2021 05 08 NatRes Climate Change intro pt 1
cya.
Andrin 00:00:00 00:04:06
2021 05 08 NatRes Climate Change intro pt 1
00:00:00 - 00:04:06
We can already start with the online lecture on
climate change.Let me just share the presentation
so okay ra? okay ra ako audio and makita ra ang
slide?
So lets start. for this week, we will discuss the
science of climate change and next week the legal
regime` of climate change. So lets start now.
Kaning ako g pakita ninyu kay usually I start my
classes o the presentations that I will do with
respect with climate science wtih this picture.
Kani g tawag ni ug cya ug Earth rise and it was
taken by one of the Apollo missions in 1968 unya
timing mani na the astronauts were actually katong
tua sila sa kuan ba naa clay lunar walk noh nya ni
timing na ni saka murag bag bali ni na nahitabo
noh kay atong kanunay makitan kay ang pag saka
sa buwan noh but kato cla na tua sad sa buwan
nakakita cla na ni subang ang kalibutan and they
were so amazed but g picturan nila noh and in
their conversation na naa pa gni toy ni ingon nga
ang usa ka astronaut ingon cya na gamita na kay
kuan na naa kay colored na colored kuno na film
para makuha gyud nila ang picture aning kalibutan
noh and this was one of the first pictures of the
Earth. Now this picture again uhh is of the Earth
noh and taken also by Apollo mission 70 uhh one
of the Apollo missions also noh unya g tawag sad
ni cya ug Blue Marble because its the first time
nga ang kalibutan noh na actually na picture gyud
noh and actually ginatibukan ang nakuha noh so
mura cyag marble noh, Blue Marble.
Now this two pictures of the Earth would actually
tell us that the Earth is actually finite and fragile
unya mura bag nagpanawag ni nato na we have to
protect this because it is our own * unaudible 2:55*
Now kaning third picture ako e pakita ninyu is the
picture of the atmosphere, the sky. unya actually
when I first saw this picture in 2016, actually naka
realize ko ba noh the atmosphere is limited..
limited cya. dli cya boundless noh and if you
compare the atmoshpere to the Earth noh kaning
naa sa ubos actually nipis ra gyud cya kaayo noh.
If you compare the atmosphere to outerspace all
the more maka ingon gyud ka na gamay ra gyud
So the atmosphere is the very thin line separating
the Earth from outerspace pero kung mu gawas ka
karon sa imuhang g kuan adto ka sa gawas then
muhangad ka mu ingon ka mura mag wlay limit
noh way limit ang sky mao na we have the
expression of mao nay g tawag na sky is the limit.
Cabasag 00:04:06 00:08:12
...sky is the limit.
*Chika about inom after exams*
But, if you look at the sky, naa dyud diay cyay limit. It is
very important to keep this picture in mind because this is
where the action happens when you talk about climate
change. Naa diri ang hinungdan, naa diri nahitabo ang
direct cause of climate change.
When we emit, when we pollute the environment, a very
good example of this is the burning of fossil fuels to run
our economy, our transportation system, factories, para
mo dagan atong economy nag kinahanglan ta ug
electricity, power, and we get this power from power
plants nga coal fired. Meaning, ang gi gamit kay uling or
coal and then it emits Carbon Dioxide. Ang kanang coal is
99% carbon unya mao nay gamiton sa coal-fired power
plants sa pag generate ug electricity. In order to convert it
to electricity, sunogon ang coal unya inig sunog ana, ang
by-product would be the carbon dioxide. Then ma emit
didto sa environment.
Some of us might think nga inig release ana sa
atmosphere, ang uban ana mo lapas or lahos didto sa
outer space, but, NO. ang kadaghanan ana or ang most
of the greenhouse gases mag pondo na sila sa
atmosphere. Although some of them will return to the
earth, some of them will be absorbed by the trees, the
soil, the ocean, but around 29% of the greenhouse gases
we emit including carbon dioxide will stay in the
atmosphere.
Lahi lahi mani ang greenhouse gases. Lahi2 ni sila ug
lifespan from 5 yrs to 500 years. Mao na ang resulta kung
ngano aduna tay global warming and other adverse
effects of the change in climate.
Next picture is a picture of a lawyer. This was taken in
2019, 2 yrs ago. Naay nag protest. There was this
movement in 2019. In some parts of Europe,...
 any given time when climate is the average weather over
Calzada 00:08:12 00:12:18 longer time in frames

So what you can see in your mobile app that is just the
In some parts of Europe they have protested to the weather, what is happening in the atmosphere at any
actions of the government with respect to climate change given time
then in London they protested and this one prominent
lawyer he glued himself to the headquarters of shell and So it says here that for today the temperature for today
then just to make a statement that they are protesting would be 30°C the highest it’s 30°C for today and then
against the government as well as to the companies that the lowest would be 25°C
are responsible for the extraction of fossil fuels that if we
burn them with the meat carbon dioxide and other
greenhouse gases. She was successful in giving a
statement but she was arrested eventually Esparagoza 00:16:24 00:20:30

Another news article that I used Wayback in 2009 also is CONTINUATION

this news about a lawyer setting himself on fire to protest
climate change and then nobody cared but again this
lawyer must be very passionate because he sacrificed
himself to make a statement on the urgency I’m
addressing I may change
In the olden times no one will bother but eventually the
judge just took notice in fact one of the quotations in your
main reference is the words of justice Benjamin a member
of the Supreme Court in Argentina he said that we should
include the courts in the climate change picture because
we have no other option no substitute exists for the court
system if judges are in charge of deciding all sorts of
conflicts about life that’s love human rights and national
security it makes no sense to leave climate change outside
the quart room
For example, it’s been raining heavily today, you cannot
immediately point to climate change or that it has always
been the weather of the place. Even Typhoon Yolanda, if
you isolate it, Yolanda per se was just a weather
disturbance because you don’t know yet the trend or the
pattern but if you analyze long-term trends, meaning you
relate it to the previous super typhoons, then you note
that it’s more frequent in the last 30 years - that we have
been experiencing typhoons as strong as Yolanda hence
one may infer that it really is the kind of climate of the
place, “bagyuonon”. So this makes you understand the
difference between weather and climate.

That is why the purpose of the report actually is to serve

as a reference material not only for the judges but for
those also involved in the legal profession

The science of climate change

Objectives that we want to attend after the lecture

1. to understand the basic climate change science
2. no the anthropogenic drivers of climate change
3. explain observe and project The trends in the
climate
4. Analyze different climate change scenarios in
there implications

Before going through the details of climate change we

have to look into some key concepts in the science of
climate change

1. weather and climate

2. climate change its definition
3. the definition of greenhouse gases what are these
greenhouse gases and what is this greenhouse
effect
4. climate sensitivity and feedback

What is climate?
Sometimes we interchange weather and climate but the
weather is just what is happening in the atmosphere at
Now another way of understanding the climate is to look
into the Complex System of the Global Climate,if you look
at this you may infer that climate is basically the status of
the climate system comprising the following: A, H, C, SL,
and B (*please refer to the slide above*).
So in the previous slide, you’ll see that the atmosphere is
composed of different components - you have Nitrogen,
Oxygen, Argon, Water, Carbon Dioxide, Methane, Nitrous
Oxide, Aerosols, and etc. So the thin layer separating the
Earth from outer space is basically composed of the
aforementioned components. Now the other components
of the Climate System are the Biosphere where you see
plants and other life forms that support human life. The
interaction between atmosphere and the biosphere
happens in such a way that whatever happens and
whatever changes in the atmosphere would actually affect
the Biosphere and vice versa because they belong to one
and the same system. So when you talk about a system
composed of many parts, whatever happens to one part
or even to one component would affect other
components, altering the working of the system.
For example in the Cryosphere where we find the snow,
frozen ground, sea ice, ice sheets, and glaciers - whatever
happens to the Cryosphere would affect both the
atmosphere and the biosphere.
In the Hydrosphere where we have bodies of water, it
also affects the others.
There is always this constant interaction among these
components. So when you ask WHAT IS CLIMATE, you
actually refer to the status of the interaction of the
components (spheres) in a complex system. When we talk
about Climate Change, the definition would always say
that it is a change in the climate but actually it is the
change in the system of the spheres because of the
anthropogenic modification of the atmosphere. Because
we changed the composition of the atmosphere, we
experience climate change.
MARCELO
Mao na siyay implication aning Sistema. Now, nauna ra
kog istorya nuh. Lets proceed to climate change. Now,
what is climate change? Definition: IS THE SIGNIFICANT
AND PERSISTENT CHANGE MEAN STATE OF THE
CLIMATE OR ITS VARIABILITY.
If you analyze this—its actually a change in climate. But,
unsa may nakalhi ani—significant and persistent, meaning
overtime. Climate occurs in response to changes in some
aspect of the environment.
1) Regular changes in the orbit of the earth around
the sun.
2) Rearrangement of continents through plate
tectonic motions.
3) Anthropogenic modification of the atmosphere
Anthropogenic—meaning gi-usab nato ang composition
sa atmosphere. Human activitie sreuslted into the
changing oof the composition of the gases in the
atmosphere.
Now, the IPCC stands for the intergovernmental panel on
climate change. Naa ni sa inyuhang main reference nuh?
In fact, naghatag ug caveat ang authors ani—kung naay
conflict or inconsistency between what they wrote in the
report and the report of the IPCC, THE IPCC shall prevail
coz it’s the authority when we talk about climate change.
IPCC—its an international body compose of scientists.
It’s function—to advice the UN particularly the treaty or
convention of cc on what the state of climate sciebnce is.
And then, IPCC gave this definition of climate change:
refers to a change in the state of a climate.
That can be identified..so on and so forth. But what is
important in this definition is it identifies drivers of climate
change. Mo na ni-ingon sila nga refers 1) to any change
in climate overtime whether due to natural variability.
Unsa man ning natural variability? Ahh this could happen
because of our orbit marpund the sun.
Or 2) as a result of human activity. Because this is a
scientific definition—wa’ ni gi-paboran. Climate change
may occur due to natural variability or it may occur also
because of human activities.
Pag-abot nila sa UNFCCC which is the the Uniter Nations
Framework Convention of Climate Change—the treaty of
Climate Change, political. Ni-ingon diri—climate change
refers to a change of climate that is attributed directly or
indirectly to human activity.
If you look at these two definitions, although pare-parehas
ra ni siya, there is a shift of focus in the second
definition------attribution to human activity.
NERI MAY 8, 2021 PT1 (24:36-28:42)
There is this shift of focus in the second definition:
attribution to human activity that is telling us as advised
by science that change is caused by human activity
directly or indirectly. Now what does science look at to
know there are changes already in the climate? The first
thing it looks at is the average temperature of the earth.
And then based on observation science tells us there
already is the phenomenon of global warming. The
temperature of the earth has warmed or has increased.
97% of climate scientists agree that the earth has
warmed. Different agencies, although they did their
studies independent of each other, their results are the
same.Now the latest annual average temperature anomaly
as measured in 2020 is 1.02 C from 1880. It is small but if TALABOC 00:28:42- 00:32:48
you look at the impacts of this, it is actually bad. That is
Global Warming and Climate change. Climate change is
the result of the anthropogenic modification of the
atmosphere.

Another thing we need to understand is greenhouse

effect. This is important because this is the process that
you can say directly caused climate change. Its effect on
the plants in the actual greenhouse is that it is favorable
for life. Because of the greenhouse, plants inside are able
to grow. How does it work? We know for a fact that solar
radiation in the form of light waves hits the earth. It is
energy from the sun. This radiation or ultraviolet rays are
what you try to protect yourself from by using sunblock.
DELOS REYES 00:12:18-00:16:24
and ang pinakaubos would be 25 degree C. Unsa may
maexperience nato karong adlawa? Uwan uwan. And then
naa diri na we would be experiencing humid
thunderstorms with wind speed at 12 kmph.
So mao ni siya ang weather, what happens in the
atmosphere at any given time.
Even 6 days no naa tay forecast.
If you look at the definition of Climate, average period in
longer timeframes. Obserbahan nimo ni siya pero over
longer time frames. Unsa man ka taas imong pag observe.
You observe the weather, get the pattern and observe for
almost 30 years then makaingon na ka nga aduna nay
climate.
So average weather conditions over many years, mga 30
years.
Analogy given by Michael Shepard, Weather is your mood.
Climate is your personality.
In a day, usab usab atong mood. (Storytelling about life)
Ingon ana sa ang weather, climate is your personality. Wa
na mausab, climate kay di dayon mausab, but your mood
kay mood swings, so weather.
Madaot inyong kutis. If you read the sunblock, it
protects you from the ultraviolet rays. And then, short
wave na siya. Solar radiation in the form of ultraviolet rays
passes through the atmosphere. This circle that envelopes
the earth, this is the atmosphere. So musulod ning
ultraviolet rays, maigo ta that is why we have to protect
ourselves by using the sunblock.
Most of this radiation is absorbed by the Earth. So
nagpapainit ni siya sa kalibutan. Now, some energy is
radiated back into space by the Earth in the form of infra
rays. So we receive energy absorbed by the earth, the
earth will also radiate this back to outer space. Now, some
of the going infrared radiation is trapped by the earth’s
atmosphere and warms it. So dili tanan atong gi radiate
back to outer space, mulahos. Some of the radiation gets
trapped in the atmosphere. Particularly the greenhouse
gases in the atmosphere and mubalik siya sa kalibutan.
And the warming that is the result of the greenhouse
effect makes life favorable which makes the earth
conducive to life.
Without this process, walay kainint maghpabilin
ari sa kalibutan. Estimate by scientists, without the
greenhouse effect, if musulod lang and mugawas lang pud
ang kainit, the temperature of the Earth will be around
negative 15 to -30.
Ingana kabugnaw, walay tawo mabuhi ug tanom
ug hayop mabuhi. But because of the greenhouse effect,
it warms the Earth enough.

So what's the take away of this distinction?

Weather vs Climate.

An unusual weather does not indicate climate change.

Need to analyze long-term trends.

If muulan karong adlawa, di ka kaingon na tungod nas

climate change.
 These are the sources (refer to the screenshot above) of
The same as this process. That is because of the
greenhouse gas emissions.
Greenhouse effect. Now, what did we do? Because of this
advancement and the desire to achieve economic
prosperity, growth and convenience, nowadays, we make
use of fossil fuel.

Q: In what form:

Ex: electricity to run our appliances

Sauna, kaning electricity were generated by the

power plants. Unsa man gamiton sa power plants to
generate electricity? It needs to produce heat by
continuous burning of coals. Kaning coal is composed of
99% carbon. The heat will then be transformed into
electricity. One of its byproducts would be carbon dioxide.
That’s what we call emission of carbon dioxide.
Katong nabilin didto, nipabaga siya sa atmosphere. As the
concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
Odchigue 00:32:48 00:36:54 gases increases because of human activities, because of
burning of fossil fuels and all others, more of the ongoing
…carbon dioxide. Emission of carbon dioxide. infrared radiation is trapped. Pagka-trap ana, mao nang
niresulta ug global warming.
Transportation - we need transportation. Kung naa kay
sakyanan, mugamit ka ug gaolsina. Para mudagan imong Global warming – init na ang kalibutan. Then all sorts of
sakyanan, sunugon ang gasolina. Pagsunog sa gasoline other changes in the atmosphere as well as in the climate
then we would emit greenhouse gas. We would emit system occurred. Unsa man? Sea-level rise, extreme
carbon monoxide. Again, that is a carbon greenhouse gas. weather events, tungod kay init na kayo ang kalibutan.

There are other processes na mu-emit ta ug greenhouse So that is climate change and in a way greenhouse effect.
gases.

Now ang nahitabo ana, some of these will stay in the

atmosphere while others will come back to earth.
Look at this, these are the factors that force changes in
the climate. 3 kabuok gilista diri: solar variation, volcanic
eruption and carbon dioxide (greenhouse gasses)
Unsa may epekto aning solar variation or solar activities?
Makapainit ba ni sa kalibutan or makapabugnaw?
If you look at this, naa ra siya gasubay sa zero –
mupositive siya or munegative siya. Kon positive ang
iyang effect, mu-increase from +2 to +4, pasabot ana ang
result ani na activity is warming of the earth. If mu-result
going down, cooling of the earth. Inig tan-aw nimo, solar
activity, dili kayo siya positive, dili sad kaayo siya
negative. Meaning neither cooling nor warming effect.
Volcanic eruptions – naa siya sa negative. Meaning,
volcanic eruptions would result to the cooling of the earth.
In the course of history, we have many volcanic eruptions.
Actually Mt. Pinatubo eruption has the effect of cooling
the earth for the period of 2-5 years.
Kaning pula, C02, carbon dioxide part of the greenhouse
gas emission, ang iyang effect ana is positive forcing.
Meaning, nakacontribute siya sa kainit sa kalibutan.
To illustrate, mao ni siya ang sa sun. The question is “Is
the sun causing global warming?”
Urot 00:36:54 00:41:00
The question is, is the sun causing global warming? So,
this is the energy we receive from the sun on the average
and this is the temperature, record of the temperature
increasing. Kung ang sun pa maoy responsible aning mag
increase sa temperature, then this yellow line would have
also come up. Pero nag buwag man gani sila, so meaning
ani, in the contemporary period of year 2000, year 2002
to present. Nagka gamay mangani, relatively nagkagamay
man gani atong energy coming from the sun. But the
earth continues to increase its temperature, the
temperature of the earth continued to increase. So, the
sun is not a cause of global warming. Mao ni mahitabo
kung naay mga volcanic activities, ining buto niya dunay
mga aerosols na mogawas didtos taas no. This will create
a kanang chemical reaction unya mura nani siya ug
payong, payong sa kalibutan. So, the heat coming from
the sun, some of that will be absorbed by these aerosols
maong gamay nalang kayo molusot sa surface of the
earth. So, the effect of volcanic eruptions, it's actually
cooling the earth. So, mao ni nahitabo sa mount Pinatubo.
I think you've heard about Mount Pinatubo, pagbuto ato
niya, the Earth actually experienced the cooling effect
after the eruption for a period of two to three years. So so
we explained - sun has no significant impact when you
talk about global warming, volcanic eruptions dako siya,
but it's more on the global cooling. Now, unsa man
nahabilin? that would be carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide,
the red one, Now unsa man ang data ana? Now this data
can be found in the reference material that I assigned you
to read. The concentration of carbon dioxide, kaning dark
blue and the increase the rise and fall of temperature.
Giingon diri nga kung mosaka and concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, musaka sad ang temperature.
But kung mo decrease ang carbon dioxide, mo decrease
sad ang temperature. And this is the record dating back to
800,000 years.
So you might be wondering, giunsa na nila pag
determine? Ilang buhaton ana is, mag lungag na sila didto
sa antarctic and mag kuha na sila ug ice core. Murag ice
candy gud. And they will inspect that. And makita na nila
kung unsa na tuiga nahitabo. AMo nang, they were able
to reconstruct the concentration of carbon dioxide as well
as the temperature around that time, as well as the
temperature. You might be familiar with carbon dating sa
kahoy...
Lim (41:00-45:06)
… kahoy. So parehas ra na ka nang mang extract sila ug
four eyes (?). And they were able to reconstruct the
amount/level of concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the
atmosphere and the corresponding temperature. So mao
na siay nahitabo ana. So in a way, there is this causality
between carbon dioxide and now including greenhouse
games and the increase or decrease of temp. So mao nay
nahitabo ron.
So at present time, the concentration of greenhouse gases
ni abot na uy 400 parts per million volume. And we expect
we even experiencing increase in temp. As I said earlier,
naabot na ta ug 1.2 degrees centigrade. Because of these
increase in temp. Increase in the concentration of
greenhouse gases.

So again to explain, unsa ma ning “Concentration of

Greenhouse Gases”? So we emit. Some of those will stay
in the atmosphere. Uny akadoto sila, mu mix to sila with
other gases. They will make a concentration. Ang
concentration ani is mentioned in Part per Million
Volume. So if mu ingon ka ug “400 Parts per million So according to ALGOR and NASA, ----
volume” Ang pasabot ana, for every 1M particles of a gas
particle in the atmosphere, 400 of that are Carbon Dioxide
out of the 1m. So gamay ra. 400 out of 1m. Why bother?
If you look at this graph (above) in the history of Sison 00:45:06 00:49:12 00:04:06
mankind, wa gyud ta ka saka sa atoang concentration of
CO2 beyond 300 parts per million volume. Wa gyud ta
kasaka.
The amount of energy that we have on earth, everyday, is
But only in the present times nga nag sugod ta, nag shoot equivalent to 500,000 times of atomic eruption. Mao na
up siya. At present, nag abot ta ug 416 parts per million that you cannot say na walay global warming because this
volume. Ang impolication ani, there is this corresponding amount of energy. Because energy this has been tracked
increase in temp. 1.02C increase nato reckoned from 1880 by the 4,000,000 parts per million volume (say what?).
or the industrial revolution, can be attributed in the
increase in the CO2 and other greenhouse gases This is radiative forcing showing us that the increase
concentration in the atmosphere. caused by carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases, in
terms of consideration, is responsible for global warming.
So 100 increase, taas na kaayo and increase sa atong
temp. So moang na pasabot ana.
 Tools to Predict Climate Change:

1. Climate Prediction – make use of the actual facts or

Global Warming vs Climate Change
happenings to make a forecast
Global Warming – just one of the manifestation of climate
change. There are other manifestations of climate change
2. Climate Projection – making initial scenarios and
triggered by the modification of the atmosphere
then subject it to modelling to come up with a projection.
Other manifestations:
1. Humidity
2. Rainfall
3. Severe weather events

Since 2001, perte ng inita ang kalibutan

And then records say that 2020 tied for the hottest year
on record.

This is the graph showing 2016 and 2020 that they are
the hottest years on record.
2021 05 08 NatRes Climate Change intro pt 2
00:00:00 - 00:02:55

So okay lets continue.

Okay so...This is what science uses in coming up with
the prediction and projection of the changes in the
climate pero ang kasagaran nagyung g gamit ron is
kaning emissions scenario, climate modeling, & climate
projection.
Kaning Emissions scenario pasabot ani like for
example last year we know the total of emissions of
green house gases ni abot ug 55 giga tons noh 55
trillion tons of carbon dioxide and other green house
gases.
Now kung mag Emissions scenario ka ingon ang Mag tan aw mo ani, mao diay ni psabot atong emissions
science nga pwede na nmo pamub.an noh so mag scenario and climate projection.
himo kag scenario nga unsa may mahitabo cguro if ato
e reduce ang green house gas emission nato say to 40 Emission Scenario RCP 2.6
giga tons noh so ila e reduce, e compute nila dayun e C stands for Concentration. Ang gi tan aw ani is the amount of
feed na nila in to a climate model noh modeling and accumulated carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the
they can come up with a projection noh. atmosphere. Kung ma maintain natoh ang 430-480 level of
So usab usabon nila ang emissions scenario and they concentration in 2100 sa atmosphere, then we can expect this
will have different projections in terms of the much in terms of increase of temperature: 1.1 - 2.0 degrees
accumulation of the greenhouse gases in the centigrade in 2030-2040. In 2081-2100, we can expect this
atmosphere as well as the increasing temperature and increase in temperature: 0.9-2.4 degrees centigrade. On the
the other effects of climate change such as sea level average, 2 degrees ra atong increase reckoned from 1880.
rise.
So mao ni ang nahitabo noh kaning example mao ni Kung wla dyud tay mitigation measures, di nato e regulate ang
cya noh. So this is the result of a climate projection. greenhouse gas emissions, padayon lng ta ug sunog ug fossil
Kaning scenario RCP 2.6 (Representative
fuels, mahitbao nga ang concentraiton of greenhouse gases in
Concentration Pathway 2.6)ang pasabot ani na
the atmosphere would exceed 1000 parts per million volume. For
scenario is that all countries in the world are
every million gas particles, more than a thousand of that are
aggressively regulating or mitigating greenhouse gas
greenhouse gases. Daghan ang mo trap sa heat coming from
emissions. G control nato ang pag emit sa greenhouse
the sun and emitted by the earth. Based on that, we can expect
gases noh.
So uban ana aggressive shift to renewable energy nga the temperature will increase
kanang mga electric na mga cars gamiton noh,
sustainable agricultural practices. Aggressive reduction CALZADA
of greenhouse gases. So base on this emission 00:05:50 00:08:45
scenario, ni ingon ang science nga well we can still
experience increase in temperature by 2018 to 2100 and emitted by the earth so based on that we can expect
pero on the average kutob ra gyud ta sa 2 degrees
now the temperature will increase to 1.5 to 2.4 degrees
centigrade.
centigrade by 2031 to 2050 and 3.2 to 5.4 by 2081 to
CABASAG 2100

Some would be between 1.2-2 degrees pero on the average 2 on the average the increase would be more than four
degrees rajud. degrees centigrade, matrix or table main reference
material that is on page 24
Kaning scenario RCP 8.5 ang psabot ani wa gyuy buhaton ang
mga tao, ang mga countries. Padayon ta sa atong emissions.
Wlay control control. Ni ingon ang result sa climate projection
nga 2081-2020 mao ni ang increase in temperature ma
experience. There are parts in the world nga ilang increase mo
abot or reach 11 degrees centigrade but on the average it’s
between 2.5-around 5 degrees centigrade. Moa nang increase in
temperature. That is the result of climate projection.

Why is this important?

Because naa sa inyohang main reference kaning:
 DELOS REYES 00:08:45-00:11:40

that we would exceed the target of 2 degrees C. 46 ra

gyud atong kinahanglan, based on the commitments of
countries, by 2030, 38, naa gihapon ta sa 52-58. Makita
ninyo ang trajectory. Naa juy increase na 4.1 degrees.

Current policies, with the pledges mu reduce. Ang

ganahan jud mahitabo, based on science, we have to
reduce our gigatons. By 2030, it should be 2.5-30
gigatons para makasulod ta sa 1.5 centigrade pathway.

A product of climate projection, naa na sa inyong main

reference. Makita ninyo ang projected sea level rise.

There are countries that would experience sea level rise,

kung walay buhaton muabot tag 4 degrees rise, 1 meter
now another table increase atong maexperience. Naay uban maka abot ug
1.5 is the ambitious target of the world kung mu increase 4-5 meter sea level increase. Okay?
man gani atong temperature then it would be good nga
ang atong increase is only 1.5 but then ang treaty ang Esparagoza 00:11:40 00:14:35
target is 2 degrees centigrade

now ming ingon tong climate projection in 2025

kinahanglang mo usos ang atong total greenhouse gas
emission to 40 gigatons as i said last year ming abot na ta
ug 55, kinahanglan e reduce nato further by 2025 para
makaigo ta ani na target na 1.5 degrees

by 2030 we reduce it further to 25 to 30 and by 2050

kinahanglan zero nagyud ta. we can emit but then there
are processes that could actually sequester our
greenhouse gas emissions - wala na gyud ta additional na
e butang ngadto sa atmosphere

now to stay within that 2 cent centigrade increased target

then by 2025 we have to reduce our greenhouse gas
emission to 46 gigatons and in 2030 reduce it farther to
38, so mao na ang gi ingon sa treaties on climate change
and then part of the treaty, requirement of the treaty is
for member countries to pledge, meaning muhatag ta ug
commitment saying this is how much we're going to
reduce our greenhouse gases
Now Climate Change will impact not only on the
environment but all other systems - going back to the
definition and illustration of Complex Global Climate
System where it showed us that if anything happens to
one component, it affects the other components. So in
Climate Change, if we change the composition, we modify
the atmosphere, it will affect the other systems of the
climate. It can affect the systems shown on the slide.

now pag sumata sa mga commitments of countries by

2025 mu abot gihapon ang greenhouse gas emissions to
51 between 51 to 54 gigatons, taas gihapon

so if you base that here, if you base the greenhouse gas

emission earning aning level then you can expect that we
will exceed the target of 2 degrees centigrade - ngano
man? 46 ra gud atong kinahanglan and based on the
commitments of

The image is an example of a Transport System and this
happened in July 2012 at the place documented in the
image. Because of the heat, the runway was troubled
leading to non-operation of the plane to fly. If this will
happen frequently because of Global Warming then you
can expect disruption in the delivery of goods, affecting
logistics.
Next image shows an increase in the temperature with
47.2°C at Sydney, AU in 2017.
In India, a lot of people died because of Heat Wave.
These are a few of how Climate Change impacts other
systems and not just the environmental system.
The temperatures were recorded yesterday (07/05/2021)
and Cebu experienced 40°C which explains why it was
extra hot yesterday. When It is too hot, it can be
exhausting to normal people. Just imagine, you wanted
Cebu City to progress so you have many constructions.
MARCELO
Pero kung init kaayo ang imuhang palibot then that would
affect the productivity of those who are working. So, that’s
how climate change affects other sectors, other systems,
not just the environment. Kaning gi-ingo diri—heat is
trapped by…93% of the extra heat trapped by man
made global warming pollution goes into the ocean .
mo ng init a kayo ang atong ocean and this is what
science says. Katong studies sa PAG-ASA nga ang
katong pathway nga gi-traverse sa Ulanda actually, didto
siya nagsubay aning init kaayo nga portion sa dagt. Ang
anomaly niya is 1 degee or 5 degreee centigrade higher
than the other parts of the ocean. Nagsulod siya diri,
Gi-sunod niya aning kainit sa dagat. Nya kaning kainit sa
dagt Generator of energy for typhoons. Mao nang
pag-abort nya sa Pilipinas grabe kayo ang devastation.
Kusog kaayo ng typhoon. And We could experience more
of this type of typhoon kung di nato ma-address ang
climate change and we cant just imagine kung unsa to
nga devastation ang gibuhat sa Ulanda.
And pope francis during his visit in 2019—ni-ingon siya
nga the “gravest effects of all attacks on the environment
are suffered by the poorest” Maigo man siguro ang mga
datu pero ang kasagaran dyud mu-suffer mga pubri dyud.
As the temperature increases the oceans evaporate more
moisture into the sky. So, this is the hydrological cycle.
Kung init kayo paspas ang evaporation, ining precipitation
sad pirting kusuga sa uwan. This is what happened in
Arizona.
Arizona in 2015—ka-experience sila ana—2016 too.
Grabe kaayo ang precipitation. So, those are the effects of
global warming. Kani, sa San Mateo Rizal Philippines
2016(pubri nga nasod), in England(datu nga nasod) pero Q: What are the basic questions of this report?
parehas ra nga affected sa effects of climate change. A: Do human activities cause climate change?

In 1991, they said we don’t really know. Based on

NERI MAY 8, 2021 PT2 (17:30-20:25) the gathering of evidences, they don’t know.

How can your business thrive if it keeps flooding? This is But in 1995, ning ingon sila nga its 50-50. Its
what science is telling us. probable that human activities cause Climate Change.

Now, History of Climate Change Science. It actually dates

back to 1800s. This is not a new science but it is only
popular now because of the issues we are facing and the
environmentalists. As early as 1800, they discovered that
infrared radiation will carry with it energy. That is why the
earth emits infrared radiation that is trapped by carbon
dioxide and other greenhouse gases. There is so much
energy trapped and that is why it is so hot. It would
trigger changes in the climate.

Svante Arhenius talked about climate sensitivity in 1896.

He said once we double the concentration of carbon
dioxide in the atmosphere, the temperature will rise. This
was confirmed 100 years after by the IPCC. The IPCC said
actually, the temperature went up between 1.5-4.5
degrees celsius after doubling the concentration of
greenhouse gases. So that is climate sensitivity. So the
In 2001, ning ingon sila ug “likely”. And sa 2007,
IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) is the
“very Likely”. 90% probability nga Human Activities
international body of scientists. It advises the framework
caused climate change.
convention on climate change on the state of climate
science. This was formed in 1989 and won a Nobel Peace
Prize in 2007 because it is considered the most
authoritative, comprehensive, and impartial source of
scientific information on climate change. That is why there
was this caveat on the report that in cases of conflict with
the ADB(??) reports, the IPCC reports shall prevail.

Talaboc (20:25-23:20)

.. that in case there is an inconsistency between the

report reports, the IPCC reports should always prevail.
The IPCC comes up with reports, so far it has come up
with 5 reports already in 1990, 1995, 2001, 2007, 2014
and the 6th report will come out this year.
 But then science is telling us na there is this almost 100%
Now in 2014, ning ingon na gyud sila nga there is 95% consensus that the earth’s temperature increased because
certainty that human activities caused climate change. of human activity.
Unsa man gahimo sa mga tao? Burning of fossil fuels,
changing the land use thereby increasing greenhouse gas
concentration in the atmosphere. It resulted to positive
radiative forcing.

POSITIVE. There is warming of the earth. 99% sure that

humans cause climate change. Here in the Philippines, no
problem, we accept the phenomenon teh climate change.
But there are people who are still skeptical with this
universal crisis. They are deniers. Even in the rank of
scientist, some are still skeptics.

PICTURE

In fact this survey conducted by New York Times in 2014

contains the countries who don't believe that human
activity causes climate change.
Q: What are these countries?
A: US, Britain, Australia, Russia. Those highly
industrialized countries. Looking back history, these
countries are the reason why our carbon and other
greenhouse gas concentrations are all time-high.
ODCHIGUE (23:20-26:15)
…and other greenhouse gas concentration in the
atmosphere, ngano man? Sila man una nag-industrialize
and then a lot of them hangtod karon muingon “dili mi
mutuo na kami moy hinungdan nganong naa tay climate
change”.
Okay and this is also found in your main reference
material in fact naa na siya sa first page of the report.
Showing us that there is this level of certainty when you
talk about climate change being caused by human
activities.
Importante ni siya sa arrangements a report kay the
report is intended to guide judges as well as lawyers,
future lawyers. Importante man sa mga judges ang
certainty, level of certainty when you talk about facts of
the case. Kinhanglan jud certain jud ka. Mao nang
pag-arrange sa report, gauna gyud sila. That there is this
consensus among scientist that human activities cause
climate change.

So now we are, I hope you are convinced that human
activities cause climate change by emitting
greenhouse gases which trap the heat and energy coming
from the sun and emitted by the earth causing the earth
to warm farther and then from there mao nang naa na tay
experience of adverse impacts of climate change
Now what are these anthropogenic drivers of climate
change?
Ingon diri, climate change is primarily caused by
accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
Trapping the sun's heat commonly known as the
greenhouse effects. And then you have this all sorts of
greenhouse gases: water vapour, carbon dioxide,
methane, nitrous oxide and then human-made gases.
So these are the important greenhouse gases being
regulated under the Kyoto protocol you know you have
carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide. And then science
is quite certain na kani jud sila maoy responsible sa
abnormal greenhouse effect kay sila may ni trap sa heat.
Okay ra unta tong natural processes, mabalanse ra man
gyud to but because it has become abnormal, because of
our heavy extraction of greenhouse gases ang kaning
burning of fossil fuel.
Urot:
00:26:15 00:29:10
Balance ra man jud to, but because it has become
abnormal because of our heavy extraction of greenhouse
gases, and fossil fuel, burning of fossil fuels, we emit this
kind of greenhouse gases mao na nga nagka init na jud
pag ayo ang kalibutan.
Okay, so what are the sources of greenhouse gases? So
let's move to this. Sources of greenhouse gases, carbon
dioxide for example, you have the natural sources,
respiration from living organisms, volcanic eruptions,
forest fires, the composition of the dead animals and
plants and outgassing from the ocean. (Outgassing
meaning moginhawa sad diay nang ocean). The ocean is
a repository of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse
gases. But as I said, some of those that they emit to the
atmosphere will come down and then will be absorbed by
the soil or by the ocean. Now, look at the third column,
makita diri ang dominant anthropogenic sources. So you
have combustion of fossil fuel. Number one coal fired
power plants - emit greenhouse gases carbon dioxide,
transportation system - carbon dioxide, manufacturing
gamit ug electricity, emit gihapon ug carbon dioxide.
Cement manufacturer, again kanang gipang himong
cement are fossilized carbon.
So, more than 70% of the increase in concentration, since
pre industrial times came from cement manufacturing and
the demand for cement because of the growing rapid
urbanization nag sige pud ug saka no?
Other anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide and in land
use changes. So deforestation. So the moment we cut the
trees we release carbon dioxide because the trees in the
forest or any tree or any plant are actually storage of
natural storageof carbon dioxide. What else? Methane
mo? Anthropogenic sources of methane, you have fossil
fuel mining, waste treatment, rice cultivation, ruminant
livestock. So, these are the dominant anthropogenic
source. That is why when we want to stabilize
concentrations of greenhouse gases, we have to address Greenhouse gases, they are considered as Stock
these dominant anthropogenic sources. Pollutants.

Lim (29:10-32:05)

So these are the Dominant anthropogenic sources. That is

why when we want to stabilize the concentration of
greenhouse gases, we have to address these Dominant
anthropogenic sources

SISON

Impacts of Climate Change in the near future, but we are

actually experiencing some of these. Sea level rise, coral
reefs bleaching, and occurrence of climate change
hotspots. When these happen, these would create
conflicts. And these would require the role and
intervention of lawyers in the future.

Now, GhG are STOCK Pollutants. There are 2 kinds of

pollutants. (1) Stock and (2) Flow. Example anang Flow
Pollutant are kanag noise pollution. Ngano ni-tawag mana
siyang “Flow Pollutant”? Because the moment I stop
talking, mu hunong sad ang noise pollution, which I will
do later in 2 minutes time.

Greenhouse gases are Stock pollutants. Even if we stop

emissions, including stopping to breathe because our
breathing is a source of CO2, even if right now mu
hunong ta sa tanang emissions, some of the pollutants are
already in the atmosphere and they will continue to
generate adverse effect on the environment and us Limiting climate change will require substantial reductions
because naa naman sila diha. Mao na and nature sa of greenhouse gas emissions. We know that greenhouse
emissions would lead to concentration of greenhouse Ning mention naman ko anihi sa Surface Temperature
gases in the atmosphere. The bigger the contration, the ning saka,
bigger the atmosphere’s ability to trap heat thereby
causing rise in temperature. From there, we will
experience all the adverse effects of climate change. That
is why it is imperative to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions.

Precipitation, naang areas nga kusog ang ulan, naay puy

areas nga walay ulan-ulan, these would actually impact
our food security.

Ocean warming, ning saka.

Ocean acidification, grabe na kaayo acidic ang ocean.

And then Sea Level Rise, nagsaka sa gyud
So is Climate Change to Blame for Extreme Weather
Events? If you look at these, Floods of course kay extreme
precipitation. HOw about Cyclones? There is a projection
sa Philippines nga makagamay gyud ang Cyclones nga
mu-igo nato but they can be more intense. Gamay ra lang
mu-igo, pero more in terms of intensity, parehas atong
Yolanda.

Now, Projected Trends and Impacts of CLimate Change.

Let us Look at Impacts of Climate Change in Asia.
2021 05 15 NatRes UNFcC and Kyoto Protocol p1 demand for beef products. Kaning mga baka, they are the
sources of methane mao nang shift in agricultural approaches.
2021 05 15 NatRes UNFcC and Kyoto Protocol
p1 There is no trial and error solutions. Any solution to climate
00:00:00 - 00:02:55 change, once implemented, will affect the system significantly
while requiring significant resources, commitment, and
I think we can start now kay daghan daghan nmn cooperation.
sad ang naa sa sulod noh. Anyway the others can
You recall the complex global climate system. There are a
join later.
number of components. One solution, for example, you want to
So this afternoon we are going to discuss the
address the atmosphere and then it will affect the other systems.
international climate change legal frameworks noh.
We are done wtih the science so we will be
covering three major agreements noh pertaining to
climate change. Again, this is the main reference -
text material for this lecture particularly pages 9 to
36 report number 4 and then this is the treaties
that we are going to discuss this afternoon.
In our previous discussion of the climate change
science, we were able to cover the greenhouse
effect, natural events, the basic definition of
climate change which is change in climate in
response due to the anthropogenic modification of
Time is not costless: if we delay our action on climate change,
the atomoshpere and then emission of greenhouse
then it would be very expensive to solve it. The more difficult
gases which is responsible for the anthropogenic
and costly it would be to do so.
modification of the atmosphere and because of
that you have this increased level of greenhosue Heroes are villains: Who are the heroes in solving the
gas concentration resulting in global warming and problem?
the impacts of global warming.
We also discussed the intergovermental panel on The heroes are the developed countries. Sil amoy naay
climate change which is responsible in advising capability, they have the resources to actually solve the problem.
the united nations particularly the framework They are also the villains because they are the one that are
convention on climate change as to the state of the responsible for this huge greenhouse gas emissions.
science of climate change.
So to start with our legal framework, we go back to
the idea that climate change is a wicked problem
so its not just an ordinary problem but a wicked
one. So kung sa science na, when a problem is
labeled as wicked, it is something that is very
difficult to solve noh. Very difficult to solve.
ngano man? because of this noh. One is the
Diffusion of responsibility. There is no single body
that is responsible for climate change. In fact,
there are many actors who are responsible. Many
Another factor that makes it a wicked problem is that there are
countries that are responsible for greenhouse gas no enforcement bodies. Climate change is a global problem
emissions which contribute to the concentration of and there is no global body with the jurisdiction to create and
greenhouse gases in the atmosphere and then enforce laws on emissions.
multiple causes noh so you have the greenhosue
gas emissions, changing in the land use patterns, Discounting the Future
and then the global shift in agricultural Policy-makers, who are mostly politicians, have a short term
approaches. outlook. Same sa atong mga politiko diri. Short-term lng ang
panglantaw but then climate change requires long-term
CABASAG solutions. Moa na ushay mag mention ta target in the year 2100.

...shift in agricultural approaches. One of the anthropogenic CALZADA

sources of greenhouse gas emission, methan for example,
00:05:51 00:08:46
kanang pag buhi sa mga baka because of the increase in

principle of intergenerational equity
we are taking care of the planet now we are solving the problem
of climate change not only for ourselves but for the generations
that will come after us
now it is not just a wicked problem it's also a global problem
now the greenhouse gas emissions or pollution in any country
add an equal value to the global stack of emissions and then the
emissions as we've learned the nature of greenhouse gases is
that they are stock pollutants, they stay in the atmosphere for
decades or even centuries
so the carbon dioxide for example the lifespania is between five
years to 200 years, dili 500 years, 200 years
so kung naa na na siya sa atmosphere and then part na na siya
sa concentration of greenhouse gases then it could be possible
,it could be possible carbon dioxide would stay up to 200 years
and then they would continue to trap heat no radiation and then
leading to global warming so global stack of greenhouse gas
emissions drive future climate change and then the cost of
adaptation across all countries
so because we can’t expect not the effects of climate change
even if we stop the emissions at present, so kinahanglan sd ta
mu adjust sa atong sistema in order to adapt to our changing
climate
benefits of mitigation- meaning reducing greenhouse gas
emissions by one country benefit all countries a country, kung
unsay buhaton sa usa ka contry to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions that would benefit others
Ang problama lang ani is ang kadtong nag reduce sa emmision,
it bears all the cost of reducing, of addressing this pollution but
then that country will only partake share part of the collective
benefit and we will find out later na kaning idea to reduce
emission by one country benefit all countries this could be a
factor also kaning driving the incentive to free right, musakay
nalang ug libre ang uban kai...
DELOS REYES 00:08:46-00:11:41
Anyway other countries are doing the mitigation
measures, unya kita nga di mugasto. We just wait for
them. We will still benefit from the emissions reduction
undertaken by other countries.
Mao niy gitawag nato nga Incentives to Free Ride, so ang
imong buhaton is muhulat na lang sa uban. Ang resulta
ana is di ka ka incur ug any cost, but you will receive an
effect sa pag reduce. So this attitude noh, selfish
decision it will leave us to maka benefit man ta, so failure
of the society to reduce pollution to an efficient level.
Climate change is a global problem so all countries must,
should partake in solving the problem.
Because there is no global agreement to force countries to
reduce greenhouse gases emission, free ride lang. So no
global government will enforce global mitigation, therefore
there must be a global agreement within the countries.
This cooperative and global agreement, countries that are
parties to the agreement will be given responsibilities, and
they have to commit to the expected.
Okay? We need a treaty on Climate Change, that's the
background why we need one. The UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change was adapted in 1992 and
during that time, there was this conference…
Esparagoza 00:11:41 00:14:37
During that time, there was this UN Conference on
Environment and Development. Looking at the
relationship between the development including Economic
Growth and its impact on the environment so we have this
UN Conference on Environment and Development. Then,
the byproduct of that conference are frameworks.
So there was this optimism in 1992 that countries would
finally be able to address the risk of Climate Change as
well as other environmental problems but it came into
force in 1994. WHY? Because there is a requirement by
the treaty.
As to the number of signatory, the threshold is 55
countries that would comply with 1 condition.
The other condition before it came into force is the 55%
of the Global Greenhouse Gas Emission at that time - so
55 countries accounting for 55% of the GGGE.
These thresholds were actually complied with only in
1994.
So the UN FCC is a formal agreement before states. It
contains the rules that guide consent-based governance
because it is voluntary, international agreement. It is an
International Law and it contains 26 Articles.
Now the objective of the Convention is to achieve
stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the
atmosphere. In our science, it is actually the concentration
of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere that is seemingly
the proximate cause to global warming.
MARCELO 14:37-17:32
Mura bag proximate cause of Global Warming. Ang
objective sa convention is to stabilize it.
…”within a time frame sufficient to..
· allow ecosystems to adapt naturally to climate change
· Ensure that food production is not threatened; and
KABAWO MO KUNG PRECIPITATION KUSOG KAAYO ANG
UWAN—MADAOT ANG FOOD PRODUCTION. KUNG DROUGHT SA
KAAYO—AFFECTED SAD ANG FOOD PRODUCTON
· enbale economic development to proceed in a
sustainable manner.
MEANING NOT AT THE EXPENSE OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND MAKING
SURE THAT EVERY ONE BENEFITS FROM ECONOMIC GRWWOTH.
THERE ARE TWO BROAD RESPONSES ON CLIMATE
CHANGE:
1. MITIGATION
2. ADAPTATION
Mitigation: Addressing the root cause of the problem
which is kaning emission of greenhouse gases. So, you
reduce it. You cut the net emission that is mitigation.
BUT THEN AGAIN, spot pollutants here, ang greenhouse
gases, there are spill effects of climate change that we
have experienced and we can experience. In the future,
we have to make adjustments in our system to cope with
the changing climate.
This is just an illustration. Your emission here, then
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
which could lead to increase in temperature. Then, here
are the adverse effect.
Again, greenhouse gas emission resulting in greenhouse
gas concentration which leads to increase in temp and
then global warming.
Flow and stock; stock and flow is the area for
mitigation. While, global warming-climate change: is
the domain for adaptation.
That’s for Art. 2 OF THE FRAMEWORK CONVENTION;
Ultimate objective is to stabilize the gas concentration in
the atmosphere

Now, we have these PRINCIPLES GUIDING THE

CONVENTION:

· Equity and common but differentiated responsibilities

and respective capabilities

· Full consideration for developing country needs and

circumstances

· Precautionary principle
· Right to sustainable Development
· Cooperate to promote supportive and open economic
system
NERI MAY 15, 2021 PT1 (17:32-20:27)
- And countries with economies in transition. These
are the former members of the USSR. But then ,a
dunahan sad ni sila ng mga parties.
❏ ANNEXED II Parties - are actually a subset of
Annex I parties. They are still OECD countries but
they were given specific commitments to provide
financial resources to developing countries.

… and then to cooperate, to promote supportive and open ❏ NON-ANNEXED I Parties - are the developing
economic system. What is equity again? It is countries including countries that are vulnerable
intragenerational as well as intergenerational. to climate change like the Philippines.

Common but differentiated responsibilities: So there are 3 groups. Annex I parties, Annex II
All parties to the convention have the common parties and Non-Annex I parties. And these groupings are
responsibility to address climate change but in different consistent with the common but differentiated
levels. Other countries are in a better position to address responsibilities.
climate change while poorer countries would need the
assistance coming from the developed countries in order
to make adjustments in their system.

Specific Needs and Special Circumstances of Developing

country-parties:
This means giving concessions to developing countries like
the Philippines. For example in reducing greenhouse gas
emission, initially, we did not have a requirement but the
developed countries were required.

3.2 (the last sentence) is about the precautionary

principle. In the absence of full scientific certainty, this
should not be the basis for a postponing action. There are
3 landmark cases elucidating on when the precautionary
principle can be applied and when it is not applicable.
Some non-compliant people would want to wait for
“clearer” scientific studies to come out first, but then
under the precautionary principle, the lack of full scientific
certainty should not be a reason for inaction because time
is not without cost.

Now, state parties to the convention are divided into 3.

Annex one parties refer to the industrialized countries; the
members of the organization of economic countries for
development.

TALABOC 00:20:27 - 00:23:23 UNFCC Commitment of All parties:

 All parties have these commitments.
Develop national GHG inventories. So we
can monitor our contribution to the pollution.
❏ Formulate Mitigation and Adaptation
Measures
❏ Cooperate in the transfer of technologies
❏ Promote sustainable development.
❏ Promote and cooperate in research, etc.,
❏ Cooperate in communication exchange
❏ Promote education, training and public
awareness
❏ Communicate with the conference of parties
related to the means of addressing climate
change.
➢ Nat’l INventories of GHG Emissions - tanan
required.
➢ Annex I Parties shall take measure on
mitigation - like reduction of GHG emissions.
Annex II parties shall provide new and additional
financial resources to meet the cost of preparing national
communications and then assist the parties that are
particularly vulnerable to the adverse effect of climate
change in meeting the cause of adaptation.
Going back to the principle of common but
differentiated responsibilities. Common- means we have to
prepar, all parties in the convention...
ODCHIGUE (20:23-26:18)
…convention have to prepare national inventories of
greenhouse gas emissions. Naglahi-lahi na tag
responsibilities like Annex 1 the developed countries
(inaudible). In addition to reducing their greenhouse gas
emissions they have to provide financial resources to
other countries, the developing countries.
And then non-Annex 1 parties, mao lang gyud ni ato no,
report on mitigation and adaptation action and then
submit national communications and biennial update
reports.
Okay, institutional arrangement, of course dili raman na
ingon na all parties to the convention, sila-sila rapud,
gitawag ug Conference of parties that serves as the
governing body of the convention.
Now kaning conference of parties are actually composed
of the heads of the delegation from country, members of
or parties to the convention. So sila ang governing body.
Now kaning conference of parties they meet every year.
So as I mentioned earlier 1994 nahuman or came into
force and framework convention. In 1995, they held the
first meeting of the conference of parties. Mao nang 1995
COP 1. This year COP26, meaning this year will be the
26th time that the conference of parties meet. And the
purpose of the meeting is actually to monitor the
implementation of the framework convention and
climate change and to further strengthen of the
agreement.
Now kaning COP, the conference of parties will be
transformed into CMP with respect to the Kyoto protocol.
So kaning Kyoto protocol is another agreement and then
the same governing body katong conference of parties.
Only nga tawgon napud sila na conference of parties
meeting for the Kyoto protocol. Pag-abot sa Paris
Agreement, the same governing
body but this time they will be called conference of parties countries similarly situated sa ato. So katong mga
meeting for the Paris agreement. Pero lahi na pud ang vulnerable countries pud kita moy mo lead ato, although
mga agenda didto, purely on the Paris agreement. Kato sa not necessarily...
Kyoto Protocol, purely on Kyoto protocol. Then there is
the secretariat that that provides support to the Lim (29:13-32:09)
intergovernmental processes of that framework
convention.

Now decisions, how are decisions…

Urot
00:26:18 00:29:13

How are decisions obtained under the framework

convention? Now, under the treaty article 7.3 states that
the Conference of Parties have its first session (meaning
katong COP 1) and that's its own rules of procedure, as
well as those of the subsidiary bodies established by the
convention, which shall include decision making
procedures, such procedures may include specified
majorities required for the adoption of particular decisions.
Although, not necessarily nga kita muy naa sa, we serve
as the face of the group but actively we push for the
agenda of this group, we try to influence the direction of
the arguments of this group. So mao nang
pagamay-gamay na ang Pilipinas but we are very efficient
in terms of Coalition building.

So, specified majority (50% + 1) or special majority 75%

of the total membership to approve or disapprove a
proposal. But after sa COP 1, wa man sila ka agree as to
the rules for decision making. So in effect, up to now, the
decisions of the Framework Convention on Climate
Change would require full consensus. Mao nang in the
negotiation lisod kaayo ma approvan because the
requirement is full consensus. So full consensus means
that objections to a decision are effectively vetoes.

Now, Reporting. There is this reporting requirement for

So one objection that would mean that unless withdrawn
that proposal will not prosper. But again, based on the
observation of the scholars, there are examples where
small groups of decedents have been overridden in the
final decisions. So they have objections, but then, in
formal meetings or Conference of Parties to decide on the
proposal pwede ra to sila i disregard ang ila mg
adecedents. So given this, although naay requirement of
full consensus, pero naay instances nga dili paminawon
specially ug gamay ra ka nga country, nya ang reason
nimo is, to the majority, dili kayo acceptable, mao nay
giingon nga for you to be succesful there has to be a
coalition building. So coalition building is essential for
efficacy in climate negotiations. Mao na kita, Philippines
for example, gamay ra man jud ta nga country,gamay ra
tag contribution to the emissions. But ato gibuhat is we
have been proactive in building coalition with other
the Framework Convention on Climate Change. Ngano
man? Because we have to submit periodic reports as to
the anthropogenic emissions within our jurisdiction as well
as the mitigation measures that we implement but in
addition to that, kaning mga Annex Parties, they are also
required to report as to how much they have provided
financial support to the developing countries as well as
technological and capacity building support so remember
Common but Differentiated responsibility. We all share in
the responsibility of reporting, submitting, rebuilding
reports as to our emissions and then mitigation measures
but then kadtong Annex parties, by reason of their
obligation to provide financial assistance, technological
and capacity building support to developing countries,
they also have to include these in their reports.
So Means of Implementation, Financial support, access to
and transfer of technology and capacity building to assis
developing country parties in implementing their
commitments … Shall take all practicable steps to
promote, facilitate and finance, as appropriate, the
transfer of or access to, environmentally sound
technologies and know-how to other Parties, particularly
developing country Parties, to enable them to implement
the provisions of the Convention…” So makita ninyo kung
unsa and obligation sa developed countries and unsa say
kinahanglan sa developing countries.

To ensure compliance, nay mechanism for reporting and

review to assess the progress of the implementation of
the convention by the parties. And then multilateral and
consultative process for the parties to resolve questions of
implementation.
So it’s no bilateral, like for example, and Philippines
makita niya na Thailand is not implementing its
commitment. So if naa siya objection or questions, adto
siya sa body. Multilateral, not between the two of them.
Now, the int’l dispute settlement provisions under article
14…

Then we have this Financial Mechanism under the

Framework Convention. You have the Global Environment
Facility, the Green Climate Fund, which are the sources for
the projects to be implemented by the Arstitud (?)
Convention.

If I may add, kani sila, these are also international bodies.

They are just like the ADB only nga ilang focus is Climate
Change and there are lawyers who work in these
international bodies.

SISON UNFCCC is a treaty that is complicated legal agreement

You have these funds. Funds are needed to implement
projects. You have speclal climate funds. Clean
development mechanism (which I will discuss later under
the Kyoto protocol), adaptation fund, and then the green
climate fund.
despite having only 26 articles. It involves many actors. It
has vague objectives in the sense that broad ra kaayo to
na stabilization of greenhouse gas concentration of the
atmosphere. It has no rules on decision-making. But at
least, we have a treaty to solve the climate change.
2021 05 15 NatRes UNFcC and Kyoto Protocol p2
The target is 5% reduction in emissions among these countries..

00:00:00 - 00:01:32 CALZADA

00:03:05 00:04:37
Okay let us continue.
This time we are going to discuss the Kyoto
protocol noh. so again, going back to the
framework convention as a treaty. although 26
articles ra but still it is a complicated legal
agreement and of course it involves many actors
and then take note fo this noh vague objectives
kay concentration noh stabilization of the
greenhouse gas concentration in the atmosphere.
No quantitative target as to the reduction of
greenhouse gas emission or to the kanang
increasing temperature noh so has no rules about
decision making.
Now the Kyoto protocol was adopted on December among these countries, the 39 countries below the 1990
1997 mao na g butang dha COP 3 noh ( levels to be achieved in the first commitment period 2008
Conference of Parties 3) that is on the third to 2012 and then by the second commitment period which
meeting of the conference of parties on the is between 2013 to 2020 kaning 18 reduction
framework convention, they decided to approve
kaning Kyoto Protocol. Unsa man diay ni ang so naa ni binding, legally binding target meaning these 39
Kyoto Protocol? Now it was crafted in response to countries have to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions
the lack of legally binding emission reductions
targets and timelines in the UNFCCC noh so
vague objectives now the Kyoto protocol would like
to supply

CABASAG
Kung unsay kulang adto sa framework convention. It was
adopted in 1997 but entered into force only on Feb 16, 2005. So,
8 years after the approval of the text. As of October 2020, ni
abot ug 192 parties in this protocol except Andora, Canada
which withdrew its participation 2 yrs ago, South Sudan which
never joined even the framework convention on climate change,
and the USA which approved of the Kyoto Protocol, adopted the
text, but refused to ratify the protocol. It’s in response to the it entered into force 90 days after the 55th party to the
lack of legally binding emission reduction targets and timelines in
convention including parties accounting for 5%5 of all
the UNFCCC.
emissions from Annex B countries in ratified it

unfortunately the united states which accounts for 36% of

the annex b emissions refused to ratify it so the protocol
could only come into force after russia accounting for 17%
of the annex b emissions ratified it in november 2004

the philippines although we don't have the obligation to

reduce our greenhouse gas emission under the kyoto
protocol but then we are a party to this protocol and then
Set legally binding targets for the reduction of greenhouse gas
we
emissions covering 39 developed countries and
economies-in-transition listed in Annex B. Annex B sa Kyoto DELOS REYES 00:04:37-00:06:10
Protocol but mostly Annex I and II parties under the framework
convention.
but then we are a party to this protocol, and then we negotiation was resumed and culminated in 2001 with the
signed the protocol on Apr 15, 1998 but ratified on Nov achievement of the political agreement to continue with
20, 2003. the protocol.

So we are member to this protocol.

So there are outstanding issues why dugay siya na

resolve, before it came to force. Kaning prominent nga
issue is giraise sa US, "nganong kami ra man developed
countries to reduce greenhouse emmisions? You have
China, Brazil, India, nga fast rising economies and huge
emitters na man ni sila. Why dili sila irequire?" Ana sad
ang US, if i reduce ang greenhouse emission, then that
would result to the slowing down of our economy.

Like example, factories ran on fossil fuel, coal fire

powerplants. If you minimize emission, then you have to Upon review, after the first commitment period which was
abandon, and change to renewable energy and then in 2008-2012, it was brought up that the overall Kyoto
usahay muhinay jud imong ekomiya. Thats the contention Protocol target of the reduction of 5% was actually met.
of US.

MARCELO 00: 7:42-00:9:15

Esparagoza 00:06:10 00:07:42
In 2008-2012 ni ingon diri the over all Kyoto protocol
target of REDUCTION of 5% was actually met by the
party countries. Pero ang rason is because of the
decreases in the economies in transition.

TAKE NOTE nga during this time ni transition ning mga

ekonomiya from being members of the USSR onto their
own. Unya ni hinay sad ang ilang ekonomiya. Supposedly
kung muhinay ang imong ekonomiya mu gamay sad ang
imuhang emission of greenhouse gases. So, because of
this, naigo nila ang 5% reduction reckon from the 1990
level. Now, this compensated for increase emissions and
exceeded targets in some of the larger and most
developed economies.

So, 39 countries developed and then economies in

transition, they were mandated to reduce their
greenhouse gas emissions,. Ang EIT(esp. Russia) because
ni hinay man ang iyang ekonomiya, ni-reduce ang ilahang
greenhouse gas emission. But ang developed countries,
like Canda and the rest way labot ang US kay di man sila
member, they continued with their greenhouse gas
emission. So, mua na nga ni-ingon nga “although there
was reduction but it was not substantial and there is no
global net effect of this reduction by that Kyoto Protocol.

Usahay, muhinay gyud ang imong economy. That is the

US’ contention so in 2001 they opted not to ratify the
1997 Kyoto Protocol but then if you look at the
negotiation, they supported only that when their
negotiators went back to them, their Senate was not on
the same page with them. During the negotiation, Bill
Clinton was supportive of the protocol but the Senate did
not approve so it was not ratified. Despite this, the
NERI MAY 15, 2021 KYOTO PT2 (9:15-10:47)

So, how did they reduce it? So there is this ODCHIGUE (00:12:19-00:13:52)
international market mechanism. At the domestic front,
the parties to the Kyoto Protocol implement mitigation The same general commitments that can be found
measures, but to facilitate among other countries. sa framework convention on climate change.
A. JOINT IMPLEMENTATION
- there is this joint implementation clean
development mechanism as well as
B. emissions trading.

So in the joint implementation, two developing

countries can jointly implement projects to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

C. clean development mechanism - a developed

country can partner with a developing country.
For example Russia and the Philippines. They will
tell the Philippines to implement a massive
reforestation project. So the Philippines will
implement the massive reforestation, and they will
check how much greenhouse gas was reduced by
So looking at the Kyoto protocol:
the forest project.

TALABOC: 00:10:47 - 00:12:19 Problems:

So it will be converted into credits and those
credits may be bought by USSR, and they will use that to
cover their commitment to reduce GHG.
In a way the developing countries were able to
participate in the Kyoto Protocol and at the same time
they could get a monetary reward. Emissions trading
between two developed countries. There is a ceiling.
Ex: Country A and Country B cannot go beyond
20 giga tons emission. Country A has already reached the
limits since it is dependent on coal-powered power plants.
So it reached 15 gigatons. Country B on the other hand, is
employing efficient processes. They only emitted up to 5
gigatons, with 5 more as a spare. So Country A now will
purchase the allowance that was unutilized by country B
and use it to off-set against their excess GHG emission.
That’s emission trading.
● no USA - major emitter of greenhouse gases
pero not a member. So this is one of the setbacks
of Kyoto protocol.
● flexible instruments – katong depende ra gyud
nila
● globally it has no effect because even if they
were able to achieve the reduction of five% pero
other countries parties to the Kyoto protocol
continued to increase their greenhouse gas
emission
But withstanding these problems, naa sad mga successes
also.
Sucessess:

KYOTO PROTOCOL GENERAL COMMITMENTS ● there is an agreement to reduce greenhouse

gas emissions
 ● this agreement as well as the protocol and then
CMP (that is conference of parties meeting for the
Kyoto protocol) can serve as the platform for
further change. So you have the agreement you
have a platform to discuss to improve on the
agreement and then
● there is this learning and the diffusion of
norms and ideas so countries or parties to the
convention…

Urot The UNFCC and the Kyoto Protocol are complex

00:13:52 00:15:24
are able to learn from the implementation.
Copenhagen Accord. This was this came sa COP 15,
Conference of Parties elect 15. Unsa man key features
aning Copenhagen Accord, there is this recognition of the
need to limit warming to two degrees centigrade above
pre industrial levels. And then cause for industrial
countries to permit the targets to be achieved by 2020.
Kani siya however, are just political declarations that was
noted during the Conference of Parties, but was not
adopted. Pero ang importansya ani is that for the first
time sa the Conference of Parties naa nay figure gi
introduce as to the limit of warming: to two degrees
centigrade. Although political statement, political
declaration but still nasunod na siya sa discussion. So,
based on that, maoy nay importance sa COP 51 mao nang
pagka COP 21...
institution. They are the product of over 20 years of
laborious and contentious negotiation among over a
hundred and fifty parties. But again, it's the only global
regime on the climate we have right now. Climate change
is a global problem so you need voluntary agreement and
the UNFCC serves that purpose and there is potential to
develop stronger commitments. And you have this idea of
“Path dependency of negotiations” meaning whatever
success na ma attain, every year sa ilang negotiations,
countries or parties to the treaty will build on it. Mao na
nga if you look at it, vague kaayo ang objectives under
the Framework convention of Climate CHange but
eventually naa nay agreement on reducing Greenhouse
gas emissions and then in Cop 15, naa na tong figure na 2
degrees centigrade and in COP 21, which is the Paris
Agreements, naa na gyud didto ang target as to the
increase in temp.

LIM 15:24-16:57

… after, naa na and Paris Agreement which we will discuss

pag 5:30
2021 05 15 NatRes The Paris Agreement

2021 05 15 NatRes The Paris Agreement

00:00:00 - 00:02:56

Para mahuman sad tag sayo before 6:30pm haha

anyway dont forget to encode your name sa
chatbox nato noh so that I can keeep track of your
attendance.
Anyway lets proceed noh. So we are done with the
… environmental concerns when there is a need for international
framework convention on climate change and thn
cooperation to address a global problem. Mao ni gmaiton kaning
we are also done with the Kyoto protocol noh and common concern for humankind. It is a bit related to the
then if you look at it, ang main issue ato is dli principle of common heritage of mankind but kaning common
kaayo klaro ang objectives sa framework heritage applies to the geographic areas. Common concern
convention noh and then unsa kuwang didto was generally applies to specific issues. For the Framework
supplied by the kyoto protocol and..so in the same convention and the Paris agreement, the specific issue is climate
manner, the paris agreement would also supply change.
some of the details noh nga g kinihanglan sa
framework convention so that it can.. the
implementation of the framework convention will
be enhanced so the same reference material and
then lets go directly to the 2015 paris agreement.
So its still an agreeement within the framework
convention noh. In fact, it seeks to enhance the
implementation of the framework convention
inlcuding its objective. It was adopted on Dec 12,
2015 conference of parties 21 and there was a
consensus noh among parties to the agreement
nga approving the text of the agreement and then
Going back to the conventions, we know that in 1992 together
it entered in to force the following year 2016 when with the framework on climate change usa sad ka convection
the required number of signatories as well as the nga gi approve kay kaning Convention on biological Diversity.
corresponding amount of greenhouse gas And in the preamble of the convention, there is this affirmation
emissions were complied with. on the Convention on Biological Diversity is a common concern.
So 195 signatories as of October 2020. so these Sa Framework Convention, earth’s climate and its adverse
were the conditions for it to come in to force. So effects is a common concern. This has been reiterated in the
this are the guiding principles of the paris preamble that climate change is a common concern of
agreement noh the same with the framework humankind. Based on that acknowledgement, ni ingon dayun
convention. So you have the common concern for diri sa agreement nga when taking action to address climate
humankind, the common but differentiated change, we have to consider a lot of differentiating factors
responsibilities and respecitve capabilities, and including human rights.
then Equity noh.
So kaning common concern for humankind, this is
usually the framework for approaching global
environmental concerns

CABASAG

The common but differentiated responsibilities and respective

capabilities. The core idea there is that the leadership from
developed countries in terms of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions and then there needs to be differential treatment for
developing countries.
Under the Paris Agreement, the agreement did away with katong
bifurcation sa Kyoto Protocol. If you recall, sa Kyoto Protocol
klaro kaayo didto nga ang developed countries ang kailangan mo
reduce sa greenhouse gas emissions. The developing countries
can participate katong sa mechanisms to help the developed
countries attain their objective of reducing greenhouse gas
emissions. Under the Paris Agreement, gi wagtang na na cya
nga dichotomy. So to ALL countries, ALL parties to the
agreement are now required to reduce their greenhouse gas
emissions.

equity - still the same

intergenerational equity and then intra-generational equity

if you look at the first, kadtong framework convention,

Gi improve sad ang CBDRRC with this additional phrase “ in light gibutang didto equity and cbdrrc, munang usahay ma
of different national circumstances' '. Naay differentiated baylobaylo to. But here, gi klaro gyud na equity is a wider
capability concept no so based on justice fairness redistribution

CALZADA
so again for the first time, human rights concerns are
00:05:51 00:08:47 actually recognized in the climate treaty through the paris
agreement

naay differentiated capabilities, naay differentiated

responsibilities but then gi add pud diha is that actual
conditions, actual conditions na nahitabo sa usa ka party
to the agreement and this will serve as basis kung unsay
mga concessions na gihatag or unsay mga responsibilities
na gipatuman
so if you look at the preamble - parties should within
taking action to address climate change respect promote
and consider their respective obligations on human rights
now let's go to the objective of the paris agreement, Esparagoza 00:11:43 00:14:38
remember the parties agreement seeks to enhance the
framework convention including its objective

if you go back to the framework convention the ultimate

objective is to stabilize the concentration of greenhouse
gas in the atmosphere

walay quantitative target as to the temperature target,

walay quantitative target as to the level of concentration,
wala say quantitative quantitative target as to the
reduction of greenhouse gases, greenhouse gases He or she would drive his/her car, if they patronize one
emission bus through the bus rapid system, so 49 of them will be
equal to 49 private vehicles taken off from the streets.
Just imagine how much greenhouse gas emission
So mao na pag kyoto protocol gi supply’an as to the
reduction would that be. Ours is a project of jeep
quantitative target with respect to greenhouse gas modernization, although it’s modernized and it’s withlow
emissions greenhouse gas emission, but as to the number of
vehicles driving the streets of Cebu City, it seemed to
now diri sa paris agreement ang gi supply diri is the bring no significant change but if we do the bus system,
we take off a lot of old jeepneys from streets.
temperature target so the objective of the Paris
agreement is to hold temperature increase to well below 2
degrees centigrade above pre-industrial levels while
making efforts to stay below 1.5 degrees centigrade so

DELOS REYES 00:08:47-00:11:43

making efforts to stay below 1.5 degrees c. Makita ninyo

na it was more of a political statement rather than under
treaty. It was noted but was not applied.

But here in the Paris agreement, gi adapt ang legally

binding na 2 C.
Relying on Science, ingon sila na susceptible to sa sea
level rise, adto pa sa 2 degrees C, based sa futuristic na
science, wa gihapon ni, maapektuhan gihapon ang mga
yuta we have to me more ambitious on our target. Mao to
gi adapt ang 1.5 degrees C, but its just an aspirational
target. And another factor na gisulod sa objecting,
kaning increasing the ability to adapt. So last objective,
transform finance flows, if you are a developing country
and you want to access the financial assistance from the
government, implement kanang mga low greenhouse
emission, deforestation, renewable energy and in fact BRT
(Bus Traffic System) mao na ang akong sample sa
previous years.
Imagine class no, a bus can accommodate 50 passenger,
if you would assume every passenger kay naay sakyanan
and he or she would drive his car…
Now, the objective does not however contain quantitative
emission reduction targets unlike the Kyoto Protocol. The
quantitative target is on the temperature increase.
However, there’s also an objective of the Global peeking
of GhG emissions.
Last year our emission was 55 giga tons. Under the Paris
Agreement, there will be peaking of this emissions as
determined by science and once determined, it will
already be the cap of our GhG emissions - once attained,
we cannot exceed it but rather we have to rapidly reduce.
Another is “climate neutrality” meaning whatever was
emitted as GhG in the atmosphere shall also be the
quantity we must sequester for our forests - so much so
that by 2050, we’re climate neutral already and we will no
longer contribute to the GhG.

MARCELO 00:14:38-00:17:34
Ang aton gi-emitt. Mao ra man tung amount nga makuha
nato. So, we will no longer contribute to the concentration
of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere.
So, mao ni siya nag figures based on the study of the
IPCC because they conducted the study on the target of
1.5 degree centigrade. By, 2025 supposedly, atong
emission of greenhouse gases will have to be limited to 40
gigatons--para makasulod ta aning 1.5 degrees. For us to
stay well below 2 degrees centigrade, kinahanglan
i-reduce nato from 55 gigatons last year to 46 gigatons by
2025. And then by 2030 rapid reduction from 40 between
25-30 gigatons by 2030. Ari sa 2 degrees centigrade
reduce further to 30 gigatons. But then ang naay net zero
nga target is kaning sa 1.5 degree centigrade. By 2050,
that is midcentury we have to attain net zero carbon
dioxide. So, if you look at this, kani ra moy naa sa Paris
Agreement. But, Science is supplying us this information.
Then, kung ani gani ta a 2 degrees abo tang netzero nato
is tua pa ta sa 2070. Kaning NDC: Nationaly Determined
Contribution PLEDGES, the signatories to the Paris
Agreement, naa silay obligation to determine on the
national level kung pilay ilang macontribute para
ma-attain nato’ ning .5 centigrade or 2 centigrade.
Then this contributions are in terms of greenhouse gas
remissions reduction. Now, gisumada ang contribution of
all parties to the climate agreement ni-abot gihapon ug
51-54 inig ka 2025 and 52-58 inig ka 2030. Layo ra kaayo
ta sa target nato. In fact, supposedly more ambitious ang
reduction so magka-ubos unta ni. Nisaka man nuon. Mao
na nga through the confirms of parties,..through the on
going negotiation, kinahanglan nga mo-improve pa gyud
ang mga countries with respect to their contribution to
attaining the goals of the Paris Agreement.
So, Architecture of Paris Agreement: Hybrid
Top-down and Bottom-up Approach.
NERI MAY 15, 2021 Paris (17:34-20:30)
In bottom-up approach, you have the Nationally
determine contributions while in top-down, you have the
transparency system, Global Stocktake Process,
Compliance Mechanism. So what is this Nationally
Determined Contribution? Actually this is the foundation
on the agreement. According to this, all parties will
determine at the national level what actions they are able
and willing to take in achieving the purpose of the
agreement. So the purpose of the agreement is to limit
temperature increase. They will ask the contribution of
each country and they will go back and consult with the
stakeholders and determine at the national level what
actions you are able and willing to take. This is NDC. So
what is the appeal of NDC? It could be mitigation,
adaptation, finance, technology transfer, and capability
building. And it has to be progressively more ambitious.
So if you have a target for reduction of your greenhouse
gases at 7%, in 5 years, that should increase. So in the
case of the Philippines, we submitted our NDC April 15,
2021 but deadline was last year but we still submitted.
This is a very important improvement from the position of
the leaders of our country.
What is inside this nationally determined
contribution? You have the mitigation measures. These
are measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. So as
contained in the NDC or the Nationally Determined
Contribution, this is the climate action plan of a party.
TALABOC 00:20:30 - 00:23:25
This is what they will do, upon submission, and
they have a project that they implement and identifies
areas wherein they can base their GHG emission
mitigation action. The legal expectation of the NDC is that
it reflects the State’s highest possible ambition in terms of
reducing GHG emission and will represent progression
over time. That’s mitigation.

So I've mentioned this “to reach global peaking”
and then from there, undertake rapid reduction and attain
climate neutrality by 1950.
ADAPTATION. Again, making adjustments in our system
to cope with the effect of climate change. The agreement
gives adaptation a new level of prominence. Equal footing
na siya sa mitigation. So Article 7.2 and 7.4 recognized
the relationship between mitigation and adaptation. In the
past, the focus was only on mitigation because there was
this argument especially in the developed countries that if
we give equal prominence to adaptation as that of
mitigation, it is as if that we conceded that we weren’t
able to address the cause of climate change which is the
greenhouse gas emission.
But then overtime, they realized that the effects
of climate change can be really experienced and the
developing countries that stand to be adversely affected
by the climate change need to adapt. Under the Paris
Agreement, adaptation is given importance.
Adaptation Communication, inclusion of
adaptation actions in NDC’s.
ODCHIGUE (
.. global stocktake shall recognize adaptation efforts and
review adequacy of adaptation and support provided for
adaptation.
Now how about the top-down element? So kato is
bottom-up. NDC and then contained in the NDC are
mitigation and adaptation.
How about the top down element? Meaning, gikan sa
taas, from conference of parties cascaded to the parties to
the con to the agreement. So you have this transparency
framework, global stocktake process and then
compliance mechanism.
So transparency, this is essential because there are
commitments now. There are responsibilities imposed on
the parties to the agreement. So you have one
transparency framework for action, so kinhanglan makit-an
jud kung unsa na mga action and gihimo parties to the
agreement in order to build mutual trust and confidence.
So if you look at the other parties now they're doing their
best to address climate change. So then you will become
more trusting and then you will do your part also to reduce
greenhouse gas emission. Track progress towards
achieving NDCs and inform the global stock take.
Now on the other hand there is also this transparency
framework for support. Again some countries have the
commitment or committed to provide financial assistance
to the developing countries or the vulnerable countries
and this transparency framework for support will enable
the parties to the agreement to track kaning the amount of
support provided and received. So in a way kung
transparent ang mga parties to the agreement then that
would actually encourage people or the countries to do
more with respect to reducing greenhouse gas emissions.
Okay so each party shall provide national greenhouse gas
emissions inventory report on a regular basis and that is
part of the transparency requirement.
So differentiation, support shall be provided to developing
countries. So kinahanglan ug transparency para
mamonitor and put pressure on those who are mandated
to provide support pero wala nihatag.
Global stocktake - this is part of the top down mechanism
to ensure that the…
UROT
00:26:21 00:29:17
top down mechanism to ensure that the provisions of the
Paris Agreement are implemented. So the Paris
Agreement under Article 14 requires a global stocktate
process beginning in 2023 and every five years thereafter.
So, unsa maning global stocktate? Actually, it is an
assessment of the collective progress towards achieving
the purpose of the agreement, which is the temperature
limit and the agreements long term goals. So, assessment
every five years mag assess what is the state of play with
respect to achieving the purpose of the agreement with
respect to implementing the requirements as well as
compliance with our commitments. So, amo na every five
years naay assessment report.
Now, kaning global stockate dili mani siya ingon nga para
(*inaudible) ug kinsa tong kulilat in terms of their
compliance with their commitment, mao nang giingon diri
nga, only progress at the collective level is to be
considered. It could be regional assessment like Asia or
Europe or it could be at the global level. So, thereby the
purpose there is to shield individual parties from
determinations of adequacy with respect to their action.
But just the same become aikaw nga country you belong
to that like for example regional unya makita nimo nga,
ang imo diay contribution is gamay ra gyud kaayo or you
didn't make any progress, walay klaro imo contribution
then, because of this global stocktate, you will actually be
pressured, peer pressured - so in that way, you will also
be encouraged to do your work.
So still on the global stocktake. The agreement requires
that global stocktate process be done in a comprehensive
and facilitative manner. So facilitate the compliance of
parties to the agreement in terms of their commitment,
considering mitigation, adaptation and the means of
implementation and support. And in the light of equity and
the best available science. Okay, so the outcome of the
periodic global stocktate shall then shape and inform the
parties in DCs.
Lim (29:17-32:12)
… So, facilitate. Dili man gud ning kuno nging treaties, by
nature dili gyud sila nga punitive na mu sanction dayon
kung do ka mu comply. In fact, you will be helped, you
will be assisted para maka deliver ka sa imohang
committement.
 Loss is defined as the negative impacts in relation to
which reparation or restoration is impossible.

SISON

So dili na ma remedy. Guba na. Wagtang na siya like loss

Now Compliance Mechanism. That is at Art 15. The Paris
Agreement established a compliance mechanism to
facilitate implementation of and promote compliance with
its provisions. The agreement does not describe this
mechanism pero naa lang siyay minor description nga
there has to be a committee composed of experts and
they will facilitate the compliance by parties to the
agreement as to their commitments. So mao na.
Wala gyud man gi describe under the Paris AGreement,
this is subject to subsequent meeting of the conference of
parties so 2015 pa man ni, hopefully next year naa na
ning detalye nga aning COmpliance mechanism
of fresh water sources. Now, damage refers to the
negative impacts in relation to which reparation or
restoration is possible. Like windstorm damage to the
roof, or damage to a coastal mangrove forest as a result
of coastal surges. So kaning damages, they can be
restored, or they can be repaired. Pero loss, wala na
reparation or resotoration. Now, why is this important?
Because this will provide the legal basis for developing
countries and highly vulnerable countries to climate
change to claim for compensation and damages. This is
still subject to further elaboration, the details of which will
be provided in the subsequent conference.
And the last one is the idea of human rights dimension of
the climate agreement. So going back to the preamble of
the Paris agreement, na didto di butang na common
concern for humankind and based on that
acknowledgement, we have to consider also the human
rights of those that who will be affected by climate
change. The Kyoto Protocol and the Framework
Convention, there are no formal texts about human rights.
It’s only in the Paris Agreement.

Another very important provision of the Paris Agreement

is this idea of Loss and Damage. Vulnerable countries
have been pushing for these because those who stand to
be adversely affected by climate change, they want to
have a basis when they claim for reparation and damage
from developed countries especially those responsible for
greenhouse gas emission as as kanag pag doble sa
concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

So eventually, they have been pushing the vulnerable

countries for the adoption of this Loss and Damage pero
wa gyud ni na sulod until sa Paris Agreement. So gi
recognize ni sa Paris Agreement nga there is this Loss and
Damage which could serve as basis for reparation and
claim for damages but however, there is no official
definition of the loss and damage in the context of climate
change. Wala ni sa UNFCCC, wala sad ni sa Paris
Agreement although there was this mention of Loss and
Damage. Now, to understand loss and damage, we have
to refer to the literature review on loss and damage
commissioned by the framework convention.