fvj Pj‡Z cv‡i Zv
mn‡RB Abygvb Kiv hvq| Gi g‡aÏ GKRb cÖwZeÜx †ev‡bi cÖwZ fvB‡qi †h
ggZ¡‡eva _vKv DwPZ Zv c~Y©gvÎvq i‡q‡Q|
A‡bK cÖwZeÜKZv m‡Ë¡I wgbwZ my‡hvM K‡i †bq QvÎQvÎx cov‡Z| †QvU
ev‛Pv‡ì covq †m| MÖvgvÂ‡ji `wi`ª QvÎ-QvÎx‡ì Ges cwiwPZ cwi‡ek weavq
cÖvB‡fU wk¶K wn‡m‡e †m LyeB Kg UvKv cvq| Zv w`‡q wb‡Ri †jLvcovi
LiPI wVKgZ nq bv| msmv‡i †èvi gZ †mUv AvqI bq| ZeyI †m Avkv
Qv‡owb| Av‡qi Rb¨ AvcÖvY †Póv Ki‡Q| cwiev‡i wgbwZi Ae¯’vb LyeB fvj|
Zv‡K wb‡q †Kvb Sv‡gjv nq bv| eis mK‡ji mnvqZv, Drmvn-DÏxcbv †c‡qB
†m GZ`~i †jLvcov K‡i‡Q| †h KvR †m Ki‡Z cv‡i bv, Zv‡K †m KvR KL‡bv
Ki‡Z †ÌqvI nq bv| †Kvb wel‡q wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j wgbwZi gZvgZ
†bqv nq| ïaygvÎ fvB‡qi Av‡qi Dci wbf©ikxj e‡j gv‡S gv‡S gb Lvivc nq|
we‡qi e¨vcv‡i cwievi †_‡K wgbwZi Dci †Kvb Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq bv| cwievi
g‡b K‡i, hw` †Kvb fvj †Q‡j wgbwZ‡K †`‡L-ï‡b-ey‡S †bq Zvn‡jB Zvi Kv‡Q
we‡q †`‡e| Z‡e wgbwZ wb‡R KL‡bv we‡qi K_v fv‡e bv| cÖ_‡g cÖwZwôZ n‡q
wb‡q Zvici we‡q| Aek¨ AvR ch©š— †Kvb we‡qi cÖ¯—veI Av‡mwb|
cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì hviv wgbwZ‡K †P‡b ev Rv‡b Zv‡ì KvQ †_‡K D`vi mn‡hvwMZv
†c‡q‡Q| Avi mn‡hvwMZv bv †c‡jI Zviv †Kvb cÖwZK~jZvi m„wó Zviv K‡iwb|
KL‡bv KUzw³i m¤§yLxb †m nqwb| Z‡e KL‡bv KL‡bv AcwiwPZ `yÕGKRb I‡K
†`‡L gyL wU‡c nv‡m| Z‡e Zv Ab¨ †KD bv eyS‡jI wgbwZ wVKB †ev‡S|
mgv‡Ri my¯’ gvbyl‡ì KvQ †_‡K cvIqv †mB weK…Z Abyf~wZ|
fwel¨Z Rxe‡bi ev¯—eZv †gvKv‡ejv Kievi Rb¨ GKgvÎ †jLvcov K‡i ¯^vej¤^x
nIqv DwPZ G K_vwU wgbwZ fvjfv‡e Dcjwä K‡i| ¯^vej¤^x nevi Rb¨, †eu‡P
_vKvi Rb¨ m¤§vbRbK †h †Kvb GKwU †ckv MÖn‡Y AvcwË †bB wgbwZi| Z‡e
miKvwi cÖv_wgK we`¨vj‡qi wk¶KZvB Zvi me †_‡K cQ›`| mgvR A_ev iv‡óªi
Kv‡Q wgbwZi GKgvÎ PvIqv GKRb my¯’ gvbyl †hfv‡e euv‡P †mfv‡e bv †nvK †m
†hb A‡bï MjMÖn †_‡K gyw³ †c‡q wb‡Ri gZ K‡i euvP‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡R‡K GKRb mgvRKg©x wn‡m‡e M‡o Zzj‡Z wgbwZ mva¨gZ †Póv K‡i hv‡‛Q|
GKRb m‡PZb bvMwiK wn‡m‡e †m Zvi mva¨gZ `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡i| GjvKvi
116
wUKv`vb Kg©m~wP‡Z †m mivmwi AskMÖnY K‡i| ev‛Pv‡ì wUKv †èvi Rb¨ †m

mevB‡K Drmvn †`q| hv‡Z Zvi gZ †cvwjI †iv‡M Avµvš— n‡q Avi †Kvb wkï
weKjv½ bv n‡q hvq| G Kv‡Ri Rb¨ wgbwZ GKwU cÖksmvcÎI †c‡q‡Q| my‡hvM
†c‡j fwel¨‡Z mvgvwRK Kv‡R AskMÖnY Kievi cÖwZkÖ‚wZ i‡q‡Q wgbwZi|
gvbwmKfv‡e gv‡S gv‡S wgbwZ nZvkvq †fv‡M| m„wóKZ©vi Kv‡Q Rvb‡Z B‡‛Q
K‡i †Kvb †`v‡l Zvi G Ae¯’v! †h eq‡m †m weKjv½ n‡q‡Q †mB eq‡m Zvi
†Kvb †`vl ev Aciva nevi K_v bq| Avi hw` †iv‡Mi cÖkœ Av‡m †mI †Zv mªóv
†Ìqv| †mB †iv‡Mi †kvK †Kb gvbyl‡K GZ `yej © K‡i †`q! wgbwZ Lye mKv‡j
hLb Nyg †_‡K I‡V, ZLb cwi‡e‡ki kvš— fve Zv‡K `~icÖv‡š— wb‡q hvq| Avi
mÜ¨v‡ejvq hLb †Mva~wj bv‡g, `vIqvq e‡m wgbwZi †m `„kÏ †`L‡Z Lye fvj
jv‡M| w`‡bi G `y‡Uv mgq GKvš—fv‡eB ïay Zvi|
wgbwZi `v`v c¼R `vm eZ©gv‡b Wv³vi‡ì cÖwZ weiƒc aviYv †cvlY K‡i|
wgbwZI `v`vi mv‡_ GKgZ| Zviv g‡b K‡i, Wv³vi ïaygvÎ mgv‡Ri UvKvIqvjv
†kªYxi gvby‡li Rb¨| GKB nvmcvZv‡j Wv³vi‡ì `yB iKg eënv‡ii GKwU
ev¯—e AwfÁZv Zvi n‡q‡Q| gvbyl wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K †Kb Avjv`v †kªYx‡Z
†djv n‡q‡Q GUv wgbwZ Rv‡b bv| GKRb gvby‡li †h AwaKvi Av‡Q,
cÖwZeÜx‡ì Zvi †KvbwUB †bB| ¯‥z‡j, K‡j‡R, hvZvqv‡Z, wPwKrmvq †Kvb
†¶‡ÎB cÖwZeÜx‡ì †Kvb my‡hvM †Ìqv nq bv e‡j wgbwZi Av‡¶c i‡q‡Q|
Avi PvKwii K_v †Zv ejvi A‡c¶vB iv‡L bv|
†`‡k wewfbœ cÖKvi msMVb Av‡Q| wewfbœ †kªYx wb‡q KvR Kivi Rb¨| wKš‘
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mn‡hvwMZvi Rb¨ †Kvb msMVb Av‡Q wKbv Zv wgbwZi Rvbv †bB|
hw` Ggb †Kvb msMVb †m cvq, †hLv‡b cÖwZeÜx‡ì Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ KvR Kiv
hv‡e, Zvn‡j wgbwZ †mLv‡b KvR Ki‡e e‡j cÖwZÁ| GgbwK cwieviI Zv‡K
evav †`‡e bv e‡j Zvi wek¦vm|
eo Avkv, eo mva †bB wgbwZi| Aí‡Z †hgb Lywk nq, †Zgwb `ytLI cvq| g‡b
c‡o †Kvb GK bee‡l©i KvKWvKv †fv‡i Zvi N‡ii ìRvq †UvKv ï‡b `ª‚Z D‡V
ìRv Ly‡j †`q| †`‡L ZviB GK †kªYx eÜz nv‡Z GK‡MvQv dzj wb‡q ùvov‡bv|
wgbwZi w`‡K †P‡q gyPwK †n‡m ejj, Ôïf beel©Õ| G AwZ mvgvb¨ GKwU NUbv|
ZeyI wgbwZi Kv‡Q myLgq Abyf~wZi †mªvZ e‡q †`q| GBUzKz my‡Li g~j¨ wgbwZi
Kv‡Q A‡bK|
117
KvRx Bgiv‡bi B”Qv kw³
iYweRqcy‡ii KvRx Bgivb| GKbv‡g MÖv‡gi mevB Zv‡K †P‡b| Bgivb‡K †Pbvi
†cQ‡b `y‡Uv KviY i‡q‡Q| cÖ_gZ: †m GKRb cÖwZeÜx, GKwU cv‡q mgm¨v|
Luywo‡q Luywo‡q Pj‡Z nq| wØZxqZ: †m GKRb AvZ¥wek¦vmx gvbyl, Ab¨v‡qi
cÖwZev`Kvix, mgvRwn‣Zlx, eÜzermj Ges AvÇvevR|
Bgiv‡bi evev †b․evwnbx‡Z PvKwi Ki‡Zb| Lye GK‡ivLv ¯^fv‡ei †jvK wZwb|
gviv †M‡Qb 2/3 eQi c~‡e©| Ggivb hLb †QvU ZLb Zvi R¡i nq Ges GKwU cv
APj n‡q hvq| Zvi cwievi wkw¶Z I m‡PZb nIqvq Zviv eyS‡Z cvi‡jb, GUv
†Kvb R¡xbcix A_ev evI evZvm ev b¨vsov evZv‡mi e¨vcvi bq| GUv wbðq †Kvb
†ivM| Bgiv‡bi evev †b․evwnbxi GKRb Wv³vi‡K †`Lvevi Rb¨ w`b-ZvwiL wVK
Ki‡jb| wKš— wZwb wb‡RB Bgivb‡K wb‡q mwVK mg‡q †c․Qv‡Z cvi‡jb bv e‡j
Wv³v‡ii mv‡_ K_v KvUvKvwU nq| wZwb Zvici Avi †Q‡j‡K Wv³vi †`Lvbwb
ej‡jB P‡j| cÖvqB wZwb ej‡Zb, ÔAvgvi A‡bK Av‡Q, GKwU mš—vb‡K ewm‡q
†i‡L LvIqv‡Z cvie|Õ
†h‡nZz Bgivb‡ì cwievi GKwU wkw¶Z Ges m‡PZb cwievi, †m‡nZz cwiev‡ii
†fZiB †jLvcovi Abykxjb i‡q‡Q| wkï myjf AvKl©‡YB †m evwo‡Z cov‡kvbv
ïi‚ K‡i| cÖwZ‡ekx wkï‡ì m‡½ †m wbqwgZ cÖv_wgK ¯‥z‡j hvZvqvZ K‡i|
evwoi cv‡kB ¯‥zj| mvgvb¨ c_ nuvU‡Z nq| Zvi Kó n‡jI †m GK A`g¨
AvKl©‡Y cÖv_wgK ¯‥zj †kl Kij| fwZ© nj evwo †_‡K cÖvq wZb wK‡jvwgUvi
`~‡ii GK miKvwi ¯‥z‡j| wK‡kvi eq‡mi meiKg D‛Q¡jZvB †m cÖKvk K‡i‡Q|
cÖwZewÜZv Zv‡K KL‡bv `wg‡q ivL‡Z cv‡iwb| GKwU my¯’ ¯^vfvweK Zi‚‡Yi †h
‣ewkó¨ _v‡K ZviI i‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv| Bgiv‡bi gv‡S G¸‡jvi †KvbwUiB KgwZ
wQj bv| Zvi‚‡Yï Av‡jvK‛QUv Zvi cÖwZewÜZv‡K ¤vb K‡i w`‡q‡Q|
AvR Bgivb g‡b K‡i Zvi g‡Zv Av‡iv A‡bK wkï wQj ev Av‡Q hviv Zv‡ì
B‛Qvkw³‡K Kv‡R jvMv‡Z cv‡i bv e‡j cÖwZewÜZ¡‡K AwZµg Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
AwZµg Kivi Rb¨ cÖavbZ `ywU welq _vKv ìKvi| GKwU n‡jv A_©‣bwZK
¯^‛QjZv, Ab¨wU m‡PZbZv| hv Bgiv‡bi cwiev‡ii wQj|
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Bgivbiv AvU fvB‡evb| Zvi evevi `yB we‡q| cÖ_g gv A_©vr Bgiv‡bi gv‡qi
cuvP mš—vb Ges †QvU gv‡qi wZb mš—vb| Bgivb PZz_© mš—vb| eo fvB‡qiv
eëmvi Kvi‡Y XvKvq emevm K‡ib weavq GBP, Gm, wm cvk Kievi ci øvZK
covi Rb¨ †m XvKvq hvq| RMbœv_ wek¦we`j¨vq K‡jR †_‡K øvZK cvk K‡i|
wk¶vRxe‡b GKRb Zi‚Y Qv‡Îi †h AbgbxqZvi ewntcÖKvk †`Lv hvq Bgiv‡bi
g‡a¨ Zvi †KvbwUiB KgwZ wQj bv| GgbwK gv‡V †Ljva~jvqI Zvi AskMÖn‡Yi
`„óvš— mPivPi wQj| Rq-civRq Zvi Kv‡Q gyL¨ welq wQj bv|
mvgvwRKfv‡e GKRb hye‡Ki m‡PZb gvbwmKZv †h iKg nIqv DwPZ Bgivb

A‡bKUvB Zvi KvQvKvwQ| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †m Ab¨v‡qi cÖvZev`Kvix| wKš‘
ZviciI Bgivb g‡b K‡i, †Pv‡Li mvg‡b mgv‡Ri A‡b‡KB Anin Ab¨vq K‡i
hv‡‛Q| hvi GKUz cÖwZev` Rvbv‡jB nq‡Zv cÖwZ‡iva Kiv m¤¢e| wKš‘ Bgivb Zvi
B‛Qv Abymv‡i cÖwZev` Rvbv‡Z cv‡i bv| †m g‡b K‡i, hw` †KD Zvi cÖwZev‡ì
Kvi‡Y gviai K‡i †m‡¶‡Î gvi LvIqv Qvov Avi wKQyB Kivi †bB| ZvB
†`‡Lï‡b Bgivb Pzc _v‡K| Z‡e eÜz‡ì mg_©b _vK‡j Bgivb DwPZ K_v ej‡Z
KvD‡KB Qv‡o bv| †m hZ eo †jvKB †nvK bv †Kb!
mgvR A_ev ivóª hZUv cÖwZeÜx‡ì K_v bv fv‡e GKRb cÖwZeÜx Ab¨ GKRb
cÖwZeÜxi K_v Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx fv‡e| GUv Bgivb Lye fvj †ev‡S| †m
wb‡RB Zvi mvg_©¨ Abymv‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi cÖwZewÜZv‡K mnvqZv K‡i| †m iKg
GKwU NUbv Bgiv‡bi cÖvqB g‡b c‡o| GKw`b ìMvi †gv‡o †Kvb GK
cÖwZeÜx‡K †ivRvi mgq wf¶v Kiv †_‡K weiZ †i‡L wb‡Ri c‡K‡Ui UvKv w`‡q
BdZvi Kwi‡q wi·vfvov K‡i evwo‡Z cvwV‡q †`q! GwU †m Zvi •bwZK
`vwqZ¡‡eva †_‡K K‡i‡Q| mgvR m‡PZb cÖ‡Z¨K bvMwi‡Ki Ggb †eva _vKv
DwPZ e‡j †m g‡b K‡i|
†`‡ki wewfbœ GjvKvq ågY Kivi AwfÁZv Bgiv‡bi i‡q‡Q| Ny‡i Ny‡i †m
†`‡L‡Q †h, `wi`ª †kªYxi cwiev‡iB cÖwZeÜxi msL¨v †ekx nq| Gi GKUvB
KviY, Zv nj wk¶v I m‡PZbZvi Afve|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì `ytL-`y`©kvi K_v ej‡Z wM‡q Bgivb Av‡eMcÖeY n‡q ejj, ÔGKwU
AÜ †g‡q‡K †Kb GKwU my¯’ †Q‡j we‡q Ki‡e bv! GUv Avwg †f‡e cvB bv|
GKR‡bi †Pv‡Li Av‡jv w`‡q c„w_ex‡Z Ab¨ Avi GKRb Pj‡Z cv‡i| GK_v
Avgv‡ì †evSv DwPZ|Õ Bgivb hLb XvKv RMbœv_ K‡j‡R wWMÖx K¬v‡m c‡o, ZLb
A‡bK fvj fvj my›ìx †g‡q‡ì ms¯ú‡k© G‡m‡Q| A‡bK Av‡eMNb gyû‡Z©
119
Zv‡ì m‡½ KvUv‡bvi mgq Ges my‡hvM Bgiv‡bi n‡q‡Q| g‡b n‡q‡Q, †Kvb
†Kvb †g‡qi ü`‡qi Lye KvQvKvwQI †c․‡Q‡Q †m| †f‡e‡Q, †cÖg wb‡e`b Ki‡j
Zviv nq‡Zv wdwi‡q †`‡e bv| ZviciI Bgivb KL‡bv †cÖ‡gi K_v ej‡Z
cv‡iwb| evievi ïay GKUv K_vB †f‡e‡Q| GKwU cv‡q mgm¨vi Rb¨ hw`
cÖZ¨L¨vZ nq cÖ¯—ve, Zvn‡j `ytL cv‡e wb‡R| Aek¨ GZ Avš—wiKZv, GZ
AvÇv, GZ †Mva~jx j‡Mœi gy`yg›` evZv‡m Ny‡i †eov‡bv! ZviciI †Kvb †g‡qB
e‡jwb Bgivb‡K ÔfvjevwmÕ| Bgivb AvR g‡b K‡i, †m hw` cÖ¯—ve w`Z Zvn‡j
weo¤^bv Qvov Aviv †Kvb jvf n‡Zv bv|
cÖej AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi m‡½ Rxebhvcb Kiv m‡Ë¡I gv‡S g‡a¨ Zv‡K ïb‡Z nq bvbv
ai‡bi KUzw³| GKw`b †m ZvjMv‡Q D‡VwQj| ZvjMvQ †_‡K im msMÖ‡ni Rb¨
euv‡ki gB ZvjMv‡Qi m‡½ †eu‡a MvQ KvUvi eë¯’v Kiv nq| A‡bKUv cix¶v
K‡i †`Lvi Rb¨ Bgivb Mv‡Q D‡VwQj| KviY, my¯’ †jv‡Kiv ninv‡gkv DV‡Q|
AZGe ZviI †mB †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q wKbv Zv hvPvB K‡i †`L‡e| A‡bK SuywK wb‡q
†m hLb ZvjMv‡Qi gv_vq DVj, ZLb Mv‡Qi wb‡P Zvi PvPvi eqmx GK‡jvK gš—
e¨ K‡iwQj Ô†Luvov Avevi ZvjMv‡Qi gv_vq D‡VwQm bvwK?Õ| GB gš—e¨ Kivi
Rb¨ Bgivb AvRI Zv‡K g‡b g‡b ¶gv Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| cÖPÛ †¶vf i‡q‡Q
GRb¨ Zvi g‡b| ïaygvÎ myw`‡bi cÖZ¨vkvq i‡q‡Q, KwVb fvlvq Gi †m Reve
†`‡e GKw`b|
my¯’ †jv‡Kiv GKwU †`‡ki Dbœqb avivq †hgb mvwgj n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb
cÖwZeÜx‡ì my‡hvM w`‡j ZvivI AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q †`‡ki Dbœqb avivq
wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc weL¨vZ kvmK •Zgyi js, weÁvbx
wó‡db nwKsm Ges wek¦ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Awjw¤ú‡K Avgv‡ì cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvd‡jï
K_v †m Zz‡j a‡i| cÖwZeÜx‡ì my‡hv‡Mi wel‡q Bgivb g‡b K‡i, Zv‡ì
KvwiMwi wk¶v †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv †h Amnvq bq, cÖwZwU cwiev‡i †m wel‡q
Drmvn I m‡PZbZv RvMv‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i wf¶ve„wËi g~‡j AvNvZ nvb‡Z
n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j miKvwi ch©vq †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i abx e¨w³‡ì mnvqZvq
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K KzwUi wkí, ¶z`ª eëmv cÖfw„ Z Kv‡R wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv
Ges Zv‡ì cwievi fvjfv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
GKRb cÖwZeÜx Zvi cvwievwiK Rxe‡b KL‡bv ¯^vfvweK gvbwmKZv wb‡q Rxeb
KvUv‡Z cv‡i e‡j A‡b‡K fve‡ZB cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †Kvb †Kvb mgq ¯¿x, c½y
¯^vgx‡K h_v_© g~j¨vqb K‡i bv| eis DV‡Z em‡Z Zvi AmnvqZ¡‡K †LuvUv w`‡q
wewfbœ KUzw³ K‡i| Ô†Luvovi Ni Ki‡Z G‡m †KvbKv‡j myL †cjvg bv!Õ GB gš—
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mgvR A_ev ivóª hZUv cÖwZeÜx‡ì K_v bv fv‡e, GKRb cÖwZeÜx Ab¨ GKRb
cÖwZeÜxi K_v Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ekx fv‡e| GwU Bgivb Lye fvj †ev‡S| †m
wb‡RB Zvi mvg_© Abymv‡i wewfbœ cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqZv K‡i| †m iKg GKwU
NUbv Bgiv‡bi cÖvqB g‡b c‡o| GKw`b ìMvi †gv‡o †Kvb GK cÖwZeÜx‡K
†ivRvi mgq wf¶v Kiv †_‡K weiZ †i‡L wb‡Ri c‡K‡Ui UvKv w`‡q BdZvi
Kwi‡q wi·vfvov K‡i evwo‡Z cvwV‡q †`q! GwU Zvi •bwZK `vwqZ¡ e‡j †m g‡b
K‡i| mgvR m‡PZb bvMwi‡Ki GgbwU fvev DwPZ e‡j g‡b K‡i|
my¯’ †jv‡Kiv GKwU †`‡ki Dbœqb avivq †hgb mvwgj n‡Z cv‡i †Zgwb
cÖwZeÜx‡ì my‡hvM w`‡j ZvivI AvZ¥wbf©ikxj n‡q †`‡ki Dbœqb avivq
wb‡R‡ì wb‡qvwRZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| D`vniY¯îƒc weL¨vZ kvmK •Zgyi js, weÁvbx
wó‡db nwKsm Ges wek¦ cÖwZeÜx‡ì Awjw¤ú‡K Avgv‡ì cÖwZeÜx‡ì mvd‡jï
K_v †m Zz‡j a‡i| cÖwZeÜx‡ì my‡hv‡Mi wel‡q Bgivb g‡b K‡i, Zv‡ì
KvwiMwi wk¶v †Ìqv cÖ‡qvRb| Zviv †h Amnvq bq, cÖwZwU cwiev‡i †m wel‡q
Drmvn I m‡PZbZv RvMv‡Z n‡e| we‡kl K‡i wf¶ve„wËi g~‡j AvNvZ nvb‡Z
n‡e| m¤¢e n‡j miKvwi ch©vq †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i abx e¨w³‡ì mnvqZvq
cÖwZeÜx‡ì‡K KzwUi wkí, ¶z`ª eëmv cÖfw„ Z Kv‡R wb‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡j Zviv
Ges Zv‡ì cwievi fvjfv‡e Rxeb hvcb Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
Bgiv‡bi GKwU B‛Qv, hw` †m h_vh_ mvsMVwbK Ges A_©‣bwZK mnvqZv cvq
Zvn‡j ev‡Minv‡Ui mKj cÖwZeÜx‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU gnvmgv‡ek Ki‡e|
†mB mgv‡e‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì ev¯—e cwiw¯’wZ Ges mKj gvbwmK `vwemg~n iv‡óªi
Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wgwQj mnKv‡i †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki wbKU
¯§viKwjwc †ck Kiv n‡e| mg¯— †`k Rvb‡e cÖwZeÜxivI gvbyl, Zviv mgv‡Ri
evB‡ii †KD bq| Zv‡ìI fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| AwaKvi Av‡Q
iv‡óªi Kv‡Q `vwe Rvbvevi| Avgiv cÖwZeÜx bB, Avgiv gvbyl|
e¨ ïb‡Z nq A‡bK cÖwZeÜx ¯^vgx‡K| Aciw`‡K AweevwnZ †Kvb †g‡q

cÖwZeÜxi Rb¨ we‡qi cÖ¯—ve Av‡m bv ej‡jB P‡j| hwÌ ev Av‡m, Zv nq
A‡hvM¨ bq‡Zv †h․Zz‡Ki wewbg‡q| Bgivb Zvi AwfÁZv †_‡KB e‡j †h, A‡bK
Z¨v‡Mi wewbg‡q †Kvb cÖwZeÜxi we‡q n‡jI Zv ¯’vqx nq bv|
121
Bgivb wb‡R weevwnZ| GK eÜzi †evb‡K ‡m we‡q Ki‡Q| c~e© cwiPq wQj †mB
cwiev‡ii mv‡_| we‡qi Av‡M KL‡bv K_v nqwb we‡q m¤ú‡K©| Bgiv‡bi gv-B
GKw`b Zvi GKvwKZ¡ †NuvPv‡bvi Rb¨ Bgivb‡K we‡q Kivi cÖ¯—ve †`q| gv‡qi
wbtm½Zv `~i Kivi Rb¨ Bgivb ¯^í mg‡qi cÖ¯w‘ Z‡Z we‡q Kivi Rb¨ gbw¯’i
K‡i| Bgivb Zvi gv‡qi my‡Li Rb¨ wb‡Ri RxebUv‡K evRx †i‡LwQj| gv‡K
w`‡q †mB eÜzi †evb‡K we‡q Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯—ve cvVv‡jv| Kb¨vc¶ †h‡nZz
Bgivb‡K c~e© †_‡KB wPbZ, †m‡nZz fvj Ges †hvM¨ †Q‡j wn‡m‡e Zviv ivRx nq
we‡q‡Z| msmvi Rxe‡b Bgivb Lye myLx| ¯^vgx-¯¿xi g‡a¨ PgrKvi †evSvcov
i‡q‡Q| Bgiv‡bi cÖwZewÜZv msmvi Rxe‡bi Dci †Kvb cÖfve †dj‡Z cv‡iwb|
¯¿x-¯^vgxi cÖwZeÜZv‡K †Kvb evav e‡j g‡b K‡ib bv| ¯^vgxi cÖwZ h‡_ó hZœevb
†m| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY, ¯¿xi Dci mvwe©K `vwqZ¡ Ges fvjevmv Bgivb c~Y©gvÎvq
eRvq †i‡L‡Q| GZwKQyi c‡iI Bgivb g‡b K‡i, hw` †Kvbw`b ¯¿x Zvi
cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mvgvb¨Zg gš—e¨ A_ev weiƒc fve †cvlY K‡i Zvn‡j
cwiw¯’wZ wK n‡e Zv †m wb‡RI Rv‡b bv|
Bgiv‡bi GKwU B‛Qv, hw` †m h_vh_ mvsMVwbK Ges A_©‣bwZK mnvqZv cvq
Zvn‡j ev‡Minv‡Ui mKj cÖwZeÜx‡K GKwÎZ K‡i GKwU gnvmgv‡ek Ki‡e|
†mB mgv‡e‡k cÖwZeÜx‡ì ev¯—e cwiw¯’wZ Ges mKj gvbwmK `vwemg~n iv‡óªi
Kv‡Q Zz‡j ai‡e| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a wgwQj mnKv‡i †Rjv cÖkvm‡Ki wbKU
¯§viKwjwc †ck Kiv n‡e| mg¯— †`k Rvb‡e cÖwZeÜxivI gvbyl, Zviv mgv‡Ri
evB‡ii †KD bq| Zv‡ìI fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi AwaKvi Av‡Q| AwaKvi Av‡Q
iv‡óªi Kv‡Q `vwe Rvbvevi| Avgiv cÖwZeÜx bB, Avgiv gvbyl|
122
†invbvi K_v
bvg Zvi †invbv| Pjb cÖwZeÜx `‡ji GKRb m`m¨| eqm 26 eQi|
my›ì‡Nvbv MÖv‡g Zvi Rb¥| †cvwjIi Kvi‡Y Zvi bvg cÖwZeÜx‡ì ZvwjKvq Aš—
fy³
© n‡q‡Q| evev wbZvš— Mixe e‡j Zv‡K Wv³vi †`Lv‡Z cv‡ibwb| ïaygvÎ gv
GKevi GK dwK‡ii Kv‡Q wb‡q wM‡qwQ‡jb| Zv‡Z †Kvb dj nqwb|
†QvU‡ejv‡Z Zvi hLb ¯‥z‡j hvevi eqm ZLb cv‡qi mgm¨v Lye GKUv wQj bv|
wØZxq †kªYx‡Z D‡V Avi †jLvcov Kiv nqwb| evev-gvI KL‡bv †jLvcovi cÖwZ
¸i‚Z¡ †`qwb| AvR g‡b nq Zvi cov‡kvbv KivUv LyeB ìKvi wQj|
†invbviv Pvi fvB‡evb| fvB `yRb †QvU| msmv‡i GKgvÎ Avq¶g e¨w³ †invbvi
evev| wZwb f¨vbPvjK| f¨vb Pvwj‡q mvgvb¨ hv Avq nq, ZvB w`‡q bq
m`m¨wewkó evevi msmvi P‡j|
Pvi eQi c~‡e© †invbvi we‡q n‡qwQj|
¯^vgxi bvg †LvKb gwjK| ¯^vgxi
†invbv Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ GLb Avi msmv‡i A_©‣bwZK mg„w× wQj bv|
fv‡e bv| fv‡e, †Q‡j‡g‡q `yÕwUi wKš‘ myL wQj| Zv‡K †`‡Lï‡bB we‡q
K_v| Zviv fwel¨‡Z wKfv‡e Pj‡e K‡iwQj| †invbvi mKj Kv‡R †m
Zv Zvi ARvbv| gvby‡li mš—vb mvnvh¨-mn‡hvwMZv KiZ| GgbwK
†hfv‡e †e‡o I‡V, Iiv nq‡Zv †invbv †Mvmj Kivi ci ¯^vgx Zvi
†mfv‡e †Kvbw`bB eo n‡Z cvi‡e Kvco ch©š— ay‡q w`Z| my›ì GKwU
bv| eZ©gv‡b †h K‡ó Zviv w`b ¯^cœ m„wó n‡qwQj Zv‡ì msmv‡i|
KvUvq Zv‡Z gv‡S gv‡S †invbvi GKwU †g‡q nj| ¯^cœ Av‡iv Nwbf~Z
g‡i †h‡Z B‡‛Q K‡i| KviY nj| nq‡Zv GKw`b †g‡q‡K
†Pv‡Li mvg‡b †QvU †QvU mš—vb‡ì †jLvcov wkwL‡q eo Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
wKQyw`b ci AveviI M‡f© bZzb cÖv‡Yi
GZ Kó Zvi mn¨ nq bv| giY
¯ú›`b †Ui cvq| †invbv fv‡eb,
n‡j †Pv‡Li mvg‡b mš—vb‡ì GZ Gevi hw` GKwU cyÎ mš—vb nq Zvn‡j
Kó Avi †`L‡Z n‡Zv bv| ¯^vgx Zvi fvjevmvq AviI Mfxi
n‡e| KviY GKwU †g‡q‡Zv Av‡QB|
GLb hw` GKwU †Q‡j nq Zvn‡j `ywU †Q‡j‡g‡q wb‡q my‡Li msmvi Mo‡e| †nvK
bv wb‡R cÖwZeÜx| ¯^vgx †Zv †g‡b wb‡q‡QB| wKš‘ †mB my‡Li ¯^cœ †f‡½ UzK‡iv
UzK‡iv n‡Z Lye †ekx †ìx nj bv| M‡f© hLb bq gv‡mi mš—vb ZLb Zvi ¯^vgx
123
GKw`b w`Nxicvo bvgK ¯’v‡b we`y¨rc„ó n‡q gviv hvq| †invbvi mKj ¯^cœ
a~wjmvr n‡q hvq| G‡K‡Zv weaev, Zvi Dci GKwU mš—vb †Kej nuvU‡Z wk‡L‡Q
AciwU M‡f©| m‡e©vcwi wb‡R cÖwZeÜx|
•ea‡eï hš¿Yv I MÄbv gv_vq wb‡q †invbv evevi evwo‡Z wd‡i Av‡m| †mLv‡b
Zvi GKwU cyÎ mš—vb nq| †mB Kvw“LZ cyÎmš—vb G‡jv e‡U, Z‡e GwZg n‡q|
†h me‡P‡q †ewk Lykx nZ, †m †invbvi ¯^vgx| †mB †Zv †bB †invbvi eyK †f‡½
hvq| evevi g„Zzï nvZ a‡i †h mš—vb Rb¥MÖnY Kij †mB mš—v‡bi bvg †invbv
†i‡L‡Q `yLy wgqv| AvR †invbvi g‡b nq, †h mš—vb‡K fwel¨‡Zi Av‡jv wnmv‡e
†f‡e‡Q †m mš—vb G‡m‡Q `yt†Li Wvwj mvwR‡q| AZGe Zvi bvg `yLywgqv Qvov
Avi wK n‡Z cv‡i?
†h‡nZz †invbv evevi evwo‡Z _v‡K, †m‡nZz evevi Av‡qi Dci Zv‡K m¤ú~Y©
wbf©ikxj n‡Z nq| fvB `yBRb †QvU| Zviv Avq-†ivRMvi Kivi gZ eo nqwb|
Aek¨ †jLvcovI K‡i bv| †gR fvB †invbvi mv‡_ gv‡S gv‡S `ye¨© envi K‡i
e‡j- Ôwb‡R Pj‡Z cv‡i bv, Avevi `yRb Rb¥ w`‡q‡Q|Õ
eo †ev‡bi we‡qi ci GKwU †g‡q n‡j Zvi ¯^vgx Zv‡K ZvjvK †`q| †mI evevi
msmv‡i Av‡Q| evev‡K gv‡S gv‡S me‡P‡q fvM¨vnZ e‡j g‡b nq| `ywU †g‡qB
we‡q †èvi ci weaev I ZvjvKcÖvßv n‡q Zvi msmv‡i wd‡i G‡m‡Q| ms‡M
wZbwU mš—vb| evevi †m fvi GLb enb Kievi ¶gZv †bB| Zvi Nv‡oi Dci
†mB †evSv †P‡c‡Q| hw` G gyn~‡Z© evevi wKQy n‡q hvq Zvn‡j Zv‡ì bv †L‡qB
gi‡Z n‡e| Zv‡ì Abïv nq‡Zv †L‡U †L‡Z cvi‡e wKš‘ †invbv? †m‡Zv Kv‡iv
Kv‡Q wM‡q wKQy PvB‡ZB cv‡i bv| Zv m‡Ë¡I cvov-cÖwZ‡ekxiv h_vm¤¢e mvnvh¨
Kivi †Póv K‡i|
gv‡S gv‡S AvZ¥xq-¯^Rb‡ì evwo‡Z †h‡Z B‛Qv nq †invbvi| wKš‘ cv‡q †nu‡U
hvIqv Zvi Rb¨ Am¤¢e| †h‡Z n‡j wi·v ìKvi| wKš‘ wi·vfvov †Kv_vq! ZvB
†mLv‡bI hvIqv nq bv|
†invbv Zvi wb‡Ri Rb¨ GLb Avi fv‡e bv| fv‡e, †Q‡j‡g‡q `yÕwUi K_v| Zviv
fwel¨‡Z wKfv‡e Pj‡e Zv Zvi ARvbv| gvby‡li mš—vb †hfv‡e †e‡o I‡V, Iiv
nq‡Zv †mfv‡e †Kvbw`bB eo n‡Z cvi‡e bv| eZ©gv‡b †h K‡ó Zviv w`b KvUvq
Zv‡Z gv‡S gv‡S †invbvi g‡i †h‡Z B‡‛Q K‡i| KviY †Pv‡Li mvg‡b †QvU †QvU
mš—vb‡ì GZ Kó Zvi mn¨ nq bv| giY n‡j †Pv‡Li mvg‡b mš—vb‡ì GZ Kó
Avi †`L‡Z n‡Zv bv|
124
†¯^”Qvwbe©vwmZ gvKmy` PvKjv`vi
gvKmy` PvKjv`vi-Gi evwo iYweRqcyi| mì Dc‡Rjvi †Kvjvn‡ji gv‡S

wbZ…Z Rxebhvcb K‡i| evev PvKjv`vi †gvK‡jQyi ingvb| `yB eQi c~‡e© gviv
†M‡Qb| gvKmyìv Pvi fvB GK †evb| gvKmy‡ì eqm 23 eQi| †m mK‡ji
†QvU| evev-gv, fvB-†ev‡bi eo Av`‡ii| wKš‘ †m Avì †m cvqwb|
evev ab-m¤úwË †hUzKz K‡i‡Qb Zv‡Z mš—vb‡ì †Kvb mgm¨v nevi bq| eo
†Q‡j miKvwi Awd‡m fvj PvKzwi K‡ib| †gS †Q‡j eëmvq Ges †mR †Q‡j
cywjk wefv‡M PvKzwi K‡ib| GKgvÎ †ev‡bi we‡q n‡q †M‡Q †mB K‡e! mvRv‡bv
†MvQv‡bv GKUv msmvi Zvi| ïay gvKmy`B mK‡ji GKgvÎ `ywðš—vi KviY|
my¯’ GKwU wkï wn‡m‡eB gvKmy‡ì Rb¥ nq| eQiLv‡bK eq‡mi mgq Zvi cÖPÊ
cuvPov (Nv) nq| Wv³vi Zv‡K Bb‡RKkb Ges bxj is-Gi cUvk RvZxq Jla
†L‡Z †`b| Zvi eqm hLb AvovB eQi ZLb Zvi Amy¯’Zv aiv c‡o| cÖ_g
cÖ_g mvgvb¨ mgm¨v wQj| K_v GKUz GKUz †e‡a †hZ| ¯^vfvweK wkï‡ì gZ
Pjv‡div Ki‡Z mgm¨v nZ| ZLb
Zv‡K wkï nvmcvZv‡j wb‡q hvIqv
Zviv A‡b‡KB Rv‡b bv †h Zv‡ìB nq| nvmcvZv‡ji Wv³vi‡ì gš—e¨
cvov‡Z gvKmy` bv‡g GKwU wQj-†ivMwU m¤¢eZ c¨vivjvBwmm|
cÖwZeÜx †Q‡j Av‡Q| A‡bK Rvbv gvKmy‡ì evev-gv ZLb Lye GKUv
cÖwZ‡ekxI fy‡j †M‡Q Zvi bvg| ¸i‚Z¡ †`b bvB| Zviv †f‡ewQ‡jb,
KviY †m GLb †¯^‛Qvq M„ne›`x fwel¨‡Z wVK n‡q hv‡e| Ggb
Rxeb †e‡Q wb‡q‡Q| A‡bKUv aviYvq Zv‡K DbœZ †Kvb wPwKrmv
Kiv‡bv nqwb|
Rxeb¥„Z cÖvq| nq‡Zv Gfv‡eB
GKw`b †kl n‡q hv‡e gvKmy` wKš‘ Zv‡ì mKj fvebv‡K fyj
bv‡gi GKwU Ac~Y©v½ gvbeRxeb| cÖgvwYZ K‡i gvKmy‡ì Ae¯’v w`b
w`b AebwZi w`‡K †h‡Z _v‡K|
cÖ_gw`‡K mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_ †Ljva~jv KiZ| wKš‘ Zvi kvixwiK Î‚wU¸‡jv hLb
Av‡iv Zxeª n‡Z jvMj ZLb †_‡K †m wb‡R‡K ¸wU‡q wb‡Z ïi‚ Kij| m½x-
mv_xivI Zv‡K wewfbœ cÖKvi gš—e¨ K‡i DZ¨³ Ki‡Z ïi‚ Kij| G‡Z Zvi
g‡bi Dci Lvivc cÖfve co‡Z ïi‚ Kij| d‡j, w`‡b w`‡b †m gvbwmK
125
fvimvgÏ nvwi‡q †d‡j| Ab¨w`‡K, nvZ I cv‡q †Rvi cvq bv| wVKgZ †Rvi
w`‡q ùvov‡Z Kó nq|
eZ©gv‡b †m wb‡R‡K GKvKx N‡i e›`x ivL‡Z cQ›` K‡i| Ab¨ †Kvb fvB‡ì
N‡i KL‡bv †m hvq bv| ¶zav †c‡jI †m KvD‡K Rvbvq bv| Zvi gv-B Zv‡K
wb‡Ri †_‡K Lvevi LvIqvq| KL‡bv KvD‡K wei³ K‡i bv| †KvbwKQyi cÖwZ
†Zgb AvMÖn †bB| Z‡e Mvb ïb‡Z Lye fvjev‡m| ZvB‡Zv Zvi †mR fvB Zv‡K
GKwU †iwWI wK‡b w`‡q‡Q| †mB †iwWI wb‡q †m cÖvq mvivw`b N‡i e‡m Mvb
†kv‡b| GKwU eÜ NiB Zvi c„w_ex| Mvb Zv‡K KZUv Avb›` †`q Zv †m-B
ej‡Z cv‡i| bZzb Rvgv Kvc‡oi cÖwZI Zvi AvMÖn Av‡Q †ek| mì iv¯—vi
cv‡k evwo nIqvq hLb gv‡S gv‡S iv¯—vi cv‡k wM‡q ùvov‡Zv ZLb †Kvb †cvóvi
ev wm‡bgvi wjd‡jU †c‡j mh‡Zœ wb‡q AvmZ| Zvi wb‡Ri K‡¶i †eovq jvwM‡q
ivL‡Zv| wKš‘ GLb Avi Zv K‡i bv| hLb Qwe jvwM‡q ivL‡Zv ZLb †mB Qwei
bvqK-bvwqKvi w`‡K ZvwK‡q GKv GKv nvm‡Zv| Zvi Kíbvi iv‡R¨ w¯’iwPÎ‡K
†m Avcb K‡i wb‡q‡Q| GZUv my›ì gvbyl nq‡Zv Zvi Kv‡Q Avi †KD nqwb|
Zvi me‡_‡K wcÖqRb Zvi †evb| †QvU‡ejv †_‡KB †evb Zv‡K Lye Avì K‡i|
GLb gv‡S gv‡S †ev‡bi evwo‡ZB ïay †h‡Z Pvq| Ab¨ †Kv_vI bq|
†jLvcov gvKmy` GK`g K‡iwb| KviY, hLb ¯‥z‡j hvevi eqm ïi‚ n‡qwQj
ZLb Zvi Amy¯’ZvI ïi‚ nq| evev-gv Zvi Amy¯’Zvi Kvi‡Y Zv‡K ¯‥z‡j
cvVvbwb| eZ©gv‡b gv‡qi aviYv, hw` gvbwmK Amy¯‡’ ì ¯‥z‡j hvevi my‡hvM
_vK‡Zv Zvn‡j Zv‡K cvVv‡bv †hZ| wKš‘ ZLb ev‡Minv‡U †Kvb gvbwmK ¯‥zj
wQj bv|
gv‡qi B‛Qv, gvKmy`‡K wb‡q mK‡ji m‡½ e‡m wg‡jwg‡k Lvevi †L‡Z| wKš‘
cvwievwiK cwi‡ek †m iKg †bB|
gvKmy` ev‛Pv‡ì g‡Zv GL‡bv †QvU †Q‡j‡g‡q‡ì m‡½ †Lj‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ †c‡i
I‡V bv| ev‛Pv‡ì †m Lye fvjev‡m| hw` KL‡bv †KD ev‛Pv‡ì ivM K‡i A_ev
wcUzwb †`q Zvn‡j Zvi Lye ivM nq| A_P †m cÖwZev` Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| wbie
cÖwZev‡` e¨w_Z ü`q wb‡q nZevK n‡q ZvwK‡q _v‡K|
gvKmy‡ì cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì A‡b‡K Zv‡K wb‡q weiƒc gš—e¨ K‡i| wKš‘ cwiev‡ii
†KD Zv‡Z KY©cvZ K‡i bv| KviY, gvKmy‡ì mKj fvB‡evb AvaywbKZvq wek¦vm
K‡i| cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì g‡a¨ hv‡ì eqm 10-12 eQi, Zviv A‡b‡KB Rv‡b bv †h
126
Zv‡ìB cvov‡Z gvKmy` bv‡g GKwU cÖwZeÜx †Q‡j Av‡Q| A‡bK Rvbv
cÖwZ‡ekxI fy‡j †M‡Q Zvi bvg| KviY, †m GLb †¯^‛Qvq M„ne›`x Rxeb †e‡Q
wb‡q‡Q| Rxeb¥„Z-cÖvq| nq‡Zv Gfv‡eB GKw`b †kl n‡q hv‡e gvKmy` bv‡gi
GKwU gvbeRxeb|
127
weeY© meyR
meyR GKwU ZvRv cÖv‡Yi bvg nIqv DwPZ wQj| wKš‘ Zv nqwb| †Kb nj bv GB
cÖ‡kœi Reve A‡bK Mfx‡i| †mLv‡b †cu․Qv‡bv mK‡ji c‡¶ nq‡Zv m¤¢e bq|
GKwU KwVb cvwievwiK †¶v‡fi †`qvj Zv‡K AvU‡K †i‡L‡Q|
mey‡Ri evwo ev‡Minv‡Ui my›ì‡Nvbv MÖv‡g| eqm 16-17 eQi| evev mvBdDwÏb
wkw¶Z, A_©‣bwZKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ Ges mgvR‡mex wnmv‡e mybv‡gi AwaKvix|
MYwe`¨vjq bv‡g GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Aa¨¶| gv †n‡jbv †eMg ¯^vgxi †hvM¨ ¯¿x|
GKwU evwjKv we`¨vj‡qi cÖvq cÖwZôvKvj †_‡K cÖavb wkw¶Kv wQ‡jb| A_©vr
bvixwk¶vi AMÖMwZ‡Z ev‡Minv‡U Zuvi f~wgKv AMÖYx| hwÌ wZwb GKRb M„wnbx
Qvov eZ©gv‡b Avi wKQyB bb|
mvBd DwÏb Ges †n‡jb •eevwnK Rxeb ïi‚ K‡ib A‡bK †`wi‡Z| Zv‡ì
weevwnZ Rxe‡bi cÖ_g Kvgbvi ab meyR GKRb cÖwZeÜx n‡q c„w_ex‡Z Av‡m|
wb‡Ri cv‡q fi K‡i GKev‡iB ùvov‡Z cv‡i bv| ûBj †Pqvi, wi·v A_ev
A‡bï †Kv‡j P‡oB Zv‡K Pjv‡div Ki‡Z nq| nv‡Zi Av½yj¸‡jv euvKv‡bv|
†jLvi Rb¨ †Kvbfv‡eB mnvqK bq| Avi ¯^vfvweKfv‡e K_v ej‡Z cv‡ibv|
†ek Kó nq| †e‡a hvq K_v| wb‡Ri nv‡Z †L‡Z cv‡i bv Ges cÖPzi Lvevi
_vjvi evB‡i c‡o hvq|
†h‡nZz evev Avw_©Kfv‡e cÖwZwôZ †m‡nZz wPwKrmvi †Kvb cÖKvi Î‚wU K‡ibwb|
djvdj †h G‡Kev‡i k~b¨ Zv ejv hv‡e bv| KviY, BwZg‡a¨ mvgvb¨ DbœwZ
n‡q‡Q Zvi| Z‡e Zv D‡jL Kivi gZ bq| †mB wPwKrmv Zv‡K cÖwZeÜx‡ì `j
†_‡K †ei K‡i Avb‡Z cv‡iwb|
evev-gv m‡PZb weavq mš—vb cÖwZeÜx nIqv m‡Ë¡I Zv‡K †jLvcov †_‡K weiZ
iv‡Lbwb Zviv| evwoi Kv‡Q my›ì‡Nvbv ¯‥z‡j Zv‡K wbqwgZ †jLvcov Kwi‡q‡Qb|
GKRb m½x Zv‡K me©`v mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ wb‡qvwRZ Av‡Q| Z‡e K¬v‡m A_ev
cix¶vi mgq †m wjL‡Z cv‡i bv| GKRb mvnvh¨Kvix †bq| eZ©gv‡b meyR
GmGmwm cix¶v †èvi cÖ¯w‘ Z wb‡‛Q|
128
ivóª cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Ggb †Kvb

wbqg iv‡Lwb †h, hw` †Kvb cÖwZeÜx
ivóª cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Ggb †Kvb wb‡Ri nv‡Z wjL‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j
wbqg iv‡Lwb †h, hw` †Kvb cÖwZeÜx †g․wLK A_ev †jLvi mvnvh¨Kvix
wb‡Ri nv‡Z wjL‡Z bv cv‡i Zvn‡j GKRb e¨w³ Øviv cix¶v †Ìqv
†g․wLK A_ev †jLvi mvnvh¨Kvix hv‡e| mey‡Ri evevi mgv‡Ri cÖ_g
e¨w³ Øviv cix¶v †Ìqv hv‡e| †kªYxi †jvK‡ì m‡½ mPivPi
mey‡Ri evevi mgv‡Ri cÖ_g †kªYxi †gjv‡gkv weavq wZwb wk¶v‡ev‡W©i
†jvK‡ì m‡½ mPivPi IVvemv †Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU ch©š— mycvwik
wb‡q hvevi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb
weavq wZwb wk¶v‡ev‡W©i
GKev‡K¨ Reve w`‡q‡Qb, Ô†`‡k G
†Pqvig¨v‡bi wbKU ch©š— mycvwik ai‡bi †Kvb wbqg †bB|Õ meyR Ges
wb‡q hvevi my‡hvM †c‡q‡Qb| wZwb Zvi cwiev‡ii GLb cÖk,œ gvby‡li
GKev‡K¨ Reve w`‡q‡Qb, Ô†`‡k G Rb¨ AvBb, bvwK AvB‡bi Rb¨ gvbyl?
ai‡bi †Kvb wbqg †bB| ÕmeyR †h AvBb gvby‡li †Kvb DcKv‡i Av‡m
Ges Zvi cwiev‡ii GLb cÖkœ, bv, A_ev Rxeb‡K ¯’wei K‡i †`q
gvby‡li Rb¨ AvBb, bvwK AvB‡bi A_ev my›ì fwel¨Z‡K AÜKv‡i
Rb¨ gvbyl? †h AvBb gvby‡li †Kvb cwiYZ K‡i, †mB AvB‡bi
DcKv‡i Av‡m bv, A_ev Rxeb‡K cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †Kv_vq? GZwKQyi
¯’wei K‡i †`q A_ev my›ì c‡iI mey‡Ri evev `‡g hvbwb| wZwb
fwel¨Z‡K AÜKv‡i cwiYZ K‡i †Q‡j‡K GmGmwm cix¶vq AskMÖnY
Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ cÖvYcY †Póv Pvwj‡q
†`q, †mB AvB‡bi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
hv‡‛Qb| cÖ‡qvR‡b wZwb wk¶v
†Kv_vq?
gš¿Yvj‡q ch©š— hv‡eb e‡j w¯’i
K‡i‡Qb| hw` AvBbwU cvk Kiv‡bv
hvq Zvn‡j mey‡Ri gZ Av‡iv A‡b‡K hviv wb‡Riv wjL‡Z cv‡ibv wKš‘ ej‡Z
cv‡i Zviv cix¶v †èvi my‡hvM cv‡e| Avi †mB beweav‡bi hvÎv ïi‚ n‡e
nq‡Zv meyR‡K w`‡q| †mB Avkvq eyK †eu‡a EaŸ©Zb KZ©ve¨w³‡ì Kv‡Q aY©v
w`‡q hv‡‛Qb| evev g‡b K‡ib, `k eQi eûK‡ó A‡bK cÖwZeÜKZv m‡Ë¡I
cov‡kvbv Kivi ci †k‡l GmGmwm cix¶v w`‡Z bv cvi‡j meyR gvbwmKfv‡e
fqvbK Amy¯’ n‡q co‡e| eZ©gv‡b meyR m¤ú‡K© †Kvb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z A_ev ej‡Z
†M‡j Zvi gv fxlYfv‡e ¶z× nb| we‡kl K‡i †Kvb msMVb A_ev GbwRI-i
c¶ †_‡K Zv‡ì evwo‡Z †M‡j GKK_vq Zv‡K evwo †_‡K †ei K‡i †èvi gZ
Ae¯’v wZwb m„wó K‡ib| wZwb GKRb wkw¶Z gwnjv nIqv m‡Ë¡I mš—v‡bi
`ywðš—vq mgv‡Ri e¨vcv‡i A‡bKUv †bwZevPK g‡bvfve †cvlY K‡ib| wZwb g‡b
129
K‡ib, mgvR Zvi mš—v‡bi cÖwZ AwePvi Ki‡Q| Gi cÖwZev` mK‡j wg‡j Kiv
DwPZ| wKš‘ Zv †KD Ki‡Q bv| AZGe, †Kej meyR‡K †`L‡Z G‡m jvf wK?
ivóª I AvB‡bi cÖwZ A‡bKUv N„Yv cÖKvk K‡iI wZwb wewfbœ gš—e¨ K‡ib|
cvov cÖwZ‡ekx hviv Awkw¶Z ev Am‡PZb Zviv g‡b K‡i, mvgvwRKfv‡e mvBd
mv‡ne A‡bK Ab¨vq K‡i‡Qb| Zvi cÖwZdjb mš—v‡bi gva¨‡g wZwb cv‡‛Qb|
Aa©wkw¶Z Ges †gvjv †kªYxi †jv‡K e‡j, †ekx eq‡m we‡q K‡i mš—vb aviY
Ki‡j GgbB dj nq| Avi Wv³vi wK e‡j‡Qb Zv Rvbv hvq wb Zv‡ì KvQ
†_‡K| Z‡e evev-gv A_ev cwiev‡ii wbKU †_‡K mš—vb wn‡m‡e mey‡Ri hZUzKz
cvIbv Zv‡Z GZUzKzI KgwZ †bB| ïay cv‡‛Q bv mgvR Ges iv‡óªi KvQ †_‡K|
G cÖm‡½ meyR wb‡RI Rv‡bbv mgm¨v †Kv_vq? Z‡e wK ïaygvÎ cÖwZeÜx n‡q‡Q
e‡jB GB •elg¨? †K `vwq Zvi Rb¨? GB cÖ‡kœi Reve Rv‡bbv meyR, meyRiv|
ZvB‡Zv meyR AvR weeY©|
130
ivbv GLb †Kv_vq
Avwjg-DR-Rvgvb ivbv, wcZv Avw`j-DR-Rvgvb| evwo iYweRqcyi MÖv‡g| G

MÖv‡gi GKwU cyivZb HwZnëvnx cwiev‡i Zvi Rb¥| wk¶v, abm¤ú`, mvgvwRK
gh©v`v mKj w`K †_‡KB Zvi cwievi D‡jL Kivi gZ|
eZ©gv‡b Zvi eqm cÖvq 40-42 eQi| evg cv‡q †cvwjI n‡qwQj †mB K‡e, Zv
Zvi g‡b †bB| AwffveK‡ì g‡Z, G‡Kev‡i wkïKvj †_‡KB Zvi cv‡q
mgm¨v| GK cv Luywo‡q nv‡U| wPwKrmv Kiv‡bv n‡qwQj e‡U| Z‡e, †Kvb mydj
cvIqv hvqwb| ISv-•e`¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡jI Zviv gš—e¨ K‡i‡Q wR¡bcixi KvimvRx
e‡j|
wk¶vi Rb¨ h_vixwZ †Póv Pvjv‡jI GmGmwm-Gi Dci Avi hvIqv m¤¢e nqwb
Zvi| KviY cÖwZeÜx n‡jI `yózgxi Pig mxgvq †cu․‡QwQj ivbv| †mB Kvi‡YB
†jLvcov nj bv| GKwU cv‡q mgm¨ wb‡q †`․o, Suvc, jvd, muvZvi, dzUej
BZ¨vw` K‡iwb Ggb †Kvb KvRB †bB| A_©vr cÖwZewÜZv Zv‡K †Kvbfv‡e
AvUKv‡Z cv‡iwb| †QvU‡ejv †Luvov e‡j †KD †KD Zv‡K KUzw³ Ki‡jI ivbv †m
mKj gš—e¨ D‡c¶v K‡i‡Q wbZvš—
AeÁvq|
cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v wb‡q †Kvb K_v
ej‡Z †M‡j wZwb cÖ_‡g †h
GjvKvi mKj mgeqmx‡ì mv‡_
welqwUi Dci ¸i‚Z¡ †`b †mwU GK‡Î `j‡e‡a K¬ve M‡o †Zvjv †_‡K
n‡jv, gvbwmK †Rvi| KviY ïi‚ K‡i QvÎ ivRbxwZI K‡i‡Qb
gvbwmK †Rvi bv _vK‡j †Kvb wZwb| wZb fvB wZb †evb Zviv|
mnvqZvB Kv‡R Avm‡e bv| hwÌ evevi wØZxq c‡¶i ¯¿xi N‡i Zvi
gvbwmK †Rvi wbf©i K‡i †h mKj Rb¥| cÖ_g gv g„ZzëiY Ki‡j Zvi
wel‡qi Dci Zvi g‡a¨ gvbevwaKvi evev wØZxq we‡q K‡ib| cÖ_g gv‡qi
A_ev ivóªxq AwaKvi Lye ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© GK †Q‡j A_©vr eo GK mr fvB
e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib| Av‡Q ivbvi| Z‡e, I‡ì g‡a¨
m¤ú‡K©i KLbI AebwZ nqwb| eo
fvB‡K R‡gi gZ fq Ges I¯—v‡ì
gZ m¤§vb K‡i cwiev‡ii mK‡j| mr gv Ges mr fvB‡evb wn‡m‡e †`‡L bv †mB
131
fvB- gv Ges Zvi mš—vb‡ì| wZwb Zvi `vwqZ¡ cvjb K‡ib h_vh_fv‡e|
cÖwZeÜx fvB‡qi cÖwZ hZUv hZœevb nIqv DwPZ wZwb Ges †MvUv cwievi ZZUvB
hZœkxj|
GjvKvq ¯’vbxq miKvi A_©vr BDwbqb cwil` wbe©vP‡b wZwb GKevi AskMÖnY
K‡iwQ‡jb| mK‡ji mg_©b we‡kl K‡i hyeK †kªYxi mg_©‡b wZwb †g¤^vi wn‡m‡e
Rqx n‡qwQ‡jb| cÖwZewÜZv Zuv‡K RbcÖwZwbwa n‡Z weiZ ivL‡Z cv‡iwb|
G‡¶‡Î cvwievwiK HwZn¨ Ges A_© Zvi Rb¨ LyeB mnvqK wQj|
A_©‣bwZKfv‡e wZwb wb‡RB ¯^‛Qj| GKvwaK eëmv Ges Zx² eyw×gËvi Øviv
mgv‡R GKwU we‡kl ¯’vb K‡i wb‡q‡Qb wZwb| cvov-cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì A‡b‡KB
wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgq Zvi Kv‡Q wbf©iZv Ges mnvqZvi Avkvq Qy‡U hvq| wZwb
Zvi mva¨gZ mnvqZv K‡ib|
ivbv Lyjbvi GK m¤£vš— cwiev‡i we‡q K‡ib| we‡q‡Z †Kvb mgm¨v nqwb Zvi
cÖwZewÜZv wb‡q| KviY, Zvi cÖPzi A_© Ges cvwievwiK cÖwZcwË Av‡Q| whwb
Zvi mnag©xbx ZviI AcQ‡›ì †Kvb KviY wQj bv| †mLv‡bI †evanq A_©B
KviY| GLb GK cyÎ mš—v‡bi RbK wZwb| evwo‡Z Ab¨ fvB‡ì m‡½ wg‡j
GK‡Î †`vZjv `vjvb evwb‡q my‡L emevm Ki‡Qb wZwb|
GKRb cÖwZeÜx n‡qI mgv‡Ri cÖvq me©¯—‡i ivbv Pjv‡div K‡ib ïaygvÎ †gav
Ges cvwievwiK HwZ‡nï †Rv‡i| A_P †`‡ki cÖvq 10% †jvK cÖwZeÜx‡ì
mvwi‡Z _vK‡jI ivbvi gZ K‡i cwiw¯’wZ Avq‡Z¡ Avb‡Z cv‡iwb| Avi †mB
my‡hvMB ev †Kv_vq?
ivbvi Kv‡Q cÖwZeÜx‡ì mgm¨v wb‡q †Kvb K_v ej‡Z †M‡j wZwb cÖ_‡g †h
welqwUi Dci ¸i‚Z¡ †`b †mwU n‡jv, gvbwmK †Rvi| KviY gvbwmK †Rvi bv
_vK‡j †Kvb mnvqZvB Kv‡R Avm‡e bv| hwÌ gvbwmK †Rvi wbf©i K‡i †h
mKj wel‡qi Dci Zvi g‡a¨ gvbevwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv Ges ivóªxq AwaKvi`vb
Lye ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© e‡j wZwb g‡b K‡ib|
132
bvwM©‡mi Ki“Y Kvwnbx
bvwM©m cviwfb, evev †kL Rv‡e` Avjx| evwo my›ì‡Nvbv MÖv‡g| eZ©gvb eqm 25
eQi| Zvi Wvb cv‡q mgm¨v| Luywo‡q Luywo‡q nuvU‡Z †`L‡j †evSv hvq †m
cÖwZeÜx‡ì `‡ji GKRb| eqm hLb †ò eQi ZLb Zvi cÖPÊ R¡i n‡qwQj|
Zvici †_‡KB Wvb cv‡qi wKQy Ask ¯^vfvweKfv‡e KvR K‡i bv| GRb¨ Wv³vi
†`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj| XvKvi †mvnivIqv`©x nvmcvZv‡jI Zv‡K †bqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘
mKj Avkvi gy‡L QvB †X‡j bvwM©m cÖwZeÜxB i‡q †Mj| A‡bK KweivR, dwKiI
†`Lv‡bv n‡qwQj Zv‡K| †mB mbvZb gš—e¨, ÔR¡x‡bi e` bRiÕ A_ev ÔevI
evZvmÕ †j‡M‡Q| hwÌ bvwM©m GLb eyS‡Z cv‡i †h mgm¨vwU †cvwjI †iv‡Mi
Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q|
evev †gvUvgywU ¯^‛Qj ejv P‡j| evwo‡Z wU‡bi Ni| gv-evev, fvB‡ev‡bi eo
Av`‡ii ab wQj bvwM©m| wKš‘ †mB myL wb‡Ri fy‡ji Kvi‡Y wb`vi‚Y `yt†L
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
evwo‡Z cÖvB‡fU cov‡Zb whwb Zvi bvg mi`vi ev‡Ki Djvn| Zvi †cÖ‡g c‡o
hvq bvwM©m| cÖwZewÜZvUzKz ev` w`‡j bvwM©m‡K AcQ›` Kivi gZ Avi †Kvb
KviY Zvi g‡a¨ †bB| GKev‡K¨ mykªx ejv hvq| wK‡kvi eq‡mi †cÖ‡gi P~ovš—
ch©v‡q Zviv cvwj‡q we‡q K‡i|
we‡qi e¨vcv‡i bvwM©m‡K †KD †Kvb cÖKvi mnvqZv K‡iwb| GKw`b Zviv ev¯—
eZvi ZvwM‡` PÆMÖvg cvwo Rgvq| ¯^vgx †mLv‡b gv‡Qi eëmv KiZ| bvwM©m
wb‡R Mv‡g©›U‡m mKvj 8Uv †_‡K ivZ 10Uv ch©š— KvR KiZ| GKUz my‡Li
Avkvq Zviv `yR‡bB AK¬vš— cwikªg Ki‡Zv| wKš‘ fvjevmvi bv‡g GKRb
cÖwZeÜx †g‡qi Rxeb Ggbfv‡e bó K‡i †`‡e Zvi ¯^vgx, Zv †m Rvb‡Zv bv|
ZvB‡Zv gvÎ GK eQ‡ii msmvi Rxeb †Q‡o evevi evwo P‡j Avm‡Z eva¨ nq
bvwM©m|
PÆMÖv‡g bvwM©m hLb cuvP gv‡mi Mf©eZx, ZLb ¯^vgx Zv‡K †mLv‡b †i‡L
ev‡Minv‡U P‡j Av‡mb| †ek wKQyw`b ¯¿xi †Kvb †LuvRLei iv‡Lb bv wZwb| †mB
PÆMÖv‡g bvwM©‡mi gvgv‡Zv fvB (GKRb Wv³vi) _vK‡Zb| †mB gvgv‡Zv fvB‡qi
133
mnvqZvq bvwM©‡mi gv bvwM©‡mi †LuvR cvb Ges wZwb wb‡R wM‡q Zv‡K evwo
wdwi‡q wb‡q Av‡mb| GZwKQy N‡U hvevi ciI bvwM©m‡K †KD wKQy e‡jwb|
mvgvb¨ wZi¯‥vigvÎ K‡iwQj Zvi fvB‡ev‡biv| bvwM©m Rv‡b, fyj †m K‡i‡Q|
AZGe Zvi cÖvc¨ cÖvqwðË wKQy‡Zv Ki‡ZB n‡e!
evevi evwo‡Z G‡m Zvi

Zvi eqm hLb †ò eQi ZLb cÖPÛ R¡i GKwU cyÎ mš—vb nq| hvi
n‡qwQj| ZviciB Wvb cv‡qi wKQy Ask bvg wgRvb| wb‡Ri Rxe‡bi
¯^vfvweKfv‡e KvR K‡ibv| Wv³vi †`Lv‡bv K_v fve‡Z fy‡j †M‡Q
n‡qwQj| XvKvi †mvnivIqv`©x nvmcvZv‡jI †Q‡ji gy‡Li w`‡K †P‡q|
Zv‡K wb‡q hvIqv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ mKj evevi evwo‡Z _vKvi mgq
Avkvi gy‡L QvB †X‡j bvwM©m cÖwZeÜxB i‡q bvwM©m Lei †c‡q‡Q †h, Zvi
†Mj| A‡bK KweivR, dwKiI †`Lv‡bv ¯^vgx gv-evevi Pv‡c c‡o
n‡qwQj Zv‡K| †mB mbvZb gš—e¨, ÔR¡x‡bi wØZxq we‡q K‡i‡Q| Aek¨
e` bRiÕ A_ev ÔevI evZvmÕ †j‡M‡Q| wØZxq we‡q‡Z †h․ZzK
hwÌ bvwM©m GLb eyS‡Z cv‡i †h †ivMwU wn‡m‡e †m †c‡q‡Q wek
nvRvi UvKv| G NUbv ï‡b
†cvwjI †iv‡Mi Kvi‡Y n‡q‡Q|
bvwM©m Av`vj‡Z gvgjv
AvR hLb bvwM©m GKv GKv mgq KvUvq `v‡qi K‡i webvAbygwZ‡Z
ZLb AZx‡Zi †mvbvjx w`b¸‡jvi K_v wØZxq we‡q Kivi
fv‡e| wb‡R‡K KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx g‡b K‡ib Awf‡hv‡M| hwÌ GL‡bv
bv †m| ïaygvÎ nuvUvi mgq Qvov| gvgjvi myivnv nqwb| Z‡e,
ev‡Minv‡Ui Rvnvbvev` ¯‥z‡j cov‡kvbv bvwM©m Zvi ¯^vgx‡K ïaygvÎ
K‡i‡Q †m| ¯‥z‡j covi mgq Kv‡iv KvQ GKUz wk¶v w`‡Z Pvq Ges
wb‡R ¯^vgxi msmv‡i wd‡i
†_‡K †Kvb cÖKvi weiƒc AvPiY cvqwb| eis
†h‡Z Pvq| wKš‘ Zvi ¯^vgxi
Ab¨vb¨ mncvwVbxi m‡½ wg‡k mgv‡b B‛Qv _vK‡jI k¦ïi-k¦vïox
†Ljva~jv, AvÇv †g‡i‡Q| GKcv‡q mgm¨v cÖwZeÜx cyÎea~‡K †g‡b
_vKv m‡Ë¡I 1987 mv‡j ¯‥zj cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wb‡Z Pvb bv| ZvB Zv‡ì
†Rjv chv©q †_‡K e¨vWwg›Ub †L‡j †g‡Wj †Q‡jI cv‡i bv bvwM©m‡K
†c‡q‡Qb| GQvov †Kivg I fwje‡j Zvi wdwi‡q wb‡Z|
Rywo †gjv fvi wQj| A_P †Kv_vq †Mj †mB
†mvbvjx w`b¸‡jv! ïaygvÎ GKwU fy‡ji AvR hLb bvwM©m GKv GKv
gvïj w`‡Z wM‡q Rxe‡bi MwZ E×©gyLx mgq KvUvq ZLb AZx‡Zi
†_‡K wbægyLx n‡q †Mj| †mvbvjx w`b¸‡jvi K_v
134
fv‡e| wb‡R‡K KL‡bv cÖwZeÜx g‡b K‡i bv †m| ïaygvÎ nuvUvi mgq Qvov|
ev‡Minv‡Ui Rvnvbvev` ¯‥z‡j cov‡kvbv K‡i‡Q †m| ¯‥z‡j covi mgq Kv‡iv KvQ
†_‡K †Kvb cÖKvi weiƒc AvPiY cvqwb| eis Ab¨vb¨ mncvwV‡ì m‡½ wg‡k
mgv‡b †Ljva~jv, AvÇv †g‡i‡Q| GKcv‡q mgm¨v _vKv m‡Ë¡I 1987 mv‡j ¯‥zj
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq †Rjv ch©v‡q e¨vWwg›Ub †L‡j †g‡Wj †c‡q‡Qb| GQvov †Kivg I
fwje‡j Zvi Rywo †gjv fvi wQj| A_P †Kv_vq †Mj †mB †mvbvjx w`b¸‡jv!
ïaygvÎ GKwU fy‡ji gvïj w`‡Z wM‡q Rxe‡bi MwZ EØ©gLy x †_‡K wbægyLx n‡q
†Mj|
†m mKj w`‡b cwiev‡i Zvi †Kvb Aeg~j¨vq‡bi cÖkBœ wQj bv| mKj wel‡q Zvi
gZvg‡Zi ¸i‚Z¡ †`qv n‡Zv| AvR bvwM©m wb‡RB wb‡Ri Kv‡Q †QvU n‡q _v‡K|
†KD †Kvb mnvbyfw~ Zi K_v ej‡jB Zvi Ki‚Yv g‡b nq| gvbwmKfv‡e wb‡R‡K
Lye `yej
© g‡b nq| bvwM©m g‡b K‡i, †Kvb msMV‡b hw` †m GKwU KvR †RvMvo
Ki‡Z cvi‡Zv Zvn‡j nq‡Zv g‡bi †Rvi wKQyUv wd‡i †c‡Z cvi‡Zv| KviY,
fvjfv‡e †eu‡P _vKvi Rb¨ Zvi g‡Z, mvgvwRK I Avw_©K mn‡hvwMZv GKvš—
cÖ‡qvRb|
Mv‡g©›Um-Gi Kv‡Ri cvkvcvwk bvwM©m Av‡iv `ywU †hvM¨Zv AR©b K‡i‡Q wb‡Ri
†Póvq| Zvn‡jv, nv‡Zi †mjvB Ges UvBc| bvwM©m g‡b K‡i, nv‡Zi KvR KL‡bv
†djbv nq bv| †Kvb-bv-†Kvb w`b nq‡Zv Kv‡R †j‡M †h‡Z cv‡i| bZzb K‡i
cov‡kvbv Kivi AvMÖnUv †m GKev‡i nvwi‡q †d‡jwb| Zvi wek¦vm †mB †mvbvjx
ìRvi mÜvb †c‡Z n‡j Aek¨B Zv‡K †jLvcov wkL‡Z n‡e|
gv‡S gv‡S fv‡e, †h‡nZz ¯^vgxi m‡½ Zvi QvovQvwo nqwb, †m‡nZz nq‡Zv GKw`b
†m Zvi fyj ey‡S Zvi Kv‡Q wd‡i Avm‡e| A_ev Zvi k¦ïi-k¦vïoxI Zvi
cÖwZewÜZvi ARynvZ cÖZ¨vnvi K‡i †g‡qi gZ N‡i Zz‡j †b‡e|
evev GLb †eKvi| `yBfvB PvKzwi K‡ib| Zv‡ì Av‡qB msmvi Pj‡Q| wb‡R‡K
Ges †PvÏ gvm eq‡mi †Q‡j‡K †mLv‡b wbZvš—B †evSv g‡b nq| ZvB wb‡Ri
cÖwZewÜZv‡K †gvPb Ki‡Z GLb GKwU Kv‡Ri mÜvb Ki‡Q| KviY, †m
GmGmwm cvk K‡i‡Q| †m Zvi Ávb, eyw×, we‡ePbv Øviv evKx Rxe‡bi c_
Pj‡Z Pvq| Avi bZzb K‡i †Kvb fyj Kiv bq|
135
cv nviv nvi“b
nvi‚b-Ai-iwk`, evwo my›ì‡Nvbv MÖv‡g| eqm 20-22 eQi| DVwZ eq‡mi

Zi‚‡Yiv †hfv‡e wec‡_ hvq nvi‚b †mBiKg wec_Mvgx GK Zi‚Y| Z‡e kû‡i
fvlvq wec_Mvgx ej‡Z hZUv gvivZ¥K †evSvq †miKg wKQy bv| h_vh_ wk¶vi
Afv‡e wf‡jR cwjwU· Ges `jxq ivRbxwZi wkKvi †m| GKwU ivR‣bwZK
`‡ji BDwbqb ch©v‡qi jvwVqvj wn‡m‡e †m eëüZ n‡q G‡m‡Q| †cQ‡b
†bZv‡ì fimvevYx Zv‡K D‡Øj K‡i Zzj‡Zv| wKš‘ nvi‚Y Rvb‡Zv bv †h †m
ïaygvÎ `vevi ¸wUi gZ eëüZ n‡q Avm‡Q| cÖ‡qvRb dziv‡j Zv‡K Qy‡u o †d‡j
†`qv n‡e|
Ôw`b G‡b w`b LvIqvÕ cwiev‡ii GKgvÎ †Q‡j nvi‚b| m½‡`v‡l †nvK, Avi
cwi‡e‡ki Kvi‡YB †nvK, †jLvcovi †¶‡Î GmGmwm-i ìRv cvi nqwb|
GgbwK wcZv‡K KL‡bv Avw_©K mnvqZv Kievi gvbwmKZvI M‡o I‡Vwb Zvi|
Ggwb mgq nvZQvwb w`‡q WvK co‡jv GKwU ivR‣bwZK `‡ji BDwbqb ch©v‡q
†bZ…Z¡ †èvi Rb¨| †bZv‡ì Avk¦vm,
fimv Zvi mvnm‡K eû¸Y ewa©Z
hw` KL‡bv mgq Ges my‡hvM Av‡m Kij| w`b hvq, gvm hvq, Avi
Zvn‡j Avi GKevi †`‡L †b‡e nvi‚‡Yi ¶gZvI e„w× cvq| †m
†mB †bZv‡ì, hviv Zv‡K eënvi ¶gZv KLbB Zvi MÖv‡gi evB‡i
K‡i‡Q| hviv Zv‡K ivRbxwZ hvqwb| Zvi mgeqmxMY †`Lj nvi‚b
Kievi bv‡g my¯’ Rxeb †_‡K Amy¯’ Avi Av‡Mi nvi‚b †bB| Zvi Kv‡Q
Rxe‡b wb‡q G‡m‡Q| cwibv‡g A¯¿ nq‡Zv †bB, Z‡e A‡¯¿i PvB‡Z
Zv‡K †V‡j w`‡q‡Q cÖwZeÜx‡ì ¶gZvai †bZvMY †cQ‡b i‡q‡Q|
KvZv‡i| bxie cÖwZev‡ì fvlv ïi‚ n‡jv nvi‚‡bi Awbqg hvÎvi
Zvi †Pv‡L-gy‡L cÖKvk cvq| wKš‘ cvjv| gyiweŸ‡ì Agvb¨ Kiv,
ejevi †Kvb †¶Î A_ev Ae¯’vb wbqg‡K Awbqg Kiv, AvBb nv‡Z
Zz‡j †bqv, Aí‡Z gviwcU Kiv,
†bB|
wgwQj-wgwUs-G †bZ…Z¡ †Ìqv cÖfw„ Z
Kvi‡Y nvi‚b MÖv‡g mK‡ji e`bR‡i
c‡o †Mj| c‡_i KuvUv miv‡Z cÖwZc‡¶i †jvKRb GK`v AZwK©Z PovI n‡q
aviv‡jv A¯¿ w`‡q nvi‚‡bi Wvb cv †K‡U †djj| mš¿vmxi AÜKvi iv¯—v †_‡K
136
my¯f
’ v‡e nvi‚‡bi my¯’ Rxe‡b †div nj bv| eZ©gv‡b nvi‚b my¯’ Rxebhvcb Ki‡Q
e‡U, Z‡e cÖwZeÜx‡ì `‡j bvg wjwL‡q, †ek g~j¨ w`‡q|
Wvb cv KvUv co‡j wPwKrmvi †h LiP cÖ‡qvRb, Zv Zvi †bZviv †`qwb| nvi‚‡bi
AvZ¥xq¯^Rb, MÖv‡gi wKQy †jvK wg‡j Zvi wPwKrmv LiP eve` cÖvq †ò j¶ UvKv
e¨q K‡i|
GLb nvi‚b GKwU bKj cv‡qi Dci fi K‡i †nu‡U P‡j, †eovq| †QvU GKwU
†`vKvb K‡i‡Q| wbZvš— †Mv‡ePvivi gZ Rxebhvcb K‡i| bKj cv wb‡q nvi‚‡bi
Pjv‡div Ki‡Z LyeB mgm¨v nq| mnRfv‡e Pj‡Z cv‡i bv| Zvi †m †bZ…eM©
GLb Avi Zvi †Kvb Lei †bb bv| mvaviY †jvKRb gv‡S gv‡S weiƒc gš—e¨
K‡i, nvi‚b ï‡bI bv †kvbvi fvY K‡i| gv‡S gv‡S cÖwZev` K‡i, KL‡bv Pzc
K‡i _v‡K|
we‡q K‡i‡Q nvi‚Y| AvZ¥x‡qi g‡a¨B Zvi we‡q n‡q‡Q| hwÌ bKj cv Zvi wKš‘
¯¿xi c¶ †_‡K †Kvb cÖKvi weiƒcZv †bB| †R‡bï‡bB Zv‡K MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
cwiev‡i †m h‡_ó mvnvh¨ K‡i| †QvÆ †`vKvb wKš‘ †mLvb †_‡K hv Avq nq Zvi
m¤ú~Y© AskB cwiev‡ii Rb¨ †m e¨q K‡i| GLb Avi †e-wn‡mex bq †m|
Lye Kv‡Q †_‡K ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡j †`Lv hv‡e, †fZ‡i †fZ‡i †m cÖPÛ w¶ß| GB
mgv‡Ri ivR‣bwZK †bZv‡ì gvbeZvnxb Kvh©Kjv‡ci MwZcÖK…wZ †m eyS‡Z cv‡i
GLb| fveLvbv GiKg, hw` KL‡bv mgq Ges my‡hvM Av‡m Zvn‡j Avi GKevi
†`‡L †b‡e †mB †bZv‡ì, hviv Zv‡K eënvi K‡i‡Q| hviv Zv‡K ivRbxwZ
Kievi bv‡g my¯’ Rxeb †_‡K Amy¯’ Rxe‡b †V‡j w`‡qwQj| cwiYv‡g Zv‡K
cÖwZeÜx‡ì KvZv‡i Aš—f³ y© K‡i‡Q| bxie cÖwZev‡ì fvlv Zvi †Pv‡L-gy‡L
cÖKvk cvq| wKš‘ Zv cÖKv‡ki †Kvb †¶Î A_ev Ae¯’vb GLb Avi †Lvjv †bB|
137
Aa¨vq-6
Av‡jvPbv I KiYxq
GB M‡elYvq 300 Rb cÖwZeÜx‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU Rwic cwiPvjbv, `jMZ

Av‡jvPbv Ges wewfbœ ch©v‡q Av‡jvPbv QvovI m‡iRwg‡b 20 Rb cÖwZeÜx, G‡ì
cwievi Ges cwi‡ek wbweofv‡e ch©‡e¶‡Yi Rb¨ Zv‡ì mv‡_ mv¶vr Kiv nq|
welq¸‡jv we¯—vwiZfv‡e ÁvZ nevi Rb¨ GKvwaKevi wewfbœ mg‡q Zv‡ì evwo‡Z
wM‡q Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| G‡Z A‡b‡Ki Avkv-AvKv“¶v-cÖZ¨vkvi K_v
i‡q‡Q| A‡b‡Ki Rxe‡bi Ki‚Y Kvwnbxi i‡q‡Q †e`bv`vqK weeiY| wbg©g ev¯—
eZvi gv‡SI A‡b‡Ki D‛Pvi‡Y, cwievi I mgv‡Ri cÖwZeÜx‡ì cÖwZ g‡bvfw½,
hv AwaKvsk †¶‡Î gvbweK bq Avevi †¶Îwe‡k‡l mnggx©I e‡U; Ggb K_vI
Rvbv †M‡Q|
Avgv‡ì cÖZ¨vkv-mgv‡Ri mKj gvbyl cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbweK I gvbevwaKv‡ii

`„wó‡Kvb †_‡K g~j¨vqb Ki‡eb| cwievi, mgvR, msMVb I ivóª cÖwZeÜx
Bmy¨wU‡K gvbevwaKv‡ii `„wófw½ wb‡q we‡ePbv Ki‡j mgv‡Ri G wecyj RbmsL¨v
†evSv ev Avc` g‡b Kivi AeKvk _vK‡e bv|
G cÖm‡½ Avgiv G‡`‡ki wewkó cÖMwZkxj eyw×Rxwe cÖqvZ Aa¨vcK Avng`

kix‡di GKwU iPbv †_‡K D×„Z Ki‡Z cvwi| Ô....AvgivB mIqv‡ei Ae‡PZb
ev m‡PZb †jv‡f c‡o GK †KvwU wek jvL †jvK‡K wf¶vRxex K‡i †i‡LwQ|
A_P mgvR Ges miKvi m‡PZb I m‡Pó n‡j GKRbI wf¶vRxex ev †eKvi
wgj‡e bv mgv‡R| ZvivI cwiwPZ n‡e bv cÖwZeÜxiƒ‡c, n‡e bv AbyK¤úvi cvÎ-
cvÎx| ZLb mgv‡R gvÎ wKQy gvbweK cÖwZeÜxgvÎ _vK‡e| ....mgvR I miKvi
wewfbœ miKvwi cÖwk¶Y eë¯’vq, mgvR bvbv †mevg~jK mwgwZ, ms¯’v, msN,
cÖwZôvb I Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx‡ì RvZxq j¾vKi wf¶ve„wË †_‡K
weiZ ivLvi R‡b¨ D`¨g wb‡q D‡`¨vMx n‡q mhZœ cÖqv‡m Avš—wiKfv‡e Kv‡R
bvg‡j G RvZxq mgm¨vi mgvavb n‡e AwP‡iB|Õ (wKQy wek¦v‡mi evwn¨K
c~b©we‡ePbv: Avng` kixd)|
138
KiYxq
M‡elYv †_‡K cÖwZewÜ‡ì AwaKvi cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Ges Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi gvb
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ch©v‡q †h welq¸‡jv Ri‚ix wfwË‡Z KiYxq e‡j cÖZxqgvb
n‡q‡Q Zv Zz‡j aiv n‡jv:
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU †K›`ªxq wPwKrmvjq M‡o †Zvjv| GB

wPwKrmvj‡q mKj hš¿cvwZ I DcKi‡Y mw¾Z _vK‡e| wkïKv‡j ev
R‡b¥i cici †Kvb GjvKvi wkïi cÖwZewÜZvi j¶Y †`Lv †M‡j m‡½
m‡½ G †K‡›`ª wb‡q Avmvi Rb¨ mviv †`‡k cÖPviYv Pvjv‡Z n‡e| GUv
¯’vbxq cÖkvmb ev Kg©iZ †emiKvwi ms¯’v¸‡jv Ki‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì wPwKrmvi Rb¨ miKvwi nvmcvZvj ev wK¬wb‡K webvg~‡j¨
Ges †emiKvwi wK¬wb‡K Aa©g‡~ j¨ wPwKrmv myweav †`qvi eë¯’v _vK‡Z
n‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU miKvwi Assistive device (†hLv‡b
cÖwZewÜ‡ì Rb¨ wewfbœ mnvqK hš¿cvwZ •Zix nq) KviLvbv M‡o Zz‡j
mnRjf¨ I mK‡ji µq¶gZvi g‡a¨ Avbvi my‡hvM K‡i †`qv|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì wk¶v we¯—v‡ii Rb¨ mviv‡`‡k ¯‥zj I KvwiMwi wk¶vj‡qi
msL¨v e„w× Kiv| Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx K¨vwiKzjvg I AeKvVv‡gv M‡o
†Zvjv Ges cÖhyw³ I KvwiMwi cÖwk¶‡Yi e¨vcK my‡hvM m„wó Kiv|
 miKvwi I †emiKvwi cÖwZôv‡b mgmy‡hv‡M PvKwii eë¯’v I PvKwii
†¶‡Î Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ cwi‡ek wbwðZ Kiv|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì we‡bv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZ †Rjvq Aš—Z GKwU K‡i we‡bv`b
†K›`ª M‡o †Zvjv| G †K‡›`ª, wµov, ms¯‥w… Z I cvVvMv‡ii eë¯’v
_vK‡e|
 evm, †ij I D‡ovRvnv‡R cÖwZeÜx‡ì Aš—Z 10% Avmb msiw¶Z
_vK‡e Ges A‡a©K fvovq hvZvqv‡Zi e‡›`ve¯— Kiv| ågYKv‡j
hvbevnb Kg©xiv cÖwZeÜx‡ì mnvqZv`v‡bi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv| iv¯—v
cvivcviKv‡j cÖwZeÜx‡ì UªvwdK cywj‡ki mnvqZvi weavb Pvjy Ki‡Z
n‡e|
 Awd‡m, fe‡b PjvPjKv‡j cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx wmuwo •Zwi Kiv
Ges GiKg ¯’v‡b Kg©iZ Kg©x‡ì eva¨Zvg~jK mnvqZv `vb|
139
 cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mgv‡R cÖPwjZ Kyms¯‥vi †hgb evIevZvm, R¡xb-

f~‡Zi AvQi, cv‡ci dmj BZ¨vw` AcaviYv wbg~©‡ji Rb¨ Z„Yg~j
chv©‡q e¨vcK cÖPviYv Pvjv‡bv|
 cÖwZeÜx I cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© mgv‡R cÖPwjZ AÜaviYv I Kzms¯‥vi `~i
Ki‡Z Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ cwiev‡i I mgv‡R mngwg©Zvi ms¯‥w… Z M‡o
Zzj‡Z msev`cÎ I MYgva¨g‡K m‡PZb Kiv|
 cÖwZeÜx, cÖwZeÜx cwiev‡ii m`m¨ I mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨‡ì Z_¨
mieivn I Aeva Z_¨cÖevn wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ_gZ †K›`ªxqfv‡e
GKwU mg„× †idv‡iÝ †m›Uvi M‡o †Zvjv; †mLv‡b cÖwZeÜx I
cÖwZewÜZv m¤ú‡K© eB-cy¯—K, Rvb©vj Ges Kw¤úDUvi, wfwWI, AwWI,
B›Uvi‡bU myweav BZ¨vw` _vK‡e|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ GKwU wbqwgZ msev`cÎ cÖKvk hv Aš—Z mvßvwnK ev
cvw¶K n‡Z cv‡i|
 cÖwZeÜx‡ì Rb¨ mgv‡R mK‡ji, we‡klZt cÖwZeÜx cwievi I
cÖwZ‡ekx‡ì Avk¦vm, fimv I mnvbyf~wZi g‡bvfve M‡o †Zvjv
cÖ‡qvRb|
 †hme †emiKvwi cÖwZôvb cÖwZewÜ‡ì wb‡q KvR Ki‡Q, †mme
cÖwZôv‡bi mgš^‡q cÖwZeÜx‡ì gvbevwaKvi I bvMwiK AwaKvi
cÖwZôvi Av‡›`vjb †Rvi`vi Ki‡Z n‡e|
 m‡ev©cwi, cÖwZeÜx AvBb I bxwZgvjv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯—evq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q
mgv‡R Ggb g‡bvfw½ M‡o †Zvjv hv‡Z K‡i ¯^vfvweK gvby‡li g‡Zv
mvgvwRK gh©v`v I bvMwiK AwaKvi †fvM K‡i cÖwZeÜxiv wb‡R‡ì
gvbyl fvevi g‡Zv cwi‡ek cvq|
140
mshyw³ 1
RvwZmsN
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi mb` Ges
United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons
with Disabilities & Optional Protocol
141
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi mb`

f~wgKv
GB mb‡ì kixK ivóªmg~n,

(K) RvwZmsN †Nvlbvi g~jbxwZ Abyhvqx mKj gvby‡li wPiš—b gh©v`v I g~j¨ Ges
mgvb I Awe‡‛Q`¨ AwaKvimg~n‡K ¯^vaxbZv, b¨vqwePvi I wek¦kvwš—i wfwË
wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`q,
(L) ¯^xK„wZ †`q †h RvwZmsN Zvi mve©Rbxb gvbevwaKvi †NvlbvcÎ I
Avš—Rv© wZK gvbevwaKvi mb‡` †Nvlbv I m¤§wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †h †KvbiKg
†f`v‡f` QvovB cÖ‡Z¨‡K HmKj mb` I †Nvlbvc‡Î ewY©Z mKj AwaKvi
I ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvwi,
(M) mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni mve©RbxbZv, AwefvR¨Zv,
Avš—wbf©ikxjZv Ges Avš—m¤úK© I mKj cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i Rb¨
•elg¨nxbfv‡e G¸‡jvi c~Y© Dc‡fv‡Mi wbðqZv `„pZvi mv‡_ cyYe©¨³ K‡i,
(N) A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvi msµvš— Avš—R©vwZK mb`,
bvMwiK I ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi msµvš— Avš—R©vwZK mb`, mKj cÖKvi eY©
•elg¨ we‡jvc msµvš— Avš—Rv© wZK mb`, bvixi cÖwZ mKj cÖKvi •elg¨
we‡jvc mb`, AZ¨vPvi I Ab¨vb¨ wbôziZv, AgvbweK ev gh©v`vnvwbKi
AvPiY ev kvw¯— we‡ivax mb`, wkï AwaKvi mb` Ges Awfevmx kªwgK I
Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii m`m¨‡ì AwaKvi myi¶v msµvš— Avš—Rv© wZK mb`
m¤ú‡K© me©`v m‡PZb Av‡Q,
(O) ¯^xK…wZ †`q †h cÖwZewÜZv GKwU weKvkgvb aviYv Ges cÖwZewÜZv n‡jv
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Ges Zvi cÖwZ `„wófw½MZ I cwi‡ekMZ evavi ga¨Kvi
Avš—m¤ú‡K©i cwiYwZ, hv Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z mgv‡R c~Y© I
Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Y cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì evavMÖ¯— K‡i,
(P) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ mg-my‡hvM‡K GwM‡q wb‡Z RvZxq, AvÂwjK I
Avš—Rv© wZK ¯—‡ii bxwZ, cwiKíbv, Kg©m~Px I Kvh©µ‡g DrmvwnZKiY,
cÖYqb I g~j¨vqb‡K cÖfvweZ Ki‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ wek¦ Kg©m~wP
(Iqvì© †cÖvMÖvg Ae A¨vKkb) I cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ my‡hv‡Mi
142
mgZvweavb msµvš— cÖwgZ wewa‡Z (÷¨vÛvW© i‚j&m) ewY©Z g~jbxwZ I bxwZ

wb‡`©kbvi ¸i‚Z¡‡K ¯^xK„wZ †`q,
(Q) †UKmB Dbœq‡bi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †K․kjmg~‡ni Awe‡‛Q`¨ Ask wn‡m‡e
cÖwZewÜZvi welqmg~n‡K g~j‡mªv‡Z wb‡q Avmvi Zvrch©‡K ¸i‚Z¡ †`q,
(R) AviI ¯^xK„wZ †`q †h cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z †Kvb e¨w³i cÖwZ •elg¨ e¨w³-
gvby‡li wPiš—b gh©v`v I g~‡jï jsNb,
(S) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i •ewPÎ¨‡K cybe©vi ¯^xK„wZ †`q,
(T) wbweo cwiPh©vi cÖ‡qvRb i‡q‡Q Ggb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³mn mKj cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³i gvbevwaKvi mgybœZKiY I myi¶vi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q,
(U) D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i †h, wewfbœ AvBb, D‡`¨vM I Pzw³ m‡Ë¡I wek¦Ry‡o cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³MY Ae¨vnZfv‡e mgv‡Ri mggh©v`vevb m`m¨ wn‡m‡e c~Y© AskMÖn‡Y
evavi m¤§yLxb I Zv‡ì gvbevwaKvi jswNZ,
(V) mKj †`‡k, we‡kl K‡i Dbœqbkxj †`kmg~‡n cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì RxebhvÎvi
gvb DbœxZ Ki‡Z Avš—Rv© wZK mn‡hvwMZvi ¸i‚Z¡‡K ¯^xK„wZ †`q,
(W) mgv‡Ri mvwe©K g½j I •ewP‡Î¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i eZ©gvb I m¤¢vebvgq
g~jëvb Ae`vb Ges Zv‡ì gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni c~Y©
Dc‡fvM I c~Y© AskMÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i Ges ¯^xK…wZ †`q| Gi d‡j
Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mgv‡R Askx`vwi‡Z¡i †eva e„w× cv‡e; gvbexq, mvgvwRK I
A_©‣bwZK Dbœqb Ges `vwi`ª we‡gvP‡b ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© AMÖMwZ n‡e,
(X) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i e¨w³ ¯^vaxKvi I ¯^vaxbZv Ges Zv‡ì wbR¯^ cQ›`-
AcQ‡›ì ¯^vaxbZvi ¸i‚Z¡‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q,
(Y) wek¦vm K‡i †h, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úwK©Z mKj bxwZ I
Kg©m~wPmn bxwZ I Kg©m~Px-welqK wm×vš— cÖYqb cÖwµqvq Zv‡ì mwµqfv‡e
AskMÖn‡Yi my‡hvM cvIqv DwPZ,
(Z) RvwZMZ, eY©MZ, wj½xq, fvlvMZ, ag©xq, ivR‣bwZK ev wfbœg‡Zi Kvi‡Y,
RvZxqZv, RvwZ‡MvôxMZ, DrcwËMZ, m¤úwËMZ, Rb¥MZ, eqmwfwËK I
Ab¨vb¨ Kvi‡Y eûgywL I µgea©gvb •el‡gï wkKvi cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i
cÖwZK‚j cwiw¯’wZ‡Z D‡ØM cÖKvk K‡i,
143
(_) ¯^xK…wZ †`q †h cÖwZeÜx bvix I Kb¨vwkïiv N‡i-evB‡i me©Î cÖvqkB

AwaKZi mwnsmZv, kvixwiK AvNvZ ev wbh©vZb, AhZœ ev Ae‡njv, Ab¨vq
AvPiY ev •el‡gï SzuwKi g‡a¨ †eu‡P _v‡K,
(`) ¯^xK…wZ †`q †h cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ìI Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡ì mv‡_ mgvbfv‡e mKj
gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvi c~Y© Dc‡fv‡Mi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q Ges GB
AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡b wkï AwaKvi mb‡ì kixK ivóªmg~‡ni evaëvaKZv
i‡q‡Q,
(a) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY KZ©K „ gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni c~Y©
Dc‡fvM‡K mgybœZKi‡Yi mKj cÖ‡Póvq bvix-cyi‚‡li mvgvwRK AmgZv `~i
Kivi `„wófw½ Aš—f©y³ Kivi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K ¸i‚Z¡ †`q,
(b) †ekxifvM cÖwZeÜx gvbyl †h `vwi‡`ªi g‡a¨ emevm K‡ib, GB ev¯—eZv‡K
¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ Dcjwä K‡i I G Kvi‡Y cÖwZeÜx gvbyl‡ì Dci `vwi‡`ªi
†bwZevPK cÖfve †gvKv‡ejv Kivi we‡kl cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K ¯^xK„wZ †`q,
(c) wek¦vm K‡i †h, kvwš— I wbivcËvi kZ©mg~‡ni cÖwZ c~Y© m¤§vb eRvq †i‡L
RvwZmsN Pzw³‡Z ewY©Z D‡Ïk¨ I g~jbxwZ Ges gvbevwaKv‡ii AvBbx
myi¶veë¯’vi1 ev¯—evqb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì myi¶vi Rb¨ Acwinvh©, we‡kl
K‡i, mk¯¿ msNvZ I we‡`kx `Lj`vwi‡Z¡i mg‡q,
(d) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni c~Y©
Dc‡fv‡M m¶g Kievi ¸i‚Z¡‡K ¯^xK„wZ †`q, hv‡Z Zviv AeKvVv‡gvMZ,
mvgvwRK, A_©‣bwZK, ¯^v¯’¨, wk¶v I mvs¯‥…wZK cwi‡e‡k my‡hvM myweav cvq
Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i,
(e) ¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ Dcjwä K‡i †h, cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i A‡bï cÖwZ Ges Zvi wb‡Ri
mgv‡Ri cÖwZ `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q| cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³i Avš—R©vwZK gvbevwaKvi AvB‡b
¯^xK…Z mKj gvbevwaKv‡ii cÖmvi I †m¸‡jv ev¯—evq‡b mwµqfv‡e KvR
Kivi `vwqZ¡ i‡q‡Q,
(f) `„pfv‡e g‡b K‡i †h, cwievi nj mgv‡Ri ¯^vfvweK I †g․wjK GKK Ges
Zv mvgvwRK I ivóªxq myi¶v cÖvwßi AwaKvwi| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i cwievi
hv‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i c~Y© I mg AwaKvi Dc‡fv‡M Ae`vb ivL‡Z m¶g
nq, Zvi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© I Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii cÖ‡qvRbxq myi¶v I
mnvqZv cvIqv DwPZ,
1 Human rights instruments
144
(g) `„pfv‡e g‡b K‡i †h, Dbœqbkxj I Dbœqb-AwR©Z mKj †`‡k cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi I gh©v`v myi¶v I mgyboeZ Ki‡Z GKwU wek` I
mymse× Avš—Rv© wZK mb` e¨vcK mvgwRK eÂbv `~i Ki‡Z Ges bvMwiK,
ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK Ges mvs¯‥…wZK †¶‡Î Zv‡ì AskMÖn‡Yi
Rb¨ mg-my‡hvM G‡b w`‡Z GKwU Zvrch©c~Y© f~wgKv ivL‡e,
kixK ivóªmg~n wbgœewY©Z welqmg~‡n GB g‡g© GKgZ †h,

aviv-1
Awfó j¶¨
GB mb‡ì Afxó j¶¨ n‡jv mKj cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i c~Y© I mgvb gvbevwaKvi I
†g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvi PPv© mgybœZ, myi¶v I wbwðZKiY Ges Zv‡ì wPiš—b gh©v`vi
cÖwZ m¤§vb cÖ`k©b Kiv|
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© n‡jb Zviv, hv‡ì `xN©‡gqv`x kvixwiK, gvbwmK, eyw×MZ ev
Bw›`ªqMZ Amyweav i‡q‡Q, hv bvbvb cÖwZeÜKZvi mv‡_ wg‡jwg‡k mgv‡R
Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Zv‡ì c~Y© I Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Y weNœ NUvq|
aviv-2
msÁv
GB mb‡ì Afxó j‡¶ï Rb¨ :
Ò†hvMv‡hvMÓ ej‡Z eySv‡e mKj fvlv, †jL¨ iƒc, †eªBj, ¯úk© †hvMv‡hvM, eo
AvKv‡i gwy`ªZ †jLv, mn‡R eënv‡ivc‡hvMx2 K¤úyÜvi-wfwËK eûgvwÎK gva¨g;
†mBmv‡_ wjwLZ, kÖ‚wZ‡MvPi gva¨g, mij fvlv, gvbe cvVK Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
mnvqK I weKí gva¨g I cÖKiYmg~n Ges eënvi Dc‡hvMx Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM
cÖhyw³;
ÒfvlvÓ ej‡Z eySv‡e evPwbK I Bkviv fvlv Ges Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi AevPwbK fvlv;
ÒcÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z •elg¨Ó A_© nj cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z †h †Kvb †f`v‡f`,
eR©b A_ev wb‡lavÁv, hvi D‡Ïk¨ ev cwiYwZ‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY Ab¨vb¨‡ì
mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z ivR‣bwZK, A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvs¯‥…wZK, bvMwiK
A_ev Ab¨ †h‡Kvb †¶‡Îi mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni ¯^xK…wZi
2 accessible
145
Dc‡fvM ev Abykxj‡b evavMÖ¯— ev e¨_© nq| Pvwn`vi wfbœZvi we‡ePbvq

cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi
eë¯’vMÖn‡Yi3 cÖZ¨vL¨vb Kivmn mKj ai‡Yi •elg¨ Gi Aš—f³
©~ n‡e|
ÒcÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi
eë¯’vMÖnYÓ ej‡Z eySv‡e cÖ‡qvRbxq Ges h_v_© cwigvR©b I mgš^q, hv
AmvgÄm¨c~Y© ev gvÎvwZwi³ †evSv Av‡ivc bv K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wbw`©ó †¶‡Î
Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK
¯^vaxbZvmg~‡ni Dc‡fvM I Abykxjb wbwðZ Kiv;
ÒmK‡ji Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwiKíbvÓ4 ej‡Z eySv‡e Drcvw`Z cY¨, cwi‡ek,
Kg©m~wP I †mevmg~‡ni cwiKíbv, hv †Kvb iK‡gi Awf‡hvRb ev we‡klvwqZ
bKkvi cÖ‡qvRb QvovB m¤¢ve¨ m‡e©v‛P msL¨K gvby‡li eënvi-Dc‡hvMx n‡e|
GB ÒmK‡ji Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwiKíbvÓ cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î wbw`©ó cÖwZeÜx
Rb‡Mvwôi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqK DcKiY‡K ev` w`‡q cÖYxZ n‡e bv|
aviv-3
mvaviY g~jbxwZ
GB mb‡ì g~jbxwZ n‡e :
K) e¨w³i wPiš—b gh©v`v, ¯^xq wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi ¯^vaxbZvmn ¯^vwaKvi I
e¨w³¯^vaxbZvi cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b;
L) •elg¨nxbZv;
M) c~Y© I Kvh©Ki mgvwRK AskMÖnY I Aš—fw©y ³;
N) wfbœZvi cÖwZ kª×v I cÖwZewÜZv‡K gvbe •ewPÎ¨ I gvbeZvi Ask wn‡m‡e
MÖnY Kiv;
3 reasonable accommodation Gi wKQz evsjv cÖwZkã wew‛Qbœfv‡e eënvi n‡jI ej‡Z †M‡j Gi †KvbwUB h_vh_
A_© cÖKvk K‡i bv| cÖwZewÜZv AwaKvi Av‡›`vj‡b RbwcÖq I eûj eëüZ GB aviYvwUi A_© my¯úófv‡e mb‡`B ejv Av‡Q|
Z‡e Bs‡iRx †_‡K GK K_vq cÖKvk Kiv h‡_ó mnR bq | aviYvwUi mv‡_ wgj i‡q‡Q †RÛv‡ii Av‡jvPbvq practical
gender needs Gi mv‡_| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i kvixwiK, gvbwmK, eyw× ev Bw›`ªqMZ wfbœ wfbœ Ae¯’v I cÖ‡qvRb we‡ePbvq G‡b
Zvi ¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx cwi‡e‡k cwieZ©b-cwigvR©b Kiv, hv‡Z †m webv evavq mKj my‡hvM myweav I AwaKvi
Ab¨‡ì gZB mgvbfv‡e Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i Zvi Rb¨ ev¯—em¤§Z, ¯^‛Q›` I Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
GUv bv nIqv Awã A-cÖwZeÜx gvbyl‡ì cÖwZôv Kiv fvlv ÕIiv cv‡i bvÕ, Õ cvi‡e bvÕ - Gme Pj‡ZB _vK‡e| A-cÖwZeÜx gvby‡li
•Zwi we`¨gvb cwi‡e‡k c‡` c‡` evavMÖ¯— cÖwZeÜx gvbyl Zvi gZ K‡i `ywbqvi †h cwieZ©b Pvq, Zvi Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek Mo‡Z
Pvq, mb‡` †mB `vwe‡K AwaKvi wn‡m‡e ¯^xK…wZ †`qv n‡q‡Q|
4 universal design ‡K †KD †KD mve©Rbxb bKkv e‡j _v‡Kb| Z‡e GwU GKwU cwiKíbvi aviYv| GB cwiKíbv gvby‡li
mKj wfbœZv Ges wfbœ wfbœ Pvwn`vi K_v g‡b ivL‡e| †Kej BgviZ wbg©vY bq, mKj cwiKíbv †hb GB •ewk‡ói nq|
146
O) my‡hv‡Mi mgZv;
P) my‡hvM-myweav I cwi‡lev cÖvwß I eënv‡ii AwaKvi;
Q) bvix cyi‚‡li mgZv;
R) cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì weKvkgvb mvg‡_©ï Ges Zv‡ì AvZ¥cwiP‡qi AwaKvi
msi¶‡Yi cÖwZ kª×v cÖ`k©b|
aviv-4
mvaviY evaëvaKZv
1. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK
¯^vaxbZvmg~n cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z †KvbiKg •elg¨ e¨wZ‡i‡K c~Y© ev¯—evqb
wbwðZ I DrmvwnZ Ki‡e| GB j‡¶¨ kixK ivóª †hmg¯— c`‡¶c MÖnY
Ki‡e Zv n‡jv:
K) GB mb‡` ¯^xK…Z mKj AwaKvimg~n ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ mKj h_v_©
AvBbMZ, cÖkvmwbK I Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY;
L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i cÖwZ •elg¨g~jK mKj AvBb, Kvh©cÖYvjx, cÖ_v I
PP©vi ms¯‥vi A_ev wejywßi Rb¨ weavb cÖYqbmn mKj h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY;
M) mKj bxwZ I Kg©m~wP‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i gvbevwaKvi myi¶v I Zvi
Dbœqb we‡ePbv Kiv;
N) GB mb‡ì mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y© †Kvb AvBb A_ev PP©v †_‡K weiZ _vKv
Ges miKvwi KZ©c
„ ¶ I cÖwZôvbmg~n †hb GB mb` Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq
Zv wbwðZ Kiv;
O) e¨w³, ms¯’v A_ev e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb KZ…K © cÖwZewÜZvi
wfwË‡Z •elg¨ cwinvi Kivi Rb¨ mKj h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY;
P) GB mb‡ì aviv 2 b¤î avivi eY©bv Abymv‡i mve©Rbxb `ªe¨, †mev,
hš¿cvwZ I myweavmg~‡ni M‡elYv I Dbœqb DrmvwnZ Ki‡e, hv‡Z b~¨bZg
m¤¢ve¨ ms¯‥vi I Li‡P G KvR¸‡jv Ggbfv‡e Kiv hvq, †hb G¸‡jv
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi we‡kl Pvwn`v c~iY K‡i; G¸‡jvi mnRjf¨Zv I
eënvi DrmvwnZ Kivi Rb¨ mvaviY gvb I wb‡`©kbv •Zwi‡Z mK‡ji Rb¨
Dc‡hvMx bKkvi AbymiY DrmvwnZ Kiv;
Q) Kg Li‡P cvIqv hvq Ggb cÖhyw³i w`‡K AMÖvwaKvi w`‡q M‡elYvKg©
cwiPvjbv ev M‡elYvq Drmvn †`qv I Dbœqb Kiv Ges cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i
147
Dc‡hvMx Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bZzb cÖhyw³, PjvP‡ji mnvqK DcKiY, hš¿

I mnvqK cÖhyw³mn bZzb cÖhyw³mg~n mnRjf¨ I eënvi Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
Kiv;
R) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY‡K PjvP‡ji hš¿, DcKiY I mnvqK cÖhyw³, †mB mv‡_
bZyb cÖhyw³mg~n I Ab¨vb¨ cÖKvi mnvqZv, mnvqK †mev I myweav m¤ú‡K©
mnRjf¨ I mn‡R †evaMg¨ Z_¨vewj mieivn;
S) GB mb‡` ¯^xK…Z AwaKvimg~n Øviv wbwðZK…Z mnvqZv I †mevmg~n
myPvi‚fv‡e cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi mv‡_ Kg©iZ †ckvRxex I
Kg©xe„‡›ì Rb¨ cÖwk¶Y DrmvwnZ Kiv|
2. A_©‣bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvs¯‥…wZK AwaKvimg~‡ni wel‡q cÖ‡Z¨K kixK ivóª,
DË‡ivËifv‡e GB AwaKvimg~‡ni c~Y© ev¯—evqb AR©‡bi Rb¨, GB mb‡ì
Aš—f³©~ Avš—Rv© wZK AvBb Abymv‡i Zvr¶wYKfv‡e cÖ‡qvM‡hvM¨
evaëvaKZvmg~n ¶zbœ bv K‡i Avš—Rv© wZK mn‡hvwMZvi Kg©KvVv‡gvi †fZ‡i
cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶Îmg~‡n Zvi we`¨gvb m¤ú‡ì m‡e©v‛P mgv‡e‡ki eë¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡e|
3. GB mb‡ì ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ AvBb I bxwZgvjvi Dbœqb I cÖ‡qvM, Ges
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Ab¨vb¨ wm×vš— MÖnY cÖwµqvq kixK ivóª
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi mv‡_ wbweofv‡e Av‡jvPbv Ki‡e Ges Zv‡ì‡K
mwµqfv‡e mswkó Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î wkï cÖwZeÜx‡ì mswkóZvI Zv‡ì
cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvix msMVbmg~‡ni gva¨‡g wbwðZ Kiv n‡e|
4. GB mb‡ì †Kvb wKQzB †Kvb kixK iv‡óªi AvBb ev †mB iv‡óª ejer
Avš—Rv© wZK AvB‡bi Aš—f³ ©y cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡b
AwaKZi Dc‡hvMx †Kvb eë¯’vi Dci †Kvb cÖfve †dj‡e bv| †Kvb AvBb,
mb`, weavb ev ixwZi Dci wfwË K‡i M„nxZ †Kvb †g․wjK gvbweK AwaKvi,
GB mb‡ì †Kvb kixK ivóª KZ…K© ¯^xK…Z ev H iv‡óª ejer _vK‡j, hv GB
mb‡` ¯^xKvi Kiv nqwb ev Kg ¸i‚‡Z¡i mv‡_ ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡q‡Q GB
ARynv‡Z Zvi Dci †Kvb mxgve×Zv Av‡ivc n‡e bv ev Zv Le© Kiv hv‡e
bv|
5. GB mb‡ì wewaweavb †Kvb iKg mxgve×Zv ev e¨wZµg Qvov
mvaviYZvwš¿K ivóªmg~‡ni5 me As‡kB cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e|
5 Federal States A‡_©|
148
aviv-5
mgZv I •elg¨nxbZv
1. kixK ivóªmg~n ¯^xKvi K‡i †h, AvB‡bi `„wó‡Z I Aax‡b mKj e¨w³ mgvb
Ges †Kvb cÖKvi •elg¨ Qvov cÖ‡Z¨‡KB mgvb AvBbx myi¶v I myweav †fvM
Kievi AwaKvwi|
2. kixK ivóªmg~n cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z mKj cÖKvi •elg¨ †iva Ki‡e Ges †h
†Kvb cÖKvi •el‡gï wei‚‡× cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ mgvb I Kvh©Ki AvBbx
myi¶vi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
3. mgZv mgybœZKiY I •elg¨ we‡jv‡ci Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq ¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨
Dc‡hvwM cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’vMÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡Z kixK
ivóª cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e|
4. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ cÖK…Z mgZv ea©b ev AR©b wbwðZ Kivi D‡Ï‡k¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡kl eë¯’vmg~n GB mb‡ì kZ©vejxi Aax‡b •elg¨ e‡j
we‡ewPZ n‡ebv|
aviv-6
cÖwZeÜx bvix
1. kixK ivóª ¯^xKvi K‡i †h cÖwZeÜx bvix I Kb¨vwkïiv eûgyLx •el‡gï
wkKvi Ges GB †cÖw¶‡Z Zviv hv‡Z mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZvi
mgvb I c~Y© Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i †mB j‡¶¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡e|
2. GB mb‡` D‡jwLZ mKj gvbevwaKvi I †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv †hb cÖwZeÜx
bvixiv c~Y© gvÎvq PP©v I Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, †mB D‡Ï‡k¨ kixK ivóª
cÖwZeÜx bvix‡ì mvwe©K Dbœqb, AMÖMwZ I ¶gZvqb wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨
cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-7
cÖwZeÜx wkï
1. cÖwZeÜx wkïiv †hb Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡ì gZB mgvbfv‡e mKj gvbevwaKvi I
†g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ kixK ivóª
mKj cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
149
2. cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì Rb¨ mKj Kvh©µ‡g wkïi mvgwMÖK Kj¨vY‡K me©vwaK

¸i‚Z¡ w`Z n‡e|
3. kixK ivóª mKj cÖwZeÜx wkïi ¯^xq ¯^v_©-mswkó mKj wel‡q ¯^vaxbfv‡e
gZ cÖKv‡ki AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡e, Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z
eqm I cwic°Zv Abymv‡i Zv‡ì gZvg‡Zi cÖwZ h_vh_ ¸i‚Z¡ †`‡e Ges
GB AwaKvi wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Zv‡ì‡K cÖwZewÜZv I eqm Abyhvqx
Dchy³ mnvqZv †`‡e|
aviv-8
m‡PZbZv e„w×
1. kixK ivóª AbwZwej‡¤^, wb‡gœv³ †¶‡Î Kvh©Ki I h‡_vchy³ eë¯’vw` MÖnY
Ki‡e:
K) cvwievi ch©vq †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i mgv‡Ri me©Î m‡PZbZv e„w×i gva¨‡g
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì gh©v`v I AwaKvi myi¶v Ki‡e;
L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì m¤ú‡K© Zv‡ì Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î wj½ I eqm-
wfwËK mKj ai‡Yi mbvZbx a¨vb-aviYv, Kzms¯‥vi I ¶wZKi PP©vi Aemv‡b
m‡Pó n‡e;
M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì m¶gZv I Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv •Zwi Ki‡e;
2. G j‡¶¨ M„nxZ eë¯’vwì g‡a¨ _vK‡e :
K) Kvh©Ki Rbm‡PZbZvg~jK cÖPvivwfhvb Pvjy Kiv I Ae¨vnZ ivLv| GB
cÖPvivwfhvb Ggbfv‡e •Zwi n‡e, hv‡Z :
(1) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì AwaKv‡ii welq¸‡jv Av‡iv †ewk MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv cvq;
(2) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì cÖwZ BwZevPK `„wófw½ I e¨vcK mvgvwRK m‡PZbZv
e„w× cvq ;
(3) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì `¶Zv, †gav I cvi`k©xZv Ges Kg©‡¶Î I
kªgevRv‡i Zv‡ì Ae`v‡bi ¯^xK…wZ cÖvwß‡K DrmvwnZ K‡i;
L) •kke †_‡KB mKj wkïi g‡a¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi AwaKv‡ii cÖwZ
m¤§vbg~jK g‡bvfve M‡o Zzj‡Z wk¶v eë¯’vi cÖwZwU ¯—‡i h_vh_ eë¯’v
MÖnY Ki‡e;
M) GB mb‡ì Awfó j‡¶ï mv‡_ m½wZc~Y©fv‡e cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì
fveg~wZ© Zz‡j ai‡Z MYgva¨‡gi mKj kvLv‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;
150
M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ I Zv‡ì AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZvg~jK cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wP

DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
151
aviv-9
my‡hvM cÖvwß I eënv‡ii AwaKvi :
1. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY‡K ¯^vaxbfv‡e †eu‡P _vK‡Z I Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU †¶‡Î c~Y©
AskMÖn‡Y mg_© K‡i Zzj‡Z kixK ivóª, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ †f․Z
cwi‡ek, hvbevnb Ges Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³mn Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ bMi
I MÖvgxY Dfq GjvKvq cÖvß Ab¨vb¨ me myweav I †mevmgy‡n Ab¨vb¨‡ì gZ
mgmy‡hvM cÖvwß I eënv‡ii h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| G mKj eë¯’vi
g‡a¨ _vK‡e my‡hvM cÖvwß I eënv‡ii c‡_ evav I cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n wPwýZ
I `~i Kiv; hv Acivci mKj welqmn wb‡gœv³ †¶Îmg~‡n cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e :
K) feb, moK, hvbevnb I Ab¨vb¨ myweavw` †hgb : wk¶v cÖwZôvb,
Avevmb, wPwKrmv †mev I Kg©‡¶Îmn Ab¨vb¨ M„nvf¨š—ixY I ewniv½b
my‡hvM-myweav|
L) Z_¨, †hvMv‡hvM Ges •e`y¨wZb I Ri‚wi †mevmn mKj †mevmgyn|
2. GQvovI kixK ivóª †hme †¶‡Î h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e Zv n‡jv :
K) me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ I cÖ`Ë mKj myweav I †mevcÖvwßi by¨bZg gvb
I wb‡`©wkKv •Zwi, Zvi AvBbx ¯^xK…wZ I cÖPvi Ges cwiex¶Y Ki‡e;
L) e¨w³ gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvb KZ…K © Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ I cÖ`Ë
my‡hvM-myweav I †mevmgyn †hb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY Aev‡a eënvi Ki‡Z cv‡i
Zv wbwðZ Ki‡e;
M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi my‡hvM cÖvwß I eënv‡ii AwaKvi m¤ú‡K© mswkó
mKj‡K cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Ki‡e;
N) Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ febmgy‡n †eªBj c×wZ‡Z Ges mn‡R cov I
†evSv hvq Ggbfv‡e m‡¼Z ¯’vcb Ki‡e;
O) Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ Db¥y³ feb I wewfbœ myweav cÖvwß I eënvi
mnRxKi‡Yi Rb¨ MvBW, cvVK I †ckv`vi Bkviv fvlvi †`vfvlxmn
mivmwi mnvqZv I ga¨¯’Zvi eë¯’v Ki‡e;
P) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ Z_¨ cÖvwß wbwðZ Ki‡Z Ab¨vb¨ cÖKv‡ii
h_vh_ mnvqZv I c„ô‡cvlKZv DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;
Q) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ B›Uvi‡bUmn bZzb Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³ I
eë¯’vi my‡hvM cÖvwß I eënvi DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;
152
R) cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡KB Aev‡a eënvi‡hvM¨6 Z_¨ I †hvMv‡hvM cÖhyw³i

cwiKíbv7, Dboeqb, Drcv`b I weZiY DrmvwnZ Ki‡e, †hb Zv by¨bZg
Li‡P cvIqv hvq|
aviv-10
Rxe‡bi AwaKvi
kixK ivóª `„pZvi mv‡_ cybe©¨³ Ki‡Q †h, cÖ‡Z¨K gvby‡liB Rb¥MZfv‡e
Rxe‡bi AwaKvi Av‡Q Ges cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY †hb Ab¨vb¨‡ì gZ c~Y©gvÎvq GB
AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v †b‡e|
aviv-11
SuywKc~Y© I gvbweK Ri“wi Ae¯’v
Avš—Rv© wZK gvbweK AvBb I Avš—Rv© wZK gvbevwaKvi AvBbmn mKj Avš—Rv© wZK
AvB‡bi cÖwZ `vqe×Zv Abymv‡i kixK ivóª mk¯¿ msNvZ, gvbweK Ri‚wi Ae¯’v
I cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©v‡Mi NUbvmn mKj SzuwKc~Y© Ae¯’vq cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì myi¶v I
wbivcËv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-12
mgvb AvBwb ¯^xK…wZ
1. kixK ivóª `„pZvi mv‡_ cybe©¨³ K‡i †h, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì me©ÎB e¨w³
wn‡m‡e mgvb AvBbx ¯^xK…wZ cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
2. kixK ivóª ¯^xKvi Ki‡e †h, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î
Ab¨vb¨‡ì mgvb AvBbx KZ…©Z¡ †fvM Ki‡eb|
3. AvBbx KZ©Z
„ ¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mnvqZv †c‡Z kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
4. kixK ivóª Avš—Rv© wZK gvbevwaKvi AvBb Abyhvqx wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í
AvBbx KZ…Z© ¡ cÖ‡qv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z h_v_© I Kvh©Ki i¶vKeP cÖYqb Ges
cÖ‡qv‡M hveZxq Kvh©µg MÖnY wbwðZ Ki‡e| Giƒc i¶vKeP AvBbx KZ…Z © ¡
cÖ‡qv‡Mi †¶‡Î M„nxZ eë¯’vw` e¨w³i AwaKvi, B‛Qv I cQ‡›ì †¶‡Î †hb
ci¯úi ¯^v_©-we‡ivax bv nq Ges AhvwPZ cÖfvegy³ _v‡K Zv wbwðZ Ki‡e|
GB i¶vKeP †hb e¨w³i wbw`©ó Ae¯’v I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx •Zwi nq, by¨bZg
6 accessible A‡_©|
7 design A‡_©|
153
m¤¢e mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖhy³ nq Ges Zv †hb GKwU my‡hvM¨, ¯^vaxb I wbi‡c¶
KZ…c
© ¶ A_ev wePvi wefvMxq ms¯’v KZ©K
„ wbqwgZ wbixw¶Z nq ZvI wbwðZ
Ki‡e| †hmKj eë¯’vw` e¨w³i ¯^v_© I AwaKvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Zvi gvÎv
I cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx †hb GB i¶vKeP¸‡jv •Zwi nq|
5. GB avivi weavb Abyhvqx kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi m¤úwËi gvwjK ev
DËivwaKvwi nIqv, Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì Avw_©K welqvwì wbqš¿Y Ges e¨vsK
FY, eÜKx FY I Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi Avw_©K FY †c‡Z Acivci mK‡ji gZ
mgvbvwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v †b‡e| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY
†hb Zv‡ì m¤úwËi AwaKvi †_‡K Rei`w¯—i gva¨‡g ewÂZ bv nq, Zv
wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ h_v_© I Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-13
mywePvi cÖvwßi AwaKvi
1. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ c×wZMZ I eqm-Dc‡hvMx myweavmn
mv¶¨cÖ`vb, Z`š— I cÖv_wgK ch©vq †_‡K ïi‚ K‡i mKj AvBwb
Kvh©cÖYvjx‡Z Zv‡ì Kvh©Ki cÖZ¨¶ I c‡iv¶ AskMÖnY Ges Ab¨vb¨‡ì
gZ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Kvh©Kifv‡e mywePvi cÖvwßi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
2. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ Kvh©Kifv‡e mywePvi cÖvwßi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z
kixK ivóª cywjk I Kviv KZ…c
© ¶mn wePvi wefv‡M Kg©iZ‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³
cÖwk¶‡Yi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-14
e¨w³i ¯^vaxbZv I wbivcËv
1. kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h, Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³MY †hb :
K) e¨w³ wn‡m‡e Zv‡ì ¯^vaxbZv I wbivcËvi AwaKvi Dc‡fvM K‡i;
L) †eAvBwbfv‡e ev Rei`w¯—i gva¨‡g †hb Zviv ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi †_‡K
ewÂZ bv nb| ¯^vaxbZv Le© n‡j Zv Aek¨B AvBb Aby‡gvw`Z c×wZ‡Z
n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZewÜZv †Kvbµ‡gB ¯^vaxbZv L‡e©i KviY n‡e bv|
2. kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h, †Kvb cÖwµqvq hw` cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi
¯^vaxbZv Le© nq, Zvn‡j Zviv †hb Ab¨b¨‡ì gZB mgvbfv‡e Avš—Rv© wZK
gvbevwaKvi AvB‡bi AwaKvi †fvM K‡i Ges Zv‡ì Pvwn`vi cÖwZ
154
ms‡e`bkxj n‡q GB mb‡ì j¶¨ I bxwZgvjv Abyhvqx †hb mKj eë¯’v

MÖnY Kiv nq|
aviv-15
wbh©vZb ev wbôziZv, AgvbweKZv ev gh©v`vnvwbKi AvPiY ev kvw¯— †_‡K
gyw³
1. †Kvb e¨w³‡KB wbh©vZb ev wbôziZv, AgvbweKZv ev gh©v`vnvwbKi AvPiY
wPwKrmv A_ev kvw¯— cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡e bv| we‡klZ, †Kvb e¨w³‡KB Zvi
†¯^‛Qv-m¤§wZ Qvov wPwKrmvi ev •eÁvwbK cix¶v-wbix¶vi welqe¯‘ Kiv
hv‡ebv|
2. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Dci †h †Kvb wbh©vZb wKsev wnsmª, AgvbweK A_ev
gh©v`vnvwbKi †Kvb AvPiY ev kvw¯— cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ kixK ivóª Ab¨‡ì
mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z meai‡Yi Kvh©Ki AvBbMZ, cÖkvmwbK, wePvi
wefvMxq A_ev Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-16
†kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZb †_‡K gyw³
1. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY‡K N‡i-evB‡i wj½-wbwe©‡k‡l me ai‡Yi †kvlY, mwnsmZv
I wbh©vZb †_‡K myi¶vi Rb¨ kixK ivóª mKj h_vh_ AvBbMZ, cÖkvmwbK,
mvgvwRK, wk¶vg~jK ev Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
2. me ai‡Yi †kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZb cÖwZ‡iva Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³,
Zv‡ì cwievi I ZË¡veavbKvwi‡ì‡K wj½ I eq‡mi cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj
†_‡K mg_©b I mnvqZv cÖ`v‡b kixK ivóª cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY
Ki‡e| †mBmv‡_ †kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv Gov‡bv, wPwýZKiY
I G m¤ú‡K© Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Ki‡Z mnvqZvi Rb¨ Z_¨ I wk¶vi eë¯’v
Kivmn mKj Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h
myi¶vi †mevmg~n eqm-wfwËK, wj½-wfwËK I cÖwZewÜZvwfwËK AmgZvi
cÖwZ ms‡e`bkxj|
3. kixK ivóª mKj ai‡Yi †kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv cÖwZ‡iv‡a
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi †mevi Rb¨ cwiPvwjZ mKj myweav I Kg©m~wP ¯^vaxb
KZ©c„ ‡¶i Øviv Kvh©Kifv‡e cwiex¶Y wbwðZ Ki‡e|
4. †h‡Kvb ai‡bi †kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZ‡bi wkKvi cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi
kvixwiK, eyw×MZ I gvbwmK ¯^v¯’¨ cyYi‚×vi, cyYe©vmb I Zv‡ì‡K mgv‡Ri
g~j †mªv‡Z wdwi‡q Avb‡Z kixK ivóª myi¶vg~jK eë¯’vmn mKj h_v_©
155
eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| GB cyYi‚×vi I g~j †mªv‡Z wb‡q Avmv Ggb GK

cwi‡e‡ki ga¨ w`‡q NU‡e hv e¨w³i wj½ I eqm-wfwËK Pvwn`vbyhvqx Zvi
my¯v^ ¯’¨, Kj¨vY, AvZ¥m¤§vb, gh©v`v I ¯^vZš¿ mgybœZ iv‡L|
5. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i Dci †kvlY, mwnsmZv I wbh©vZ‡bi NUbv mbv³KiY, Z`š—
I cÖ‡hvR¨ †¶‡Î, wePvi wbwðZ Ki‡Z kixK ivóª bvix I wkï-evÜe AvBb
I bxwZgvjvmn Kvh©Ki AvBb I bxwZgvjv cÖYqb Ki‡e|
aviv-17
e¨w³-¯^vZ‡š¿i myi¶v
mKj cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iB Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Zvi kvixwiK I gvbwmK
¯^vZš¿¨ eRvq ivLvi AwaKvi Av‡Q|
aviv-18
PjvPj I RvZxqZvi ¯^vaxbZv
1. kixK ivóª Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi PjvP‡ji
¯^vaxbZv, wbR Avevm¯’j I RvZxqZv wbe©vPb Kivi ¯^vaxbZv‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e
I †mB mv‡_ wbwðZ Ki‡e †h cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY :
K) †Kvb RvZxqZv AR©b I cwieZ©‡bi AwaKvi msi¶Y K‡ib Ges
Rei`w¯—g~jKfv‡e A_ev cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †hb Zv‡ì‡K RvZxqZv †_‡K
ewÂZ bv Kiv nq;
L) cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †hb PjvP‡ji ¯^vaxbZv‡K Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq RvZxqZvi mb` A_ev cwiPqm~PK Ab¨vb¨ mb` AR©b Kiv,
AwaKvix nIqv I eënvi Kiv A_ev cÖvmw½K †Kvb Kv‡R †hgb we‡`k
Mg‡b eënvi Ki‡Z ewÂZ bv nb;
M) wb‡Ri †`kmn †h‡Kvb †`k †_‡K Ab¨ †`‡k MgbvMg‡bi AwaKvi
msi¶Y K‡ib;
N) Rei`w¯—g~jKfv‡e A_ev cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y wbR †`‡k cÖ‡e‡ki
AwaKvi †_‡K ewÂZ bv nb;
2. cÖwZeÜx wkïiv Rb¥ MÖn‡Yi ciciB wbewÜZ n‡e, R‡b¥i mv‡_B GKwU bvg
I RvZxqZvi AwaKvix n‡e Ges hZ`~i m¤¢e, gvZvwcZvi cwiPq Rvbv I
Zv‡ì Øviv cÖwZcvwjZ nIqvi AwaKvi †fvM Ki‡e|
156
aviv-19
¯^vaxb emevm I mgv‡R GKxf~Z nIqvi AwaKvi
GB mb‡ì kixK ivóªmg~n, Ab¨vb¨‡ì gZ mgvbfv‡e cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi cQ›`
Abyhvqx mgv‡R emevm Kivi mg-AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi
GB AwaKv‡ii cyY© Dc‡fvM ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z Ges mgv‡R Zv‡ì c~Y©
GKxf~wZKiY I AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki I h_v_© eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e Ges †mB
mv‡_ wbwðZ Ki‡e †h :
K) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi wbR Avevm¯’j Ges Zviv †Kv_vq I Kv‡ì mv‡_
emevm Ki‡eb Zv Ab¨vb¨‡ì gZ mgvbfv‡e evQvB Kivi my‡hvM we`¨gvb
Ges Zviv †Kvb we‡kl Avevmb eë¯’vq emevm Ki‡Z eva¨ bb|
L) cÖ‡qvRbxq e¨w³-†Kw›`ªK mnvqZvmn mgvR Rxe‡b emevm I GKxf~Z
nevi Rb¨ Ges mgvR †_‡K wew‛QbœZv A_ev c„_KxKiY †iva Ki‡Z
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi wewfbœ M„nwfwËK, AvevwmK I Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK
mnvqZvg~jK †mev cÖvwßi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
M) me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ we`¨gvb mvgvwRK †mev I myweavmg~n mgZvi wfwË‡Z
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³M‡Yi Rb¨ we`¨gvb _vK‡e| Gme †mev I myweav Zv‡ì
Pvwn`v Abyhvqx n‡Z n‡e|
aviv-20
e¨w³i PjvP‡ji AwaKvi
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© wb‡Riv hv‡Z m¤¢ve¨ m‡ev©‛P ¯^vaxbfv‡e PjvPj Ki‡Z cv‡ib,
kixK ivóª Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î †hmg¯—
eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv:
(K) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì cQ›` Abyhvqx, mgqgZ Ges myjf g~‡j¨ Zv‡ì
e¨w³MZ PjvP‡j mnvqZv Kiv;
(L) gvbm¤§Z PjvPj-mnvqK hš¿, DcKiY, mnvqK cÖhyw³ Ges PjvPj I
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î gvbe-mn‡hvwMZv †hb myjf g~‡j¨ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv †c‡Z
cv‡ib, Zvi Rb¨ mnvqZv Kiv;
(M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³ Ges Zv‡ì mv‡_ Kg©iZ mnvqK-Kgx©‡ì‡K cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³‡ì PjvP‡ji †K․kj m¤ú‡K© cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Kiv;
157
(N) hviv mPjZv-mnvqK hš¿, DcKiY I mnvqK cÖhyw³ cÖ¯Z‘ K‡ib,

Zv‡ì‡K cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì mPjZvi mKj w`K we‡ePbv Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ
Kiv;
aviv-21
gZvgZ I Awfe¨w³ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv Ges Z_¨ cÖvwßi AwaKvi
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY †hb Zv‡ì Awfe¨w³ I gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi AwaKvi PP©v
Ki‡Z cv‡ib, kixK ivóª Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| †mB
mv‡_, Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³MY †hb ¯^vaxbfv‡e Zv‡ì
cQ›` Abyhvqx mKj ai‡bi Z_¨ I avibv PvB‡Z, †c‡Z Ges wewbgq Ki‡Z cv‡i
†m RbÏ GB mb‡ì 2 b¤î aviv Abyhvqx cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
G †¶‡Î †h mg¯— eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e Zv n‡jv :
(K) me©mvavi‡bi Rb¨ cÖPvwiZ mKj Z_¨ cÖwZewÜZvi mKj aiY Abyhvqx
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Kv‡QI h‡_vchy³ eënvi-Dc‡hvMx c×wZ I cÖhyw³i
gva¨‡g mgqgZ I mg-g~‡j¨ cÖ`vb Kiv;
(L) `vßwiK †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Pvwn`vbyhvqx Bkviv fvlv, †eªBj,
Kg©-mnvqK I weKí †hvMv‡hvM c×wZmn mKj eënvi Dc‡hvMx
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dcvq, aiY I c×wZi ¯^xK…wZ I mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv;
(M) B›Uvi‡bUmn Ab¨vb¨fv‡e me©mvavi‡Yi Rb¨ †mev cÖ`vbKvix e¨w³
gvwjKvbvaxb cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì eënvi Dc‡hvMx Dcv‡q
Z_¨ I †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡Z AvnŸvb Kiv;
(N) MYgva¨g I B›Uvi‡b‡U Z_¨ mieivnKvwi‡ì‡K Zv‡ì †mevmg~n
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ eënvi-Dc‡hvMx Ki‡Z DrmvwnZ Kiv;
(O) Bkviv fvlvi ¯^xK…wZ I eënvi‡K DrmvwnZ Kiv|
aviv-22
e¨w³MZ †MvcbxqZvi AwaKvi
1. emev‡mi ¯’vb wKsev Ae¯’v wbwe©‡k‡l †Kvb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡K Zvi M„‡n,
cwiev‡i ev †hvMv‡hvM ev Ab¨vb¨ ai‡Yi Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î
†Kvbiƒc ejc~e©K, †e-AvBbx AbycÖ‡ek A_ev AhvwPZ n¯—‡¶c Kiv hv‡e
bv| Zvi m¤§vb I mybv‡gi DciI †Kvbiƒc †e-AvBbx Avµgb Kiv hv‡e
bv| cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì G ai‡Yi n¯—‡¶c I AvµgY †_‡K AvBbx myi¶v
cvIqvi AwaKvi i‡q‡Q;
158
2. kixK ivóª Ab¨v‡bï mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì e¨w³MZ,

¯^v¯’¨ I cybe©vmb m¤úw©K©Z Z‡_ï †MvcbxqZv i¶v Ki‡e|
aviv-23
M„n I cvwiev‡ii AwaKvi
1. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì weevn, cwievi, wcZ…Z¡ I gvZ…Z¡ Ges AvZ¥xqZv
m¤úwK©Z mKj wel‡q, Ab¨v‡bï mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z, •elg¨ `~i Kivi
Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v †b‡e| Gi gva¨‡g †hb :
K) weevn‡hvM¨ eq‡mi mKj cÖwZeÜx AvMÖnx e¨w³i gy³ I c~Y© m¤§wZi
wfwË‡Z •eevwnK m¤úK© ¯’vcb I cwievi MV‡bi AwaKvi ¯^xK…wZ cvq;
L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì ¯^vaxb I `vwqZ¡kxjfv‡e mš—vb msL¨v I Rb¥-weiwZ
wba©viY, eqm-Abyhvqx cÖRbb I cwievi cwiKíbv m¤úwK©Z Z_¨ I wk¶v
jv‡fi AwaKvi wbwðZ nq| GB AwaKvi PP©vi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mKj c×wZ
†hb Zv‡ì Kv‡Q mnRjf¨ nq|
(M) Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z wkïmn mKj cÖwZeÜx e¨w³i cÖRbb
De©iZv eRvq ivLv wbwðZ nq|
2. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì Rb¨ wkï‡ì AwffveKZ¡, `ËK MÖnY Ges
wkï I Zvi m¤úwËi †ndvRZ wKsev ivóªxq AvB‡b we`¨gvb G ai‡Yi Ab¨
†h †Kvb weav‡bi AwaKvi I `vwqZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î wkï‡ì
m‡e©vËg ¯^v_©‡K ¸i‚Z¡ w`‡Z n‡e| kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì‡K wkï
jvjb-cvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ Dchy³ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
3. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì cvwievwiK Rxebjv‡fi mg-AwaKvi wbwðZ
Ki‡e| GB AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ Ges wkïi cÖwZewÜZv †Mvcb Kiv,
Zv‡K cwiZ¨vM Kiv, Zvi cÖwZ Ae‡njv I Zv‡K wew‛Qbœ K‡i ivLv
cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ kixK ivóª wkï cÖwZeÜx I Zv‡ì cwievi‡K Av‡Mfv‡M
we¯—vwiZ Z_¨, †mev I mg_©b cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
4. kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h †Kvb wkï‡K B‛Qvi wei‚‡× Zvi wcZvgvZvi KvQ
†_‡K wew‛Qbœ Kiv hv‡e bv, hw` bv Dchy³ KZ…c
© ¶ cÖPwjZ AvBb Abyhvqx
wbwðZ nq †h, GB wew‛QbœZv wkïwUi m‡ev©Ëg g½‡ji Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
wcZvgvZvi †h‡Kvb R‡bi ev Df‡qi wKsev wkïi †h Kv‡ivi cÖwZewÜZvi
Kvi‡Y †Kvbfv‡eB wkï‡K wcZvgvZvi KvQ †_‡K wew‛Qbœ Kiv hv‡e bv|
159
5. †Kvb wkï cÖwZeÜx‡K Zvi wbKUZg cwievi Dchy³ hZœ wb‡Z bv cvi‡j
kixK ivóª wkïwU‡K e„nËi cvwievwiK MwÊi gva¨‡g hZœ cÖ`v‡bi weKí
eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î wedj n‡j Zvi mgv‡Ri g‡a¨B cvwievwiK
Ave‡n hZœ cÖ`v‡bi eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-24
wk¶v
1. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì wk¶vjv‡fi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e|
•elg¨nxb I mg-my‡hv‡Mi wfwË‡Z GB AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ kixK ivóª
me ¯—‡i GKwU GKxf~Z wk¶v eë¯’v I Rxebe¨vcx wk¶v jv‡fi eë¯’v
Ki‡e| hvi D‡Ïk¨ n‡e:
(K) gvbyl wnmv‡e mKj m¤¢vebv, AvZ¥m¤§vb I AvZ¥-g~‡jï c~Y© weKvk Ges
gvbevwaKvi, †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv I gvbe •ewP‡Îï cÖwZ kª×v‡eva kw³kvjx
Kiv;
(L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì e¨w³Z¡, †gav, m„RbkxjZv Ges Zv‡ì gvbwmK I
kvixwiK mvg‡_©ï m‡e©v‛P m¤¢vebvi weKvk;
(M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì‡K GKwU gy³ mgv‡R Kvh©Kifv‡e AskMÖn‡Yi Rb¨
mg_© K‡i †Zvjv|
2. GB AwaKvi ev¯—evq‡bi Rb¨ kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h :
(K) cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb e¨w³ †hb mvaviY wk¶v eë¯’v †_‡K ev` bv
c‡o| cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †Kvb wkï †hb A‣eZwbK I eva¨Zvg~jK cÖv_wgK
ev gva¨wgK wk¶vjvf †_‡K ewÂZ bv nq;
L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv †hb Zvi mgv‡Ri mK‡ji gZ mgvbfv‡e GKwU
GKxf~Z, gvbm¤úbœ A‣eZwbK cÖv_wgK I gva¨wgK wk¶vjv‡fi my‡hvM cvq;
M) e¨w³i cÖ‡qvRb Abyhvqx Zvi ¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvwM cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨
my‡hvM myweavi eë¯’v †hb MÖnY Kiv nq;
N) mvavib wk¶veë¯’vi ga¨ †_‡KB †hb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv Zv‡ì Kvh©Ki
wk¶v-mnvqK cÖ‡qvRbxq mn‡hvwMZv cvq;
O) mvwe©K GKxf~Z wk¶vi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ m½wZ †i‡L Kvh©Ki e¨w³-wbw`©ó
mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i Ggb cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡Z n‡e, †hwU m‡e©v‛P cÖvwZôvwbK
wk¶vMZ I mvgvwRK weKvk NUvq|
160
3. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì wk¶vq Ges mgv‡Ri m`m¨ wn‡m‡e c~Y© I mg
AskMÖn‡Y mg_© K‡i Zzj‡Z e¨w³K I mvgvwRK `¶Zv AR©‡b m¶g K‡i
Zzj‡e| GB j‡¶¨, kixK ivóª Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e, hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q :
K) †eªBj c×wZ, weKí wjwc, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ weKvkgvb I weKí gva¨g,
Dcvq I ‣kjxi eënvi wk¶v, cwiwPwZ I PjvP‡ji `¶Zv AR©b, mv_x-
mnvqZv Ges wbweocivgk© mnvqZv cÖ`vb Kiv;
L) Bkviv fvlv †kLvq mnvqZv Kiv Ges evK-kªeY cÖwZeÜx Rb‡Mvwôi
fvlvMZ cwiPq‡K mgybœZ Kiv;
M) †h mKj e¨w³, we‡klZ ‡hmKj wkï `„wó, evK-kªeY I kªeY-`„wó-
cÖwZeÜx, Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dchy³ fvlvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZ I Dcv‡qi gva¨‡g
Dchy³ cwi‡e‡k wk¶v cÖ`vb wbwðZ Kiv, †hb Zv m‡e©v‛P wk¶vMZ I
mvgvwRK weKvk NUvq|
4. GB AwaKvi wbwðZ I ev¯—evqb Ki‡Z kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³mn, Bkviv
fvlv I †eªBj c×wZ‡Z cvi`kx© wk¶K wb‡qvM Ges wk¶v eë¯’vi mKj
¯—‡i Kg©iZ †ckvRxex I Kgx©‡ì cÖwk¶‡Yi Rb¨ h_vh_ eë¯’v †b‡e| GB
cÖwk¶‡Y cÖwZewÜZv welqK m‡PZbZv, cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì mnvqZvi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi weKvkgvb I weKí c×wZ, Dcvq I •kjxi gva¨‡g wk¶v`vb
c×wZ I DcKi‡Yi eënvi‡K Aš—f³ ©~ Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †hb cÖwZeÜx e¨w³iv •elg¨nxbfv‡e I Ab¨vb¨‡ì
mv‡_ mgvbfv‡e mvaviY D‛Pwk¶v, KvwiMwi cÖwk¶Y, eq¯‥ wk¶v Ges
Rxebe¨vcx wk¶v MÖn‡Y mg_© nq| G j‡¶¨ kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì
¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvwM cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’v wbwðZ
Ki‡e|
aviv-25
¯^v¯’¨
cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y †Kvbiƒc •elg¨ bv K‡i kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì me©vwaK
AR©b‡hvM¨gv‡bi ¯^v¯’¨ jv‡fi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q| kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³‡ì ¯^v¯’¨-welqK c~be©vmbmn wj½-wfwËK mvgvwRK AmgZvi cÖwZ
ms‡e`bkxj ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖvwßi mKj Dc‡hvMx eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e| mywbw`©ófv‡e
kixK ivóª:
161
K) Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z GKB aiY, GKB ¸Y I gvbm¤úbœ

webvg~‡jï ev ¯^íe¨qx ¯^v¯’¨ Kg©m~wP MÖnY I †mev cÖ`vb Ki‡e| †h․b I
cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ Ges Rb¯^v¯’¨ GB Kg©m~wP I †mevq Aš—f©y³ _vK‡e;
L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y cÖ‡qvRbxq we‡kl ¯^v¯’¨‡mev
cÖ`vb Ki‡e| Z¡wir kbv³KiY, Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ges wkï I cÖexYmn
mK‡ji AwaKZi cÖwZewÜZvi SuywK n«vm I cÖwZ‡iva GB †mevq Aš—f©y³
_vK‡e;
M) MÖvgxY GjvKvmn me©Î hZ`~i m¤¢e MÖnxZvi wbR-GjvKv‡ZB GB
¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`vb Ki‡e;
N) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì‡K Ab¨vb¨‡ì gZ mg-gvbm¤úbœ †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
†ckv`vi ¯^v¯’¨Kg©x •Zwi Ki‡e| miKvwi †emiKvwi ¯^v¯’¨‡mevq cÖ‡qvRbxq
cÖwk¶Y I •bwZK gvb wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i gvbevwaKvi,
AvZ¥gh©v`v, ¯^vwaKvi Ges we‡kl Pvwn`v wel‡q m‡PZbZv m„wó K‡i Zv‡ì
Aeva I m‡PZb-m¤§wZi wfwË‡Z ¯^v¯’¨‡mev cÖ`vb Ki‡e;
O) ¯’vbxq AvBb Abyhvqx ¯^v¯’¨ exgv I Rxeb exgvi eë¯’v K‡i Ges Zv
b¨vh¨ I †h․w³Kfv‡e cÖ`vb K‡i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³‡ì cÖwZ •elg¨ `~i Ki‡e;
P) cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y Lv`¨ I cvbxq A_ev ¯^v¯’¨ cwiPh©v I †mev cÖ`v‡b
•elg¨ we‡jvc Ki‡e|
aviv-26
Avevmb I c~Ye©vmb
1. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© †hb mv_x-mn‡hvwMZvmn me©vwaK gvÎvq AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv,
c~Y© kvixwiK, gvbwmK, mvgwRK I KvwiMwi m¶gZv AR©b K‡i mgvR
Rxe‡bi mKj †¶‡Î m¤ú~Y©fv‡e GKxf~Z n‡Z cv‡i Ges AskMÖnY eRvq
ivL‡Z cv‡i, kixK ivóª †m wel‡q Kvh©Ki I Dchy³ eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e|
GB j‡¶¨, kixK ivóª we‡klZ, ¯^v¯’¨, Kg©ms¯’vb, wk¶v I mvgvwRK †mev
Lv‡Z me©mgwš^Z Avevmb I c~Ye©vmb †mev I Kg©m~wPmg~n Ggbfv‡e
msMwVZ, m¤cÖmvwiZ I kw³kvwj Ki‡e, hv‡Z GB †mev I Kg©m~wPmg~n :
K) hZ`~i m¤¢e cÖviw¤¢K ch©v‡q Ges Avjv`v-Avjv`v e¨w³Pvwn`v I kw³-
mvg‡_©ï eûgvwÎK-Ávb-wfwËK g~j¨vq‡bi wfwË‡Z ïi‚ nq|
L) †mevg~jKfv‡e mgv‡Ri mKj wel‡q AskMÖnY I GKxf~Z n‡Z mnvqZv
K‡i Ges cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Kv‡Q Zv mnRjf¨ nq Ges GB †mev I
162
myweavmg~n †hb MÖvgvÂjmn Zv‡ì wbR emwZi hZ`~i m¤¢e bvMv‡ji g‡a¨
_v‡K|
2. kixK ivóª Avevmb I cyYe©vmb †mevq wb‡qvwRZ †ckvRxex I Kg©x‡ì
cÖviw¤¢K I Pjgvb cÖwk¶‡Yi cÖmv‡i mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡e|
3. kixK ivóª Avevmb I c~Ye©vmb msµvš— wel‡q cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨
cÖ¯Z
‘ K…Z mnvqK DcKiY I cÖhyw³, Gi mnRjf¨Zv, Ávb I eënvi
weKwkZ Ki‡e|
aviv-27
Kg© I Kg©ms¯’vb
1. kixK ivóª Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i K‡g©-wbhy³
nevi AwaKvi‡K ¯^xK…wZ †`q| Gi g‡a¨ c‡o gy³fv‡e cQ›`Kiv wKsev kªg
evRv‡i I Kg© cwi‡e‡k ¯^xK…Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ Db¥y³, MÖnYxq Ges
Zv‡ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx KvR K‡i RxweKv AR©‡bi my‡hv‡Mi AwaKvi| kixK
ivóª AvBb cÖYqbmn Dchy³ c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g Kg©Rxe‡b cÖwZewÜZv
AR©bKvwi‡ì Rb¨ KvR Kivi AwaKvi msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ i¶vKeP •Zwi I
ev¯—evqb Ki‡e, Gi mv‡_ Av‡Q :
K) K‡g© wbhyw³i kZ©vejx, wb‡qvM I Kg©ms¯’vb, PvKzwii PjgvbZv, †ckvMZ
DbœwZ Ges wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨Ki Kg©-cwi‡ekmn mKj ai‡Yi Kg©ms¯’v‡b
cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z •elg¨ we‡jvc Ki‡e;
L) mg my‡hvM I mgvb Kv‡Ri Rb¨ mgvb fvZv, wbivc` I ¯^v¯’¨Ki Kg© -
cwi‡ek, wbcxob †_‡K myi¶v Ges †¶vf cÖkgbmn Kv‡R b¨vh¨ I AbyK~j
cwi‡ek †c‡Z Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i
AwaKvi myi¶v Ki‡e;
M) Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i kªg I †UªW
BDwbqb AwaKvi PP©v wbwðZ Ki‡e;
N) mvaviY KvwiMwi I e„wËg~jK cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wPmg~‡n, Kg©wbhyw³ cwi‡levq
Ges e„wËg~jK I Pjgvb cÖwk¶‡Y Kvh©Ki AskMÖn‡Y cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K
m¶g K‡i Zzj‡e;
O) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ kªg evRv‡i Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM I †ckvMZ
DbœwZ mvab Ki‡e| †mBmv‡_ PvKzwi AbymÜvb, cÖvwß, envj _vKv Ges
c~Ywb©hyw³‡Z mnvqZv †`‡e;
163
P) AvZ¥-Kg©ms¯’vb, eëmvq-D‡`¨vM, mgevq MVb Ges Kv‡iv wbR¯^ eëmvq

Pvjy Kievi my‡hvM myweavwì Dbœqb NUv‡e;
Q) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K miKvwi PvKzwi Lv‡Z wb‡qvM `vb Ki‡e;
R) BwZevPK c`‡¶c Kg©m~wP, Drmvn fvZv Ges Ab¨vb¨ eë¯’vw`mn
h_vh_ bxwZgvjv I eë¯’v MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †emiKvwi Lv‡Z cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³e‡M©i Kg©ms¯’vb e„w×‡Z mnvqZv Ki‡e;
S) Kg©¯‡’ j cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Pvwn`vi wfbœZvi we‡ePbvq cÖ‡qvRbxq
¯^v‛Q‡›ì Rb¨ Dc‡hvMx cwi‡ek I b¨vh¨ my‡hvM-myweavi eë¯’v MÖnY wbwðZ
Ki‡e;
T) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Db¥y³ kªg evRv‡i Kg©-AwfÁZv AR©b DrmvwnZ
Ki‡e;
U) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ e„wËg~jK I †ckvMZ c~Ye©vmb, K‡g© a‡i-ivLv
Ges cyYivq Kv‡R †hvM †èvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©m~wP DrmvwnZ Ki‡e;
2. kixK ivóª wbwðZ Ki‡e †h cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© `vm‡Z¡i k„sL‡j Ave× bq
Ges Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Zviv †Rvic~e©K ev eva¨Zvg~jK kªg
n‡Z myiw¶Z|
aviv-28
m‡š—vlRbK Rxebgvb I mvgvwRK myi¶v
1. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i wb‡R‡ì I Zv‡ì cwiev‡ii ch©vß Lv`¨,
e¯¿ I evm¯’vb Ges Rxebhvc‡bi m‡š—vlRbK gv‡bi µgvMZ Dbœq‡bi
¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| kixK ivóª GB mKj AwaKvi AR©‡b mnvqZv †`‡e Ges
G‡¶‡Î cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z †hb •elg¨ bv nq Zvi Rb¨ i¶vKeP •Zwi
Ki‡Z h_vh_ c`‡¶c †b‡e|
2. kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i mvgvwRK myi¶v Ges Zv Dc‡fv‡Mi †¶‡Î
cÖwZewÜZvi wfwË‡Z †hb •elg¨ bv nq †m AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| †mRb¨
GB mKj AwaKvi AR©b I msi¶‡Y h_vh_ c`‡¶c †b‡e, hvi g‡a¨
i‡q‡Q:
(K) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i my‡cq cvbxq R‡ji cwi‡lev cvevi mgvbvwaKvi
Ges h_vh_ I mva¨ Abyhvqx cwi‡lev, DcKiY I cÖwZewÜZvi Kvi‡Y m„ó
Ab¨vb¨ cÖ‡qvRb †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ mnvqZv wbwðZ Kiv|
164
(L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i, we‡kl K‡i cÖwZeÜx bvix I Kb¨vwkï Ges

cÖexY‡ì mvgvwRK myi¶vg~jK I `vwi`ª¨ `~ixKiYg~jK Kg©m~wP‡Z
AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv;
(M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© I Zv‡ì `vwi`ª-cxwoZ cwiev‡ii Rb¨ ch©vß
cÖwk¶Y, mycivgk©, Avw_©K mnvqZv Ges wekªvg †mevmn ivóªxq cÖwZewÜZv-
eiv‡Ï AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
(N) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ MY-Avevmb Kg©m~wPi myweav wbwðZ Kiv|
(O) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AemiKvjxb my‡hvMmyweav I Kg©m~wP‡Z mg-
AwaKvi wbwðZ Kiv|
aviv-29
ivR‣bwZK I RbRxe‡b AskMÖnY
kixK ivóª cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i ivR‣bwZK AwaKvi I Acivci e¨w³e‡M©i gZB
mgZvi wfwË‡Z Zv Dc‡fv‡Mi my‡hv‡Mi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges :
K) wbwðZ Ki‡e †h Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z mivmwi wKsev Aev‡a
†e‡Q †bqv cÖwZwbwa‡ì gva¨‡g cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© Kvh©Ki I cwic~Y©fv‡e
ivR‣bwZK I RbRxe‡b AskMÖnY, †fvU cÖ`vb Ges wbe©vwPZ nevi AwaKvi
I my‡hvM †fvM Ki‡e| G‡¶‡Î Ab¨vb¨ welqvwì g‡a¨ ivóª :
(1) wbwðZ Ki‡e †h, †fvU cÖ`v‡bi c×wZ, myweavw` Ges DcKiYvw`
h‡_vchy³, evavnxb, †eva¨Mg¨ I Abvqv‡m eënv‡ivc‡hvMx;
(2) †Kvbiƒc evavweNœ QvovB wbe©vP‡b I MY‡fv‡U cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i
†Mvcb e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g †fvU †èvi AwaKvi Ges wbe©vP‡b Ask †bevi,
Kvh©Kifv‡e `ßi cwiPvjbv Ges miKv‡ii mKj ch©v‡q mKj Rb¸i‚Z¡c~Y©
Kv‡R, †hLv‡b †hiƒc cÖ‡qvRb †m Abyhvqx mnvqK I bZzb cÖhyw³i eënv‡i
mnvqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e;
(3) wbe©vPK wn‡m‡e cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Aev‡a gZvgZ cÖKvk Ges GB
j‡¶¨, †hLv‡b cÖ‡qvRb, Zv‡ì Aby‡iv‡a, Zv‡ì wb‡R‡ì cQ‡›ì KvD‡K
mnvqZvi Rb¨ mv‡_ wb‡q †fvU cÖ`v‡b AbygwZi wbðqZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
L) mwµqfv‡e GKwU cwi‡ek •Zwi Ki‡e †hLv‡b cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©
•elg¨nxbfv‡e Ges Ab¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Rb-Rxe‡b Kvh©Ki I
cwic~Y©iƒ‡c AskMÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i Ges Rb-Rxe‡b Zv‡ì AskMÖnY
DrmvwnZ Ki‡e, Gi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q :
165
(1) †emiKvwi msMVb Ges †`‡ki RbMY I ivR‣bwZK Rxe‡bi mv‡_

mswkó msMV‡b Ges ivR‣bwZK `‡ji Kg©KvÊ I Zv cwiPvjbvq AskMÖnY;
(2) Avš—Rv© wZK, RvZxq, AvÂwjK I ¯’vbxq ch©v‡q cÖwZwbwaZ¡ wbwðZ Ki‡Z
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i msMVb •Zwi I Zv‡Z †hvM`vb|
aviv-30
mvs¯‥…wZK Kg©KvÊ, we‡bv`b, AeKvk I †Ljvayjvq AskMÖnY
1. kixK ivóª Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z mvs¯‥…wZK Kg©Kv‡Ê cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³e‡M©i AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKv‡ii ¯^xK…wZ †`‡e| kixK ivóª Dchy³ mKj
c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e hv‡Z K‡i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© :
K) Zv‡ì Rb¨ h‡_vchy³fv‡e cÖ¯Z
‘ K…Z mvs¯‥„wZK DcKiY cvq I Zv
Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i;
L) Zv‡ì Rb¨ h‡_vchy³fv‡e cÖ¯Z
‘ K…Z †Uwjwfk‡bi Abyôvbgvjv, Pjw‛PÎ,
gÂbvUK I Ab¨vb¨ mvs¯‥„wZK Kg©KvÊ Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i;
M) mvs¯‥…wZK Abyôvb ev cwi‡levi ¯’vb, †hgb, gÂbvUK, Rv`yNi, Pjw‛PÎ,
MÖš’vMvi I ch©Ub cwi‡lev Ges hZUv m¤¢e, ¯§„wZ‡m․a I RvZxq mvs¯‥…wZK
¸i‚Z¡c~Y© `k©bxq ¯’v‡b mn‡R †h‡Z cv‡i Ges Zv Dc‡fvM Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. ïay e¨w³MZ DcKv‡ii Rb¨ bq, mvwe©K mgvwRK Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ kixK ivóª
h‡_vchy³ eë¯’v †b‡e, hv‡Z K‡i cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© Zv‡ì m„Rbkxj,
wkíxmyjf I eyw×e„wËK m¤¢vebvi weKvk I Zv eënv‡ii my‡hvM cvq|
3. kixK ivóª Avš—R©vwZK AvBb Abymv‡i hyZmB mKj c`‡¶‡ci gva¨‡g
wbwðZ Ki‡e, †h mKj AvBb †gav¯^Z¡ AwaKvi myi¶v Ki‡Q, Zv †hb
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i mvs¯‥…wZK DcKiY eënv‡i I Dc‡fv‡M †Kvbiƒc
A‡h․w³K ev •elg¨g~jK cÖwZeÜKZv m„wó bv K‡i|
4. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z Bkviv fvlv I Bkviv
fvlv‡Mvwôi ms¯‥w… Zmn Zv‡ì ¯^Kxq mvs¯‥…wZK I fvlvMZ cwiwPwZi ¯^xK…wZ
w`‡Z n‡e;
5. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM©‡K Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z we‡bv`b, AeKvk I
†Ljvayjvq AskMÖn‡Y m¶g K‡i Zzj‡Z kixK ivóª wbgœwjwLZ jvMmB
eë¯’vw` MÖnY Ki‡e:
166
(K) g~javivi †Ljvayjvi mKj ch©v‡q cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i c~Y© AskMÖnY

DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z m¤¢e mKj eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡e;
(L) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³-Dc‡hvwM †Ljvayjv I we‡bv`bg~jK Kg©KvÊ Av‡qvRb,
Dbœqb Ges AskMÖnY Kievi my‡hvM wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡e| GB j‡¶¨,
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ Ab¨vb¨‡ì mv‡_ mgZvi wfwË‡Z mwVK wk¶Y,
cÖwk¶Y Ges m¤ú` eivÏ DrmvwnZ Ki‡e (M) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i
‡Ljvayjv, we‡bv`b I ch©Ub ¯’‡j webv evavq cÖ‡ek I Zvi eënvi wbwðZ
Ki‡e;
(N) Ab¨vb¨ wkï‡ì gZB cÖwZeÜx wkï‡ì Rb¨ ¯‥zj-wfwËK wbqwgZ
Kg©KvÊmn mvaviY †Ljvayjv, we‡bv`b, AeKvk I wµovg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ê mgvb
AskMÖn‡Yi AwaKvi wbwðZ Ki‡e;
(O) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i Rb¨ we‡bv`b, ch©Ub, AeKvk I µxovg~jK
Kg©Kv‡Ê wb‡qvwRZ msMV‡bi cwi‡lev cÖvwß I Dc‡fvM wbwðZ Ki‡e|
aviv-31
cwimsL¨vb I DcvË msMÖn
1. GB mb` Kvh©Ki Kivi m¶gZv e„w×i Rb¨ kixK ivóª bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I
ev¯—evq‡b cwimsL¨vbMZ I M‡elYvjä DcvËmn h_vh_ Z_¨ msMÖ‡n KvR
Ki‡e| GB Z_¨ msMÖn I i¶bv‡e¶‡Yi cÖwµqv :
(K) cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i GKvš— welq Gi cÖwZ kª×v I †MvcbxqZv wbwðZ
Kivi Rb¨ DcvË myi¶v AvBbmn, AvBbMZfv‡e cÖwZwôZ i¶vKe‡Pi mv‡_
mvgÄm¨c~Y© n‡e;
(L) cwimsL¨vb msMÖn I eënvi gvbevwaKvi, †g․wjK ¯^vaxbZv I •bwZK
g~jbxwZ myi¶vq Avš—R©vwZKfv‡e cÖwZwôZ ixwZbxwZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©
n‡e|
2. GB aviv Abymv‡i msM„wnZ Z_¨ c×wZMZfv‡e web¨¯— Ki‡Z n‡e Ges GB
mb‡ì Aax‡b kixK iv‡óªi evaëvaKZvi ev¯—evqb g~j¨vq‡b mnvqZvi Ges
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© Zv‡ì AwaKvi PP©vi †¶‡Î †h mKj cÖwZeÜKZvi
g‡LvgywL nq, Zv wPwýZ I †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e;
3. kixK ivóª GB mKj cwimsL¨vb cÖPv‡ii `vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡e Ges cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³eM© I Ab¨vb¨‡ì Rb¨ Zvi cÖvwß I eënvi wbwðZ Ki‡e|
167
aviv-32
Avš—R©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv
1. kixK ivóª GB mb‡ì Awfó j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡b RvZxq-ch©v‡qi cÖ‡Póvi
mg_©‡b Avš—Rv© wZK mn‡hvwMZvi Dbœeqb I weKv‡ki ¸i‚‡Z¡i ¯^xK„wZ
†`‡e| G‡¶‡Î kixK ivóªmg~n wØcvw¶K I eûcvw¶K ch©v‡q mswkó Avš—
R©vwZK Ges AvÂwjK msMVb I mykxj mgvR, we‡klK‡i, cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³e‡M©i msMVb¸‡jvi mv‡_ Askx`vwi‡Z¡i wfwË‡Z h_vh_ I Kvh©Ki
c`‡¶c MÖnY Ki‡e| GB c`‡¶cmg~‡ni mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi g‡a¨ :
K) Avš—Rv© wZK Dbœqb Kg©m~wPmn Avš—R©vwZK mn‡hvwMZv †hb cÖwZeÜx
e¨w³eM©‡K mswkó K‡i Ges Zv‡ì Rb¨ Gi mydj wbwðZ K‡i;
L) Z_¨, AwfÁZv, cÖwk¶Y Kg©m~wP Ges AbymiYxq `„óv‡š—i wewbgqmn †hb
m¶gZv-Dbœq‡b mnvqZv I mg_©b`vb K‡i;
M) M‡elYv Ges •eÁvwbK I KvwiMwi Áv‡bi cÖvwß I eënv‡i mn‡hvwMZv
†hb DrmvwnZ K‡i;
N) mnRjf¨ I eënvi-Dc‡hvwM mnvqK cÖhyw³mg~‡ni wewbgq Ges
Dc‡fvM DrmvwnZ Kivmn cÖhyw&³ n¯—vš—‡ii gva¨‡g †hb h_vh_ KvwiMwi I
A_©‣bwZK mnvqZv cÖ`vb K‡i|
2. GB avivi weavbmg~n GB mb‡ì Aax‡b cÖ‡Z¨K kixK iv‡óªi wbR-wbR
evaëvaKZv c~iY Kivi †¶‡Î †Kvbiƒc AbvMÖn m„wó Ki‡e bv|
aviv-33
RvZxq ev¯—evqb I cwiex¶Y
1. kixK ivóª GB mb` ev¯—evqb-mswkó welq Z`viwKi Rb¨ miKv‡ii wbR¯^
mvsMVwbK eë¯’v Abyhvqx GK ev GKvwaK †dvKvj c‡q›U wb‡qvM Ki‡e|
wewfbœ LvZ I ch©v‡q mswkó KvRKg© m¤úv`‡b miKv‡ii g‡a¨ GKwU
mgš^q-eë¯’v cÖwZôv A_ev wbhyw³i Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq g‡bv‡hvM †`‡e|
2. kixK ivóªmg~n Zv‡ì AvBbx I cÖkvmwbK eë¯’v Abyhvqx wbR-wbR ivóªxq
KvVv‡gvi g‡a¨ GB mb‡ì ev¯—evqb Drmvn`vb, myi¶v I cwiex¶Y Ki‡Z,
h‡_vchy³ GK ev GKvwaK ¯^vaxb eë¯’vmn, GKwU Kg©KvVv‡gv mwµq Kiv,
kw³kvjx Kiv, wbhy³ ev cÖwZôv Ki‡Z KvR Ki‡e| GB ai‡Yi eë¯’v
wbhy³ ev cÖwZôvi mgq kixK ivóª gvbevwaKvi myi¶v I Dbœq‡b RvZxq
168
cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni Ae¯’v I Kvh©KvwiZv-mswkó †g․jbxwZmg~n we‡ePbvq

Avb‡e|
3. mykxj mgvR, we‡klfv‡e cÖwZeÜx e¨w³eM© Ges Zv‡ì cÖwZwbwaZ¡Kvwi
msMVbmg~n cwiex¶Y cÖwµqvq hy³ n‡e I c~Y© AskMÖnY Ki‡e|
aviv-34
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi welqK KwgwU
1. cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi welqK GKwU KwgwU cÖwZôv Kiv n‡e
(cieZ©xKv‡j GwU ÒKwgwUÓ wn‡m‡e wb‡`©wkZ n‡e), †hwU GB avivq cÖ`Ë
Kg©KvÊ m¤úv`b Ki‡e;
2. GB mb` ejer nevi mgq evi Rb we‡klÁ mgš^‡q KwgwU MwVZ n‡e|
mb‡` AwZwi³ lvUwU Aby¯v^ ¶i ev Aby‡gv`‡bi ci Av‡iv QqwU m`m¨c`
e„w× K‡i m‡e©v‛P AvVvi m`m¨-wewkó KwgwU MVb Kiv n‡e|
3. KwgwUi m`më„›` Zv‡ì wbR `vwq‡Z¡ KvR Pvwj‡q hv‡eb Ges Zuviv myD‛P
•bwZK gvbm¤úbœ n‡eb| GB mb‡ì AvIZvaxb †¶Îmg~‡n Zuviv ¯^xK…Z
`¶Zv I AwfÁZvm¤úbœ n‡eb| cÖv_©x g‡bvbq‡b kixK ivóª‡K GB mb‡ì
4 b¤î avivi 3 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` mwµqfv‡e we‡ePbv Kivi AvnŸvb Rvbv‡bv
n‡‛Q|
4. KwgwUi m`më„›` kixK iv‡óªi Øviv wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| mgvbycvwZK †f․‡MvwjK
e›Ub, wewfbœ ai‡Yi mf¨Zv I cÖavb AvBb eë¯’vmg~‡ni cÖwZwbwaZ¡,
fvimvg¨g~jK wj½xq cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ges AwfÁ cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AskMÖnY
we‡ePbvq Avbv n‡e|
5. kixK ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§j‡bi mfvq mswkó ivóªmg~‡ni wb‡R‡ì bvMwiK‡ì
ga¨ †_‡K g‡bvbxZ e¨w³e‡M©i ZvwjKv †_‡K †Mvcb e¨vj‡Ui gva¨‡g
KwgwUi m`më„›` wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| IB mKj mfvq kixK ivóªmg~‡ni `yB-
Z…Zxqvs‡ki Dcw¯’wZ‡Z †Kvivg MwVZ n‡e| kixK iv‡óªi Dcw¯’Z
cÖwZwbwae‡M©i msL¨vMwiô †fvU Ges †fvU`vZv kixK ivóªmg~‡ni
cÖwZwbwa‡ì m‡e©v‛P msL¨K †fvU-cÖvß e¨w³eM© KwgwUi Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ
n‡eb|
6. GB mb` ejer nevi Zvwi‡Li Qq gvm cvi nevi Av‡MB cÖv_wgK wbe©vPb
AbywôZ n‡e| cÖwZ wbe©vP‡bi b~¨bZg Pvi gvm c~‡e©, RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe
kixK ivóªmg~n‡K wPwVi gva¨‡g `yB gv‡mi g‡a¨ Zv‡ì g‡bvbqb Rgv
†èvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡eb| gnvmwPe Gi ci Gfv‡e g‡bvbxZ e¨w³e‡M©i
169
bvg g‡bvbqb`vbKvwi kixK ivóªmg~‡ni bvg D‡jL-c~e©K eY©vbyµwgKfv‡e

ZvwjKve× Ki‡eb Ges GB mb‡ì kixK ivóªmg~‡ni wbKU †ck Ki‡eb|
7. KwgwUi m`më„›` Pvi eQ‡ii †gqv‡ì Rb¨ wbe©vwPZ n‡eb| Zuviv †Kej
GKevi cybwb©e©vP‡bi Rb¨ †hvM¨ we‡ewPZ n‡eb| cÖ_g wbe©vP‡b wbe©vwPZ
KwgwUi m`më‡M©i g‡a¨ Qq Rb m`‡mï †gqv` `yB eQi c~Y© nevi mv‡_-
mv‡_ †kl n‡q hv‡e| cÖ_g wbe©vP‡bi AeëwnZ ciB Qq m`‡mï bvg
mfvi mfvcÖavb KZ…K © GB avivi 5 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Abymv‡i jUvwii gva¨‡g
evQvB Kiv n‡e|
8. KwgwUi QqRb AwZwiw³ m`‡mï wbe©vPb GB avivi mswkó Abywewa Abymv‡i
wbqwgZ wbe©vP‡bi mg‡qB AbywôZ n‡e|
9. hw` KwgwUi †Kvb m`m¨ g„ZzëiY K‡ib ev c`Z¨vM K‡ib wKsev Ab¨ †Kvb
Kvi‡Y wZwb Avi Zuvi KZ©e¨ cvj‡b m¶g bv nb, †m‡¶‡Î kixK ivóª Zvui
¯’‡j GB avivi Abywewa‡Z ewY©Z †hvM¨Zv I cÖ‡qvRbxq kZ©vejx †g‡b
mswkó †gqv‡ì evwKmgq KvR Ki‡Z Av‡iKRb we‡klÁ‡K wb‡qvM cÖ`vb
Ki‡e|
10. KwgwU Gi Kg©cwiPvjbv c×wZi wewagvjv cÖwZôv Ki‡e|
11. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe cÖviw¤¢K mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡eb Ges GB mb‡ì Aš—M©Z
KwgwUi Kvh©Ki Kg©cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq Kg©x I myweavw` cÖ`vb
Ki‡eb|
12. mvaviY cwil‡ì Aby‡gv`bµ‡g GB mb‡ì Aax‡b cÖwZwôZ KwgwUi
m`më„›` cwil` KZ…K © M„nxZ wm×v‡š—i kZ©vejxi wfwË‡Z Ges KwgwUi
`vwq‡Z¡i ¸i‚‡Z¡i we‡ePbvq RvwZms‡Ni m¤ú` †_‡K fvZv MÖnY Ki‡eb|
13. KwgwUi m`më„›` RvwZms‡Ni myweav‡fvM I `vqgyw³ mb‡ì mswkó avivq
ewY©Z RvwZms‡Ni wgk‡bi we‡klÁe„‡›ì Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ my‡hvM-myweavw` I
`vqgyw³i my‡hvM cv‡eb|
aviv-35
kixK ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡e`b
1. cÖ‡Z¨K kixK ivóª GB mb` ejer nevi `yB eQ‡ii g‡a¨ GB mb‡ì Aax‡b
Zvi evaëvaKZv Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z M„nxZ c`‡¶cmg~n Ges mswkó kixK ivóª
†mB †cÖw¶‡Z AwR©Z AMÖMwZ D‡jL-c~e©K RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei gva¨‡g
KwgwUi wbKU GKwU wek` cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡e|
170
2. kixK ivóªmg~n cieZ©x‡Z by¨bZg cÖwZ Pvi eQ‡i GKwU Ges KwgwUi
Aby‡iv‡a †h †Kvb mgq mb`-ev¯—evqb AMÖMwZi cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡e|
3. KwgwU cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jL¨bxq welqmg~n wbw`©ó K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kbv
cÖ`vb Ki‡e|
4. †Kvb kixK ivóª KwgwUi wbKU cÖv_wgK wek` cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡i _vK‡j
Zv‡K cieZ©x cÖwZ‡e`‡b c~‡e© D‡jwLZ Z_¨vejx c~bivq D‡jL Ki‡Z n‡e
bv| KwgwUi Kv‡Q †ck Kivi Rb¨ kixK ivóªmg~n GKwU Db¥y³ I ¯^‛Q¡
cÖwµqv Aej¤^b K‡i GB mb‡ì 4 b¤î avivi 3 b¤î Aby‡‛Q‡ì h_vh_
we‡ePbv mv‡c‡¶ cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb Ki‡e|
5. cÖwZ‡e`‡b GB mb‡ì evaëvaKZv c~i‡Yi †¶‡Î †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯—
viKvwi Dcv`vbmg~n I cÖwZeÜKZvmg~n D‡jL Ki‡Z n‡e|
aviv-36
cÖwZ‡e`b we‡ePbv
1. KwgwU cÖwZwU cÖwZ‡e`bB we‡ePbvq Avb‡e| KwgwU Zvi we‡ePbvq h_v_©Zv
Abyhvqx cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Ici wb‡`©kbv I mvaviY mycvwik cÖYqb K‡i †m¸jv
mswkó kixK ivóª‡K †cÖiY Ki‡e| kixK ivóª cQ›`mB †h‡Kvb Z_¨ †hvM
K‡i KwgwUi Kv‡Q DËi cvVv‡Z cvi‡e| KwgwU Gi c‡iI kixK iv‡óªi KvQ
†_‡K GB mb` ev¯—evq‡bi mv‡_ cÖvmw½K †Kvb Z_¨ Rvb‡Z †P‡q Aby‡iva
Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. hw` †Kvb kixK ivóª cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Kivq j¶Ÿxqiƒ‡c wej¤^ K‡i, Zvn‡j
cÖvß wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z KwgwU mswkó kixK ivóª‡K GB mb`
ev¯—evq‡bi AMÖMwZ cix¶v Ki‡Z †bvwUk cvVv‡e| †bvwUk †èvi wZb
gv‡mi †fZi cÖvmw½K cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡Z n‡e| KwgwU mswkó kixK
ivóª‡K Giƒc ch©v‡jvPbv Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡e| Gi Rev‡e kixK ivóª
cÖvmw½K cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡j †m‡¶‡Î GB avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` cÖ‡hvR¨
n‡e|
3. RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe mKj kixK iv‡óªi Kv‡Q cÖwZ‡e`bmg~n †cÖiY
Ki‡eb|
4. kixK ivóªmg~n Zv‡ì cÖwZ‡e`bmg~n wbR-wbR †`‡ki RbM‡Yi g‡a¨
e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPvi Ki‡e Ges GBmKj cÖwZ‡e`‡bi civgk© I mvaviY
mycvwikgvjv Rvb‡Z RbMY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡e|
171
5. KwgwU KvwiMwi civgk© ev mnvqZvi Aby‡iv‡ai †cÖw¶‡Z Zvi we‡ePbvq

h_v_©Zv Abyhvqx we‡klY I mycvwikmn kixK ivóªmg~‡ni cÖwZ‡e`bmg~n
we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v, RvwZms‡Ni Znwej I Kg©m~wP Ges Ab¨vb¨ we‡klÁ A½-
cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡Q †cÖiY Ki‡e|
aviv-37
KwgwU I kixK ivóªmg~‡ni Avš—tmn‡hvwMZv
1. cÖ‡Z¨K kixK ivóª KwgwU‡K h_vh_ mn‡hvwMZv cÖ`vb Ki‡e Ges GB
KwgwUi m`mëM©‡K Zv‡ì Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ cvj‡b mnvqZv Ki‡e|
2. kixK ivóªmg~‡ni mv‡_ m¤ú‡K©i gva¨‡g KwgwU GB mb` ev¯—evq‡b RvZxq
m¶gZv e„w×i j‡¶¨ Avš—Rv© wZK mnvqZvmn wewfbœ Dcvq I gva¨g
mwµqfv‡e we‡ePbv Ki‡e|
aviv-38
Ab¨vb¨ A½-cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ KwgwUi m¤úK©
GB mb‡ì Kvh©Ki ev¯—evqb Z`viwK Ges mb‡ì AvIZvaxb †¶Îmg~‡n
Avš—Rv© wZK mn‡hvwMZv DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z :
K) we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v I RvwZms‡Ni Ab¨vb¨ A½cÖwZôvbmg~n Zv‡ì wbw`©ó
Kg©cwiwai mv‡_ GB mb‡ì mvhyR¨c~Y© wewaweavb ev¯—evq‡bi †¶‡Î
cÖwZwbwaZ¡ Ki‡Z cvi‡e| KwgwU, Zvi we‡ePbvq h_v_©Zv Abyhvqx,
we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v I Ab¨vb¨ my`¶ A½cÖwZôvb‡K Hme msMV‡bi mywbw`©ó
Kg©cwiwai mv‡_ GB mb‡ì mvhyR¨c~Y© welqmg~n ev¯—evq‡b we‡klÁ gZvgZ
†èvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡Z cvi‡e| KwgwU we‡klvwqZ ms¯’v Ges
RvwZms‡Ni A½ msMVbmg~n‡K Zv‡ì Kg©cwiwai mv‡_ mswkó GB mb‡ì
welqmg~‡ni ev¯—evqb m¤ú‡K© cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ`vb Ki‡ZI Aby‡iva Ki‡Z
cvi‡e|
L) KwgwU `vwqZ¡ cvj‡bi †¶‡Î h_vh_ we‡ePbvq Avš—Rv© wZK gvbevwaKvi
Pzw³i Øviv cÖwZwôZ cÖvmw½K A½cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ civgk© Ki‡e| GB
civg‡k©i j¶¨ n‡e Zv‡ì mswkó cÖwZ‡e`b wb‡`©wkKv, civgk© Ges
mvaviY mycvwi‡ki mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ weavb Kiv Ges Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri †¶‡Î
•ØZZv I c~bive„wË cwinvi Kiv|
172
aviv-39
KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`b
KwgwU cÖwZ `yB eQi Aš—i Gi Kg©KvÊ m¤ú‡K© mvaviY cwil` Ges A_©‣bwZK I
mvgvwRK cwil‡` cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡e| †mBmv‡_ KwgwU kixK iv‡óªi †ckK…Z
cÖwZ‡e`b I Z‡_ï hvPvB-evQvB‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i civgk© wKsev mvaviY
mycvwik cÖYqb Ki‡e| KwgwUi cÖwZ‡e`‡b Giƒc civgk© I mvaviY mycvwik
Aš—f³ ©y n‡e| G m¤ú‡K© kixK iv‡óªi †Kvb gš—e¨ _vK‡j ZvI Aš—f³©~ Ki‡Z
n‡e|
aviv-40
kixK ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§jb
1. kixK ivóªmg~n GB mb` ev¯—evqb msµvš— †h †Kvb welq we‡ePbvi Rb¨
wbqwgZ kixK ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§jb AbywôZ Ki‡e|
2. GB mb` ejer nevi Qq gvm AwZevwnZ nevi c~‡e©B RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe
kixK ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Ki‡eb| cieZ©x mfvmg~n RvwZms‡Ni
gnvmwPe wØ-evwl©K wfwË‡Z wKsev kixK ivóªmg~‡ni mfvq M„nxZ wm×vš—
†gvZv‡eK AvnŸvb Ki‡eb|
aviv-41
msi¶K
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe GB mb‡ì msi¶K n‡eb|
aviv-42
¯^v¶i
GB mb` wbDBqK©¯’ RvwZms‡Ni mì `ß‡i mKj ivóª I AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v
KZ©K
„ ¯^v¶‡ii Rb¨ 30 gvP© 2007 n‡Z Db¥y³ _vK‡e|
aviv-43
m¤§wZi evaëvaKZv
GB mb` ¯^v¶iKvix ivóªmg~‡ni Aby¯v^ ¶i Ges ¯^v¶iKvix AvÂwjK mgš^q
ms¯’vmg~‡ni AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK„wZi Dci wbf©i Ki‡e| ¯^v¶i K‡iwb Ggb ivóª ev
AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vi we‡ePbvi Rb¨ GB mb` Db¥y³ _vK‡e|
173
aviv-44
AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v
1. ÒAvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vÓ ej‡Z eySv‡e †Kvb GKwU AÂ‡ji mve©‡f․g

ivóªmg~n KZ…K
© MwVZ GKwU ms¯’v, hvi Kv‡Q Gi kixK ivóªmg~n GB mb‡ì
AvIZvf~³ welqvw` cwiPvjbvi KZ©Z „ ¡ b¨¯— K‡i‡Q| GB mKj ms¯’v Zv‡ì
AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZi `wj‡j ev m¤§wZc‡Î GB mb`-wba©vwiZ welqmg~‡ni
Dci Zv‡ì we‡kl Ávb I `¶Zvi cwiwa †Nvlbv Ki‡e| GiB
avivevwnKZvq, ms¯’vmg~n Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi †¶‡Î †h‡Kvb ¸i‚Z¡c~Y©
cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K© msi¶K‡K AewnZ Ki‡e|
2. GB mb‡` ÒkixK ivóªmg~‡niÓ Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨ welqmg~n GB ai‡Yi ms¯’vi
RbÏ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e; Z‡e Zv n‡e Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi mxgvi g‡a¨|
3. GB mb‡ì 45 b¤î avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Ges 47 b¤î avivi 2 I 3
b¤î Aby‡‛Q‡ì Afxó j‡¶ï Rb¨ †Kvb AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vi †Kvb
AvBbx cÖ¯—vebv we‡ewPZ n‡e bv|
4. AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v, Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi Aš—M©Z welqvejx‡Z, kixK
ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§j‡b Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| AvÂwjK
mgš^q ms¯’v¸‡jv GB mb` ¯^v¶iKvix Zv‡ì m`m¨ ivóªmg~‡ni mgvb
msL¨K †fvU cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mb‡ì †Kvb kixK ivóª Zvi †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j G ai‡Yi ms¯’v Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e bv; A_ev,
wecixZµ‡g, †Kvb AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j
GB mb` ¯^v¶iKvix H ms¯’vi †Kvb m`m¨ ivóª Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡e bv|
aviv-45
Kvh©KvwiZv
1. GB mb` wekZg Aby¯v^ ¶i ev Aby‡gv`b jvf Kievi w`b †_‡K cieZ©x
wÎkZg wè‡m Kvh©Ki n‡e|
2. mb‡` cÖ‡Z¨K kixK ivóª ev AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vi Aby¯v^ ¶i, AvbyôvwbK
wbwðZKiY wKsev m¤§wZÁvc‡bi c‡i, G ai‡bi me©‡gvU wekwU mg_©b
AwR©Z n‡j, cÖ‡Z¨K kixK iv‡óªi m¤§wZÁvc‡bi w`b †_‡K cieZ©x wÎkZg
wè‡m mb`wU Kvh©Ki n‡e|
174
aviv-46
AvcwË
1. GB mb‡ì D‡Ïk¨ I Afxó j‡¶ï mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y© †Kvb AvcwË AbygwZ
cv‡e bv|
2. AvcwË †h †Kvb mgq cÖZ¨vnvi Kiv hv‡e|
aviv-47
ms‡kvabx
1. †h †Kvb kixK ivóª RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei wbKU GB mb‡ì ms‡kvabx
cÖ¯—ve †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡e| gnvmwPe †h‡Kvb cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabx kixK
ivóªmg~n‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb Ges GKwU Aby‡ivag~jK weÁwßi gva¨‡g
cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabx¸‡jv we‡ePbv I G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wm×vš— MÖn‡Yi Rb¨
kixK ivóªmg~n Zv‡ì GKwU m‡¤§jb mg_©b K‡ib wK-bv Zv Rvb‡Z
PvB‡eb| GB ai‡Yi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Zvwi‡Li Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ hw` kixK
ivóª¸‡jvi Kgc‡¶ GK Z…Zxqvsk GB m‡¤§jb mg_©b K‡i Zvn‡j gnvmwPe
RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M GB m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Ki‡eb| Dcw¯’Z kixK
ivóªmg~‡ni `yB Z…Zxqvsk msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U M„nxZ †Kvb ms‡kvabx gnvmwPe
KZ…K© mvaviY cwil‡ì Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ †ck Kiv n‡e Ges AZtci H
ms‡kvabx mKj kixK iv‡óªi wbKU Zv‡ì MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †ck Kiv n‡e|
2. GB avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Abymv‡i M„nxZ I Aby‡gvw`Z †Kvb ms‡kvabx `yB
Z…Zxqvsk kixK iv‡óªi mg_©b jv‡fi c‡i wÎkZg wè‡m Kvh©Ki n‡e|
AZtci, †h †Kvb kixK iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`‡bi w`b †_‡K wÎkZg wè‡m
ms‡kvabxwU H iv‡óªi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki n‡e| †Kvb ms‡kvabx †Kej †mB mKj
kixK iv‡óªi Rb¨B eva¨Zvg~jK n‡e, hviv GwU MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
3. GB avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Abymv‡i kixK ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§j‡b
me©m¤§wZµ‡g M„nxZ †Kvb ms‡kvabx, hv GKvš—fv‡e 34, 38, 39 I 40
b¤î avivi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z, `yB Z…Zxqvsk kixK ivóª KZ©K
„ M„nxZ nIqvi
c‡i wÎkZg wè‡m Kvh©Ki n‡e|
aviv-48
mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei eivei wjwLZ weÁwßi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb kixK ivóª GB
mb` m¤ú‡K© wfbœ gZ cÖKvk Ki‡Z Z_v Zvi mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB
175
kixKvbv ev mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi gnvmwPe-KZ©K

… †bvwUk cÖvwßi GK eQi ci Kvh©Ki
n‡e|
aviv-49
mn‡R eënvi Dc‡hvwM ‣kjx ev dig¨vU
GB mb` mK‡ji eënvi Dc‡hvMx h_vh_ dig¨vU ev dig¨v‡Ui gva¨‡g
mnRjf¨ Kiv n‡e|
aviv-50
cÖvgvY¨ cvV
GB mb‡ì Aviwe, Pxbv, Bs‡iRx, divmx, i‚k I †¯úbxq fvlvi cvV mgfv‡e
cÖvgvY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e| Zv‡ì wbR wbR miKvi KZ…©K ¶gZvcÖvß n‡q
wbgœ¯^v¶iKvix c~Y©¶gZvcÖvß e¨w³MY mkix‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡q GB mb‡` ¯^v¶i
Ki‡jb|
176
cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi mb‡ì

GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi kixK ivóªmg~n wbgœwjwLZ welqmg~‡n m¤§Z
nq :
aviv-1
1. GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi kixK ivóª (ÒkixK ivóªÓ) ¯^xKvi K‡i
†h cÖwZeÜx e¨w³e‡M©i AwaKvi welqK KwgwUi (ÒKwgwUÓ) †Kvb kixK ivóª
KZ…K
© mb‡ì wewaweavb j“N‡bi wkKvi wn‡m‡e `vwe`vi GLwZqvim¤úbœ
e¨w³ ev †Mvwôi wbKU n‡Z ev Zv‡ì c‡¶ Awf‡hvM MÖnY Ges we‡ePbv
Kivi †hvM¨Zv i‡q‡Q|
2. mb‡ì kixK wKš‘ GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi kixK bq Ggb
†Kvb ivóª-msµvš— †Kvb Awf‡hvM KwgwU MÖnY Ki‡e bv|
aviv-2
KwgwU †Kvb Awf‡hvM‡K AMÖnYxq e‡j we‡ePbv Ki‡e hw` :
(K) Awf‡hvMwU †ebvwg nq;
(L) Awf‡hvMwU Awf‡hvM `v‡qi Kievi AwaKv‡ii Aceënvi nq wKsev
mb‡ì wewaweav‡bi mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y© nq;
(M) KwgwU KZ©K „ B‡Zvg‡a¨ cixw¶Z GKB welq A_ev Zv Ab¨ †Kvb
Avš—Rv© wZK Z`š— ev mvwjk Kvh©µ‡gi Aax‡b cixw¶Z n‡q‡Q ev n‡‛Q;
(N) we`¨gvb mKj ¯’vbxq mgvavb-eë¯’vwì Øvi¯’ bv n‡qB Kiv nq| GB
wbqg cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv hw` ¯’vbxq mgvavb-eë¯’vi dj †c‡Z Ah_v wej¤^ nq
A_ev Zv †_‡K Kvh©Ki mgvavb cvevi m¤¢vebvq m‡›`n _v‡K;
(O) Awf‡hvMwU my¯úóZB wfwËnxb ev ch©vß mv¶¨cÖgvY QvovB Kiv n‡q
_v‡K| wKsev hw`;
(P) mswkó kixK iv‡óªi cÖwZ Awf‡hv‡Mi NUbvejx GB cÖwZcvjbxq
wewaweavb Kvh©Ki nevi c~‡e© N‡U _v‡K, hw` bv †mB mKj NUbv D³
Zvwi‡Li c‡iI Pj‡Z _v‡K|
177
aviv-3
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi 2 b¤î avivi weavbvejx Abymv‡i, KwgwU
Zvi wbKU †Mvcbxqfv‡e †cÖwiZ †Kvb Awf‡hvM wel‡q ivóª c‡¶i g‡bv‡hvM
AvKl©Y Ki‡e| Awf‡hvMcÖvß ivóª Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ KwgwUi wbKU NUbvi I Zvi
mgvav‡b †Kvb c`‡¶c †bqv n‡q _vK‡j, Zv mn wjwLZ e¨vL¨v ev wee„wZ †cÖiY
Ki‡e|
aviv-4
1. Awf‡hvM cÖvwßi c‡i †h‡Kvb mgq Ges Awf‡hvM Avgj‡hvM¨ wKbv Zv
we‡ePbvq †bevi c~‡e© ¶wZMÖ¯— e¨w³ ev e¨w³e‡M©i m¤¢ve¨ Ac~iYxq ¶wZ
Gov‡Z KwgwU mswkó kixK ivóª‡K Ri‚wi wfwË‡Z we‡ePbvi Rb¨ h‡_vchy³
Aš—e©Zx©Kvjxb eë¯’v MÖnY Ki‡Z Aby‡iva Ki‡Z cvi‡e|
2. GB avivi cÖ_g Aby‡‛Q` Abyhvqx Awf‡hv‡Mi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv ev Avgj‡hvM¨Zv
wba©vi‡Yi †¶‡Î KwgwUi ¯^xq wePvieyw×i cÖ‡qvM cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e bv|
aviv-5
KwgwU GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb welqK †Kvb Awf‡hvM cix¶v Ki‡Z
iƒ×Øvi •eVK Ki‡e| Awf‡hvM wel‡q hw` †Kvb wb‡`©k I mycvwik _v‡K Z‡e
KwgwU Zv mswkó kixK ivóª I Av‡e`bKvwii eivei †cÖiY Ki‡e|
aviv-6
1. †Kvb kixK ivóª KZ©K
„ mb‡` ¯^xK…Z AwaKvimg~‡ni ¸i‚Zi ev µgvMZ
j“N‡bi wbf©i‡hvM¨ Z_¨ cvIqv †M‡j KwgwU mswkó kixK ivóª‡K cÖvß
Z‡_ï mZ¨Zv hvPvB‡q mnvqZvi Ges D³ Z_¨ msµvš— gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi
AvnŸvb Rvbv‡e|
2. mswkó kixK ivóª KZ©K
„ †cÖwiZ †Kvb gZvgZ ev cÖvß Ab¨ †Kvb wbf©i‡hvM¨
Z_¨ we‡ePbv K‡i H wel‡q Z`š— cwiPvjbv I Ri‚wi wfwË‡Z KwgwUi wbKU
cÖwZ‡e`b `vwLj Kivi Rb¨ KwgwU Zvi GK ev GKvwaK m`m¨‡K wb‡qvM
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Z`‡š—i cÖ‡qvR‡b Ges mswkó kixK iv‡óªi m¤§wZµ‡g H ivóª
cwi`k©bI Giƒc Z`‡š—i Ask n‡Z cv‡i|
3. Giƒc Z`‡š—i djvdj hvPvB‡qi ci KwgwU Zvi gš—e¨ Ges mycvwikmn Zv
mswkó kixK ivóª‡K †cÖiY Ki‡e|
178
4. KwgwU KZ©K„ †cÖwiZ Z`‡š—i djvdj, gš—e¨ I mycvwik cvevi Qq gv‡mi

g‡a¨ mswkó kixK ivóª KwgwU‡K Zvi AwfgZ AewnZ Ki‡e|
5. Giƒc Z`š— †MvcbxqZvi mv‡_ cwiPvwjZ n‡e Ges Z`š— cÖwµqvi mKj
ch©v‡q kixK iv‡óªi mn‡hvwMZv cÖZ¨vkv Kiv n‡e|
aviv-7
1. KwgwU mswkó kixK ivóª‡K GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi 6 b¤î
avivi Aax‡b AbywôZ Z`‡š—i †cÖw¶‡Z M„nxZ c`‡¶‡ci we¯—vwiZ weeiY,
mb‡ì 35 b¤î aviv Abyhvqx Zvi cÖwZ‡e`‡b Aš—f³
~© Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb
Rvbv‡Z cv‡i|
2. KwgwU, cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a, 6 b¤î avivi PZz_© Aby‡‛Q‡` DwjwLZ Qq gvm
AwZevwnZ nevi ci †Kvb mswkó kixK ivóª‡K Giƒc Z`‡š—i †cÖw¶‡Z
M„nxZ eë¯’vmg~‡ni e¨vcv‡i KwgwU‡K AewnZ Kivi Rb¨ AvnŸvb Rvbv‡Z
cv‡i|
aviv-8
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewa-weavb ¯^v¶i ev Aby¯v^ ¶‡ii mgq ev cieZx©‡Z Gi
kixK nevi mgq †Kvb kixK ivóª 6 I 7 b¤î avivq ewY©Z KwgwUi †hvM¨Zv
A¯^xKv‡ii †NvlYv w`‡Z cvi‡e|
aviv-9
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwPe GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi msi¶K n‡eb|
aviv-10
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb wbDBqK©¯’ RvwZms‡Ni mì `ß‡i mKj ivóª
I AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v KZ©„K ¯^v¶‡ii Rb¨ 30 gvP© 2007 n‡Z Db¥y³ _vK‡e|
aviv-11
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb ¯^v¶iKvix ivóªmg~‡ni g‡a¨ hviv mb`
Aby¯v^ ¶i K‡i‡Q ev m¤§wZ cÖ`vb K‡i‡Q †Kej †m mKj ivóªB GB Hw‛QK
cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb Aby¯^v¶i Ki‡Z cvi‡e| GB cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb
¯^v¶iKvix AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vmg~‡ni g‡a¨ hviv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e mb`
Aby‡gv`b K‡i‡Q ev Zv‡Z m¤§Z n‡q‡Q, Zv‡ì‡K GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq
wewaweavb AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aby‡gv`b w`‡Z n‡e| †hme ivóª ev AvÂwjK mgš^qK
ms¯’v B‡Zvg‡a¨B mb` Aby¯v^ ¶i K‡i‡Q ev AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aby‡gv`b w`‡q‡Q ev
179
Zv‡Z m¤§Z n‡q‡Q wKš‘ GB wewa-weavb ¯^v¶i K‡iwb, Zv‡ì Aš—fwy© ³i Rb¨ GB
Hw‛QK wewaweavb Db¥y³ _vK‡e|
aviv 12
1. ÒAvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vÓ ej‡Z eySv‡e †Kvb GKwU AÂ‡ji mve©‡f․g
ivóªmg~n KZ…K
© MwVZ GKwU ms¯’v, hvi Kv‡Q Gi kixK ivóªmg~n GB mb` I
Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi AvIZvfy³ welqvw` cwiPvjbvi KZ©Z„ ¡ b¨¯—
K‡i‡Q| GB mKj ms¯’v Zv‡ì AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZi `wj‡j ev m¤§wZc‡Î
GB mb` I Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb-wba©vwiZ welqmg~‡ni Dci
Zv‡ì we‡kl Ávb I `¶Zvi e¨vwß †Nvlbv Ki‡e| GiB avivevwnKZvq,
ms¯’vmg~n Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi †¶‡Î †h‡Kvb ¸i‚Z¡c~Y© cwieZ©b m¤ú‡K©
msi¶K‡K AewnZ Ki‡e|
2. GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡b D‡jwLZ ÒkixK ivóªmg~‡niÓ Rb¨
cÖ‡hvR¨ welqmg~n GB ai‡Yi ms¯’vi RbÏ cÖ‡hvR¨ n‡e; Z‡e Zv n‡e
Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi mxgvi g‡a¨|
3. GB cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi 13 b¤î avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Ges 15 b¤î
avivi 2 b¤î Aby‡‛Q‡ì Afxó j‡¶ï Rb¨ †Kvb AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vi
†Kvb AvBbx cÖ¯—vebv we‡ewPZ n‡e bv|
4. AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’v, Zv‡ì cvi`k©xZvi Aš—M©Z welqvejx‡Z, kixK
ivóªmg~‡ni m‡¤§j‡b Zv‡ì †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z cvi‡e| AvÂwjK
mgš^q ms¯’v¸‡jv GB cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb ¯^v¶iKvix Zv‡ì kixK
ivóªmg~‡ni mgvb msL¨K †fvU cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡e| †Kvb kixK ivóª Zvi
‡fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j G ai‡Yi ms¯’v Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e bv;
A_ev, wecixZµ‡g, †Kvb AvÂwjK mgš^qK ms¯’v Zvi †fvUvwaKvi cÖ‡qvM
Ki‡j GB mb` ¯^v¶iKvix H ms¯’vi †Kvb kixK ivóª Zvi †fvUvwaKvi
cÖ‡qvM Ki‡e bv|
aviv-13
1. mb` Kvh©Ki nIqv mv‡c‡¶, Abymv¶i ev Aby‡gv`‡bi `kg `wjj Rgv
nevi wÎkZg wèm †_‡K GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb Kvh©Ki n‡e|
2. Giƒc `kwU `wjj Rgv nevi ci GB wewaweavb Aby¯v^ ¶iKvwi ev
AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Aby‡gv`b cÖ`vbKvix ev G‡Z Aš—f³
y© cÖ‡Z¨K ivóª ev
AvÂwjK mgš^q ms¯’vi †¶‡Î, Zv‡ì wbR wbR `wjj Rgv †èvi wÎkZg
wèm †_‡K GB Hw‛QK wewaweavb Kvh©Ki n‡e|
180
aviv-14
1. GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I j‡¶ï mv‡_ Am½wZc~Y©
AvcwË AbygwZ cv‡e bv|
2. AvcwË †h †Kvb mgq Zz‡j †bqv †h‡Z cv‡i|
aviv-15
1. †h †Kvb kixK ivóª RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei wbKU GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq
wewaweav‡bi ms‡kvabx cÖ¯—ve †ck Ki‡Z cvi‡e| gnvmwPe †h‡Kvb cÖ¯—vweZ
ms‡kvabx kixK ivóªmg~n‡K AewnZ Ki‡eb Ges GKwU Aby‡ivag~jK
weÁwßi gva¨‡g cÖ¯—vweZ ms‡kvabx¸‡jv we‡ePbv I G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© wm×vš—
MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ kixK ivóªmg~n Zv‡ì GKwU m‡¤§jb mg_©b K‡ib wK-bv Zv
Rvb‡Z PvB‡eb| GB ai‡Yi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Zvwi‡Li Pvi gv‡mi g‡a¨ hw`
kixK ivóª¸‡jvi Kgc‡¶ GK Z…Zxqvsk GB m‡¤§jb mg_©b K‡i Zvn‡j
gnvmwPe RvwZms‡Ni D‡`¨v‡M GB m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb Ki‡eb| Dcw¯’Z kixK
ivóªmg~‡ni `yB Z…Zxqvsk msL¨vMwiô †fv‡U M„nxZ †Kvb ms‡kvabx gnvmwPe
KZ…K© mvaviY cwil‡ì Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨ †ck Kiv n‡e Ges AZtci H
ms‡kvabx mKj kixK iv‡óªi wbKU Zv‡ì MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ †cÖiY Kiv n‡e|
2. GB avivi 1 b¤î Aby‡‛Q` Abymv‡i M„nxZ I Aby‡gvw`Z †Kvb ms‡kvabx `yB
Z…Zxqvsk kixK iv‡óªi mg_©b jv‡fi c‡i wÎkZg wè‡m Kvh©Ki n‡e|
AZtci, †h †Kvb kixK iv‡óªi Aby‡gv`‡bi w`b †_‡K wÎkZg wè‡m
ms‡kvabxwU H iv‡óªi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki n‡e| †Kvb ms‡kvabx †Kej †mB mKj
kixK iv‡óªi Rb¨B eva¨Zvg~jK n‡e, hviv GwU MÖnY K‡i‡Q|
aviv 16
RvwZms‡Ni gnvmwP‡ei eivei wjwLZ weÁwßi gva¨‡g †h †Kvb kixK ivóª GB
Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb m¤ú‡K© wfbœ gZ cÖKvk I Zvi mg_©b cÖZ¨vnvi
Ki‡Z cvi‡e| mg_©‡bi cÖZ¨vnvi gnvmwPe-KZ©K… †bvwUk cÖvwßi GK eQi ci
Kvh©Ki n‡e|
aviv 17
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweavb mK‡ji eënvi Dc‡hvMx h_vh_ dig¨vU ev
•kjxi gva¨‡g mnRjf¨ Kiv n‡e|
181
aviv 18
GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡bi Aviwe, Pxbv, Bs‡iRx, divmx, i‚k I
†¯úbxq fvlvi cvV mgfv‡e cÖvgvY¨ wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡e|
Zv‡ì wbR wbR miKvi KZ…©K ¶gZvcÖvß n‡q wbgœ¯^v¶iKvix c~Y©¶gZvcÖvß
e¨w³MY mkix‡i Dcw¯’Z n‡q GB Hw‛QK cÖwZcvjbxq wewaweav‡b ¯^v¶i
Ki‡jb|
182
cÖwZewÜZ¡
†cÖw¶Z gvbevwaKvi I
†mevi gvb Dbœqb
RvwKi †nv‡mb

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cÖwZewÜZ¡

Kw¤úDUvi web¨vm I cÖ”Q`

3.15. cÖwZeÜxi cvwievwiK wel‡q wm×vš— MÖn‡Y AskMÖnY cÖwµqv

Avgv‡`i mgv‡R `vwi`ª¨ cÖcxwoZ, wk¶vewÂZ cÖwZwU gvbylB †hb cÖwZeÜx| G

cÖK…ZA‡_©B evsjv‡`‡ki RbMY Kzms¯‥viv‛Qbœ, GLbI wPwKrmvi †¶‡Î Svo-duzK,

70wU †eªvÄ c`K †c‡qwQj| G mvdj¨ wK RvZxq `‡ji my¯’ µxovwe`‡`i

 evm, †ij I D‡ovRvnv‡R cÖwZeÜx‡`i Aš—Z 10% Avmb msiw¶Z

m‡ev©cwi, cÖwZeÜx AvBb I bxwZgvjv h_vh_fv‡e ev¯—evq‡bi ga¨ w`‡q mgv‡R

GB Aa¨vq-G cÖwZewÜ‡Z¡i e¨vcKZv, G m¤úwK©Z wewfbœ Kg©m~wP, bxwZgvjv Ges

1.1. c„w_exi wPÎ

1.2. Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji wPÎ

1.3. evsjv‡`‡ki wPÎ

GKwU P¨v‡jÄ| wnDg¨vb †W‡fjc‡g›U Bb‡W· Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k c„w_exi

1.4. cÖwZeÜx msµvš— wKQy M‡elYv Z_¨

Ab¨ Ô†jvK÷ g‡Wjm Ae KwgDwbwU-†eBRW wi‡nwe‡j‡Ukb di w` wWmG¨vej

GLv‡b †jLK Ab¨vb¨ †`‡ki cvkvcvwk evsjv‡`‡ki M„nxZ wWmU¨vÝ †Uªwbs

1986 mv‡j G Kvh©µg evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûk‡bi D‡`¨v‡M †bqv n‡q‡Q|

cÖwZeÜx‡`i wb‡q i‚wgRDwÏb Avn‡¤§` KwgDwbwU-†eBRW& †cÖvMÖvg Ges

L›`Kvi Rûi‚j Avjg Ô†ivj GÛ †Kv-Acv‡ikb Ae& Mf: GÛ GbwRIm Bb

Ôc¨v‡i›Um Bbfj&f‡g›U Bb w` Avwj© B›Uvi‡fkb †cÖvMvg, †cwWqvwUªK

c¶vNvZMÖ¯—‡`i cybe©vmb †K›`ª (wmAviwc) ÔXvKv †_‡K †gi‚i¾yi AvNvZ wb‡q

Ô†m›Uvi di mvwf©‡mm GÛ Bbdi‡gkb Ab wWmG¨vewjwU Avb‡fBwjs WvK©‡bm:

Ô†m›Uvi di mvwf©‡mm GÛ Bbdi‡gkb Ab& wWmG¨vwewjwU Gi wmPz‡qkb

cÖwZeÜx‡`i Rb¨ cwiev‡ii m`m¨iv mvaviYZ †gwW‡Kj †Kqvi wb‡q‡Q|

1.5. cÖwZewÜZvi KviY: wek¦ I evsjv‡`k †cÖ¶vcU

Avgv‡`i gZ A‡bK Dbœqbkxj †`‡k Wv³v‡ii civgk© e¨wZ‡i‡KB Jla †meb

Rxe‡bi †h †Kvb mg‡qB †h †KD cÖwZewÜZvi wkKvi n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb,

cÖwZeÜxi GKRb nq AcywóRwbZ Kvi‡Y| GiciI i‡q‡Q kvixwiK AvNvZ,

wewfbœ ch©v‡qi we‡klÁiv cÖwZewÜZv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai †hme Dcvqmg~‡ni K_v

1.6. cÖwZeÜx Ges gvbevwaKvi

cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ gvbweK `„wóf½x mv¤cÖwZK mg‡qi fvebv Ges AZx‡Zi

gvbevwaKvi wb‡q †h †`kwU me‡P‡q †ekx wPwš—Z, ev we‡k¦i Ab¨ †Kv_vI

GLv‡b j¶¨Yxq †h, gvby‡li †g․wjK AwaKvi¸‡jvi ev¯—e cÖwZdjb †Kvb

1.7. cÖwZeÜx‡`i gvbevwaKvi Ges evsjv‡`k

K…wlwbf©i| †`‡ki kZKiv 75 fvM Kg©¶g Rbej G‡¶‡Î Kg©iZ| Kg©¶g

GZ cðv`c` A_©bxwZi GKwU †`‡k Ggwb‡ZB cvuPwU †g․wjK Pvwn`v †gUv‡bv

Pig-`vwi`ª, cÖme-c~e© DbœZ †mev wPwýZ Ki‡Z bv cviv, Awbivc` I A¯^v¯’¨Ki

gZ K…wlwfwËK GKwU cðv`c` A_©‣bwZK mgvR e¨e¯’vq emevmKvix

evsjv‡`‡ki cÖwZeÜx‡`i gvbwaKv‡ii welqwU AZ¨š— bvRyK chv©‡q i‡q‡Q|

GgZve¯’vq Gwkqv c¨vwmwdK AÂ‡ji †`k¸‡jv‡Z cybivq cÖwZeÜx `kK †NvlYv

BD‡b‡¯‥vi wn‡me g‡Z, Dbœqbkxj †`k¸‡jvi gvÎ kZKiv 1 fvM cÖwZeÜx

Avgv‡`i mgvR †hLv‡b mvgwMÖKfv‡e AcÖwZeÜx gwnjv‡`i Ae¯’v Lye GKUv

cÖwZeÜx‡`i cÖwZ g‡bvfve mgv‡Ri Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z wewfbœfv‡e

evsjv‡`‡k cÖwZeÜx‡`i Rb¨ †hme Kg©KvÊ †bqv n‡q‡Q †m¸‡jv‡K wbæwjwLZ

1.8.1. miKvi KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÛ

RvZxq cÖwZeÜx bxwZ I AvBb

cÖwZeÜx msµvš— RvZxq bxwZ

cÖwZeÜx RvZxq mgš^q KwgwU MwVZ

evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx Uªv÷

cÖwZeÜx‡`i wewfbœ Dbœqb Ges Kj¨vYg~jK Kvh©µ‡g mnvqZv Kiv miKvwi I

we‡kl wk¶v cÖ`vb m¤úwK©Z RvZxq †K›`ª MwVZ

RvZxq †KvAwW©‡bÝ KwgwU

BDwb‡md‡K m¤ú„³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| G KwgwU mvaviY we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡Z cÖwZeÜx‡`i

1.8.2. †emiKvwi ms¯’v KZ©„K M„nxZ Kg©KvÛ

evsjv‡`‡k †emiKvwi ms¯’v 1970-Gi `kK †_‡K Kvh©µg ïi‚ Ki‡jI 80

†emiKvwi ms¯’vmg~n g~jZ: wk¶v, cÖwk¶Y Ges KvwiMix mnvqZvmn wPwKrmv

wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y

cÖwZeÜx‡`i wk¶v Ges cÖwk¶Y cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î `yÕai‡bi c×wZ Aejw¤^Z nq

XvKv wek¦we`¨vj‡qi wWcvU©‡g›U Ae& †¯úkvj GWy‡Kkb `„wó Ges gvbwmK

gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx‡`i Rb¨ †mev

gvbwmK cÖwZewÜZvi ZxeªZvi iKg †f‡` cÖwZeÜx‡`i‡K wfbœ wfbœfv‡e wPwýZ

1977 mv‡ji c~e© ch©š— miKvwi ev †emiKvwi ch©v‡q gvbwmKfv‡e

1977 mv‡ji wW‡m¤^i gv‡m Wv. Rvgvb †mvmvBwU di w` †Kqvi GÛ GWy‡Kkb

evsjv‡`k cÖwZeÜx dvD‡Ûkb g~jZ WvqMbw÷K †mev, wk¶v Ges e„wËg~jK

wPÎ 12 : cÖwZeÜx KZ„©K D‡jwLZ c~Y©evm‡bi