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1 20140701170732introduction01
1 20140701170732introduction01
SYSTEM
The
Introduction
Objectives
• To describe the meaning of computer
system.
• To describe the structure and function of
computer.
• To clasify the computer
• To state the evolution and history of
computer development
COMPUTER
Input
Outpu
Communication t
Lines ( talian komunikasi)
The main components / units of
computer
Input/Output (I/O)
To move data and information between computer and
xternal
environement.
Main Memory
To keep data during process.
System Interconnection
The mechanism which is use to communicate between
CPU, main
CPUs: the heart of computing
systems
ca 2000
ca 1980 You can see why they called
It took 10 of these boards to this CPU a microprocessor!
make a Central Processing Unit
Information
- data that has been processed and contains
meaning. Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Computer Function
Data
Processin
g
Facility
Data
Storag
e
Facility
Data
Control
Movemen
Mechanis
t
m
Apparatus
Data
Processin
g
Facility
Data
Storag
e
Facility
Data
Control
Movemen
Mechanis
t
m
Apparatus
Data
Processin
g
Computer System : The Introduction Facility
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Data Processing
Ex : mengemaskini penyata bank melibatkan
pemprosesan dari/ke storan.
Data
Storag
e
Facility
Data
Control
Movemen
Mechanis
t
m
Apparatus
Data
Processin
g
Facility
Data
Storag
e
Facility
Data
Control
Movemen
Mechanis
t
m
Apparatus
Data
Processin
g
Facility
1. Computer Architecture
2. Computer Organization
■ Introduced on
1970.
■ Based on
microprocessor
technology.
= =
PD
A Workstation
Supercomputer
a, Tadd a+ a, Tmul a
b b b b
Tadd, Tmul
U
a,b, c(a+b
c )
Universal Turing Machine
U is programmable – so is a computer!
• instructions are part of the input data
• a computer can emulate a Universal Turing Machine
A computer is a universal computing device.
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
From Theory to Practice
■ In theory, computer can compute
anything
■ that’s possible to compute
• given enough memory and time
■ In practice, solving problems involves
computing under constraints.
• Time - weather forecast, next frame of
animation, ...
• Cost - cell phone, automotive engine
controller, ...
• Power - cell phone, handheld video game, ...
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Two pillars of Computing (cont)
2. Problem Transformation
• The ultimate objective is to transform a
problem expressed in natural language
into electrons running around a circuit!
■ That’s what Computer Science and
Computer Engineering are all about: a
continuum that embraces software &
hardware.
Algorithms
Language
Microarchitecture
Circuits
Device
Computer System : The Introduction
s
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Problem Transformation
- levels of abstraction
The desired Natural Language
behavior:
the application Algorithm
Program
Machine Architecture
Micro-architecture
Logic Circuits
The building blocks:
Devices
electronic devices
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
How do we solve a problem using a
computer?
■ A systematic sequence of transformations between
layers of abstraction.
Problem
Software Design:
choose algorithms and data
Algorithm structures
Programming:
use language to express design
Program
Compiling/Interpreting:
convert language to
Instr Set machine instructions
Architecture Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Deeper and Deeper…
Instr Set
Architecture
Processor Design:
choose structures to implement
Microarch ISA
Logic/Circuit Design:
gates and low-level circuits to
implement components
Circuits
Process Engineering &
Fabrication:
Devices develop and manufacture
lowest-level components
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Descriptions of Each Level
■ Problem Statement
• stated using "natural language"
• may be ambiguous, imprecise
■ Algorithm
• step-by-step procedure, guaranteed to finish
• definiteness, effective computability, finiteness
■ Program
• express the algorithm using a computer language
• high-level language, low-level language
■ Instruction Set Architecture (ISA) (Machine Level 1)
• specifies the set of instructions the computer can
perform
• data types, addressing mode
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Descriptions of Each Level (cont.)
■ Microarchitecture (Machine Level 1)
• detailed organization of a processor
implementation
• different implementations of a single ISA
■ Logic Circuits (Machine Level 2)
• combine basic operations to realize
microarchitecture
• many different ways to implement a single
function
(e.g., addition)
■ Devices (Machine Level 2)
• properties of materials, manufacturability
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
Many Choices at Each Level
Solve a system of
equations
Gaussian Jacobi
Red-black Multigri
eliminatio iteratio
SOR d
n n
FORTRAN C C+ Jav
+ a Tradeoffs:
PowerP Intel Atmel AVR
cost
C x86 performance
power
Centrin Pentium Xeo
o 4 n (etc.)
Ripple-carry Carry-lookahead
adder adder
1940
1940
Input
Output Main
Equipmen Memor
t y
Program Control
Unit
• Transistor : 1958-1963
■ http://www.softlord.comhttp:
//www.softlord.com/comp/
■ http://www.studyweb.com/
ComputerSciencehttp://www.
studyweb.com/
ComputerScience/
Computer System : The Introduction
Salman Firdaus Sidek
REFLECTION
■ You have to know the importance of
learning this subject.
■ You have to know the main component of
a computer.
■ You have to know the computer function.
■ You have to know the computer
classification and separate the usage.
■ You have to know the computer evolution.
Enstein