2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2016) Xi’an, 10-13 Aug, 2016
Study on Influence of Large-scale Electric Vehicle
Charging and Discharging Load on Distribution System
ZHANG Min1, CHEN Qiuyu2, XU Jiajia3, YANG Weiwei1, NIU Shu1
1. State Grid Shan Xi Electric Power Research Institutes, Taiyuan 030001, China;
2. Chengde Electric Power Company, Chengde 067400, China;
3. Wuxi Electric Power Company, Wuxi 214000, China
Abstract—Large-scale plug-in electric vehicles
charge and discharge in distribution system is the
inevitable trend of the development of future
electric vehicle industry and V2G technology.
Different electric vehicle charging and discharging
technology and strategy will cause different
influence to distribution system. The paper
introduces the actuality and trends of electric
vehicles home and abroad from the car types and
policy. Based on analyzing the existing electric
vehicle’s charging and discharging mode, the
impacts and research status of large-scale electric
vehicles charging and discharging on distribution
system is discussed in the viewpoint of reliability,
economy, environmental benefits, and cooperation
with intermittent energy. Finally, possible future
electric vehicle development trend is presented.
Index Terms—electric vehicle, vehicle-to-grid
(V2G), distribution system
I. INTRODUCTION
IN recent years, the energy and the environment issues
have become the wide attention all over the world, that
makes the development of the electric vehicle becomes the
governments’ focus of attention. Electric vehicle technology
development and the construction of the charging facilities
are important content of National energy saving and
emission reduction policy and the construction of strong
power grid. Along with the increase of the electric vehicle
possession, the large scale application of the electric vehicle
will have a certain effect to distribution network, as a
high-power nonlinear load, the impulse current and reactive
power produced by the electric vehicle charging station will
increase the harmonic content, cause voltage distortion,
reduce the power quality and affect the normal operation of
the other electric equipment.
Countries around the world have introduced relevant
policies to actively promote the development of EV industry
due to the huge storage and environmental potential of EV
(electric vehicles). The US “EV Project” and "Charge Point
American Project” indicate the large-scale development
trend of EVs and charging infrastructure [1]. Meanwhile, the
Chinese government attaches great importance to the
development of EVs and EV industry. Make the EV industry
as a strategic emerging industry to actively encourage and
promote the EV development.
With the vigorous development of the worldwide EV
industry and the use of V2G (Vehicle to Grid) technology [2],
large-scale EV charging and discharging within the network
will be the inevitable future development trend. Control a
large number of EVs charging and discharging orderly is of
great significance to mitigate the negative impact of EVs and
ensures the safety and reliable operation of the system [3].
In view of this, the paper summarizes the existing EV
charging technology and its future development trend.
Analyze the impact of large-scale EV charging on power
distribution system reliability, economic and environmental
benefits. On this basis, provide certain reference to future
EV development.
II. EV DEVELOPMENT SITUATION
A. EV Development Abroad
At present, the hybrid vehicles have formed a scale in
the world market. The accumulative total sales of Toyota
hybrid vehicles in the world have more than 8 million. Pure
EVs and plug-in hybrid EVs have been carried out for
popularization and application in suitable areas. The main
using is the collectivization public service vehicles.
The US government promotes the development of the
EV industry from the policies actively. Germany's “national
electric vehicle development plan” is expected to have 1
million EVs in 2020. Japan established CHAdeMO
association to promote the development of EV charging
infrastructure and plans to have 13.5 million EVs and 5000
charging stations in 2020, have 23.6 million EVs in 2030.
South Korea is expected to have 10% EVs by 2020 [4].
B. EV Development of Our Country
China has the largest auto consumption potential in the
world. The National Ministry of Science and Technology has
listed the EVs as major industrial project in the national
because of the increasingly serious energy and
environmental problems. It has made significant progress to
promote the industrialization development of EVs. The main
types of electric vehicles in China are buses, taxis, public
service vehicles, private cars and so on. Currently, the EVs
have been run as a demonstration using throughout the
country as buses, taxis, postal sanitation and utility vehicles.
“New energy vehicles market foresight and investment
strategy analysis report” shows that China produced 340471
and sold 331092 new energy vehicles in 2015, the increment
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  2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2016) Xi’an, 10-13 Aug, 2016

is 3.3-fold and 3.4-fold. Our new energy vehicle sales
surpassed the US for the first time and becoming the largest
new energy vehicle market in the world.
China has the greatest automobile consumption
potential in the world. The Government and relevant
departments develop the electric car industry vigorously. The
future development of EVs is shown in Table 1 [5].
Table 1. Scale Forecast of EV development of China
Period Development scale
(3) V1G is vehicle plug-in with logic/control regulated
charging mode. It controls EVs charging in time allowed, but
cannot discharge with the grid. V1G is also an intelligent and
orderly charging mode.
(4) V2G (vehicle plug-in without logic/control
regulated charge/discharge), Also known as vehicle-to-grid.
Difference from the above three kinds of charging mode,
V2G technology has achieved the two-way interaction
between grid and EV. Use the V2G technology of EV and
the mentioned statistical modeling method to obtain the
charging and discharging power curves showed in Fig. 2 and
Fig. 3.

Large-scale EVs development of public 1.2

2016-2020
transport system 1

2021-2030 Large-scale EVs development of private cars 0.8

power / kW

0.6

III. THE EV CHARGING AND DISCHARGING

0.4
TECHNOLOGY

With the progress of smart grid and demand-side 0.2

management technologies, EV charging and discharging
technology has become an important part in intelligent use 0
of electricity. At present, the main EV charging and 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
discharging technologies are one-way chaotic V0L model, t/h 
the timing control TC mode and V1G mode, bidirectional Fig. 2. The mean value of the charging power
orderly V2G mode and B2G mode [6].
demanded by one PHEV of one day
(1) V0L (vehicle plug-in without logic/control) mode is
a one-way chaotic EV power supply mode. Uses statistical 0.6
modeling method considering the probability distribution of
0.5
the three factors: charging power, start charging time and
day trip mileage. The probability distribution of the power 0.4
demanded by one vehicle of one day can be obtained. The
power / kW

results is showed in Fig. 1. 0.3

0.8 0.2

0.1

0.6
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
power / kW

t/h 
0.4
Fig. 3. The mean value of the discharging capacity by
one PHEV of one day
0.2
(5) B2G is batteries to grid charging mode. Based on
V2G, Domestic scholars extended the concept of V2G to
0 B2G. Traditional V2G technology emphasizes vehicle itself,
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
and B2G technology reveals the interaction nature of the
t/h battery.
Fig. 1. The mean value of the power demanded by one IV. EFFECT OF EV LOAD ON POWER
vehicle of one day DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

(2) TC is EVs timed charging mode. With respect V0L, With the large-scale EV connected, different charging
It is a unidirectional ordered charge mode compared with control mode can bring varying degrees of impact. In
V0L. addition to the impact on load characteristics, it will also

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  2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2016) Xi’an, 10-13 Aug, 2016

impact on the system reliability, economy and so on. B. Impact on Distribution Network Economical
Efficiency
EVs economic impact mainly related to distribution
reliability impact network operation economy and distribution network
investment costs.
The impact on distribution network economical
EV charging and distribution economical efficiency is mainly about the influence of network loss and
discharging load system efficiency impact distribution transformer. Reference [9] proposed a quadratic
programming method based on the minimum of network loss
in order to realize the optimization of EV charging. Due to
environmental the randomness of the EV charging, capacity-load ratio of
effects distribution transformers also changes. It need to limit the
capacity-load ratio of transformer within a certain range for
the security of the system reliable power supply.
Different EVs scale and charging mode will have
cooperate with different effects. Reasonable EVs charging and discharging
intermittent energy management can play a role in the load shifting. And can
 reduce the investments of generating units.
Fig. 3. The effect factors of EV charging to the system C. Impact on Environmental Effects
Different from the traditional fuel vehicles, EV has no
A. Impact on Distribution Network Reliability tailpipe emissions and the impact of enviroment is from the
Reliability is an important indicator to measure the influence of the power plant. Fig. 4 is the EVs life cycle
distribution network. The EV scales, access location, environmental effects analysis schematic diagram. Case
charging and discharging mode, policies and some other study shows that the selecting of EV charging station access
factors will have an impact on the distribution network point should be combined with the convenience of charging
reliability. Reference [8] analyzed the affect of different and network operating costs with higher environmental
PHEV (plug-in hybrid to electric vehicles) permeability to benefits.
the grid reliability; the paper considered PHEV charging
mode is uncontrolled and calculated the grid reliability index (9V
LOLP(loss of load probility), LOLE(loss of load PDQXIDFWXULQJ
expectations), EENS(energy not supplied expectations) from SURFHVV
permeability 0 to 100%. The conclusion is: the system do
not need to cut load when the PHEV permeability is 30%
and below, the system need to take some measures to SRZHU
WUDQVPLVVLRQ (9V
JULG HOHFWULFLW\
enhance the reliability or adopt intelligent control strategy of SODQW
DQG XVLQJ
HQWHUSULVHV UHWDLOHUV
EV charging when the PHEV permeability is more than WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ SURFHVV
30%.
Calculate the reliability index when EV accessing to the
main feeder F4 of text system IEEE-RBTS Bus6 according YHKLFOH
3RZHUVXSSO\F\FOH
to the EV charging power demand. The result indicates that VFUDS
in V2G mode EVs can be used as distributed storage unit to
shift the load, reduce the power shortage in load peak and
HQYLURQPHQWDO YHKLFOH
improve the reliability compared with V0L mode.
HIIHFWV F\FOH

Table 2. System reliability index comparison in Fig. 4. EVs life cycle environmental effects analysis
different charging mode schematic diagram
System
V0L mode V2G mode D. Cooperate with Intermittent Energy
Specifications EVs could coordinate with intermittent power supply,
stabilize fluctuations of wind and solar power, improve the
SAIFI (int/cust.yr) 1.4993 1.2774 grid efficiency through using V2G technology. The technical
feasibility of EVs consummating excess wind power can be
verified based on the cooperative scheduling mathematical
SAIDI (hr/cust.yr) 5.2789 4.5482
model of EVs and wind power [10].
CAIDI (hr/cust.int) 4.5684 3.5604
V. CONCLUSION
ASAI (%) 98.79% 98.96%
EV is entering a period of rapid development as a new
environmental friendly electric vehicles with a massive
EENS (MWh/yr) 31.9224 29.1131 storage capacity. Under the inevitable trend of the future
large-scale development, the research of intelligent and
orderly charging and discharging strategy and scheduling

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  2016 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (CICED 2016) Xi’an, 10-13 Aug, 2016

problem is a key technology point to alleviate the impact of
large-scale EVs on distribution system.
Future power development is interrelated with
distributed generation and smart grid. The study os EV
charging and discharging strategies is a key technical point.
With the application of V2G technology, EVs will become a
main measure to improve energy efficiency.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of
Yiyun Shen and Xiaojie Lin for their work on the original
version of this document.
REFERENCES
CHEN Qiuyu was born in Tangshan, Hebei Province, China,
in the year of 1991. He graduated and received the bachelor's
degree on electrical engineering at the year of 2013. He
works in Chengde Electric Power Company after graduation.
His research interests include electricity market research and
power supply technology.
XU Jiajia was born in Jiaxing, Jiangsu Province, China, in
the year of 1986. He graduated and received the master's
degree on electrical engineering from North China Electric
Power University at the year of 2013. He works in Wuxi
Electric Power Company after graduation. His research
interests include new energy power generation and power
system economic analysis.

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ZHANG Min was born in Yuncheng, Shanxi Province,

China, in the year of 1988. She graduated and received the
master's degree on electrical engineering from North China
Electric Power University at the year of 2013. She works in
State Grid Shan Xi Electric Power Research Institutes after
graduation. She is an engineer in electric power system. Her
research interests include power quality, power system
analysis and new energy power generation.

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