Tpo Vocab 1-30

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TPO 1 – 30
Vocabulary
TPO 1 – 30
TPO 1 Strengthen
Consolidate
The company has consolidated its position as the
country's leading gas supplier.
The team consolidated their lead with a third goal.
Reading 1
 Abundant- Precipitation- Streams- emerge- Gravel
particle- pebble- consolidate-gravel- sediment-  small stones, used to make a surface for paths,
laden with-deposit- slope- cement-plug- roads etc:
percolate- porous-lava- bubble-permeability-  a gravel path
cavity- crevice- drain- cling- tension- saturate-  Sand and gravel
overcome-
Abundant Sediment
 Ample  solid substances that settle at the bottom of
 Plentiful a liquid:
 Teeming  a thick layer of sediment
 vs. scarce
 an abundant supply of fresh water
 abundant opportunities for well qualified staff Laden with

 fill, fill up, make full
Precipitation  The tables were laden with food.
 Rainfall Deposit
 Snowfall  put, set, place, pose, position, lay
 As the river slows down, it deposits a layer of
soil.
Stream
 Small river Slope
 Mountain stream  a piece of ground or a surface that slopes
 Blood stream  a steep slope
 a gentle (=not steep) slope
Emerge
 Appear Cement
 The flowers emerge in the spring.  a bag of cement
 The sun emerged from behind the clouds.  ‫سیمان‬
 Eventually the truth emerged.

Plug
Particle
insert, enclose, inclose , stick in, put in, introduce,
 a very small piece of something: dust particles cover
 particle of tiny particles of soil We used mud to plug up the holes in the roof.
Pebble Percolate
 a small smooth stone found especially on a  diffuse, spread, spread out
beach or on the bottom of a river:  The message has begun to percolate
 The beach was covered with smooth white through the organization.
pebbles.  These ideas were slow to percolate.
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TPO 1 – 30
Porous Tension
 allowing liquid, air etc to pass slowly through  Stress, worry
many very small holes:  The tension was becoming unbearable, and I
 porous material wanted to scream.
 ‫کشش‬
Lava
Saturate
 hot liquid rock that flows from a volcano, or this  fill, fill up, make full
rock when it has become solid  Our culture is saturated with television and
advertising
Bubble
 a ball of air or gas in liquid:
 When water boils, bubbles rise to the Overcome
surface.  defeat
 soap bubbles  He struggled to overcome his shyness.
 She was blowing bubbles in her milk with a  Her financial problems could no longer
straw.
be overcome.
Permeability Reading 2
 Speculation- concrete- envision- champion-
 material that is permeable allows water, gas etc
ritual- myth- attribute- perceive- costume-
to pass through it [≠ impermeable]:
conception- abandon- modify- autonomous-
 the permeable cell membrane recall- impersonation- imitate- virtuosity-
antecedent- penchant- detach- deviation-
Cavity cease- retain-
 a hole or space inside something: Speculation
 Put herbs inside the body cavity of the fish.  speculate, theorize, theorise, conjecture,
 I have no cavities (=no holes in my teeth) hypothesize, hypothesise, hypothecate,
suppose
Crevice  There is speculation that the president is ill.
 a narrow crack in the surface of something,
especially in rock: Concrete
 small creatures that hide in crevices in the  Tangible, touchable
rock  made of concrete:
 a concrete floor
Drain  2 definite and specific [↪ abstract]:
 What does that mean in concrete terms?
 to make the water or liquid in something flow  the lack of any concrete evidence
away:  a dialogue about concrete issues and problems
 The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every
winter. Envision
 visualize, visualise, envision, project, fancy,
see, figure, picture, image
Cling  I envisioned a future of educational
 cling, cleave, adhere, stick, cohere excellence
 He wailed and clung to his mother.
 Passengers clung desperately onto the
lifeboats.
TPO 1 – 30
Champion abandon
 Leave
 back, endorse, indorse, plump for, plunk for,  Quit
support  We had to abandon the car and walk the rest
 She championed the cause of religious of the way.
freedom
modify
Ritual  Change
 The feedback will be used to modify
 Religious ceremony the course for next year.
 the importance of religion and ritual in our  The regulations can only be modified
lives by a special committee.
Myth recall
 remember, retrieve, recall, call back,
 an idea or story that many people believe,
call up, recollect, think
but which is not true
 Contrary to popular myth, the majority of  I seem to recall I've met him before
accidents are not caused by speeding or somewhere
drunkenness.
 the myth of Orpheus impersonation
 act, play, mock
attribute  Do you know it is a very serious
offence to impersonate a police
 ascribe, assign, officer?
 The fall in the number of deaths from heart
disease is generally attributed to imitate
improvements in diet.
 Copy
 Imitate s.o’s behavior
perceive
 understand, realize, realise, see
virtuosity
 That morning, he perceived a change in  a very high degree of skill in
Franca's mood. performing
 Cats are not able to perceive colour .
antecedent
 Ancestors
costume 
 a set of clothes
penchant
 Hallowe'en costumes  Tendency, inclination
 a penchant for fast cars
conception
 Understanding detach
 They have no conception of what women  Separate
really feel and want.  Please detach and fill out the
 Misconception
application form.
TPO 1 – 30
deviation deciduous
 Differ, divert  deciduous trees lose their leaves in
 deviation from the normal procedure winter [≠ evergreen]
cease twist
 Stop  flex, bend, deform, twist, turn
 Ceasefire  He twisted his head slightly, and
looked up at her.
 Cessation
retain deform
 contort, deform, distort, wring
 Keep  Wearing badly-fitting shoes can
deform your feet.
 Hold
 Retain your composure
latitude
Reading 3  the distance north or south of the
equator (=the imaginary line around
 Shrub- herb- moisture- tropic- deciduous- twist-
deform- latitude- tend- attain- prone- avalanche- the middle of the world), measured in
creep- velocity- altitude- bare- prostrate- striking- degrees [↪ longitude]
adjacent- insulation- equator- prevalent- moss-  2 latitudes [plural] an area at a
particular latitude:
 The birds breed in northern latitudes.
shrub  the oceans of the lower latitude
 a small bush with several woody
stems tend
herb  Incline
 Plant  People tend to need less sleep as they
 Herbal tea get older.
 Herbivorous  My car tends to overheat in the
 Carnivorous summer.
 Omnivorous
attain
 achieve, accomplish, attain, reach
Moisture  More women are attaining positions of
 Wetness power.
 Plants use their roots to absorb
moisture from the soil.
 Your skin's moisture content varies prone
according to weather conditions.  likely to do something or suffer from
something, especially something bad
or harmful
tropic  prone to
 the tropicsPG the hottest part of the  Some plants are very prone to
world, which is around the equator: disease.
 plant species found in the tropics  prone to do something
TPO 1 – 30
 Kids are all prone to eat junk food. towards the ground:
 They found him lying prostrate on the
avalanche floor.
 prostrate body/figure/form
 a large mass of snow, ice, and rocks  2 too shocked, upset, weak etc to be
that falls down the side of a mountain: able to do anything
 Two skiers were killed in the  prostrate with
avalanche.  Julie was prostrate with grief after her
father's death.
 Prostrate plant
creep
 to move in a quiet, careful way,
especially to avoid attracting attention striking
 creep into/over/around etc  unusual or interesting enough to be
 Johann would creep into the gallery to easily noticed
listen to the singers.  striking contrast/similarity/parallel etc
 He crept back up the stairs, trying to  a striking contrast between wealth and
avoid the ones that creaked. poverty
 Noticeable
velocity adjacent
 the speed of something
 Next to
 the velocity of light
 We stayed in adjacent rooms.
 The speedboat reached a velocity of
120 mph.
 a high velocity bullet Insulation
 to cover or protect something with a
material
altitude  Good insulation can save you money
on heating bills.
 the height of an object or place above
the sea
 altitude of equator
 We're flying at an altitude of 40,000  the equator an imaginary line drawn
feet. around the middle of the Earth that is
 high/low altitudes exactly the same distance from the
 At high altitudes it is difficult to get North Pole and the South Pole
enough oxygen.  on/at/near the equator
 a small village near the equator
bare
prevalent
 Not covered  common at a particular time, in a
 Land, hand, child particular place, or among a particular
group of people
prostrate  Solvent abuse is especially prevalent
 lying on your front with your face among younger teenagers.
 the prevalent belief in astrology
TPO 1 – 30
moss Dwell
 a very small green plant that grows in a thick  populate, dwell, live, inhabit
soft furry mass on wet soil, trees, or rocks  They dwelt in the forest.
 —mossy adjective:
 a high, mossy wall
 ‫خزه‬
Limb
 an arm or leg
Embed
 implant, engraft, embed, imbed, plant
TPO2  A piece of glass was embedded in her
hand.
 Feelings of guilt are deeply embedded
Reading 1 in her personality
 Lung- gill- Disguise- affinity- dwell-
limb- embed- Precious
 Precious- detect- expose- vestige-  Valuable
portion- rear-  We cannot afford to waste precious
 Propulsion time.
 planes delivering precious supplies of
medicine and food
Lung  our planet's precious resources
 one of the two organs in your body
that you breathe with: Detect
 Smoking can cause lung cancer  detect, observe, find, discover, notice
 ‫شش‬  Many forms of cancer can be cured if
detected early.
 Dan detected a change in her mood.
Gill
 one of the organs on the sides of a fish Expose
through which it breathes  expose, exhibit, display
 ‫آبشش‬  Potatoes turn green when exposed to
light.
Disguise  The report revealed that workers had
been exposed to high levels of
 hide, conceal radiation.
 There's no way you can disguise that
southern accent. Vestige
 1 a small part or amount of something
Affinity that remains when most of it no longer
 a close relationship between two exists [= trace]
things because of qualities or features  vestige of
that they share  The new law removed the last vestiges
 affinity with/between of royal power.
 the affinity between Christian and  2 the smallest possible amount of a
Chinese concepts of the spirit quality or feeling
TPO 1 – 30
 vestige of  How much do think it will cost,

 There's not a vestige of truth in the approximately?
story.
accelerate
Portion  accelerate, speed up, speed, quicken
 a part of something larger, especially  measures to accelerate the rate of
a part that is different from the other economic growth
parts  The car accelerated smoothly away.
 portion of
 The front portion of the rocket breaks ridge
off.  a long area of high land, especially at
 significant/substantial/major/good the top of a mountain:
portion  We made our way carefully along the
 The main character's childhood takes ridge.
up a good portion of the film.
Runoff
Rear  rain or other liquid that flows off the
land into rivers
 the rear the back part of an object,
vehicle, or building, or a position at the
back of an object or area [≠ front] deteriorate
 a garden at the rear of the house  Decay, worsen
 a passenger travelling in the rear of a  Ethel's health has deteriorated.
car  America's deteriorating economy
Propulsion arid
 Dry
 the force that drives a vehicle forward  Water from the Great Lakes is pumped
[↪ propel] to arid regions.
 research into liquid hydrogen as a
means of propulsion Delicate
 Fragile, frail, vulnerable
Reading2  The sun can easily damage a child's
 approximately- accelerate- ridge- delicate skin.
runoff- deterioration- arid- semiarid-  a delicate child
delicate- phenomena- diminish-  her delicate features
cultivation- graze- irrigation- devoid of-
susceptible- erosion- dominant- phenomenon
trample- pulverization- salinization-  Event
sink- drainage- evaporate-
 something that happens or exists in
tremendous- rigorous
society, science, or nature, especially
something that is studied because it is
Approximately difficult to understand
 Nearly, almost  phenomenon of
 The plane will be landing in  the growing phenomenon of
approximately 20 minutes. telecommuting
TPO 1 – 30
 Homelessness is not a new erosion

phenomenon.  the process by which rock or soil is
 Language is a social and cultural gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or
phenomenon. the sea:
 the problem of soil erosion
Diminish  the erosion of the coastline
 decrease, diminish, lessen, fall
 These drugs diminish blood flow to the dominate
brain.  master
 But that's not to diminish the control, command
importance of his discoveries.  The industry is dominated by five
multinational companies.
cultivate  New Orleans dominated throughout
 crop, work the game.
 The land was too rocky to cultivate.  Her loud voice totally dominated the
 We cultivated maize and watermelons conversation.
 Education issues dominated the
election campaign.
graze 
 crop, browse, graze, range, pasture
 Groups of cattle were grazing on the
trample
rich grass.  to step heavily on something, so that
 fields where they used to graze their you crush it with your feet
sheep  trample on/over/through etc
 There was a small fence to stop
people trampling on the flowers.
irrigate  trample somebody/something
 water, irrigate underfoot
 The water in Lake Powell is used to  The children were in danger of being
irrigate the area. trampled underfoot in the crowd.
Devoid of Pulverization
 to be completely lacking in something:  to crush something into a powder:
 His face was devoid of any warmth or  The seeds can be used whole or
humour. pulverized into flour.
susceptible Salinization
 likely to suffer from a particular illness  containing or consisting of salt:
or be affected by a particular problem  saline solution
[↪ immune]
 susceptible to
 Older people are more susceptible to sink
infections.  sink, settle, go down, go under
 Soil on the mountain slopes is very  Their motorboat struck a rock and
susceptible to erosion. began to sink.
 The kids watched as the coin sank to
the bottom of the pool.
TPO 1 – 30
 The heavy guns sank up to their consume

barrels in the mud.  consume, eat up, use up, eat, deplete,
exhaust, run through, wipe out
Drain  to use time, energy, goods etc [↪
 consume, eat up, use up, eat, deplete, consumption]:
exhaust, run through, wipe out  Only 27% of the paper we consume is
 to make the water or liquid in recycled.
something flow away:  A smaller vehicle will consume less
 The swimming pool is drained and fuel.
cleaned every winter.
initial
Evaporate  happening at the beginning [= first]:
 Vaporise  an initial investment of £5000
 if a liquid evaporates, or if heat  initial stage/phase/period
evaporates it, it changes into a gas:  the initial stages of the disease
 Most of the water had evaporated.  The initial response has been
 The sun evaporates moisture on the encouraging.
leaves.
arcade
tremendous  1AATBB a covered passage at the
 very big, fast, powerful etc: side of a row of buildings with pillars
 Suddenly, there was a tremendous and arches supporting it on one side
bang, and the whole station shook.  2 a covered passage between two
 She was making a tremendous effort streets with shops on each side of it
to appear calm.  3 British English also shopping
 She praised her husband for the arcadeBBT a large building or part of a
tremendous support he had given her. building where there are many shops
 Sales have been tremendous so far  4DL an amusement arcade:
this year.  arcade games
 This plan could save us a tremendous
amount of money. parlor
 Salon
rigorous
 careful, thorough, and exact: vaudeville
 a rigorous analysis of defence needs  a type of theatre entertainment,
 the rigorous standards required by the popular from the 1880s to the 1950s,
college in which there were many short
performances of different kinds,
Reading 3 including singing, dancing, jokes etc
 Consumption- initial- arcade- parlors- [↪ music hall]
vaudeville- Legitimate- spectacle-
spectator- manipulation- Expand-
minute- minuscule
legitimate
 air or reasonable:
 That's a perfectly legitimate question.
 Most scientists believe it is legitimate
TPO 1 – 30
TPO 3
to use animals in medical research.
 2 acceptable or allowed by law:
 Their business operations are perfectly
legitimate.
 3SSC a legitimate child is born to Reading 1
parents who are legally married to  Aspiration- texture- harmony- shelter-
each other [≠ illegitimate] enhance- inspiration- delight-
contribute- enrich- feasible- mediocre-
spectacle trace- dramatically- devise- gravity-
withstand- integral- enclose- interior-
 1 a very impressive show or scene:
plumbing- permanence- arduous-
 a multimedia dance and opera piling- curve-brick- segment-
spectacle horizontal-
 2 [usually singular] an unusual or
interesting thing or situation that you
see or notice - used especially in order aspiration
to show disapproval:  a strong desire to have or achieve
 The trial was turned into a public something [= ambition]:
spectacle.  a high level of political aspiration
 aspiration of
spectator  the aspirations of the working classes
 someone who is watching an event or
game [↪ audience]: texture
 The match attracted over 40,000  the way a surface or material feels
spectators. when you touch it, especially how
smooth or rough it is
manipulation  smooth/silky/rough etc. texture
 the smooth texture of silk
 manipulate, keep in line, control
 a designer who experiments with
 software designed to store and
different colours and textures
manipulate data
 ‫بافت‬
 You can integrate text with graphics
and manipulate graphic images.
harmony
 when people live or work together
expand without fighting or disagreeing with
 Enlarge each other:
 Water expands as it freezes.  I do believe it is possible for different
 The computer industry has expanded ethnic groups to live together in
greatly over the last decade. harmony.
 the pleasant effect made by different
Minute- minuscule things that form an attractive whole:
 Small  the harmony of sea and sky
 Tiny
 shelter
 a place to live, considered as one of
the basic needs of life:
 They are in need of food and shelter.
TPO 1 – 30
 2 [uncountable] protection from danger enrich

or from wind, rain, hot sun etc  to improve the quality of something,
 shelter of especially by adding things to it:
 We reached the shelter of the caves.  Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.
 Education can greatly enrich your life.
enhance  better, improve, amend, ameliorate,
 to improve something: meliorate
 Good lighting will enhance any room.
 The publicity has enhanced his feasible
reputation  Possible- practical
 intensify, compound, heighten, deepen  a plan, idea, or method that is feasible
 better, improve, amend, ameliorate, is possible and is likely to work:
meliorate  a feasible solution
 economically/technically/politically etc
inspiration feasible
 a good idea about what you should do,  It was no longer financially feasible to
write, say etc, especially one which keep the community centre open.
you get suddenly
 The Malvern Hills have provided
inspiration for many artists and
mediocre
musicians over the decades.  not very good [= second rate]:
 He raised his eyes to the altar as if  I thought the book was pretty
seeking inspiration. mediocre.
 He draws inspiration from ordinary  a mediocre student
scenes.
 Mary Quant's inspiration comes from trace
the glam style of the 70s.  find somebody/something to find
 He had a sudden flash of inspiration. someone or something that has
 He has always been a source of disappeared by searching for them
inspiration for me. carefully:
 ‫الهام‬  She had given up all hope of tracing
her missing daughter.
 Police are trying to trace a young
delight woman who was seen near the
 a feeling of great pleasure and accident.
satisfaction  origins to find the origins of when
 The kids were screaming with delight. something began or where it came
 It was a delight to see him so fit and from
healthy.  trace something (back) to something
 They've traced their ancestry to
contribute Scotland.
 to give money, help, ideas etc to  The style of these paintings can be
something that a lot of other people traced back to early medieval
are also involved in influences.
 contribute to/towards
 City employees cannot contribute to dramatically
political campaigns.  great and sudden
TPO 1 – 30
 dramatic change/shift/improvement enclose

 Computers have brought dramatic  to surround something, especially with
changes to the workplace. a fence or wall, in order to make it
 dramatic separate: confine
increase/rise/fall/drop/reduction etc  The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot
 Universities have suffered a dramatic wall.
drop in student numbers.  an enclosed area
 dramatic effect/results
 A serious accident can have a
dramatic effect on your family's interior
finances.  the inner part or inside of something [≠
exterior]:
devise  The interior of the church was dark.
 invent, contrive, devise, excogitate,  the car's warm interior
formulate, forge
 She devised a method for quicker plumbing
communications between offices.  the pipes that water flows through in a
building:
gravity  We keep having problems with the
 the force that causes something to fall plumbing
to the ground or to be attracted to
another‫جاذبه‬ permanence
 the extreme and worrying seriousness  continuing to exist for a long time or for
of a situation all the time in the future [≠ temporary]:
 gravity of  He gave up a permanent job in order
 I could not hide from her the gravity of to freelance.
the situation.  a permanent change in your eating
 The penalties should be proportionate habits
to the gravity of the offence.  The blindness that the disease causes
will be permanent.
withstand
 [= resist, stand up to]:defy, withstand,
hold, hold up
arduous
 involving a lot of strength and effort
 This fabric can withstand steam and
high temperatures.  arduous task/work
 the arduous task of loading all the
boxes into the van
integral
 forming a necessary part of
something: essential, necessary,
pile
needed  Gather
 Vegetables are an integral part of our  to fill a place or container or cover a
diet. surface with a large amount of things
 integral to  pile something into/onto etc something
 Statistics are integral to medical  He piled bread and milk into his
research. basket.
 Melissa piled spaghetti onto her plate
TPO 1 – 30
curve compile, hoard

 a line that gradually bends like part of  It is unjust that a privileged few should
a circle continue to accumulate wealth
 curve of  the accumulation of data
 the curve of her hips
 a sweeping curve of railroad track ‫کج خم‬ drill
 to make a hole in something using a
drill:
brick  Drill a hole in each corner.
 a hard block of baked clay used for  drill into/through
building walls, houses etc:  He accidentally drilled into a water
 a brick wall pipe.
 a house made of brick
 Protesters attacked the police with
stones and bricks.‫آجر‬
drought
 a long period of dry weather when
there is not enough water for plants
segment and animals to live
 a part of something that is different  ‫خشکسالی‬
from or affected differently from the
whole in some way
 segment of
ensuing
 happening after a particular action or
 segments of the population
event, especially as a result of it
 the ensuing battle/conflict/debate etc
Horizontal  In the ensuing fighting, two students
 flat and level: were killed.
 a horizontal surface  the ensuing days/months/years etc
 —horizontally adverb (=the days, months etc after an event)
 Opposite [↪ diagonal, vertical  The situation deteriorated over the
ensuing weeks
Reading2
 Rancher- accumulate- drill- drought- negligible
ensuing- negligible- virtually-  too slight or unimportant to have any
replenish- drastically- incentive- effect [= insignificant]:
conserve- grandiose- capillary water-  The damage done to his property was
strain- scheme- negligible negligible.
Rancher virtually
 someone who owns or works on a  Almost
ranch  almost [= practically]:
 a very large farm in the western US  Virtually all the children come to
and Canada where sheep, cattle, or school by bus.
horses are bred  He was virtually unknown before
 ‫دامدار‬ running for office.
accumulate
 collect, accumulate, pile up, amass,
TPO 1 – 30
replenish grandiose
 refill, fill again  grandiose plans sound very important
fill, fill up, make full or impressive, but are not practical
 More vaccines are needed to replenish  grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc
our stocks.  grandiose schemes of urban renewal
drastically scheme
 extreme and sudden  an official plan that is intended to help
 drastic action/measures people in some way, for example by
 NATO threatened drastic action if its providing education or training [=
terms were not met. program
 drastic cuts in government spending  The money will be used for teacher
 Drastic changes are needed if training schemes.
environmental catastrophe is to be  a pension scheme
avoided.
 —drastically /-kli/ adverb:
 The size of the army was drastically
Capillary water
 Water in the soil
cut
incentive strain
 something that encourages you to  Stress
work harder, start a new activity etc:  I couldn't look after him any more; the
 As an added incentive, there's a bottle strain was too much for me.
of champagne for the best team.  Did you find the job a strain?
 create/provide/give somebody an  the stresses and strains of police life
incentive  2) difficulty
 Awards provide an incentive for young  The dry summer has further increased
people to improve their skills. the strain on water resources
 incentive to do something
 Farmers lack any incentive to manage Reading 3
their land organically.  Succession- cumulative- pond-
 economic/financial/tax etc incentives relatively- invasion- pest- resilience-
 a recycling drive backed with financial niche- vacate-intact-
incentives
 ‫انگیزه مشوق‬
succession
 1 in succession happening one after
conserve the other without anything different
 preserve, maintain, keep up happening in between:
 to protect something and prevent it  She won the championship four times
from changing or being damaged [= in succession.
preserve]:  in quick/rapid/close succession
 We must conserve our woodlands for (=quickly one after the other)
future generations.  He fired two shots in quick succession.
 efforts to conserve fish stocks  2 a succession of something a number
of people or things of the same kind
following, coming or happening one
TPO 1 – 30
after the other: during the war.

 A succession of visitors came to the 
door. niche
 Gap, hole
cumulative
 increasing gradually as more of
something is added or happens: vacate
 Learning is a cumulative process.  Leave
 cumulative effect (of something)  Clay will vacate the position on June
 Depression is often caused by the 19.
cumulative effects of stress and  Guests must vacate their rooms by
overwork. 11:00.
pond intact
 a small area of fresh water that is  not broken, damaged, or spoiled:
smaller than a lake, that is either  Only the medieval tower had remained
natural or artificially made intact.
 ‫حوضچه‬  His reputation survived intact.
relatively
 Fairly, almost
 The system is relatively easy to use.
 E-commerce is a relatively recent
phenomenon.
TPO 4
 ‫نسبتا‬
Reading 1
invasion  Prevalent- prairie- marsh- understory-
 enter, come in, get into, get in, go into, inhibit- meadow- browse- fair weather-
go in, move into decay- dormancy- hibernating- cedar-
 Every summer the town is invaded by huckleberry- hemlock- alder- arboreal
tourists. fodder- fluctuate- bemoan- in the same
 Fans invaded the pitch at half-time. breath- elk- expedition- starvation-
 The Romans invaded Britain 2000 picturesquely- dot- extermination-
years ago. plight- encroach- logging- annual-
rebound- predator- cougar- lynx-
profound- game
pest
 a small animal or insect that destroys
crops or food supplies [↪ vermin]: Prevalent
 a chemical used in pest control  accepted, widespread
 ‫آفت‬  prevalent in/among etc
  Solvent abuse is especially prevalent
resilience among younger teenagers.
 Toughness  the prevalent belief in astrology
 the resilience of youth
 People showed remarkable resilience
TPO 1 – 30
prairie decay
 Grassland, meadow, pasture, plain  Rot, break down, collapse, deteriorate,
corrosion,
 to be slowly destroyed by a natural
chemical process, or to make
marsh something do this
 Swamp, bog,swampland  Most archaeological finds are broken,
 ‫باتالق‬ damaged, or decayed.
 The crane lives in marshy habitats.
dormancy
understory  Inaction, inactivity, inertia,
 Undergrowth, under grass  The seeds remain dormant until the
 A layer of vegetation beneath the main spring.
canopy of forest  a huge dormant volcano
hibernating
inhibit  verb lie dormant; sleep through cold
 Restrict, constraint, hinder, impede, weather
obstruct
 An unhappy family life may inhibit
children's learning. cedar
 Recording the meeting may inhibit  ‫سرو‬
people from expressing their real
views.
huckleberry
 a small dark-blue North American fruit
meadow that grows on a bush
 Grassy land, grassy field, pasture,
plain, prairie
hemlock
 ‫شوکران‬
browse
 Look around, look through, peruse,
graze
alder
 Jon was browsing through the  ‫توسکا‬
photographs.
 The trip allows you plenty of time for arboreal fodder
browsing around the shops.  ‫علوفه درختی‬
 tourists browsing the boutiques and
souvenir stalls
fluctuate
 Oscillate, vary, alternate, waver, keep
Fair- weather changing
 Untrustworthy, dishonest, false,  Prices were volatile, fluctuating
disloyal, unreliable, unsafe between $20 and $40.
 Fair-weather friend  Insect populations fluctuate
wildly from year to year.
TPO 1 – 30
bemoan extermination
 verb express sorrow  Destruction, elimination, extinction,
 Complain, regret, mourn, eradication
 He was bemoaning the fact that  Staff use the poison to exterminate
lawyers charge so much. moles and rabbits.
in the same breath plight

 used to say that someone has said  Bad Condition, predicament, trouble,
two things at once that are so different dilemma
from each other they cannot both be  the desperate plight of the flood
true: victims
 immediately  the country's economic plight
 He criticized the film, then predicted in
the same breath that it would be a
great success.
encroach
 verb invade another's property,
business
elk  Intrude, trespass,
 ‫گوزن شمالی‬  to gradually take more of someone's
time, possessions, rights etc than you
should
expedition  encroach on/upon
 Journey, exploration, quest, tor, travel,
 Bureaucratic power has encroached
trip
upon the freedom of the individual.
 an expedition to the North Pole
 2 to gradually cover more and more
 another Everest expedition land
 a shopping expedition  encroach into
 a fishing expedition  The fighting encroached further east.
 —encroachment noun [uncountable
starvation and countable]
 Hunger, famine, malnutrition  foreign encroachment
 people dying of starvation
logging
picturesquely  Deforestation
 Beautiful, attractive, charming, colorful  the work of cutting down trees in a
 a quiet fishing village with a forest
picturesque harbour
 a picturesque account of his trip to annual
New York  Yearly, each year
 The school trip has become an annual
dot event.
 if an area is dotted with things, there  The jazz festival is held annually in
are a lot of them there but they are July.
spread far apart
 be dotted with something
 The lake was dotted with sailboats.
TPO 1 – 30
rebound crude
 Revive, overcome, recover  Cheap, clumsy, raw, approximate
 Share prices rebounded today after  a crude estimate of the population
last week's losses available for work
predator excavate
 Hunter, killer  Uncover, unearth, dig up,
 Schliemann excavated the ancient city
of Troy.
cougar  to make a hole in the ground by
 ‫گربه وحشی یوزپلنگ امریکایی‬ digging up soil
lynx inhabit
 Bobcat  Dwell, populate, reside, live in
 ‫سیاه گوش‬
 The woods are inhabited by many wild
animals.
profound  inhabited islands
 deep, philosophical, serious
 having a strong influence or effect trappings
 profound  things such as money, influence,
effect/influence/impact/consequence possessions etc that are related to a
etc particular type of person, job, or way of
 Tolstoy's experiences of war had a life
profound effect on his work.  trappings of
 The mother's behaviour has a  the trappings of power
profound impact on the developing
child.
 profound changes in society depict
 Illustrate, describe, interpret
 a book depicting life in pre-
game revolutionary Russia
 wild animals, birds, and fish that are  The god is depicted as a bird with a
hunted for food, especially as a sport: human head.
 game birds
spear
Reading 2  a pole with a sharp pointed blade at
 Bead- crude- excavate- inhabit- one end, used as a weapon in the past
trapping- depict- spear- cattle- bovine-  ‫نیزه‬
chip- tusk- horn- reindeer- shaft-
figurine- fertility-
cattle
 Herd
Bead
 cows and bulls kept on a farm for
 Stone
their meat or milk:
 ‫مهره‬
 herds of cattle
TPO 1 – 30
bovine collision- slick- platform- drift- ashore-

 relating to cows: foul- subside- barrier- adverse-
 bovine diseases
dismantle
chip  Break up, destroy, demolish,
 a small piece of wood, stone, metal etc disassemble, take apart
that has been broken off something:  Chris dismantled the bike in five
 Wood chips covered the floor of the minutes.
workshop.
spout
tusk  a sudden strong stream of liquid which
 one of a pair of very long pointed comes out of somewhere very fast
teeth, that stick out of the mouth of
animals such as elephants
gusher
horn  a place in the ground where oil or
water comes out very forcefully, so
 the hard pointed thing that grows,
that a pump is not needed
usually in pairs, on the heads of
animals such as cows and goats
Adjacent
reindeer  Next to, neighboring
 ‫گوزن شمالی‬  We stayed in adjacent rooms.
 the building adjacent to the library
shaft
 a long handle on a tool
dye
 Pigment, color
 hair dye
Figurine
 a small model of a person or animal hostile
used as a decoration  Hateful, unfavorable, unfriendly,
 Doll inhospitable
 The boy feels hostile towards his
fertility father.
 Potency, pregnancy, productivity  his hostile attitude
 the ability of the land or soil to produce
good crops slope
 2MB the ability of a person,  ‫شیب‬
animal, or plant to produce babies,  Tilt
young animals, or seeds [≠ infertility]  if you spill a liquid, or if it spills, it
accidentally flows over the edge of a
container [↪ pour]:
Reading 3
 Katie almost spilled her milk.
 Marine- accumulate- decompose-
sediment- mud- droplet- squeeze- drill-
derrick- dismantle- spout- gusher- collision
adjacent- dye- hostile- slope- spillage-  Accident
TPO 1 – 30
 The school bus was involved in a barrier

collision with a truck.  Blockade, fence, obstacle
 Two people were killed in a head-  Problems with childcare remain the
on collision biggest barrier to women succeeding
 at work.
slick
 oil slick an area of oil on the adverse
surface of water or on a road  Unfavorable, negative, unfriendly
 They fear it could have an
platform adverse effect on global
 Floor, stage financial markets.
 the raised place beside a railway track  Miller's campaign has received a good
where you get on and off a train in a deal of adverse publicity.
station:
 The Edinburgh train will depart from squeeze
platform six.  to press something firmly together with
 2for speechesTBB a stage for your fingers or hand:
people to stand on when they are  She smiled as he squeezed her hand.
making a speech, performing etc:
 a small raised platform at one end of
the room
drill
 to make a hole in something using a
drift drill:
 to move slowly on water or in the air  Drill a hole in each corner.
 Smoke drifted up from the jungle
ahead of us.

derrick
 a tall machine used for lifting heavy
ashore weights, especially on ships
 on or towards the shore of a lake,  a tall tower built over an oil well,
river, sea etc [= onshore] used to raise and lower the drill
 come/go ashore  ‫جرثقیل دکل کشتی‬
 Seals come ashore to breed.
 Several dead birds had been
washed ashore. sediment
 Debris, trash, waste
 solid substances that settle at the
foul bottom of a liquid:
 to make something very dirty,  a thick layer of sediment
especially with waste:
 rivers and lakes fouled almost beyond mud
recovery by pollutants
 wet earth that has become soft and
sticky:
subside  By the end of the game, all the kids
 Decrease were covered in mud.
 The pains in his head had subsided,  The path beside the river was slippery
but he still felt dizzy and sick with mud
TPO 1 – 30
droplet  a judge notorious for his cruelty and

 a very small drop of liquid corruption
 droplet of
 tiny droplets of water deficient
 adj imperfect, inadequate
marine  Lacking
 Aquatic  not containing or having enough of
 relating to the sea and the creatures something:
that live there:  Women who are dieting can become
 the enormous variety of marine life iron deficient.
 the effects of oil pollution on marine  deficient in
mammals  patients who were deficient in vitamin
 marine biology C
Serpentine
accumulate  winding like a snake: twisting, curved
 Gather, assemble, collect, expand,  the serpentine course of the river
hoard, pile up  2 complicated and difficult to
 Fat tends to accumulate around the understand:
hips and thighs.  a serpentine plot
 It is unjust that a privileged few should
continue to accumulate wealth.
Deplete
 Diminish, lessen, reduce, use up,
decompose weaken
 Break down, decay, fall apart  Salmon populations have been
severely depleted.
 the depletion of the ozone layer
TPO 5 Pigment
 Color, shade, dye,
Reading1  Melanin is the dark brown pigment of
the hair, skin and eyes.
 Notorious- deficient- serpentine-
deplete- pigment- stunt- slender- omit-  The artist Sandy Lee uses natural
harvest- interrupt- herbaceous- pigments in her work.
facilitate- suspend- mist- legume-
pathogen- contaminate- toxic- Stunt
excavation-  to stop something or someone from
growing to their full size or developing
properly:
Notorious  Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant's
 famous or well-known for something growth.
bad [= infamous]:
 Ill-famed
 a notorious computer hacker
Slender
 Thin, delicate, fragile, small
 notorious cases of human rights
abuses  The company only has a slender hope
of survival.
 notorious for
TPO 1 – 30
 The Republicans won the election by a  to officially stop something from

slender majority. continuing, especially for a short time:
 We had to make the most of our rather  Sales of the drug will be suspended
slender resources. until more tests are completed.
 Talks between the two countries have
now been suspended.
Omit
 leave out, eliminate,
 Please don't omit any details, no Mist
matter how trivial they may seem.  Fog
 Lisa's name had been omitted from  We could just see the outline of the
the list of honor students. house through the mist.
 Next morning, the whole town was
shrouded in mist (=covered in
Harvest mist).
 Crop, result, output
 the crops that have been gathered, or
the amount and quality of the crops
Legume
gathered  a plant such as a bean plant that has
 good/bumper harvest (=a lot of crops) seeds in a pod (=a long thin case)
 Plum growers are expecting a bumper
harvest this year. Pathogen
 poor/bad harvest (=few crops)  something that causes disease in your
body
Interrupt
 Cut off, stop, discontinue, Contaminate
 Will you stop interrupting me!  Pollute, make dirty
 Sorry to interrupt, but I need to ask  Drinking water supplies are believed to
you to come downstairs. have been contaminated.
 My studies were interrupted by the  He claims the poster ads have
war. 'contaminated Berlin's streets'.
Herbaceous Toxic
 plants that are herbaceous have soft  Poisonous
stems rather than hard stems made of  Toxic chemicals were spilled into the
wood river.
Facilitate Excavation
 Aid, ease, expedite,
 if a scientist or archaeologist
 to make it easier for a process or
excavates an area of land, they
activity to happen:
dig carefully to find ancient objects,
 Computers can be used to facilitate bones etc:
language learning.
 Schliemann excavated the ancient city
of Troy.
Suspend
 Hang from above, dangle, swing, stop
TPO 1 – 30
Reading 2 Overwhelming
 Scatter- speculate- mutual- exclude-  1 having such a great effect on you
deprecate- overwhelming- implement- that you feel confused and do not
prerequisite- outrigger- maritime- know how to react:
maroon- adrift- feat- deliberate-  an overwhelming sense of guilt
expedition- simulation- derive-  She felt an overwhelming desire to hit
undisputed- him.
 She found the city quite overwhelming
Scatter when she first arrived.
 Distribute  2 very large or greater, more
 Scatter the onions over the fish. important etc than any other:
 The flowers fell and scattered on the  There is overwhelming evidence that
ground. smoking damages your health.
 An overwhelming majority of the
members were against the idea.
Speculate
 The proposal has been given
 Guess, hypothesize
overwhelming support.
 Jones refused to speculate about what
 The British Air Force succeeded
might happen.
despite overwhelming odds against
 Some analysts speculated that jobs
them.
will be lost.
Mutual Implement
 Reciprocal, two-sided  Use, make use of, tool
 Mutual respect is necessary for any  We have decided to implement
partnership to work. the committee's recommendations
 European nations can live together in in full.
a spirit of mutual trust.
 I didn't like Dev, and the feeling Prerequisite
seemed to be mutual.  something that is necessary before
 The two men were a mutual something else can happen or be
admiration society, gushing about how done
much they were learning from each  prerequisite for/of/to
other.  A reasonable proficiency in English is
Exclude a prerequisite for the course.
 ≠ include
 to deliberately not include something Outrigger
 The press had been deliberately  a long piece of wood that is attached
excluded from the event. to the side of a boat, especially a
 Sarah heard the other girls talking and canoe, to prevent it from turning
laughing and felt excluded. over in the water
 The judges decided to exclude
evidence which had been unfairly
attained.
Maritime
 Marine
Deprecate  relating to the sea or ships [= marine]:
 to strongly disapprove of or criticize  San Francisco has lost nearly all of its
something maritime industry.
TPO 1 – 30
 2HEO near the sea: Derive

 the Canadian maritime provinces  to get something, especially an
advantage or a pleasant feeling, from
Maroon something
 to be left in a place where there are no  derive something from something
other people and where you cannot  Medically, we will derive great benefit
escape: from this technique.
 The car broke down and left us  derive pleasure/enjoyment etc
marooned in the middle of nowhere.  Many students derived enormous
satisfaction from the course.
Adrift
 1TTW a boat that is adrift is not Undisputed
fastened to anything or controlled by  Unquestioned
anyone:  1 known to be definitely true:
 Several of the lifeboats were still afloat  Doctors found undisputed evidence of
a month after being cast adrift. nerve damage.
 2 someone who is adrift is confused  2 accepted by everyone
about what to do in their life:  undisputed leader/champion/master
 a young woman adrift in London etc
 the undisputed world heavyweight
Feat champion
 Challenge
 They climbed the mountain in 28 days, Reading 3
a remarkable feat.  Relatively- distribution- descendant-
 assign- detritus- algae- mite- crab-
Deliberate niche-
 Intentional, on purpose
 a deliberate attempt to humiliate Distribution
her  Scatter
 The attack on him was quite  the act of sharing things among a
deliberate. large group of people in a planned way
 distribution of
Expedition  the distribution of aid supplies
 Trip, journey, travel,  2 [uncountable] when goods are
 an expedition to the North Pole supplied to shops and companies for
 another Everest expedition them to sell:
 a distribution center
Simulation
 the activity of producing conditions Relatively
which are similar to real ones,  Fairly, almost, quite
especially in order to test something,  The system is relatively easy to use.
or the conditions that are produced:  E-commerce is a relatively recent
 a computer simulation used to train phenomenon.
airline pilots
TPO 1 – 30

Descendant
someone who is related to a person TPO 6
who lived a long time ago, or to a
family, group of people etc that existed
in the past [↪ ancestor]
Reading 1
 somebody's descendants/the  Dramatic- harness-abound- mill-textile-
descendants of somebody exploit- condense- vacuum-
reciprocate- illuminate- flicker-
 The coastal areas were occupied by
accustomed to- manufacture- starve-
the descendants of Greek colonists.
charcoal- blast- furnace- bellow-
 He was a direct descendant of
retain- monopoly- turnpike- terrain-
Napoleon Bonaparte.
flanged- haul- puff- liberate-
 2 something that has developed
from something else
 descendant of Dramatic
 Quechua is a descendant of the Inca  Sudden, striking, tense, powerful,
language.  Computers have brought dramatic
Assign changes to the workplace.
 to give someone a particular job or  Universities have suffered a dramatic
make them responsible for a particular drop in student numbers.
person or thing  A serious accident can have a
 I've been assigned the task of looking dramatic effect on your family's
after the new students. finances.
Detritus
 pieces of waste that remain after harness
something has been broken up or  to control and use the natural force or
used power of something:
Algae  We can harness the power of the wind
 a very simple plant without stems or to generate electricity.
leaves that grows in or near water
 ‫جلبک‬ abound
Mite  verb exist in abundance
 a very small creature that lives in  Thrive, proliferate
plants, carpets  Rumours abound as to the reasons for
 Worm his resignation.
 Examples of this abound in her book.
Crab
 a sea animal with a hard shell, five
legs on each side, and two large Mill
 ‫خرچنگ‬  a building containing a large machine
Niche for crushing grain into flour
 if you find your niche, you find a job or  ‫اسیاب‬
activity that is very suitable for you: Textile
 Amanda soon found her niche  any type of woven cloth that is made in
at the club. large quantities, used especially by
 He's managed to create a niche for people in the business of making
himself in local politics. clothes etc:
TPO 1 – 30
 Their main exports are textiles, flicker

especially silk and cotton.  Spark, glimmer, beam, gleam,
 ‫نساجی‬  to burn or shine with an unsteady light
that goes on and off quickly:
Exploit  The overhead lights flickered
 Use momentarily.
 Abuse  if an emotion or expression flickers on
 Homeworkers can easily be exploited someone's face or through their mind,
by employers. it exists or is shown for only a short
time
 The violence was blamed on thugs
exploiting the situation.  flicker across/through/on etc
 The new TV companies are fully  A puzzled smile flickered across the
exploiting the potential of satellite woman's face.
transmission.
Accustomed to
Condense  Used to
 Abridge, shorten, compress,  We were accustomed to working
 This whole chapter could be together.
condensed into a few paragraphs.  Her eyes quickly became accustomed
to the dark.
Vacuum
 Void, gap, emptiness
manufacture
 space that is completely empty of all  Build, produce, invent,
gas, especially one from which all the  the company that manufactured the
air has been taken away drug
 Her husband's death left a vacuum in  manufactured goods
her life.  if the media can manufacture stories
like this, who are we supposed to
believe?
Reciprocate
 Retaliate,
 to do or give something, because
starve
something similar has been done or  to suffer or die because you do not
given to you: have enough to eat:
 When he spoke I was expected to  Thousands of people will starve if food
reciprocate with some remark of my doesn't reach the city.
own.  pictures of starving children
 They'll either die from the cold or
starve to death (=die from lack of
illuminate food).
 Make light, make clear, brighten,
highlight,
 A single candle illuminated his face. charcoal
 At night the canals are beautifully  a black substance made of burned
illuminated. wood that can be used as fuel:
 he report illuminated the difficult issues  cooking over a charcoal fire
at the heart of science policy.
TPO 1 – 30
blast Terrain
 Explosion  Landscape, ground, land, province,
 The first shot missed and blasted region, territory
a hole in the far wall.  a particular type of land:
 The plane was blasted out of the sky  rocky terrain
by a terrorist bomb. 
 to produce a lot of loud noise, flange
especially music:  Rim, border,
 He was woken by the radio alarm  the flat edge that stands out from an
clock blasting out rock music. object such as a railway wheel, to
keep it in the right position or
furnace strengthen it
 a large container for a very hot fire,
used to produce power, heat, or liquid haul
metal  to pull something heavy with a
 2 a piece of equipment used to heat continuous steady movement
a building  haul something off/onto/out of etc
something
bellow  She hauled her backpack onto her
 to shout loudly in a deep voice [= yell]: back.
 'That's your problem!' bellowed Hurley.  the steam locomotive which hauled the
 Tony was bellowing orders. train
 I hauled the door shut behind me.
retain
 Preserve, maintain, keep puff
 You have the right to retain possession  to breathe quickly and with difficulty
of the goods. after the effort of running, carrying
 The state wants to retain control of something heavy etc:
food imports.  George puffed and panted and he
 A lot of information can be retained in tried to keep up
your computer.
 Limestone is known to retain moisture.
liberate
 Detach, free, save, rescue
monopoly  women's freedom to pursue careers
 Sth held or owned exclusively, cartel , liberated from childcare
ownership  the liberating power of education
 They are demanding an end to the  A few days later, our armies liberated
Communist Party's monopoly of the city.
power.
 the state monopoly of television
 ‫انحصار امتیاز انحصاری‬
Reading 2
 Rudimentary- roam- apprentice-
reveal- meticulous- surround-
turnpike distinguish- shale- strata- faunal-
 Roadway, freeway, highway fauna- trilobite- ubiquitous- arthropod-
TPO 1 – 30
rudimentary surround
 Simple, basic, fundamental,  Besiege, circle, hem in,
elementary, primitive,  The field was surrounded by trees.
 Gradually, I acquired a rudimentary  He glared at the people who
knowledge of music. surrounded the tent.
 my rudimentary German
 subsistence farming in its most
rudimentary form
distinguish
 The classroom equipment is pretty  Differentiate, discern, discriminate,
rudimentary.  His attorney argued that Cope could
not distinguish between right and
wrong.
roam  The factor that distinguishes this
 Wander about, stray, company from the competition is
 to walk or travel, usually for a long customer service.
time, with no clear purpose or direction
[↪ wander]
 The dogs are allowed to roam around.
shale
 a smooth soft rock which breaks easily
 Chickens and geese roam freely
into thin flat pieces
in the back yard.
 You shouldn't let your children roam
the streets strata
 a layer of rock or earth
 a social class in a society:
Apprentice  people of different social strata
 Pupil, learner of a trade
 She works in the hairdresser's as an
apprentice.
fauna
 Animal life, animal kingdom
 an apprentice electrician
 all the animals living in a particular
area or period in history
reveal
 Disclose, show, uncover, expose
flora
 He may be prosecuted for revealing
 all the plants that grow in a particular
secrets about the security agency.
place or country: Tourism is damaging
 a test that can reveal a teacher's
the flora and fauna (=plants and
hidden skills
animals) of the island.
meticulous trilobite
 Precise, cautious, exact, fastidious,  a type of fossil of a small sea
 He kept meticulous accounts. creature
 Their planning and preparation were
meticulous.
 He cleaned the tools with meticulous ubiquitous
care.  Omnipresent, ever- present,
 The book describes his journey in pervasive, universal
meticulous detail  Coffee shops are ubiquitous these
days.
TPO 1 – 30
arthropod toddler
 Insect, bug  Baby
 a very young child who is just learning
Reading 3 to walk
 Infantile- amnesia- scanty- sibling-
sheer- account for- plausible- toddler- maturation
maturation- lobe- gist- compatible-  Development, evolution, progress
critical- retrieve- mutual- exclude-  the period during which something
grows and develops:
infantile  cell maturation
 Childish, babyish
 infantile jokes lobe
  a round part of an organ in your body,
amnesia especially in your brain or lungs
 Memory loss
gist
scanty  Essence, summary, meaning, main
 Inadequate, meager, scant, idea
 There is only scanty evidence of his  he gist of his argument is that full
involvement. employment is impossible.
 Don't worry about all the details as
long as you get the gist
sibling (=understand the main meaning)
 Sister or brother of it.
sheer compatible
 the sheer weight/size etc used to  In harmony, adaptable,
emphasize that something is very  Stephen's political views often weren't
heavy, large etc compatible with her own.
 the sheer weight/size etc of
 The sheer size of the country makes
communications difficult.
critical
 Crucial
 These talks are critical to the future of
Account for the peace process.
 Give reason for, clarify, explain,  It is absolutely critical for us to know
 Recent pressure at work may account the truth.
for his behavior.  Foreign trade is of critical importance
 Can you account for your movements to the economy.
on that night?
retrieve
plausible  Get back
 Reasonable, believable, rational  1 formal to find something and bring
 His story certainly sounds plausible. it back [↪ recover]:
 a plausible explanation  She bent down to retrieve her earring.
TPO 1 – 30


retrieve something from something
It took four days to retrieve all the TPO 7
bodies from the crash.
 2TD technicalTD to get back
information that has been stored in the Reading 1
memory of a computer:  Objective- cruise- invertebrate- wipe
 The new version of the software out- domelike- penetrate- drill- pebble-
automatically retrieves digital gypsum- fragment-peculiarity- basin-
information. silt- strait- salinity- extermination-
 3 retrieve a situation British English score- brine- precipitation- deluge-
to make a situation satisfactory cascade- turbulent-
again after there has been a serious
mistake or problem: objective
 The general made one last desperate  Aim, goal, intent
effort to retrieve the situation.  achieve/meet an objective accomplish
an objective (=achieve an objective)
have an objective set an objective
mutual (=decide what your objective is)
 Shared, common main/primary/principal objective
 Mutual respect is necessary for any clear/specific objective career
partnership to work. objectives business objective
 European nations can live together in  He vowed to achieve certain
a spirit of mutual trust. objectives before the end of his
 I didn't like Dev, and the feeling presidency.
seemed to be mutual.  the best way to accomplish your
 The two men were a mutual objectives
admiration society, gushing about how  The degree program has two
much they were learning from each main objectives.
other.  Managers should set specific
exclude performance objectives for
 to deliberately not include something their teams.
[≠ include]:  The main objective was to
 a special diet that excludes dairy improve children's knowledge of
products geography.
 The judges decided to exclude cruise
evidence which had been unfairly  Journey, voyage
 a cruise around the world
 2DLO a journey by boat for
pleasure

invertebrate
 a living creature that does not have a
backbone
Wipe out
 Erase, annihilate, kill, eliminate
TPO 1 – 30
domelike silt
 a round roof on a building  Residue, sand, sediment
 sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in
water and then settles at a bend in a
penetrate river, an entrance to a port etc
 Permeate, seep, enter, go through
 bullets that penetrate thick armour
plating
strait
 Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty  a narrow passage of water between
windows. two areas of land, usually connecting
two seas:
 the Bering Strait
drill  ‫تنگه‬
 to make a hole in something using a 
drill: salinity
 Drill a hole in each corner.  containing or consisting of salt:
 drill into/through  saline solution
 He accidentally drilled into a water  —salinity noun [uncountable]
pipe.
extermination
pebble  Destruction, extinction
 a small smooth stone found especially  Staff use the poison to exterminate
on a beach or on the bottom of a river: moles and rabbits.
 The beach was covered with smooth
white pebbles.
score
gypsum  Number
 ‫سنگ گچ‬  Great scores of animals
fragment
 Particle, portion, bit, piece, brine
 glass fragments  water which contains a lot of salt
and is used for preserving food:
 fish pickled in brine
peculiarity  2 sea water
 Abnormality, anomaly
 a strange or unusual habit, quality etc: precipitation
 Margaret regarded her mother's  Rain, rainfall, snow, snowfall
peculiarities with a fond tolerance.
basin deluge
 a round container attached to the wall  a large amount of something such as
in a bathroom, where you wash your letters or questions that someone gets
hands and face [= sink]: at the same time [= flood]
 a wash basin  deluge of
 2DFU a large bowl-shaped  Viewers sent a deluge of complaints
container for liquids or food: about the show.
 Fill the basin with the cake mixture.
TPO 1 – 30
cascade powerful and difficult to change:

 a small steep waterfall that is  a monolithic movie company
one of several together
 2 something that hangs down in entity
large quantities  Body, being, thing
 cascade of  something that exists as a single and
 Her hair fell over her shoulders in a complete unit [↪ being]:
cascade of curls.  The mind exists as a separate
entity.
turbulent  Good design brings a house and
 Unstable, violent, stormy garden together as a single entity.
 the dark turbulent waters of the river
 He has had a turbulent political career. Military garrison
 a group of soldiers living in a town or
Reading 2 fort and defending it:
 cohesive- bond- monolithic- entity-  The garrison was called out when
military garrison- station(V)- province- news of the enemy's advance was
obsession- territory- conquest- stark- received.
march- legion- landsman- fertile-  a garrison town
foster- virtue- devotion- thorough-  2 the buildings where a garrison of
predisposed- might- subtlety- disdain- soldiers live
sphere- caliber-
station
cohesive  to send someone in the military to a
 connected or related in a reasonable particular place for a period of time as
way to form a whole: part of their military duty [= post]:
 a cohesive community  I was stationed overseas at the time.
 2 uniting people or things:  2 formal to move to a particular
 Historically, sport has been a cohesive place and stand or sit there, especially
force in international relations. in order to be able to do something
 United, tenacious quickly, or to cause someone to do
this:
bond  A security guard was stationed near
 something that unites two or more the door.
people or groups, such as love, or a
shared interest or idea [↪ tie] province
 bond between  Province [countable]SG one of the
 the emotional bond between mother large areas into which some countries
and child are divided, and which usually has its
own local government:
monolithic  a Chinese province
 a monolithic building is very large,  2 the provincesSG the parts of a
solid, and impressive country that are not near the capital
 2PG a monolithic organization,  3 [singular] formal a subject that
political system etc is very large and someone knows a lot about or
TPO 1 – 30
something that only they are  the Norman Conquest (=the conquest
responsible for of England by the Normans)
 province of  conquest of
 Computers were once the exclusive  the Spanish conquest of the Inca
province of scientists and Empire
mathematicians.  Success, triumph, win
obsession stark
 noun fixation; consumption with belief,  very plain in appearance, with little or
desire no colour or decoration:
 an extreme unhealthy interest in  In the cold dawn light, the castle
something or worry about something, looked stark and forbidding.
which stops you from thinking about  the stark beauty of New Mexico
anything elseCOLLOCATIONS  Simple, bare
COLLOCATIONS
 become an obsession
unhealthy/dangerous obsession
march
sexual obsession  if soldiers or other people march
national/American/British etc somewhere, they walk there quickly
with firm regular steps
obsession to the point of obsession
border on/upon obsession (=be almost
as bad as an obsession) legion
 Gambling became an obsession, and  a large group of soldiers, especially in
he eventually lost everything. ancient Rome
 obsession with  2 literary a large number of
 an unhealthy obsession with being thin people
 The current obsession with exam
results is actually harming children's fertile
education.
 Fruitful, rich, abundant,
 The game pachinko became a national
 fertile land or soil is able to produce
obsession.
good crops:
 He has an enthusiasm for art, to the
point of obsession in my opinion.
 She looked after him with a devotion foster
bordering on obsession.  to help a skill, feeling, idea etc develop
over a period of time [= encourage,
promote]:
territory  The bishop helped foster the sense of
 land that is owned or controlled by a
a community embracing all classes.
particular country, ruler, or military
force:
 Hong Kong became Chinese territory virtue
in 1997.  Honor, integrity,
 Area, colony, land, zone,  moral goodness of character and
behaviour [≠ vice]:
conquest  Women have often been used as
 the act of getting control of a country
symbols of virtue.
by fighting:
 2 [countable] a particular good
TPO 1 – 30
quality in someone's character [≠ vice]: has been done in a clever or skilful

 Among her many virtues are loyalty, way, with careful attention to small
courage, and truthfulness. details:
 The play lacks subtlety.
 She argued her case with
devotion considerable subtlety.
 the strong love that you show when  ‫ظرافت‬
you pay a lot of attention to someone
or something
 devotion to disdain
 Alanna has always shown intense  a complete lack of respect that you
devotion to her children. show for someone or something
 2 [uncountable] the loyalty that you because you think they are not
show towards a person, job etc, important or good enough
especially by working hard [↪  with disdain
dedication]  She watched me with disdain.
 devotion to  a look of complete disdain
 the soldier's courage and  Ridicule, arrogance, aversion, dislike,
devotion to duty contempt,
 his integrity and devotion to his
patients sphere
 3 [uncountable]RR strong  1 a ball shape
religious feeling  2 a particular area of activity, work,
knowledge etc
thorough  in ... sphere
 Detailed, full, complete  television's increasing role in the
 The doctor gave him a thorough political sphere
check-up.
 a thorough and detailed biography Caliber
 The police investigation was very  the level of quality or ability that
thorough. someone or something has achieved
 thorough notes of the meeting  of somebody's calibre
 Where will we find another man of his
predisposed calibre?
 Willing, inclined, ready  The school attracts a high calibre
 genetically predisposed to gain weight of student.
 of high/the right etc calibre
 The paintings were of the highest
might caliber.
 great strength and power:  Talent, competence, quality, ability
 two individuals who took on the might
of the English legal system
 He swung the axe again with all his Reading 3
might.  Millets- sorghum- diffuse- receptive-
chariot- traverse- route- savannah-
subtlety cavalry- innovation- thrive- profound-
 he quality that something has when it ingenious- furnace- flee- desiccation-
TPO 1 – 30
route traverse
 a way from one place to another  to move across, over, or through
 route to/from something, especially an area of land
 What's the best route to Cambridge? or water:
 two minutes to traverse the park
savanna  Cross, roam, go over, pass over,
 a large flat area of grassy land,
especially in Africa innovation
 a new idea, method, or invention
cavalry  innovation in
 the part of an army that fights on  recent innovations in English teaching
horses, especially in the past:
 The Black Prince led a cavalry charge thrive
against them.  to become very successful or very
strong and healthy:
Millets  plants that thrive in tropical rainforests
 the small seeds of a plant similar to  a business which managed to thrive
grass, used as food during a recession
 ‫ارزن‬  Shine, prosper, develop, succeed,
grow, advance
sorghum
 ‫ذرت خوشه ای‬ profound
 a type of grain that is grown in tropical  having a strong influence or effect
areas  profound
effect/influence/impact/consequence
diffuse etc
 Spread, distribute, scatter  Tolstoy's experiences of war had a
 The pollutants diffuse into the soil. profound effect on his work.
 The mother's behaviour has a
profound impact on the developing
receptive child.
 willing to consider new ideas or listen
 profound changes in society
to someone else's opinions:
 2 showing strong, serious feelings [=
 You might find them in a more
deep]:
receptive mood tomorrow.
 a profound sense of guilt
 a receptive audience
 3 showing great knowledge and
 receptive to
understanding [= deep]:
 a workforce that is receptive to new
 a profound question
ideas
 Jenner is a profound thinker.
 welcoming, interested, open- minded
 4 literaryMP deep or far below
the surface of something [= deep]:
chariot  Her work touches something profound
 a vehicle with two wheels pulled by a in the human psyche.
horse, used in ancient times in battles  5 complete:
and races  profound deafness
TPO 1 – 30

ingenious
Imaginative, inventive, innovative, TPO 8
creative
 Many fish have ingenious ways of
protecting their eggs from predators.
Reading 1
 Edifice- obsidian- pinpoint- ingenuity-
 an ingenious device
foresightedness- elite- eruption-
 2 someone who is ingenious is very
circumstance- implicate- eliminate-
good at inventing things or at thinking
predominant- flourish- exotic-
of new ideas
prosperous- emerge- thrive- coerce-
furnace edifice
 a large container for a very hot fire,  Monument, building, construction
used to produce power, heat, or liquid  Their head office was an imposing
metal edifice.
 2 a piece of equipment used to heat obsidian
a building
 a type of rock that looks like black
glass
flee
 to leave somewhere very quickly, in
order to escape from danger: pinpoint
 His attackers turned and fled.  Diagnose, identify, recognize
 Masaari spent six months in prison  It's difficult to pinpoint the cause of the
before fleeing the country. accident.
 They need to pinpoint exactly what
desiccation skills are necessary.
 the process of becoming completely
dry ingenuity
 Dexterity, skill, talent, inventiveness,
ability
Foresightedness
 Prudence, caution, carefulness,
precaution, wisdom
 It was an example of the authorities'
lack of foresight.
 Luckily I'd had the foresight to get
in plenty of food.
elite
 Best, first class, high- class person,
noble
 the domination of power by a small
political elite
 a struggle for power within the ruling
elite.
TPO 1 – 30
eruption the cover-up.

 Explosion, burst, outburst,
 1 if fighting, violence, noise etc eliminate
erupts, it starts suddenly [= break out]:  Dispose of, get rid of, remove
 Violence erupted after police shot a  Fatty foods should be eliminated from
student during the demonstration. the diet.
 A political row erupted over the MP's
comments.
 2HEG if a volcano erupts, predominant
it explodes and sends smoke, fire, and  Dominant, main, prevailing
rock into the sky  the predominant group in society
 3 if a place or situation erupts, there  In this painting, the predominant colour
is a sudden increase in activity or is black.
emotion
 erupt into
 They were angry to the point of
exotic
 Not native, not usual, peculiar, bizzare,
erupting into riot.
 exotic birds
 Their conversations often erupted into
squabbles.  exotic places
 4 erupt into laughter/shouting etc
to suddenly start laughing, flourish
shouting etc:  to develop well and be successful [=
 He erupted into loud, desperate sobs. thrive]:
 5HBH if spots erupt on your body,  The economy is booming and small
they suddenly appear on your skin businesses are flourishing.
 —eruption /û"ršpÐÊn/ noun  2 [intransitive] to grow well and be
[uncountable and countable] very healthy [↪ thrive]:
 a volcanic eruption  Most plants will flourish in the rich
 the eruption of violence deep soils here.
 3 [transitive] to wave something
in your hand in order to make people
circumstance notice it:
 Case, situation, condition,  She walked quickly to the desk,
 I can't imagine a circumstance in flourishing her cheque book
which I would be willing to steal.
 Prisoners can only leave their cells
under certain circumstances (=if prosperous
particular conditions exist).  Booming, thriving, flourishing, rich
 a prosperous landowner
implicate emerge
 Appear, come up, arise
 Imply, involve,
 to show or suggest that someone is  The sun emerged from behind the
clouds.
involved in a crime or dishonest act:
 Eventually the truth emerged.
 The allegations implicated Abe to such
an extent he was forced to resign.  Later it emerged that the
judge had employed an illegal
 implicate somebody in something
immigrant.
 Three police officers are implicated in
TPO 1 – 30
thrive  Have you noticed any alteration in the

 Flourish, prosper, develop, boom, patient's behaviour
grow
 plants that thrive in tropical rainforests shallow
 a business which managed to thrive  Not deep
during a recession  a shallow river
 The lake is quite shallow.
coerce  the shallow end of the pool
 Force, compel,
 The rebels coerced the villagers into
hiding them from the army. frigid
 Chilly, cold
 the frigid air
Reading 2
 Paleontologist- demise- alteration-
shallow- frigid- buffer- retreat- torrid- buffer
cripple- cope with- fluctuation-  Safegaurd,
appealing- abrupt- incorporate-  to reduce the bad effects of
meteor- asteroid- disruption- something:
eradicate-  Consumer spending is buffering the
effects of the recession.

paleontologist
 palaeontology [uncountable]
retreat
 Withdraw, move back
 the study of fossils (=ancient
bones, plants etc that have been  They were attacked and forced to
preserved in rock) retreat.
 —paleontologist noun [countable]  to move away from someone or
something:
 He saw her and retreated, too shy to
demise speak to her
 Collapse, failure, dying
 the end of something that used to exist
 demise of torrid
 the imminent demise (=happening  Very hot, scorching
soon) of the local newspaper  the torrid desert sun
 formal or law death:
 the mystery surrounding Elena's cripple
untimely demise (=when death  Paralyze, disable,
happens sooner than is normal or  old-fashioned someone who is
expect unable to walk properly because their
legs are damaged or injured - now
alteration considered offensive [↪ disabled]
 Change, variation, revision  2 emotional cripple informal
someone who cannot express
 If you make alterations to the
their feelings to other people - used to
Windows setup, save the new settings
show disapproval
before closing.
 alteration in
TPO 1 – 30
Cope asteroid
 Handle, manage, deal with  one of the many small planets
 Sometimes I find it hard to cope. that move around the sun,
 He coped quite well as manager while especially between Mars and Jupiter
still captaining the team.
 She feared she wouldn't be able to disruption
cope with two new babies.  Division, interruption, break
 Local authorities have to cope with the  a situation in which something is
problems of homelessness. prevented from continuing in its usual
way:
fluctuation  The strike caused widespread
disruption.
 Variation, change, vacillation,
 the fluctuation in interest rates
 Prices are subject to fluctuation. eradicate
 Destroy, wipe out, erase, eliminate,
annihilate,
appealing
 We can eradicate this disease from
 Attractive
the world.
 The city offers an appealing
 an attempt to eradicate inflation
combination of sporting and cultural
 This problem has now been
events.
completely eradicated.
 It creates an atmosphere which
visitors find so appealing.
Reading 3
abrupt  Twist- merge- relics- catastrophic-
equator- onrushing- miniature- tide-
 sudden and unexpected:
tear- adorn- controversial- proponent-
 an abrupt change of plan terrace- conceivably- recede-
detractor-gully- astronomer- hint-
incorporate permafrost-
 Include, insert,
 We've incorporated many twist
environmentally-friendly features into  Curl, spin, curve
the design of the building.  He twisted his head slightly,
 Our original proposals were not and looked up at her.
incorporated in the new legislation.  She twisted her handkerchief into a
knot.
meteor
 a piece of rock or metal that travels merge
through space, and makes a bright line  Combine
in the night sky when it falls down  The villages have grown and merged
towards the Earth: together over the years.
 Astronomers track large meteors using
radar. relic
 an old object or custom that reminds
people of the past or that has lived on
TPO 1 – 30
from a past time: tide

 Roman relics found in a field  the regular rising and falling of the
 relic of level of the sea
 the books and photos, relics of Rob's  the tide is in/out (=the sea is at a high
university days or low level)
 Everything in the house seemed old  Is the tide going out or
and untouched, like relics of an coming in?
ancient time.  We went for a walk and got cut off
by the tide.
catastrophic
 Tragic, fatal, disastrous tear
 The Black Sea is facing ecological  a drop of salty liquid that comes out of
catastrophe as a result of pollution. your eye when you are crying
 prevent/avert a catastrophe
 Sudan requires food immediately to
avert a humanitarian catastrophe. adorn
 2 [countable] an event which is  Decorate
very bad for the people involved [=  church walls adorned with religious
disaster] paintings
 catastrophe for
 If the contract is cancelled, it'll be a controversial
catastrophe for everyone concerned.
 Disputed, questionable, arguable, at
 —catastrophic /;kætë"strãfûk< $ - issue
"strä:-/ adjective:
 the controversial issue of welfare
 a catastrophic fall in the price of rice reform
 The failure of the talks could have  a highly controversial (=very
catastrophic consequences controversial) plan to flood the
valley in order to build a dam
equator  He is a controversial figure
 ‫استوا‬ (=person who does controversial
things) in the art world.
onrushing
 Coming, approaching
 a strong fast movement forward, or the proponent
sudden development of something  Supporter, advocate
 onrush of  Steinem has always been a strong
 the first onrush of the epidemic proponent of women's rights.
 —onrushing adjective:  leading/main/major proponent
 the onrushing tide  Dr George is one of the leading
proponents of this view.
miniature
 Small, tiny
terrace
 miniature roses  balcony, deck, patio, platform
 a miniature railway
 He looked like a miniature version Conceivably
of his father.  Maybe, perhaps
TPO 1 – 30
 Conceivably, interest rates could rise hint

very high indeed.  Clue, suggestion, indication
 There have been hints that he may
recede take up coaching.
 Withdraw, diminish, decrease  'Look, I can't tell you.' 'Oh, come on,
 if something you can see or hear give me a hint .'
recedes, it gets further and further  hint about/as to
away until it disappears  Miles had been dropping heavy
 recede into hints about the cost of petrol.
 footsteps receding into the distance  I made it clear I wasn't interested in
 2 if a memory, feeling, or possibility him, but he didn't take the hint.
recedes, it gradually goes away:
 The pain in his head gradually
receded.
permafrost
 3DN if water recedes, it moves  a layer of soil that is always frozen in
back from an area that it was covering: countries where it is very cold
 The flood waters finally began to
recede in November.
 4DCB if your hair recedes, you
gradually lose the hair at the front of
your head:
TPO9
 He was in his mid-forties, with a
receding hairline. Reading 1
 Crumble- prior to- persuasive-
detractor submerge- refuge- caribou-
 Critic, derogator hospitable- impetus-
 someone who says bad things about
someone or something, in order to crumble
make them seem less good than they  Break up, fall into pieces
really are  The old stonework was crumbling
 somebody's detractors away.
 Even the President's detractors admit  crumbling colonial buildings
that the decision was the right one.  The Empire began to crumble during
the 13th century.
gully  our crumbling economy
 a small narrow valley, usually formed
by a lot of rain flowing down the side of Prior to
a hill  Before, preceding, previous
 a deep ditch  You do not need any prior knowledge
of the subject.
astronomer  Changes may not be made without the
prior approval of the council.
 a scientist who studies the stars and
planets  Vegetarian meals are provided by prior
agreement.
 Some prior experience with the
software is needed.
TPO 1 – 30
 All the arrangements should be Reading 2

completed prior to your departure  Interaction- justify- intellectual- paucity
of- void- abstraction- objective-
persuasive utilitarian- tendency- evaluate-
 Cogent, compelling, convincing contribute- facilitate- compelling-
inhibit- inconsistent- vague-
 a persuasive argument against capital
vulnerable- apparent-
punishment
submerge Interaction
 Interplay, cooperation
 Dunk in liquid, drown, immerse, sink,
plunge  Price is determined through the
interaction of demand and supply.
 The tunnel entrance was submerged
by rising sea water.  the complex interaction between mind
and body
 The submarine submerged.
justify
refuge  to give an acceptable explanation for
 Haven, sanctuary, hideout, hideaway, something that other people think is
resort, protection, shelter unreasonable:
 During the frequent air-raids, people  Ministers must appear before
took refuge in their cellars. parliament and justify their actions.
 justify doing something
caribou  How can we justify spending so much
 ‫گوزن کانادایی‬ money on arms?
 justify yourself (=prove that what you
are doing is reasonable)
hospitable  I don't have to justify myself to you or
 friendly, welcoming, and generous to anyone else.
visitors [≠ inhospitable]:
 The local people were very kind and
hospitable.
intellectual
 2 used for describing an  Smart, scholarly,
environment in which things can grow  relating to the ability to understand
[≠ inhospitable]: things and think intelligently [↪ mental]
 The Sahara is one of the world's least  intellectual development/ability/activity
hospitable regions. etc
 a job that requires considerable
intellectual effort
impetus  2 an intellectual person is well-
 Stimulus, impulse, motivation, educated and interested in serious
incentive, ideas and subjects such as science,
 The report may provide further literature etc [↪ academic]:
impetus for reform.  Mark's very intellectual.
 The discovery gave fresh  3 needing serious thought in order
impetus to the research. to be understood:
 an intellectual film
TPO 1 – 30
paucity evaluate
 Lack, scarcity  Judge, assess,
 a paucity of information  You should be able to evaluate your
own work.
void  We need to evaluate the success of
 Empty the campaign.
 Running the business helped to  It can be difficult to evaluate the
fill the void after his wife died. effectiveness of different treatments.
 The amusement park will fill
a void in this town, which contribute
has little entertainment for children.  Donate, give, grant,
 o give money, help, ideas etc to
abstraction something that a lot of other people
 a general idea about a type of are also involved in
situation, thing, or person rather than a  City employees cannot contribute to
specific example from real life: political campaigns.
 He's always talking in abstractions.
 2 [uncountable] when you do not facilitate
notice what is happening around you  Ease, expedite, simplify, speed
because you are thinking carefully  Computers can be used to facilitate
about something else: language learning.
 She rocked the baby gently, gazing in
abstraction at the flickering fire.
compelling
 an argument etc that makes you feel
objective certain that something is true or that
 Fair, impartial, unbiased you must do something about it:
 It's hard to give an objective opinion  Lucy had no compelling reason to go
about your own children. into town.
 Scientists need to be objective when  The court was presented with
doing research. compelling evidence that
 the importance of a completely she'd murdered her husband.
objective, independent press  2 very interesting or exciting, so that
you have to pay attention:
 His life makes a compelling story.
utilitarian
 Practical, functional
 ugly utilitarian buildings inhibit
 Restrict, prevent
tendency  An unhappy family life may inhibit
 Penchant, inclination children's learning.
 Greg's tendency to be critical made  Recording the meeting may inhibit
him unpopular with his co-workers. people from expressing their real
 The drug is effective but has a views.
tendency to cause headaches.
 There is an increasing tendency for inconsistent
women to have children later in life.  Incompatible, contradictory
TPO 1 – 30
 two statements that are inconsistent was seriously ill.

cannot both be true [= contradictory; ≠  The difference in quality was
consistent]: immediately apparent.
 The accounts of the witnesses are  He left suddenly, for no apparent
inconsistent. reason.
 inconsistent with  2 seeming to have a particular
 His results are inconsistent with our feeling or attitude, although this may
data. not be true:
 2 not right according to a particular  He did well in his exams, despite his
set of principles or standards [≠ apparent lack of interest in his work.
consistent]
 inconsistent with
 His conduct was inconsistent with
Reading 3
 Blazing- drenching- harsh- barren-
what is expected of a Congressman.
spore- breeze- flank- toehold-
forbidding- symbiotic- alga- fungus-
vague lichen- bowel- fern- moss- crevice-
 Ambiguous, unclear, obscure, propagate- sheer- bloom- wrap-
nebulous, hazy gossamer- dandelion- milkweed-
 Julia was vague about where she had dormant- buoyant- vicissitude-
been and what she had been doing. prolong- immersion- archipelago-
 Larry had the vague feeling he'd done encapsulate- stalk
something embarrassing the night
before. blazing
 On fire, flaming
 extremely hot:
vulnerable
 a blazing August afternoon
 Sensitive, susceptible, weak, expose,
 2 full of strong emotions, especially
liable,
anger:
 He took advantage of me when I was
 He jumped to his feet in a blazing fury.
at my most vulnerable.
 We work mainly with the elderly and
other vulnerable groups. drenching
 Children are most vulnerable to abuse  Wet
within their own home.  to make something or someone
extremely wet:
apparent  In the early morning they had got
drenched in the grass.
 Possible, probable, supposed,
 —drenching /"drentÐûÅ/ adjective:
 easy to notice [= obvious]
 drenching rain
 it is apparent (that)
 It soon became apparent that we had
a major problem. harsh
 it is apparent from something that  Rough, bitter, hard, rigid, severe,
 It is apparent from scientific studies  The hostages are being held in harsh
that the drug has some fairly nasty conditions.
side effects.  the harsh Canadian winters
 it is apparent to somebody that  a young girl suddenly exposed to the
 It was apparent to everyone that he
TPO 1 – 30
harsh realities of life and forbidding cliffs.

 His theory met with harsh criticism  His face was forbidding, even hostile.
from colleagues.
 the harsh measures taken against the symbiotic
protestors  a symbiotic relationship is one in which
 'She's an idiot!' 'Aren't you being a bit the people, organizations, or living
harsh?' things involved depend on each other
 a harsh, authoritarian regime  Interdependent
 He had harsh words (=severe
criticism) for the Government.
alga
 ‫جلبک خزه‬
barren fungus
 Arid, infertile,  ‫قارچ‬
 land or soil that is barren has no plants
growing on it
lichen
 ‫گلسنگ‬
 Thousands of years ago the surface
was barren desert.
bowel
spore  the system of tubes inside your body
where food is made into solid waste
 a cell like a seed that is produced by
material and through which it passes
some plants such as mushrooms
out of your body [↪ intestine]
and can develop into a new plant
 move/empty/open your bowels (=get
rid of solid waste from your body)
breeze  2 [singular]HBH one part of this
 a gentle wind: system of tubes:
 flowers waving in the breeze  cancer of the bowel
flank fern
 the side of a hill, mountain, or very  ‫سرخس‬
large building
 moss
toehold  ‫خزه‬
 your first involvement in a particular
activity, from which you can develop
and become stronger
crevice
 a narrow crack in the surface of
 toehold in
something, especially in rock:
 The company has gained
 small creatures that hide in crevices in
a toehold in the
the rock
competitive computer market.
 ‫جای پا نفوذ‬
propagate
 Breed, reproduce, proliferate, multiply
forbidding  The group launched a website to
 Frightening, menacing, sinister, propagate its ideas.
ominous, threatening  Propagate your plants in fresh soil.
 We sailed past the island's rather dark
TPO 1 – 30
sheer Buoyant
 the sheer weight/size etc used to  happy and confident:
emphasize that something is very  Phil was in buoyant mood.
heavy, large etc  2BFbuoyant prices etc tend to rise:
 the sheer weight/size etc of  a buoyant economy
 The sheer size of the country makes  3 able to float or keep things
communications difficult. floating:
 Cork is very buoyant.
bloom
 Blossom, flower, Vicissitude
 if a plant or a flower blooms, its flowers  Change
appear or open  the continuous changes and problems
 2 to become happier, healthier, or that affect a situation or someone's life
more successful in a way that is very  vicissitudes of
noticeable:  the vicissitudes of married life
 She was blooming the last time I saw
her.
Prolong
 Extend, delay,
wrap  to deliberately make something such
 to put paper or cloth over something to as a feeling or activity last longer [=
cover it lengthen]:
 wrap something in something  I was trying to think of some way to
 The present was beautifully prolong the conversation.
wrapped in gold paper.
gossamer immersion
 the action of immersing something in
 the light silky thread which spiders
liquid, or the state of being immersed
leave on grass and bushes
 immersion in
 his near-fatal immersion in the icy
dandelion Atlantic ocean
 ‫قاصدک‬  2 [uncountable] the fact of being
completely involved in something you
milkweed are doing
 a common North American plant that  immersion in
produces a bitter white substance  my immersion in black music and
when its stem is broken culture
dormant archipelago
 Inactive, sleeping, inert, latent, passive  a group of small islands
 The seeds remain dormant until the  ‫مجمع الجزایر‬
spring.
 a huge dormant volcano
encapsulate
 Encase
 to express or show something in a
TPO 1 – 30
short way [= sum up]:  2 the activity of making pots, dishes

 The words of the song neatly out of clay:
encapsulate the mood of the country  a pottery class
at that time.
 encapsulate something in something Civilization
 Her whole philosophy can be  1 a society that is well organized and
encapsulated in this one sentence. developed, used especially about a
 2 to completely cover something particular society in a particular place
with something else, especially in or at a particular
order to prevent a substance getting time [↪ civilized]:modern American
out civilization
 encapsulate something in something  civilization of the ancient civilizations
 The leaking fuel rods will be of Greece and Rome
encapsulated in lead.  2 [uncountable] all the societies in the
world considered as a whole:
stalk
the dawn of civilization (=the
 ‫ساقه‬
beginning of civilization)
Despite
 In spite of
TPO 10  Regardless of
 Not withstanding
 Even though
Reading 1 
 pottery- civilization- despite- long  She went to Spain despite the fact that
Lasting- porcelain- status- ceramics- her doctor had told her to rest.
vary- dynasty-Era – fall into –
earthenware- stoneware – ware –
vessel – majority – Glaze – Kiln –
Long-Lasting
evolve – delineate – ornament –  continuing for a long time [≠ short-
embrace – lead – tomb – temple – lived]:
motif – slip – intrinsic – far reaching –  Enduring, abiding
impact – instigate – cobalt – ore – 
muted- stimulate – notably – adapt –  The impact of divorce on children can
spout – whereas – merely - be long-lasting.
adornment – dragon – phoenix –  long-lasting effect/result
empress – pomegranate – fertility –
bless – emblem – pine tree- crane – Porcelain
secular – imperial - commission  [uncountable]
 1 a hard shiny white substance that
Pottery is used for making expensive plates,
 [uncountable] cups etc [↪ china]:
 1 objects made out of baked clay:  porcelain vase
 Native American pottery  ‫چینی‬
 ‫ظروف سفالی‬
 2 plates, cups etc made of this
TPO 1 – 30
Status Fall into

 1 position, condition [↪ standing]:  belong to a group or type of things
 documents have no legal status in  Many illnesses fall into the category of
Britain. stress-related illnesses.
 2 social or professional rank or
position
 Doctors have traditionally enjoyed high
Earthenware
social status.  an earthenware pot, bowl etc is made
of very hard baked clay
 3 respect and importance that
someone or something is given [=  ‫ گلی‬،‫سفالی‬
prestige]:
 the status given to education Stoneware
 pots, bowls etc that are made from a
Cermaics special hard clay
 1 the art of making pots, bowls, tiles  ‫ظروف سفالین سنگ نما‬
etc, by shaping pieces of clay and
baking them until they are hard ware
 2 things that are made this way:  1 things made of a particular
 an exhibition of ceramics material, especially for use in the
 —ceramic adjective: ceramic tiles home:
 silverware (=silver spoons, knives etc)
vary  2 things used in a particular place
 if several things of the same type vary, for the preparation or serving of food:
they are all different from each other [=  ovenware (=dishes for use in the
differ] oven)
Cooking times may vary slightly,
depending on your oven. Vessel
 1a ship or large boat:
Dynasty  a fishing vessel
 1 a family of kings or other rulers  2 a container for holding liquids
whose parents, grandparents etc have
ruled the country for many years: Majority
 Habsburg dynasty ruled in Austria from  most of the people or things in a group
1278 to 1918. [≠ minority]
 ‫سلسله پادشاهی‬  The majority of students find it quite
 2 a period of time when a particular hard to live on the amount of money
family ruled a country or area they get.
 great/vast/overwhelming majority of
Era something
 a period of time in history that is Glaze
known for a particular event, or for  to cover plates, cups etc made of clay
particular qualities with a thin liquid that gives them a
 We live in an era of instant shiny surface
communication.  ‫صیقل کردن‬
 His death markedthe end of an era.  Shine, Luster
 Glazed surfaces
TPO 1 – 30
Kiln Temple
 a special oven for baking clay pots,  a building where people go to worship,
bricks etc in the Jewish, Hindu, Buddhist, Sikh,
 ‫کوره‬ and Mormon religions
Evolve
 Change gradually Motif
 Develop  a small picture or pattern used to
 Progress decorate something plain:
  Pattern, Design, Idea
 The group gradually evolved into a  a white T-shirt with a blue fish motif
political party.
Slip
Delineate  (noun)
 Describe  a mixture of clay and water that is
 outline used for decorating pots
 The document delineates your rights
and your obligations. Intrinsic
 Basic
Embrace  inborn
 Include  inherent
 Encircle  innate
 Enfold  built-in
 This course embraces several different  intrinsic nature/quality/value/property
aspects of psychology. of something
Ornament Far-reaching
 a small object that you keep in your  having a great influence or effect
house because it is beautiful rather  far-reaching
than useful: reforms/proposals/changes
 decoration , accessory  far-reaching
 a shelf covered with books and implications/impact/effects
ornaments  Tourism has had far-reaching effects
on the island's culture.
Lead
 a soft heavy grey metal that melts Impact
easily and is poisonous, used to cover  the effect or influence
roofs, or in the past, for water pipes. It  major/significant/profound etc impact
is a chemical element: symbol Pb  ! Do not say 'cause an impact' on
 Lead- glazed tomb something. Say “have an impact” on
something.
Tomb
 a stone structure above or below the Instigate
ground where a dead person is buried:  1 to make a process start, especially
 ‫مقبره‬ one relating to law or politics:
 the family tomb  Charles instigated a programme of
TPO 1 – 30
reforms. Adapt
 Cause, Fire up  to gradually change your behaviour
 2 to persuade someone do and attitudes in order to be successful
something bad or violent: in a new situation
 He accused union leaders of  flowers which are well adapted to
instigating the disturbances. harsh winters
 The ability to adapt is a definite asset
Cobalt in this job.
 a shiny silver-white metal that is often
combined with other metals or used to
give a blue colour to substances such
Spout
as glass. It is a chemical element:  a small pipe on the side of a container
symbol Co that you pour liquid out through
Whereas
Ore  used to say that although something is
 rock or earth from which metal can be true of one thing, it is not true of
obtained another:
 iron ore  While
 veins of rich ore  The old system was fairly complicated
whereas the new system is really very
muted simple.
 a muted colour or light is soft and
gentle, not bright Merely
 muted pinks and blues  Only
 Just
Stimulate  We're merely good friends.
 provoke
 arouse
 Motivate
Adornment
 Embellishment
 Her interest in art was
stimulated by her father.  Decoration
 the President's plan to stimulate Dragon
economic growth  a large imaginary animal that has
wings and a long tail and can breathe
Notably out fire
 especially, in particular  ‫اژدها‬
 Some early doctors, notably
Hippocrates, thought that diet was Phoenix
important.  a magic bird that is born from a fire,
 in a way that is clearly different, according to ancient stories
important, or unusual  ‫سیمرغ‬
 Notably absent from his statement was
any hint of an apology.
Empress
 a female ruler of an empire, or the wife
of an emperor
TPO 1 – 30
Pomegranate Commission
 ‫انار‬  formally ask someone to write an
official report, a work of art etc
Fertility 
 1 the ability of the land or soil to  The report was commissioned by the
produce good crops Welsh Office.
 2 the ability of a person, animal, or
plant to produce babies, young Reading 2
animals, or seeds [≠ infertility]  Constitute – millennia- undergo –
intervention- immensely- accord –
Bliss interpret- oppose – ambient – infer –
 perfect happiness or enjoyment proxy – embed – glacier – nonetheless
 six months of wedded bliss – intriguing – striking – erratic –
 I didn't have to get up till 11 - it was deliberation – solar - invoke
sheer bliss.
Constitute
Emblem  1 to be considered to be something
 1 a picture, shape, or object that is  The rise in crime constitutes a threat to
used to represent a country, society.
organization [↪ logo]  2 if several people or things constitute
 The national emblem of Canada is a something, they are the parts that form
maple leaf. it:
 2 something that represents an idea,  We must redefine what constitutes a
principle, or situation family.
 Expensive cars are seen as an
emblem of success.
Millennia
 The plural form of millenium (a period
Pine tree of 1000 years)
 ‫درخت کاج‬  people who have inhabited this land
for millennia
Crane
 ‫جرثقیل‬ Undergo
 if you undergo a change, an
Secular unpleasant experience etc, it happens
to you or is done to you
 not connected with or controlled by a
church or other religious authority  The country has undergone massive
changes recently.
 secular education
 He has been released from prison to
 our modern secular society
undergo medical treatment in the
United States.
Imperial
 relating to an empire or to the person Intervention
who rules it  the act of becoming involved in an
 Britain's imperial expansion in the 19th argument, fight, or other difficult
century situation in order to change what
 ‫سلطنتی‬
TPO 1 – 30
happens Infer
 interference  form an opinion that something is
 government intervention to regulate probably true because of information
prices that you have
 A lot can be inferred from these
Immensely statistics.
 Greatly  From the evidence we can infer that
 Extremely the victim knew her killer.
 Very much
 We enjoyed the play immensely Proxy
 if you do something by proxy, you
Accord arrange for someone else to do it for
you
 of somebody's/something's own
 You can vote by proxy.
accord
 2 someone who you choose to
 without being asked or forced to do
represent you, especially to vote for
something
youproxy fora husband acting as
 He decided to go of his own accord.
proxy for his wife

 3 something used to represent
 The door seemed to move of its own something else that you want to
accord. measure
Interpret Embed
 1 translate  Eclose
 They spoke good Spanish, and  Be put into something
promised to interpret for me.
 A piece of glass was embedded in her
 2 believe that something has a hand
particular
 His refusal to work late was interpreted
as a lack of commitment to the Glacier
company.  a large mass of ice which moves
 3 to explain the meaning of slowly down a mountain valley
something:Freud's attempts to
interpret the meaning of dreams Nonetheless
 in spite of
 Nevertheless
Oppose
 The region was extremely beautiful.
 Disagree
Nonetheless Gerard could not imagine
 Dispute spending the rest of his life there.
 Congress is continuing to oppose the  The paintings are complex, but have
President's healthcare budget. plenty of appeal nonetheless.
Ambient Intriguing
 ambient temperature/light / climate etc  something that is intriguing is very
means the temperature etc of the interesting because it is strange,
surrounding area mysterious, or unexpected:
 The magazine carries an intriguing
TPO 1 – 30
mixture of high fashion, gossip and Reading 3

racing.  Lift – Medieval – Key – rural –
expense – fen – reclaim – surplus –
Striking merchant - plentiful – ravages –
 Noticeable peasant – spin – weave – linen – scant
 Unusual and interesting to be easily – remuneration – meager – rye – smelt
noticed – marshal – promissory note – credit -
 a striking contrast between wealth and equivalent – guilder – authorize –
poverty contribute – loan – infusion – stem –
finance – joint stock – cooperation -
Erratic permanent
 something that is erratic does not
follow any pattern or plan but happens lift
in a way that is not regular  Move upward
 arbitrary, irregular, inconsistent  Ascend
 His breathing was becoming erratic.  The lumber was lifted by crane and
 his erratic behaviour dropped into the truck.
Deliberation Medieval
 1 careful consideration or discussion  connected with the Middle Ages (=the
of something: period between about AD 1100 and
 After much deliberation, first prize 1500)
was awarded to Derek Murray.  These spices were first brought to Italy
 2 if you speak or move with from the East in medieval times.
deliberation, you speak or move slowly  a medieval castle
and carefully  ‫قرون وسطی‬
Solar Key
 1 relating to the sun [↪ lunar]  Very important
 a solar eclipse  Principal
 2 using the power of the sun's light  Chief
and heat  key factor/points/questions etc
 solar energy  The President makes all the key
decisions on foreign policy.
Invoke  key role/player/figure etc (=one with
 Call upon a lot of influence on a result)
 if you invoke a law, rule etc, you say  The show has been hit by the
that you are doing something because departure of key personnel
the law allows or forces you to
 to officially ask a person or Rural
organization to do something  happening in or relating to the
 The UN threatened to invoke countryside, not the city [≠ urban
economic sanctions if the talks were  rural bus routes
broken off.
TPO 1 – 30
Expense Ravages
 the amount of money that you spend  the ravages of something
on something  the damage caused by something
 legal/medical/living/travel etc  a building that has survived the
expenses (=the money that you ravages of time
spend for a particular purpose)  the ravages of war
 at great/considerable/vast expense
 Conference rooms were equipped at Peasant
great expense.  a poor farmer who owns or rents a
small amount of land, either in past
Fen times or in poor countries
 Also fenland  Most villagers are peasant farmers.
 an area of low flat wet land, especially
in Eastern England Spin
 Past tense = Spun
Reclaim  to make cotton, wool etc into thread by
 1 to get back an amount of money that twisting it
you have paid [= claim back]
 You may be entitled to reclaim some Weave
tax.  Past tense = Wove
 2 to make an area of desert, wet land  to make cloth, a carpet, a basket etc
etc suitable for farming or building by crossing threads or thin pieces
 This land will be reclaimed for a new under and over each other by hand or
airport. on a loom:
 —reclamation  hand-woven scarves
noun [uncountable]land reclamation  Only a few of the women still weave.
 traditional basket weaving
Surplus
 Excess Linen
 Spare  cloth made from the flax plant, used to
 Leftover make high quality clothes, home
 Any surplus can be trimmed away. decorations etc:
 a linen jacket
 ‫کتان‬
Merchant
 coal/timber etc merchant
 someone whose job is to buy and sell Scant
things  Not enough
 He had a job with a coal merchant.  Meager
 ‫بازرگان‬  Insufficient
 The story has received scant
attention in the press.
Plentiful  They produce goods with scant regard
 Abundant for quality.
 Ample
 a plentiful supply of food
TPO 1 – 30
Remuneration charges)
 (fml) the pay you give someone for  What's the credit limit on your Visa
something they have done for you card?
 high rates of remuneration  credit facilities (=the opportunity to
buy something on credit)
Meager
 a meager amount of food, money etc
Equivalent
is too small and is much less than you  Same, similar, comparable
need  having the same value, purpose, job
 a meager diet of bread and beans etc as a person or thing of a different
 meager income/earnings/wages etc kind
 He supplements his meager income  a qualification which is equivalent to a
by working on Saturdays. degree
 a school with meager resources  I had no dollars, but offered him an
equivalent amount of sterling.
Rye
 a type of grain that is used for making
Guilder
bread  the standard unit of money used in the
Netherlands before the Euro
 rye bread
Authorize
Smelt  Empower
 to melt a rock that contains metal in  to give official permission for
order to remove the metal something
 an authorized biography
Marshal  Napoleon III authorized Haussmann to
 1 to organize your thoughts, ideas etc rebuild Paris.
so that they are clear, effective, or
easy to understand Contribute
 marshal your thoughts/arguments etc  1 to give money, help, ideas etc to
 2 to control or organize a large group something that a lot of other people
 Ginny marshalled her guests in a are also involved in
better position.  The volunteers contribute their own
time to the project.
Promissory Note  2 to help to make something happen
 a document promising to pay money  Stress is a contributing factor in
before a particular date many illnesses.
 ‫سفته‬
Loan
Credit  an amount of money that you borrow
 an arrangement with a shop, bank etc from a bank etc.
that allows you to buy something and  ‫وام‬
pay for it later  I had to take out a loan to buy my car.
 Most new cars are bought on credit.  It'll be years before we've paid off the
 stores offering interest-free loan.
credit (=credit with no interest  I'll get a bank loan if necessary.
TPO 1 – 30
 The average home loan is now

almost triple what it was at the TPO 11
beginning of the Eighties.
 An interest-free loan fund is
available for students Reading 1
 Vital – elite- adopt – distinctive –
Infusion favorable – statuary – statue –
renaissance – frontal - context – rigid
 the act of putting a new feeling or
– cult – manifest – recipient – ritual –
quality into something
divine – decease – enclose- shrine –
 Further education badly needs the
monumental – pylon – pillar - carve –
infusion of more resources.
peg – core – wax – deity – depict –
generic – static – pose – grind – grain
Stem – pot - squat
 stem from something = to develop
as a result of something else
 His headaches stemmed from vision vital
problems  Crucial
 Decisive
Finance  Integral
 Essential
 Verb
 It is vital to be honest with your
 provide money, especially a lot of
spouse.
money, to pay for something [= fund]
 The concerts are financed by the Arts
Council. Elite
 an elite group contains the best, most
Joint Stock skilled or most experienced people or
members of a larger group
 joint-stock company is a company
 an elite group of artists
that is owned by all the people with
shares in it  elite universities
Cooperation Adopt
 Collaboration  adopt an approach/policy/attitude etc
 political co-operation with Britain  to start to deal with or think about
 A study was undertaken in co- something in a particular way
operation with oil companies.  The courts were asked to adopt a
 co-operation between industry and more flexible approach to young
higher education offenders.

Permanent  to formally approve a proposal,
 Constant amendment etc, especially by voting
 Lasting  Congress finally adopted the law after
a two-year debate.
 Enduring
 Perpetual
 [≠ temporary] Distinctive
 The blindness that the disease causes  Different
will be permanent.  Unique
TPO 1 – 30
 a rock band with a distinctive sound  These incidents are best understood in
the broader context of developments
Favorable in rural society
 a favorable report, opinion, or reaction
shows that you think that someone or Rigid
something is good or that you agree  Stiff
with them  Strict
 The response has been  Severe
overwhelmingly favorable.  [≠ flexible]
 2 suitable and likely to make  rigid and authoritarian methods of
something happen or succeed education
 a financial environment that is  She maintained rigid control over her
favorable to job creation emotional life.
Statuary Cult
 (Formal) statues  1 an extreme religious group that is
 a fine collection of Greek statuary not part of an established religion
 2 a fashionable belief, idea, or attitude
that influences people's lives
Statue  Diet, exercise ... It's all part of this cult
 an image of a person or animal that is
of self-improvement.
made in solid material such as stone
or metal and is usually
large[↪ sculpture] Manifest
 Churchill's statue stands outside the  Show, Exhibit
parliament building.  Appear
 A bronze statue was erected in his  The shareholders have manifested
honour. their intention to sell the shares.
 His illness began to manifest itself at
Renaissance around this time
 the Renaissance
 the period of time in Europe between Recipient
14th and 17th centuries, when art,  someone who receives something
literature, philosophy, and scientific  the recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize
ideas became very important and a lot
of new art etc was produced Ritual
 (adj)
Frontal  1 done as part of a rite or ritual
 at or relating to the front part of  ritual dances
something  2 done in a fixed and expected way,
 the frontal armour of the new tanks but without real meaning or sincerity
 The police issued the usual ritual
context apology.
 Background
 Framework Divine
 Environment  coming from or relating to God or a
 Condition god
TPO 1 – 30
 Divine Carve
intervention/providence/revelation  make an object or pattern by cutting a
 divine power piece of wood or stone [↪ carving]
 divine love ‫عشق الهی‬  carve something out of/from
something
Decease  a statue carved from a single block of
 Death marble
 Demise  carved wooden chairs
 On your decease, the house passes to
your wife. Peg
 a short piece of wood, metal, or plastic
Enclose that is attached to a wall or fits into a
 to surround something, especially with hole, used especially to hang things on
a fence or wall, in order to make it or to fasten things
separate  a table fitted together with pegs
 The pool area is enclosed by a six-foot  a pattern made with coloured pegs on
wall. a board
 an enclosed area
Core
Shrine  Center
 a place that is connected with a holy  The most important part
event or holy person, and that people  The core of the book focuses on the
visit to prays period between 1660 and 1857.
 his pilgrimage to the shrine of St John
Wax
Monumental  a solid substance made of fat or oil
 1 a monumental achievement, piece of and used to make candles, polish
work, etc is very important and is etc:
usually based on many years of work  wax crayons
 a monumental contribution to the field
of medicine
 2 [only before noun] relating to a
Deity
monument or built as a monument  a god or goddess
 a monumental arch  the deities of ancient Greece
Pylon Depict
 a tall metal structure that supports  Portray
wires carrying electricity  Describe
 ‫تیر چراغ برق‬  Illustrate
 a book depicting life in pre-
Pillar revolutionary Russia
 a tall upright round post used as a  depict somebody/something as
support for a roof or bridge something
 Eight massive stone pillars supported
the roof.
TPO 1 – 30
Generic  grains of rice

 General  2 small piece
 relating to a whole group of things  [countable] a single very small piece
rather than to one thing of a substance such as sand or salt
 generic term/name (for something)  a grain of sand
 Fine Arts is a generic term for subjects
such as painting, music and sculpture. Pot
 a container used for cooking which is
round, deep, and usually made of
Static metal
 Motionless  There was a big pot of soup on the
 Immobile stove
 Changeless
 Stationary
 [≠ dynamic]
Squat
 to sit with your knees bent under you
 Economists predict that house prices
and your bottom just off the ground,
will remain static for a long period.
balancing on your feet
 squat down
Pose  He squatted down beside the little girl.
 the position in which someone stands
or sits, especially in a painting,
photograph etc
Reading 2
 Orientation – navigation – perplex –
 in a pose
migration – flutter – starling – overcast
 a painting of the Duchess in a
– surmise – apparent – preposterous –
dramatic pose
revolve – compensate – precise –
 Ann struck a pose (=stood or sat in a planetarium – dome – cue – coastline
particular position) and smiled for the - sonar
camera.
Grind Orientation
 past tense and past participle ground  1 the type of activity or subject that a
 Crush person or organization seems most
 Pulverize interested in and gives most attention
 freshly ground pepper to
 Meat grinder ‫چرخ گوشت‬  orientation towards/to
 The company needs to develop a
stronger orientation towards marketing
Grain its products.
 1 food  How can we get students to adopt a
 a) [uncountable] the seeds of crops serious orientation to learning?
such as corn, wheat, or rice that are  2 the angle or position of an object,
gathered for use as food, or these or the direction in which it is facing
crops themselves
 Last year's grain harvest was the Navigation
biggest ever.  1 the science or job of planning which
 b) [countable] a single seed of corn, way you need to go when you are
wheat etc: travelling from one place to another
TPO 1 – 30
 compasses and other instruments of Surmise

navigation  Formal
 2 when someone sails a ship along a  to guess that something is true, using
river or other area of water the information you know already
 Navigation becomes more difficult  surmise that
further up the river.  When he came in, he didn't look up, so
she surmised that he was in a bad
Perplex mood.
 Puzzle  —surmise noun
 Confuse  Charles was glad to have his surmise
 Mix up confirmed.
 Her symptoms perplexed the doctors.
apparent
 Obvious
Migration  Discernible
 1 when large numbers of people go to  It soon became apparent that we had
live in another area or country, a major problem.
especially in order to find work
 It is apparent from scientific studies
 2 when birds or animals travel that the drug has some fairly nasty
regularly from one part of the world to side effects.
another
 He left suddenly, for no apparent
 migratory reason.
 involved in or relating to migration
 migratory birds
Preposterous
 completely unreasonable or silly
Flutter  absurd
 1 if a bird or insect flutters, or if it  Unbelievable
flutters its wings, it flies by moving its
 The whole idea sounds absolutely
wings lightly up and down
preposterous!
 A small bird fluttered past the window.
 2 to make small gentle movements in
the air Revolve
 The flag fluttered in the light breeze.  Rotate
 Turn
 Whirl
Starling  The wheel began to revolve.
 a common bird with shiny black  The restaurant slowly revolves, giving
feathers that lives especially in cities excellent views of the city.
 Using graphics software, you can
Overcast revolve the image on the screen
 dark with clouds
 a chilly overcast day Compensate
 The sky was overcast and a light rain  1 replace or balance the effect of
began to fall. something bad
 Because my left eye is so weak, my
right eye has to work harder to
compensate.
TPO 1 – 30
 compensate for  along/around the coastline

 Her intelligence more than  the sandy hills along the coastline of
compensates for her lack of New England
experience.
 2 pay someone money because they Sonar
have suffered injury, loss, or damage  equipment on a ship or submarine that
 compensate somebody for something uses sound waves to find out the
 The firm will compensate workers for position of objects under the water
their loss of earnings.
Reading 3
Precise  Beg – impose – nestling – cheep –
 Exact peep – hawk – swallow – warbler –
 Accurate species – conceal – derive –
 It was difficult to get precise worthwhile – offspring – feed –
information. intensity – deprived – robin - vigorous
 'She's a lot older than you, isn't she?'
'Fifteen years, to be precise.'
Beg
 Ask (for money/food/HELP …)
Planetarium  She begged and pleaded with them
 a building where lights on a curved until they finally agreed.
ceiling show the movements of planets  The children begged to come with us.
and stars  The old man went from door to door
begging for food.
Dome  if a dog begs, it sits up with its front
legs off the ground
 1 a round roof on a building
 2 a shape or building like a ball cut in
half Impose
 Set
 Place
Cue  Force
 an action or event that is a signal for  impose something on
something else to happen somebody/something
 cue for  parents who impose their own moral
 Our success was the cue for other values on their children
companies to press ahead with new  The court can impose a fine.
investment.
 somebody's cue to do something
 I think that's my cue to explain why I'm
Nestling
here.  a very young bird that cannot leave its
nest because it is not yet able to fly
Coastline Cheep
 the land on the edge of the coast,  if a young bird cheeps, it makes a
especially the shape of this land as weak, high noise
seen from the air  chicks cheeping for food
 California's rugged coastline  —cheep noun [countable]
 a beautiful stretch of coastline
TPO 1 – 30
Peep  Many students derived enormous

 a short high sound, like the sound a satisfaction from the course.
mouse or a young bird makes
 the peep of a chick Worthwhile
 loud peeps from the smoke alarm  if something is worthwhile, it is
important or useful, or you gain
something from it:
Hawk  He wanted to do a worthwhile job.
 a large bird that hunts and eats small  We decided to give the money to a
birds and animals worthwhile cause (=one that helps
people).
Swallow  it is worthwhile to do something
 a small black and white bird that  I thought it was worthwhile to clarify
comes to northern countries in the the matter.
summer  it is worthwhile doing something
 It wasn't worthwhile continuing with the
Warbler project.
 a bird that can make musical sounds
Offspring
Species  1 someone's child or children - often
 species plural species [countable] used humorously
 a group of animals or plants whose  a young mother trying to control her
members are similar and can breed offspring
together to produce young animals or  2 an animal's baby or babies
plants  a lion and its offspring
 Seven species of birds of prey have
been observed. Feed
 pandas and other endangered  give nourishment to a baby , an
species (=ones that may soon no animal, plants , …
longer exist)  Supply
 Have you fed the cat?
Conceal  They were fed well on her mother's
 Hide home cooking.
 Disguise  Feed the tomatoes once a week.
 The shadows concealed her as she
crept up to the house. Intensity
 a concealed weapon  1 the quality of being felt very strongly
 She was taking drugs and trying to or having a strong effect
conceal it from me  The intensity of the hurricane was
frightening.
Derive  2 the quality of being serious and
 Gain / Acquire having very strong feelings or opinions
 derive something from something  He spoke with great intensity.
 Medically, we will derive great benefit  3 [technical ] the strength of something
from this technique. such as light or sound
 derive pleasure/enjoyment etc  an instrument which measures light
intensity
TPO 1 – 30

Deprived
not having the things that are TPO 12
necessary for a comfortable or happy
life
 Deprived children tend to do less well
Reading 1
at school.  Stencil – dominant – assist – befit –
engraving - rib – Neolithic – yew –
 deprived areas/neighbourhoods
preserve – Alpine – spiral – flake –
etc (=where a lot of deprived people
crescent – cortex – criterion –
live)
preferential – cerebral - asymmetrical
 our deprived inner cities
Robin Stencil
 1 a small European bird with a red  1 a piece of plastic, metal, or paper in
breast and brown back which designs or letters have been cut
 out, that you put over a surface and
 2 a North American bird like a paint over, so that the design is left on
European robin, but larger the surface
 2 a design made on something using a
stencil
Vigorous
 Energetic
 Dynamic Dominant
 Spirited  Superior
 Your dog needs at least 20 minutes of  Controlling
vigorous exercise every day.  Predominant
 Vigorous efforts are being made to find  ‫غالب‬
a solution to the problem.  Japan became dominant in the mass
market during the 1980s.
 its dominant position within the
group
Assist
 Help
 Aid
 assist (somebody) with/in something
 You will be employed to assist in the
development of new equipment.
Befit
 to be proper or suitable for someone
or something
 As befits a castle of such national
importance, there are many stories
connected with its history.
TPO 1 – 30
Engraving general
 1 a picture made by cutting a design  breathtaking alpine scenery
into metal, putting ink on the metal,  alpine flowers
and then printing it  alpine skiing
 2 the skill of engraving things
 ‫حکاکی‬ Spiral
 to move in a continuous curve that
Rib gets nearer to or further from its
 one of the 12 pairs of curved bones central point as it goes round
that surround your chest  spiral to/around etc
 She was taken to hospital with a  The damaged plane spiralled to the
broken arm and ribs. ground.
 He was punched and kicked in the
ribs. Flake
 a small thin piece that breaks away
Neolithic easily from something else
 relating to the last period of the Stone  flake of
Age, about 10,000 years ago, when  flakes of snow
people began to live together in small  chocolate flakes
groups and make stone tools and
weapons
Crescent
 a Neolithic burial ground
 a curved shape that is wider in the
middle and pointed at the ends
Yew  ‫هاللی شکل‬
 a tree with dark green leaves and red  a small crescent of pastry topped with
berries, or the wood of this tree cheese
 ‫درخت سرخ دار‬  a crescent moon
Preserve
 1 to save something or someone from
Cortex
being harmed or  the outer layer of an organ in your
body, especially your brain
destroyed[↪ preservation]
 We must encourage the planting of
new trees and preserve our existing Criterion
woodlands.  a standard that you use to judge
 2 to make something continue without something or make a decision about
changing something
 the responsibility of the police to  the criteria we use to select candidates
preserve the peace  a universal set of criteria for
 3 to store food for a long time after diagnosing patients
treating it so that it will not decay  meet/satisfy/fulfil criteria
 black olives preserved in brine  To qualify for a grant, students must
satisfy certain criteria.
Alpine
 relating to the Alps (=a mountain range
in central Europe) or to mountains in
TPO 1 – 30
Preferential So far
 preferential treatment, rates etc are  Until now
deliberately different in order to give  Thus far
an advantage to particular people  Her political career so far had
 preferential credit terms for reliable remained unblemished.
borrowers
Regard
Cerebral  Consider
 1 medical relating to or affecting your  to think about someone or something
brain in a particular way
 a cerebral haemorrhage (=bleeding  regard somebody/something as
in the brain) something
 2 having or involving complicated  Paul seemed to regard sex as sinful
ideas rather than strong emotions and immoral.
 a cerebral film  Edith was widely regarded
as (=considered by many people to
be)eccentric.
Asymmetrical  His work is highly
 1 having two sides that are different in
regarded (=regarded as very good) by
shape [≠ symmetrical]
art experts.
 asymmetrical patterns
 2 formal not equal [≠ symmetrical]
Watershed
 an event or time when important
Reading 2 changes happen in history or in your
 Transition – So far – Regard – life[= turning point]
watershed – paradox – modest –  The 1932 election represented a
accompaniment – elaborate – aural – watershed in American politics.
craft – premier – overshadow –
 watershed decision/case etc
startling – synchronize - invariably –
 a watershed case on pension rights
neglect – off the mark – revitalize –
rough – prohibitive – triumph - swift
Paradox
 Contradiction
Transition  It's a paradox that in such a rich
 Change country there can be so much poverty.
 Shift
 Transformation Modest
 Metamorphosis
 1 not proud
 transition from something to something
 someone who is modest does not
 the smooth transition from full-time want to talk about their abilities or
work to full retirement achievements [≠ immodest, boastful]
 Making the transition from youth to  modest about
adulthood can be very painful.
 You're too modest! You've been a
 a society that is in huge help to us.
transition (=changing)
 2 not big
 not very great, big, or expensive
TPO 1 – 30
 She had saved a modest amount of  Rossini's work had its premiere at the
money. Paris Opera.
 The new service proved a modest  a movie premiere
success.  the play's world premiere (=the first
 a modest house with a small garden performance in the world)
 his modest ambitions
Overshadow
Accompaniment  1 to make someone or something else
 music that is played in the seem less important
background at the same time as  Her interest in politics began to
another instrument or singer that plays overshadow her desire to be a poet.
or sings the main tune  The achievement of the men's team
 piano/orchestral/organ/guitar etc was overshadowed by the continuing
accompaniment success of the women's team.
 He plays folk music with guitar  2 to make an occasion or period of
accompaniment. time less enjoyable by making people
 to the accompaniment of something feel sad or worried
 An elderly man puffed on a trumpet to  The threat of war overshadowed the
the accompaniment of drums and summer of 1939.
piano.  3 if a tall building, mountain etc
overshadows a place, it is very close
Elaborate to it and much taller than it
 Intricate  a dark valley overshadowed by
 Complicated towering peaks
 Carefully planned
 pure silks embroidered with elaborate Startling
patterns  Astounding
 a very elaborate telecommunications  Surprising
network  Paddy's words had a startling effect on
the children.
Aural  a startling discovery
 relating to the sense of hearing, or
someone's ability to understand Synchronize
sounds  to happen at exactly the same time, or
 an aural stimulus to arrange for two or more actions to
happen at exactly the same time
Craft  synchronize something with something
 to make something using a special  Businesses must synchronize their
skill, especially with your hands production choices with consumer
 Each doll is crafted individually by choices.
specialists.  —synchronization
 a hand-crafted silver cigar case noun [uncountable]
Premiere invariably
 the first public performance of a film,  Always
play, or piece of music  It invariably rains when I go there.
TPO 1 – 30
 The security guards were invariably Prohibitive

ex-servicemen.  1 prohibitive costs are so high that
they prevent people from buying or
Neglect doing something
 Disregard  The cost of land in Tokyo is prohibitive.
 fail to look after someone or  2 Restrictive , a prohibitive rule
something properly prevents people from doing things
 Many of these ideas have been  prohibitive regulations
neglected by modern historians.
 The police officer was accused of Triumph
neglecting his duty (=not doing  1 an important victory or success after
everything he should). a difficult struggle
 Winning the championship is a great
Off the mark personal triumph.
 Inaccurate  the triumph over hardship
 Not correct  2 a feeling of pleasure and
 The evaluation was off the mark. satisfaction that you get from victory or
success
 a shout of triumph
Revitalize
 to put new strength or power into Swift
something [↪ revive]  Very fast
 They hope to revitalize the  Rapid
neighborhood by providing better  Speedy
housing.
 My letter received a swift reply.
 a revitalizing massage
 She shot a swift glance at Paul.
 A swift runner
Rough  She wiped her tears away in one swift
 1not smooth movement.
 having an uneven surface [≠ smooth]
 Her hands were rough from hard work. Reading 3
 the rough terrain at the base of the  Flat – depression – arid – sustain – slit
mountains. – inhabitant – discharge – intervention
 2not exact – irrigate – limestone – massif –
 not exact, not containing many conglomerate – seep – leak - saline
details, or not in a final
form [= approximate]
 Could you give me a rough idea what
Flat
time you'll be home?  an area of land that is at a low level,
 a rough estimate of the cost especially near water
 3problems/difficulties  mud flats
 a rough period is one in which you  ‫فالت‬
have a lot of problems or
difficulties [= tough] Depression
 a part of a surface that is lower than
the other parts
TPO 1 – 30
 depressions in the ground situation in order to change what

 ‫تو رفتگی زمین‬ happens
 government intervention to regulate
Arid prices
 Barren
 arid land or an arid climate is very dry Irrigate
because it has very little rain  1 to supply land or crops with water
 Water from the Great Lakes is pumped  The water in Lake Powell is used to
to arid regions. irrigate the area.
 irrigated land/farms/crops
Sustain  2 technical to wash a wound with a
 Maintain flow of liquid
 Preserve  —irrigation noun [uncountable]
 Keep up  major irrigation projects
 She found it difficult to sustain the  ‫آبیاری کردن‬
children's interest.
 He was incapable of sustaining close Limestone
relationships with women.  a type of rock that contains calcium
 ‫سنگ آهک‬
Slit
 a long straight narrow cut or hole Massif
 light shining through a slit in the door  a group of mountains forming one
 a skirt with a slit up the side large solid shape
 ‫شکاف‬
Conglomerate
Inhabitant  a rock consisting of different sizes of
 Dweller stones held together by clay
 one of the people who live in a
particular place Seep
 a city of six million inhabitants  1 to flow slowly through small holes or
spaces
Discharge  seep into/through/down etc
 to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or  Blood seeped down his leg.
to allow it to escape  2 to move or spread gradually
 discharge something into something  seep away/into/through etc
 Sewage is discharged directly into the  His tension was seeping away.
sea.
 discharge into Leak
 Rainwater collects here and then  if a container, pipe, roof etc leaks, or if
discharges into the river Kennett. it leaks gas, liquid etc, there is a small
hole or crack in it that lets gas or liquid
flow through
Intervention
 The roof is leaking.
 the act of becoming involved in an
 A tanker is leaking oil off the coast of
argument, fight, or other difficult
Scotland.
TPO 1 – 30
Saline Cohesive
 containing or consisting of salt  United, adhesive, tenacious
 Salty  a cohesive community
 saline solution  Historically, sport has been a cohesive
 ‫ شور‬- ‫نمکین‬ force in international relations.
Predominate
 Be the most important, dominate,
govern, manage, outweigh
TPO 13  Pine trees predominate in this area of
forest.
 In this type of case, the rights of the
parent predominate.
Reading 1
Entail
Companionship  Require, result in, involve, necessitate
 Friendship, accompaniment,  A new computer system entails a lot of
togetherness re-training.
 when you are with someone you enjoy  Some foreign travel is entailed in the
being with, and are not alone: job.
 When Stan died, I missed his  The journey will entail changing trains
companionship. twice.
Endowing Impersonal
 Bestow, donate,  Cold, unfriendly, indifferent
 1 to make someone or something  Business letters do not have to be
have a particular quality, or to believe impersonal and formal.
that they have it:  Sometimes she seems a very
 Her resistance to the Nationalists impersonal, even unkind, mother.
endowed her with legendary status.  I hate staying in hotels; they're so
 2 be endowed with something to impersonal.
naturally have a good feature or  a formal and impersonal style of
quality: management
 She was endowed with good looks.
 3 to give someone something Gripe
 Complaint, objection, ache
Distinguish  Joe came in griping about how cold it
 Tell the difference, differentiate, was.
discriminate, recognize, identify
 His attorney argued that Cope could
not distinguish between right and Mill
wrong.  Move around
 The factor that distinguishes this  if a lot of people mill around, they
company from the competition is move around a place in different
customer service. directions without any particular
purpose:
TPO 1 – 30
 Crowds of students were milling  a shy woman who shunned

around in the street. publicity
 There were a lot of people milling  Victims of the disease found
around the entrance. themselves shunned by society.
Disperse Dispense
 Distribute, scatter, spread  Allocate, allot, distribute, give
 Police used tear gas to disperse the  Villagers dispensed tea to visitors.
crowd.  a machine for dispensing cash
 The clouds dispersed as quickly as
they had gathered.
Ostracize
 Exile, banish, exclude, expel, shun,
Subtle  She was afraid that if she spoke up
 Nice, quiet, delicate, her colleagues would ostracize her.
 not easy to notice or understand  He was ostracized by the other
unless you pay careful attention [≠ students.
obvious]:
 The pictures are similar, but there are
subtle differences between them. Proximity
 The warning signs of the disease are  Closeness, adjacency, nearness
so subtle that they are often ignored.  We chose the house for its proximity to
 I think we need a more subtle the school
approach.  the proximity of the Bahamas to the
 a subtle plan States
 Here the rich and the poor live in
close proximity (=very near to each
Interlocking other).
 Interlink, intertwine
 if two or more things interlock, or if
they are interlocked, they fit firmly rapport
together:  Understanding, empathy, sympathy,
 a puzzle with 500 interlocking pieces relationship
 rapport with/between
Deviate  He had an excellent rapport with his
 Stay from normal path, diverge, differ patients.
 The plane had to deviate from its  establish/build up/develop (a) rapport
normal flight path.  He built up a good rapport with the
children.
Detract
 Draw away Reading 2
 to make something seem less good:
 One mistake is not going to detract
from your achievement.
Lunar
 Moony, related to moon
 studies of the lunar surface
Shun  a lunar eclipse
 Avoid, ignore,
TPO 1 – 30
Cues  persistent headaches

 Hint, suggestion, clue, signal  a persistent problem
 Our success was the cue for other  persistent rain
companies to press ahead with new  If she hadn't been so persistent she
investment. might not have gotten the job.
 I think that's my cue to explain why I'm  persistent efforts
here.  Persistent offenders (=people who
often break the law) face a prison
sentence.
Fungus
 a simple type of plant that has no
leaves or flowers and that grows on Deprived
plants or other surfaces. mushrooms  Keep away or take away sth wanted or
and mould are both fungi. needed, strip,
 ‫قارچ‬  to prevent someone from having
something, especially something that
they need or should have:
Intentional  A lot of these children have been
 Deliberate, on purpose deprived of a normal home life.
 I did trip him, but it wasn't intentional.  ‫محروم کردن‬
Orbit Circadian
 to travel in a curved path around a  relating to a period of 24 hours, used
much larger object such as the Earth, especially when talking about changes
the sun etc: in people's bodies:
 The satellite orbits the Earth every 48  the body's circadian rhythm
hours.
Precision
Attest  Exactness, rigor, attention, care,
 Affirm, vouch for, demonstrate,  The work was carried out with military
indicate, show, verify precision (=the work was done in a
 Luxurious furnishings attested to the carefully planned and exact way).
wealth of the owner.
Disorienting
Crayfish  confused and not understanding what
 shellfish is happening around you
 a small animal like a lobster  2 confused about where you are or
that lives in rivers and streams, or which direction you should go:
the meat from this animal  When he emerged into the street, he
was completely disoriented.
Crab
 ‫خرچنگ‬ Drift
 change
Persistent  a drift towards longer working hours
 Determined, insistent, resolute,
tenacious, continuous Squirrels
 persistent rumours  ‫سنجاب‬
TPO 1 – 30
Burst  Tax cuts provided the stimulus which

 explosion the slow economy needed.
 a burst in the water pipe  stimulus to
 a short sudden effort or increase in  The discovery of oil acted as a
activity stimulus to industrial development.
 burst of
 The van gave a sudden burst of Potent
speed.  Effective, powerful, forceful, strong,
 b) a short sudden and usually loud robust, vigorous, influential
sound  potent drugs
 a potent symbol of oppression
Pigeon  Advertising is a potent force in
 ‫کبوتر‬ showing smoking as a socially
acceptable habit.
 A good company pension scheme
Compass remains a potent weapon for
 an instrument that shows directions attracting staff.
and has a needle that always points  2 powerful and effective:
north:  The treaty requires them to get rid of
 a map and compass their most potent weapons.
 ‫قطب نما‬
Perception
interrupt  Understanding, idea, knowledge,
 Bother, interfere, break, cut, halt notion
 My studies were interrupted by the  children's perceptions of the world
war.  the public perception of the
government's performance
sustain
 Keep up, maintain Prior to
 She found it difficult to sustain the  Before, previous
children's interest.  You do not need any prior knowledge
 He was incapable of sustaining close of the subject.
relationships with women.  Changes may not be made without the
 the policies necessary to sustain prior approval of the council.
economic growth  Vegetarian meals are provided by prior
 agreement.
 Some prior experience with the
software is needed.
Reading 3
Blinking
Neonate  Flash, sparkle
 Infant, baby  to shut and open your eyes quickly:
 I blinked as I came out into the
Stimuli sunlight.
 if lights blink, they shine unsteadily or
 Provocation, encouragement,
go on and off quickly:
incentive, motivation, stimulus
TPO 1 – 30
 The light on your answering machine pacifier

is blinking.  a rubber object that you give a baby to
suck so that it does not cry
Respiration
 breathing vogue
 Fashion
Elicit  Short skirts are very much in vogue
 Draw out, extract, just now.
 When her knock elicited no  Suntanning first came into vogue
response, she opened the door in the mid-1930s.
and peeped in.
 elicit something from somebody
 The test uses pictures to elicit words
olfactory
from the child.  Odorous, aromatic,
 connected with the sense of smell:
 the olfactory cells in the nose
verbalize
 Articulate, express, converse, say
 Urge your child to verbalize his
feelings.
assess
 Evaluate, determine, judge TPO 14
 a report to assess the impact of
advertising on children
 The technique is being tried in
Reading 1
classrooms to assess what effects it
may have Accuse
 Many of the adults were assessed as  Allege, blame, charge, indict
having learning difficulties.  to say that you believe someone is
guilty of a crime or of doing something
bad
devise  accuse somebody of (doing)
 Design ,concoct, invent, make, create something
 She devised a method for quicker  He was accused of murder.
communications between offices.  Smith accused her of lying.
 The professor stands accused of
apparatus (=has been accused of) stealing his
 Equipment, device, means student's ideas and publishing them.
 Astronauts have special breathing
apparatus. offset
 The tax will require a massive  Compensate, balance,
administrative apparatus.  Cuts in prices for milk, butter, and
 The state apparatus has become cheese will be offset by direct
corrupt. payments to farmers.
 the apparatus of government  offset something against something
TPO 1 – 30
 He was able to offset his travel we were close friends.

expenses against tax.  It is no exaggeration to say that
everyone will be affected by the new
policy.
Outlook  The situation can be described,
 Point of view, perspective, vision without exaggeration, as disastrous.
 He's got a good outlook on life.
 Exercise will improve your looks and
your outlook.
Ill-equipped
 Unfit, inadequate, inappropriate
 not having the necessary equipment or
verify skills for a particular situation or
 Confirm, validate, activity
 A computer program verifies that the  ill-equipped to do something
system is working.  The rebels were ill-equipped to cope
 American forces will remain to verify with Western weapons and forces.
compliance with the treaty.  ill-equipped for
 2 to state that something is true [=  Their army is ill-equipped for modern
confirm]: warfare.
 His statement was verified by several
witnesses. Counterbalance
 Counteract, offset
Commission  to have an equal and opposite effect to
 1 [countable] a group of people something such as a change, feeling
who have been given the official job of etc:
finding out about something or  Riskier investments tend to be
controlling something: counterbalanced by high rewards.
 The Government set up a
commission to investigate conflate
allegations of police violence.  Merge, amalgamate, unite
 commission on  to combine two or more things to form
 the Royal Commission on a single new thing:
Environmental Pollution  He conflates two images from Kipling's
 2 [uncountable and countable] an short stories in the film.
extra amount of money that is paid to
a person or organization according to
the value of the goods they have sold blend
or the services they have provided:  Composite, mix, combine
 The dealer takes a 20% commission  a story that blends fact and legend
on the sales he makes.  Blend the sugar, eggs, and flour.
Exaggeration credible
 Believable, conceivable,
 Overstatement, embellishment,
 He was unable to give a credible
hyperbole,
explanation for his behaviour.
 a statement or way of saying
 Her excuse was barely credible.
something that makes something
seem better, larger etc than it really is:
 It would be an exaggeration to say that
TPO 1 – 30
Disclaimer surrounded by water but joined to a

 repudiation large area of land:
 a statement that you are not  the Korean peninsula
responsible for or involved with
something, or that you do not know Presumably
about it - used especially in advertising  Likely, probably, supposedly
or legal agreements  It's raining, which presumably means
that your football match will be
cancelled.
Adept
 Adroit, deft, skilled, skillful
 Melissa quickly became adept at
exhaust
predicting his moods.  Use up
 Silas proved adept in the art of  to use all of something [= use up]:
avoiding potholes in the road.  We are in danger of exhausting
 I'm afraid she's also an adept liar. the world's oil supply.
 Having exhausted all other
possibilities, I asked Jan to look
Attribute after the baby
 Feature, characteristic, trait
 What attributes should a good
manager possess?
Porous
 Penetrable, permeable, pervious,
 porous material, soil
Endorse
 Support, authorize, advocate, approve,
confirm, cenote
 The Prime Minister is unlikely to  a natural pit, or sinkhole
endorse this view.
Limestone
Reading 2  ‫سنگ اهک‬
Equatorial prolong
 Tropic, tropical,  Continue, extend, perpetuate,
 near the equator: lengthen
 equatorial rainforests  I was trying to think of some way to
 equatorial weather is very hot and prolong the conversation.
wet:
 an equatorial climate
Sealed
 ‫استوایی‬
 Secured, closed, fixed
 a sealed container
Karst  ‫مهر و موم شده‬
 Karst topography is a geological
formation shaped by the dissolution of Terrain
a layer or layers of soluble bedrock  Land, ground, territory, region
 a particular type of land:
Peninsula  rocky terrain
 a piece of land almost completely
TPO 1 – 30
Excavate Basin
 Dig up, scrape, unearth,  an area of land that is lower at the
 Schliemann excavated the ancient city centre than at the edges, especially
of Troy. one from which water runs down into a
river:
Leak  the Amazon basin
 Opening, seepage,
 a small hole that lets liquid or gas flow Reading 3
into or out of something:
 There is a leak in the ceiling. Profound
 The boat had sprung a leak (=a  Intellectual, thoughtful, deep,
hole had appeared in it). philosophical,
 Tolstoy's experiences of war had a
Plastering profound effect on his work.
 to put a wet, usually sticky substance  The mother's behaviour has a
all over a surface so that it is thickly profound impact on the developing
covered child.
 to completely cover a surface with  profound changes in society
something, especially large pieces of
paper, pictures etc
 plaster something with something
Pastoralist
 Shepherd, herdsman, herder,
 The windows were plastered with
 ‫چوپان‬
notices.
 The news of the wedding was
plastered all over the papers (=was Archaeology
the main story in the newspapers).  the study of ancient societies by
 ‫گچ اندود کردن‬ examining what remains of their
buildings, graves, tools etc
Reservoir
 Repository, basin, container, lake, Distinctive
pond, pool,  Different, unique,
 a lake, especially an artificial one,  a rock band with a distinctive sound
where water is stored before it is
supplied to people's houses Millennium
 2 a large amount of something that
 a period of 1000 years:
is available and has not yet been used
 people who have inhabited this land
 reservoir of
for millennia
 She found she had reservoirs of
unexpected strength.
Warfare
 Battle, armed conflict
Catchment
 the realities of modern warfare
 the area that a river or lake gets water
from
Striking
 Extraordinary, eye-catching,
fascinating, noticeable
TPO 1 – 30
 a dark man with striking features  A lot of families cannot even afford to
 a striking contrast between wealth and buy the basic necessities of life.
poverty
Nomadist
Carnivore  Migrant, wanderer,
 an animal that eats flesh  a member of a tribe that travels from
 someone who eats meat vs. place to place instead of living in one
vegetarian place all the time, usually in order to
find grass for their animals
Exploit
 to treat someone unfairly by asking
Territory
them to do things for you, but giving  Domain, region, area, district, terrain
them very little in return - used to show  Hong Kong became Chinese territory
disapproval: in 1997.
 Homeworkers can easily be exploited  The plane was flying over enemy
by employers. territory.
 2 to try to get as much as you can
out of a situation, sometimes unfairly: Linguistic
 The violence was blamed on thugs  related to language, words, or
exploiting the situation. linguistics:
 3 to use something fully and  a child's linguistic development
effectively:
 The new TV companies are fully Ancestral
exploiting the potential of satellite  Familial, tribal, related to previous
transmission. family
breed Expansionism
 if animals breed, they mate in  when a country or group increases the
order to have babies: amount of land or power that they
 Eagles breed during the cooler months have - used especially to show
of the year. disapproval:
 2 [transitive]TAHB to keep  military expansionism
animals or plants in order to produce
babies or new plants, especially ones
with particular qualities:
Forage
 to go around searching for food or
 These dogs were originally bred in
other supplies
Scotland to round up sheep.
 forage for
 People are being forced to forage for
Necessity food and fuel.
 Need, essentiality, requirement  In the summer, the goats forage freely
 She saw books as a necessity, not a (=in any place they want to go).
luxury.
 A car is an absolute necessity if you Hereditary
live in the country.  Genetic, inherited
 the basic/bare necessities  1HBM a quality or illness that is
TPO 1 – 30
hereditary is passed from a parent to a Contradiction

child before the child is born [↪  Disagreement, conflict, dispute,
genetic] paradox
 2 a hereditary position, rank,  a difference between two statements,
or title can be passed from an older to beliefs, or ideas about something that
a younger person in the same family, means they cannot both be true:
usually when the older one dies:  apparent contradictions in the
defendant's testimony
Hierarchy  contradiction between
 Order, ranking  a contradiction between the
 a system of organization in which government's ideas and its actual
people or things are divided into levels policy
of importance:
 a rigid social hierarchy Feat
 She worked her way up through the  Achievement, accomplishment,
corporate hierarchy to become  They climbed the mountain in 28 days,
president.
a remarkable feat.
 2 the most important and powerful  the woman who performed the feat of
members of an organization: sailing around the world alone
 the church hierarchy
 ‫سلسله مراتب‬
Bask
 Lie in sunlight, sunbathe
 Tenerife was basking in afternoon
sunshine as they arrived.
 Lizards were basking in the morning
TPO15 sun.
Reading 1 Proportionate
 Appropriately, correspondingly,
accordingly,
Turtle  The punishment should be
 ‫الک پشت‬ proportionate to the crime.
Chilly Bulk
 Cold, icy, frosty  Size, largeness, volume
 a chilly November morning  The bulk of consumers are based in
towns.
 the great bulk of a building
Reptile  The dough will rise until it is double in
 a type of animal, such as a snake or bulk.
lizard, whose body temperature
changes according to the temperature
around it, and that usually lays eggs to sheer
have babies  the sheer weight/size etc used to
 ‫خزنده‬ emphasize that something is very
heavy, large etc
TPO 1 – 30
 the sheer weight/size etc of Flipper

 The sheer size of the country makes  a flat part on the body of some large
communications difficult. sea animals such as seals, that
they use for swimming
Gigantothermy
 is a phenomenon with significance in Blade
biology and paleontology, whereby  Cutting tool
large, bulky ectothermic animals are  the flat cutting part of a tool or weapon
more easily able to maintain a [↪ edge]
constant, relatively high body  blade of
temperature
 The blade of the knife flashed in the
moonlight.
insulate  a razor blade
 Protect, shield 
 to cover or protect something with a Compromising
material that stops electricity, sound,

heat etc from getting in or out

 insulate something from/against
something Vessels
 Pipes may need insulating against the  1 formal a ship or large boat:
cold.  a fishing vessel
 an insulated attic  2 technical a vein in your
body:
 a burst blood vessel
Blubber  3 old use a container for
 the fat of sea animals, especially holding liquids
whales
Gull
Equivalent  a large common black and white sea
 Same, similar, equal, identical bird that lives near the sea [= seagull]
 a qualification which is equivalent to a
degree
 I had no dollars, but offered him an
Floe
equivalent amount of sterling.  an area of ice floating in the sea, that
has broken off from a larger mass
Beneath
 Below, underneath
Hatchlings
 a hatchling is a newly hatched(f an
 The dolphins disappeared beneath the
egg hatches, or if it is hatched, it
waves.
breaks, letting the young bird, insect
 Jo enjoyed feeling the warm sand
etc come out) fish, amphibian, reptile,
beneath her feet.
or bird
 He was standing on the bridge looking
at the river beneath.
 Some roofs collapsed beneath the Immense
weight of (=unable to support the  Huge, enormous
weight of) so much snow.  People who travel by rail still read an
TPO 1 – 30
immense amount. Drastic

 Regular visits from a social worker can  Severe, extreme, harsh
be of immense value to old people  drastic cuts in government
living alone. spending
 Drastic changes are needed if
Reading 2 environmental catastrophe is to be
avoided.
Interval
 Break, pause, Recur
 He left the room, returning after a short  Happen again, reappear,
interval with a message.  There is a danger that the disease
may recur.
Permian  Love is a recurring theme in the
 The Permian is a geologic period and book.
system which extends from 298.9 ±
0.2 to 252.2 ± 0.5. It is the last period Deflect
of the Paleozoic Era, following the
 Divert
Carboniferous Period and preceding
the Triassic Period of the Mesozoic  if someone or something deflects
something that is moving, or if it
deflects, it turns in a different direction:
Perished  He deflected the blow with his
 feeling very cold: forearm.
 I wish I'd brought a jacket - I'm  2 [transitive] to do something to
perished! stop people paying attention to you,
criticizing you etc
Fad  deflect something (away) from
 something that people like or do for a something
short time, or that is fashionable for a  his attempts to deflect attention
short time: away from his private life
 Interest in organic food is not a fad, it's  The committee is seeking to deflect
here to stay. criticism by blaming me.
Simultaneous Devastate
 Concurrent, happening at the same  Demolish, destroy
time  Rob was devastated by the news of
 Up to twenty users can have her death.
simultaneous access to the system.  The city centre was devastated by the
 The speeches will be broadcast live, bomb.
with simultaneous translation
(=immediate translation, as the person
is speaking) into English. Asteroid
 one of the many small planets
that move around the sun,
Paleontology especially between Mars and Jupiter
 the study of fossils (=ancient
bones, plants etc that have been
preserved in rock)
TPO 1 – 30
Collide  We would need their agreement to

 Slam, bang, hit build outside the city boundary.
 A car and a van collided on the  The stream curves round to mark the
motorway. boundary of his property.
 Two trains collided head-on (=when
they were moving directly towards Anomaly
each other).  Abnormality, oddity, deviation,
irregularity
Spew  In those days, a woman professor was
 eject still an anomaly.
 to flow out of something quickly in
large quantities, or to make something Crater
flow out in this way:  a round hole in the ground made
 Factory chimneys spewed fumes out by something that has fallen on it or by
into the sky. an explosion:
 craters on the moon's surface
 2 THE the round open top of a
Debris volcano
 Litter, waste, remains,
 the pieces of something that are left
after it has been destroyed in an
Quartz
accident, explosion etc:  a hard mineral substance that is used
 She was hit by flying debris from in making electronic watches and
the blast. clocks:
 quartz crystals
 a quartz watch
Starvation
 Hunger, famine, deprivation
 people dying of starvation Reading 3
Glacier
Herbivore  a large mass of ice which moves
 an animal that only eats plants slowly down a mountain valley
 ‫یخچال طبیعی‬
Sedimentary
 made of the solid substances that Accumulate
settle at the bottom of the sea, rivers,  Compile, hoard, gather, amass
lakes etc:  It is unjust that a privileged few should
 sedimentary rock continue to accumulate wealth.
 sedimentary deposits
hexagonal
Boundary  Six-sided
 Border, edge, line
 The Mississippi River forms a natural Lessen
boundary between Iowa and Illinois.  Lower, reduce, decrease, diminish,
 National boundaries are becoming dwindle,
increasingly meaningless in the global  Exercise lessens the risk of heart
economy. disease.
TPO 1 – 30
Granule evaporates it, it changes into a gas:

 Grain, corn  Most of the water had evaporated.
 a small hard piece of something:  The sun evaporates moisture on the
 coffee granules leaves.
Firn Calving
 a type of snow that has been left over  breaking off of chunks of ice at the
from past seasons and has been edge of a glacier
recrystallized
Chunks
flake  1 a large thick piece of something
 a small thin piece that breaks away that does not have an even shape:
easily from something else  ice chunks
 flake of  chunk of
 flakes of snow  a chunk of bread
 chocolate flakes  2 a large part or amount of
 something:
 The rent takes a large chunk out of my
outward monthly salary.
 external  chunk of
 The economy and outward  A huge chunk of the audience got up
appearance of the area have and left before the end of the show.
changed considerably.
 His clenched fist was the only
outward sign of his anger. Surplus
 Extra, excess
 a surplus of crude oil
Precipitation
 Rain, rainfall, snow, snowfall
Deceive
 Mislead, fool, cheat,
Exceed  to make someone believe something
 surpass that is not true [= trick; ↪ deception]:
 to be more than a particular number or  He had been deceived by a young
amount: man claiming to be the son of a
 Working hours must not exceed 42 millionaire.
hours a week.  deceive somebody into doing
 His performance exceeded our something
expectations.  He tried to deceive the public into
 2SCC to go beyond what rules or thinking the war could still be won.
laws say you are allowed to do:  deceive somebody about something
 He was fined for exceeding the speed  I wouldn't deceive you about anything
limit. as important as this.
 The riot police had exceeded
their authority.
Static
Evaporate  Motionless, fixed, immobile, stagnant,
 if a liquid evaporates, or if heat stationary
TPO 1 – 30
 Economists predict that house prices  negotiate with

will remain static for a long period.  The government refuses to negotiate
with terrorists.
Thereby sandstone
 By that, through, with, so  ‫ماسه سنگ‬
 with the result that something else
happens ore
 thereby doing something  ‫سنگ معدن‬
 He became a citizen in 1978, thereby
gaining the right to vote. jade
 ‫سنگ یشمی‬
Engulf
 Absorb, overwhelm, encompass, shepherd
 if an unpleasant feeling engulfs you,  someone whose job is to take care of
you feel it very strongly: sheep
 despair so great it threatened to
engulf him Obsidian
 2 to completely surround or cover  a type of rock that looks like black
something: glass
 The building was engulfed in flames. 
Expedition
 Journey, tour, travel, trip
 an expedition to the North Pole
 another Everest expedition
TPO16  a shopping expedition
 a fishing expedition

Reading 1 Artisan
 someone who does skilled work,
mainstay making things with their hands [=
 Chief support, backbone, bulwark, craftsman]
 an important part of something that
makes it possible for it to work
properly or continue to exist: Piecework
 Agriculture is still the mainstay of the  work for which you are paid according
country's economy. to the number of things you produce
 b) someone who does most of the rather than the number of hours that
important work for a group or you spend working:
organization:  bargaining over piecework rates
 She was the mainstay of the team.
 Tutelage
Negotiate  Guidance, teaching, care,
 discuss apprenticeship, coaching, protection
 to discuss something in order to reach  You can attend embroidery classes
an agreement, especially in business under the tutelage of Jocelyn James
or politics  parental tutelage
TPO 1 – 30
Blur a spirit of mutual trust.

 to become difficult to see or to make  I didn't like Dev, and the feeling
something difficult to see, because the seemed to be mutual.
edges are not clear:  The two men were a mutual
 The street lights were blurred by the admiration society, gushing about how
fog. much they were learning from each
 Many of the details in the picture are other.
blurred.
 2 to be unable to see clearly: Egalitarian
 Tears blurred her eyes.  Democratic, equal
 His vision was blurred.  an egalitarian society

Labor Tribal
 Work, activity, job  Familial, ancestral
 The garage charges £30 an hour for  a tribal dance
labour.  tribal cultures
 Many women do hard manual labour
(=work with their hands). Quasi
 Workers withdrew their labour
 like something else or trying to be
(=protested by stopping work) for
something else:
twenty-four hours.
 a quasi-scientific approach
 a quasi-governmental organization
multiplicity
 a large number or great variety of
things Flourish
 multiplicity of  to develop well and be successful [=
 the multiplicity of courses available to thrive]:
language students  The economy is booming and small
businesses are flourishing.
 2 [intransitive] to grow well and be
Guild very healthy [↪ thrive]:
 Association, fellowship, federation  Most plants will flourish in the rich
 the Women's Guild deep soils here.
Kinship Laissez-faire
 Family relation, affinity,  the principle that the government
 The sense of kinship between the two should allow the economy or
men is surprising. private businesses to develop without
 He felt a kinship with the only other any state control or influence:
American on the base.  the policy of laissez-faire
Mutual Consensus
 Shared, common, bilateral,  General agreement, unity
 Mutual respect is necessary for any  There is a consensus among teachers
partnership to work. that children should have a broad
 European nations can live together in understanding of the world.
TPO 1 – 30
 The EU Council of Finance Ministers Stance

failed to reach a consensus  Position, posture, stand, viewpoint
on the pace of integration.  What is your stance on environmental
 the current consensus of opinion issues?
 The general consensus was that 
technology was a good thing.  The President has adopted a tough
 the consensus politics of the fifties stance on terrorism.
peculiar Circumstance
 Unique, distinctive, distinct  Condition, situation
 strange, unfamiliar, or a little  The Soviet Union had been forced by
surprising: circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi
 There was a peculiar smell in the Germany.
kitchen.  I can't imagine a circumstance in
 Something peculiar is going on. which I would be willing to steal.
 It seems very peculiar that no one
noticed Kay had gone. Regulation
 Managing, organization,
bond  an official rule or order:
 something that unites two or more  There seem to be so many rules
people or groups, such as love, or a and regulations these days.
shared interest or idea [↪ tie]  new regulations on imports
 bond between  regulations governing the safety of
 the emotional bond between mother toys
and child
 bond with Merchant
 the United States' special bond with  trader
Britain  someone whose job is to buy and sell
 bond of
 lifelong bonds of friendship Entrepreneurial
 someone who starts a new business
aristocratic or arranges business deals in order to
make money, often in a way that
 Privileged, noble,
involves financial risks
 an aristocratic family
Figurative
ethic  Not literal, symbolic, allegorical,
 Moral principle, virtue, morality metaphoric
 The old ethic of hard work has given  They have a taste - figuratively
way to a new ethic of instant speaking - for excitement.
gratification.
populous
Mercantile  Crowded, populated
 Concerning business, marketing,  Hong Kong is one of the most
commercial, populous areas in the world.
 mercantile law
TPO 1 – 30
fragile  Repeated exam failure had eroded her

 Weak, delicate, feeble, frail confidence.
 the country's fragile economy
 Relations between the two countries Circumvent
are in a fragile state.  Avoid, bypass, evade,
 the party's fragile unity  The company opened an account
abroad, in order to circumvent the tax
Pastures laws.
 Grass, meadow
 large areas of rough upland pasture Prowl
 the lush pastures of the southern  if an animal prowls, it moves around
counties an area quietly, especially because it
is hunting another animal
Wholly
 Completely, entirely, fully, thoroughly, Barren
utterly  Arid, desolate, infertile,
 a wholly satisfactory solution  Thousands of years ago the surface
 The report claimed that the disaster was barren desert.
was wholly unavoidable.
Peripheral
Intrinsic  Minor, incidental
 Basic, inborn, inherent, innate,  a diplomat who had a peripheral role in
 Flexibility is intrinsic to creative the negotiations
management.  Her involvement in the case was
peripheral.
Monetary
 Financial, fiscal, budgetary Repudiate
 the government's tight monetary policy  Reject, break with, disavow,
 objects of little monetary value  He repudiated all offers of friendship.
Erode Reading 2
 Deteriorate, wear away, corrode
 1SG if the weather erodes rock Monumental
or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its  Impressive, overwhelming, huge,
surface is gradually destroyed: important
 The cliffs are being constantly eroded  a monumental contribution to the field
by heavy seas. of medicine
 The rocks have gradually eroded  Charles Darwin's monumental study,
away. 'The Origin of Species'
 2 to gradually reduce something
such as someone's power or Interplay
confidence:  Transaction, exchange, interaction
 Our personal freedom is being  the interplay of ideas
gradually eroded away.  interplay between
TPO 1 – 30
 the interplay between military and  designate something as/for something

civilian populations  Funds were designated for projects in
low-income areas.
 designate somebody to do something
Alkali  She has been designated to take over
 a substance that forms a chemical salt
the position of treasurer.
when combined with an acid
 2 to represent or refer to something
 ‫قلیا‬
using a particular sign, name etc:
 Buildings are designated by red
Forerunner squares on the map.
 Herald, precursor
 omeone or something that existed Correspondence
before something similar that
 Agreement, harmony
developed or came later
 There was no correspondence
 forerunner of
between the historical facts and
 Babbage's engine was the forerunner Johnson's account of them.
of the modern computer.
Spectrum
Farsighted  a complete range of opinions, people,
 Perceptive, wise, shrewd, prudent situations etc, going from one extreme
 far-sighted investments to its opposite
 a far-sighted politician  spectrum of
 the ethnic spectrum of America
Arsenic  across the spectrum
 a very poisonous chemical substance  The bill drew support from across the
that is sometimes used to kill rats, political spectrum.
insects, and weeds  broad/wide/full etc spectrum
 a broad spectrum of environmental
groups
Iodine  The two articles here represent
 a dark blue chemical substance that is opposite ends of the spectrum.
used on wounds to prevent infection.
 ‫ید‬
Postulate
 Suppose, hypothesize, posit, theorize
Analogous to  It has been postulated that the
 similar condition is inherited.
 The report's findings are analogous
with our own.
Successive
 Following, subsequent,
Designate  The team has had five successive
 Name, label victories.
 to choose someone or something for a  Successive governments have tried to
particular job or purpose deal with this issue.
 be designated something
 The lake was recently designated a
conservation area.
TPO 1 – 30
Reading 3 Terrestrial
 earthly
Hub
 Center, core Markedly
 Birmingham is at the hub of Britain's  Distinctly, remarkably, noticeably,
motorway network. obviously
 the commercial hub of the region  Johnson and Rivera have markedly
different leadership styles.
Asteroid
 one of the many small planets Ammonia
that move around the sun,  1 a clear liquid with a strong bad
especially between Mars and Jupiter smell that is used for cleaning or in
cleaning products
 2 a poisonous gas with a strong bad
Comet smell that is used in making many
 an object in space like a bright ball chemicals, fertilizers etc
with a long tail, that moves around the
sun:
 Halley's comet Meager
 Small, inadequate, poor, scant
Meteor  a meagre diet of bread and beans
 a piece of rock or metal that travels  He supplements his meager income
through space, and makes a bright line by working on Saturdays.
in the night sky when it falls down  a school with meagre resources
towards the Earth:
 Astronomers track large meteors using Velocity
radar.  Pace, speed, acceleration
 a meteor shower (=a lot of meteors 
that fall down towards the Earth at the  the velocity of light
same time)  The speedboat reached a
velocity of 120 mph.
Gravitational  a high velocity bullet
 related to or resulting from the force of
gravity:
 the Moon'sgravitational field
Infinitesimal
 small, microscopic, minuscule
 the gravitational pull of the moon
 infinitesimal changes in temperature
Elliptical Astronomer
 Oval- shaped
 a scientist who studies the stars and
 Kepler published his discovery of the
planets
elliptical orbits of planets in 1609.
 elliptical speech or writing is difficult to
understand because more is meant Primordial
than is actually said:  Earliest, primitive, primeval
 The language is often elliptical and  the primordial seas
ambiguous.
TPO 1 – 30
Condense Hull
 Abridge, shorten, curtail  the main part of a ship that goes in the
 The gaseous metal is cooled and water
condenses into liquid zinc.
 This whole chapter could be Caravel
condensed into a few paragraphs.  A caravel is a small, highly
maneuverable sailing ship developed
in the 15th century by the Portuguese
void to explore along the West African
 an empty area of space where nothing coast
exists:
 She looked over the cliff into the void. cargo
 the goods that are being carried in a
ship or plane [= freight]
 cargo of
 A ship carrying a cargo of oil has run
aground.
TPO17  a cargo plane
thrust
Reading 1  a sudden strong movement in which
you push something forward:
Impetus  He jumped back to avoid another
 Motivation, incentive, stimulus thrust of the knife.
 The report may provide further  2 [singular] the main meaning or
impetus for reform. aim of what someone is saying or
 The discovery gave fresh doing
impetus to the research.  thrust of
 the main thrust of the government's
Maritime education policy
 Marine, aquatic,
 Lateen
 San Francisco has lost nearly all of its  Triangular sail that was of decisive
maritime industry. importance to medieval navigation.
Galley Maneuver
 a kitchen on a ship:  to move or turn skilfully or to move or
 The fire extinguishers are stored in the turn something skilfully, especially
galley. something large and heavy:
 2SHTTW a long low Greek or Roman  She managed to manoeuvre expertly
ship with sails which was rowed by into the parking space.
slaves in the past
Astrolabe
Oar  An astrolabe 1] is an elaborate
 a long pole with a wide flat blade at inclinometer, historically used by
one end, used for rowing a boat [↪ astronomers, navigators, and
paddle] astrologers
TPO 1 – 30
Latitude  a bird with conspicuous white

 the distance north or south of the markings
equator (=the imaginary line  I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.
around the middle of the world),
measured in degrees Amphibian
 animals such as frogs that can live
Longitude both on land and in water
 the distance east or west of a
particular meridian (=imaginary line Toad
along the Earth's surface from the  a small animal that looks like a large
North Pole to the South Pole), frog and lives mostly on land
measured in degrees
Compass Chameleon
 an instrument that shows directions  a lizard that can change its colour
and has a needle that always points to match the colours around it
north:
 a map and compass Aggression
 Attack, assault, invasion,
Obliterate  Television violence can encourage
 Destroy, erase, eliminate, aggression in children.
 to cover something completely so that
it cannot be seen: Mate
 Then the fog came down, obliterating  if animals mate, they have sex to
everything. produce babies
 Hiroshima was nearly obliterated by  mate with
the atomic bomb
 It's quite common for male birds to
mate with several females.
Refine
 Clarify, purify
 Car makers are constantly refining Spectacular
their designs.  Wonderful, impressive, marvelous
 a mountainous area with spectacular
scenery
Normative  a spectacular success
 Standardizing, normalizing

 describing or establishing a set of
Plumage
 the feathers covering a bird's body:
rules or standards of behaviour:
 the parrot's brilliant blue plumage
 normative guidelines for senators
Reading 2 Penetrate
 Pierce, crack, drill, enter, infiltrate,
Conspicuous permeate,
 Obvious, apparent, evident, visible,  bullets that penetrate thick armour
noticeable plating
 The notice must be displayed in a  Sunlight barely penetrated the dirty
conspicuous place. windows.
TPO 1 – 30
Canopy Piercing
 the leaves and branches of trees, that  a sound that is piercing is high, sharp,
make a kind of roof in a forest: and unpleasant:
 the forest canopy  He grinned and let out a piercing
whistle.
Scrublands  a piercing scream
 an area of land that is covered with
low bushes Rhinoceros
 a large heavy African or Asian animal
Courtship with thick skin and either one or two
 the period of time during which a man horns on its nose
and woman have a romantic  ‫کرگدن‬
relationship before marrying
 2 [uncountable] special behaviour Hornbill
used by animals to attract each other  a tropical bird with a very large beak
for sex:
Inflate Gibbons
 a small animal like a monkey, with long
 Increase, augment, boost,
arms and no tail, that lives in trees in
 The numbers of people involved have
Asia
been grossly inflated by the media
 Hotels ften inflate prices at particular
times of the year. Impediment
 Costs were inflating.  Obstruction, hindrance, burden,
obstacle,
Sac  a physical problem that makes
 a part inside a plant or animal that is speaking, hearing, or moving difficult:
shaped like a bag and contains liquid  a speech impediment
or air  2 a situation or event that makes it
difficult or impossible for someone or
Fling something to succeed or make
 o throw something somewhere using a progress
lot of force  impediment to
 fling something into something  War is one of the greatest
 He flung the box into the river. impediments to human progress.
 People cheered and flung their hats
into the air. Obstruct
 Hinder, inhibit, prevent, restrict
Pendulous  A small aircraft was obstructing the
 Dangling, pending, suspended, runway.
hanging  The column obstructed our view of the
stage.
Apparatus  he group is trying to obstruct the
 Device, equipment peace process.
 Astronauts have special breathing  He was fined for obstructing the work
apparatus. of the police.
TPO 1 – 30
Ritual Vertebrate
 Ceremony, tradition,  a living creature that has a
 the importance of religion and ritual in backbone
our lives
 The lady of the house performs Overrun
the sacred ritual of lighting two  Invade, swamp,
candles.  if unwanted things or people overrun a
place, they spread over it in great
Reading 3 numbers
 be overrun by/with something
Symbiotic  a tiny island overrun by tourists
 Cooperative, interdependent  The house was overrun with mice
 a symbiotic relationship is one in which
the people, organizations, or living Expanse
things involved depend on each other
 a very large area of water, sky, land
etc
Parasite  expanse of
 a plant or animal that lives on or in  an expanse of blue sky
another plant or animal and gets food  vast/wide/large etc expanse
from it  the vast expanse of the ocean
Commensalism Deliberate
 In ecology, commensalism is a class of  Intentional, on purpose
relationship between two organisms  a deliberate attempt to humiliate
where one organism benefits without her
affecting the other.  The attack on him was quite
deliberate.
Mutualism
 Mutualism is the way two organisms of
different species exist in a relationship Mosquito
in which each individual benefits  ‫پشه‬
Derive Offspring
 Acquire, get,  Child, baby
 Medically, we will derive great benefit  someone's child or children - often
from this technique. used humorously:
 Many students derived enormous  a young mother trying to control her
satisfaction from the course. offspring
 This word is derived from Latin.  2 an animal's baby or babies:
 patterns of behaviour that derive from  a lion and its offspring
basic beliefs
Genotype
Tapeworm  the genetic nature of one type of
 a long flat worm that lives in the living thing
bowels of humans and other
animals and can make them ill
TPO 1 – 30
Strain Pollinate
 a type of animal, plant, or disease  to give a flower or plant pollen so that
 strain of it can produce seeds:
 different strains of wheat  flowers pollinated by bees
 a new strain of the flu virus  ‫گرده افشانی‬

Inadvertently Horn
 Recklessly, heedlessly, carelessly  the hard pointed thing that grows,
 Viruses can be spread inadvertently by usually in pairs, on the heads of
email users. animals such as cows and goats
 Robinson's name was inadvertently
omitted from the list. Acacia
 ‫اقاقیا‬
Graze
 if an animal grazes, or if you graze it, it Genus
eats grass that is growing
 Sort, type, kind
 graze on
 one of the groups into which scientists
 Groups of cattle were grazing on the divide animals or plants, in which the
rich grass. animals or plants are closely related
 fields where they used to graze their but cannot produce babies together. A
sheep genus includes fewer members than a
family and more members than a
Hinder species.
 Prevent, block, obstruct
 His career has been hindered by Thorn
injury.  a sharp point that grows on the stem
 policies that will hinder rather than of a plant such as a rose
help families  ‫خار‬
 ! Do not confuse hinder and prevent
even though they have similar
meanings. Hinder means to make the
progress or development of something
slow down or stop. Prevent
means to make it impossible for
someone to do something: His
poor health prevented him from going
to work (NOT His poor health hindered
him from going to work).
Legume
 a plant such as a bean plant that has
seeds in a pod (=a long thin case)
 ‫بنشن‬
TPO 1 – 30
TPO18 
Harbor
an area of water next to the land
where the water is calm, so that ships
are safe when they are inside it:
Reading 1  as they sailed into Portsmouth
Harbour
Lag
 Move slowly, delay Abolish
 She stopped to wait for Ian who was  Terminate, abrogate
lagging behind.  to officially end a law, system etc,
 Britain is lagging behind the rest of especially one that has existed for a
Europe. long time:
 Slavery was abolished in the US in the
Moderate 19th century.
 Temperate, balanced, mild, modest
 Even moderate amounts of alcohol strait
can be dangerous.  a narrow passage of water between
 a moderate degree of success two areas of land, usually connecting
 a student of moderate ability two seas:
 Moderate exercise, such as walking, is  the Bering Strait
recommended.  ‫تنگه‬
 Bake the pie for 30 minutes in a
moderate oven.
 moderate to strong winds Corruption
 Dishonesty, crime, extortion, fraud
niche  dishonest, illegal, or immoral
 if you find your niche, you find a job or behaviour, especially from someone
activity that is very suitable for you: with power:
 Amanda soon found her niche  officials charged with bribery and
at the club. corruption
 He's managed to create a niche for  The investigation uncovered
himself in local politics. widespread corruption within
the police force.
 2 [singular]BB an opportunity to sell
a product or service to a particular
group of people who have similar Grandiose
needs, interests etc  Grand, noble
 grandiose plans sound very important
Implication or impressive, but are not practical
 Association, meaning, significance  grandiose scheme/plan/idea etc
 a suggestion that is not made directly  grandiose schemes of urban renewal
but that people are expected to
understand or accept [↪ imply]: Peasant
 They are called 'Supertrams', the  a poor farmer who owns or rents a
implication being that (=which is meant small amount of land, either in past
to suggest that) they are more times or in poor countries:
advanced than earlier models.  Most villagers are peasant farmers.
TPO 1 – 30
Orientation everything that is needed for a good

 Direction, location life:
 the type of activity or subject that a  a time of economic prosperity
person or organization seems most  prosperity of
interested in and gives most attention  the future prosperity of the country
to
 orientation towards/to Pork
 The company needs to develop a  the meat from pigs
stronger orientation towards marketing
its products. Reading 2
 How can we get students to adopt a
serious orientation to learning?
Yawn
 to open your mouth wide and breathe
in deeply because you are tired or
Contribute bored:
 Donate, give, grand  Alan stretched and yawned.
 The volunteers contribute their own
time to the project. Reverse
 to change something, such as a
Stake out decision, judgment, or process so that
 to say publicly that you think you have it is the opposite of what it was before
a right to have or own something  reverse a decision/verdict/policy etc
 stake (out) a claim to  The decision was reversed on appeal.
 Both countries staked a claim to the  reverse a trend/process/decline etc
islands.  More changes are required to reverse
the trend towards centralized power.
Fluctuation
 Variation, change
Flaw
 the fluctuation in interest rates  Imperfection, defect, fault, weakness
 Prices are subject to fluctuation.  a flaw in the software
 A design flaw (=a mistake or
weakness in the way something was
notorious made) caused the engine to
 Infamous, popular explode.
 famous or well-known for something
bad [= infamous]: Trigger
 a notorious computer hacker  Cause to happen, prompt, set off
 notorious cases of human rights  The assassination triggered off a wave
abuses of rioting.
 notorious for  Certain forms of mental illness can be
 a judge notorious for his cruelty and triggered by food allergies.
corruption
hiccup
Prosperity  a sudden repeated stopping of the
breath, usually caused by eating or
 Affluence, success, welfare, well-
drinking too fast
being
 Don't drink so fast - you'll get hiccups.
 when people have money and
 ‫سکسکه‬
TPO 1 – 30
suppress anecdotal
 Repress, withhold, restrain  consisting of short stories based on
 to stop people from opposing the someone's personal experience:
government, especially by using force:  His findings are based on
 The uprising was ruthlessly anecdotal evidence rather than
suppressed. serious research.
 if important information or opinions
are suppressed, people are prevented Impending
from knowing about them, even if they  Forthcoming, approaching, imminent,
have a right to know:  an impending event or situation,
 The police were accused of especially an unpleasant one, is going
suppressing evidence. to happen very soon
 impending
danger/doom/death/disaster etc
Fetus
 She had a sense of impending
 baby or young animal before it is born
disaster.
[↪ embryo
 impending changes in government
legislation
Amniotic fluid
 While in the womb, the baby floats in Incongruous
the amniotic fluid  Absurd, bizarre, contradictory,
inconsistent, not in harmony
secrete  strange, unexpected, or unsuitable in a
 if a part of an animal or plant secretes particular situation:
a liquid substance, it produces it:  The new theatre looks utterly
 The toad's skin secretes a deadly incongruous in its setting.
poison.
Inflate
Congenital  Expand, enlarge,
 Inborn  The numbers of people involved have
 a congenital medical condition or been grossly inflated by the media.
disease has affected someone since  Hotels often inflate prices at particular
they were born: times of the year.
 congenital abnormalities  Costs were inflating.
 a congenital defect
Precede
Skeptical  to happen or exist before something or
someone, or to come before
 Suspicious, dubious, doubtful,
something else in a series [↪
 I'm extremely sceptical about what I
preceding]:
read in the press.
 a type of cloud that precedes rain
 Environmental groups are sceptical of
 Lunch will be preceded by a short
the government's claims.
speech from the chairman.
 2 to go somewhere before someone
Empirical else:
 Factual, experimental, observed,  The guard preceded them down the
 empirical evidence corridor.
TPO 1 – 30
Reading 3 surge
 Rush
 to suddenly move very quickly in a
Discharge particular direction
 to send out gas, liquid, smoke etc, or
 surge forward/through etc
to allow it to escape
 The taxi surged forward.
 discharge something into something
 The crowd surged through the gates.
 Sewage is discharged directly into the
sea.
strike
Pellet  Heat hard, beat, collide, crash, smack
 a small ball of a substance:  She fell heavily, striking her head
 food pellets for rabbits against the side of the boat.
 2 a small ball of metal made to be  A snowball struck him on the back of
fired from a gun: the head.
 shotgun pellets  Several cars were struck by falling
trees.
collision  The last rays of the setting sun struck
the garden windows.
 Accident
 ! In spoken and ordinary written
 The school bus was involved in a
English it is much more usual to use
collision with a truck.
hit.
 Two people were killed in a head-
on collision (=between two vehicles
that are moving directly towards each Forked
other) on highway 218.  having one end divided into two or
more parts:
Illuminate  Snakes have forked tongues.
 Make light, brighten, highlight
 to make a light shine on something, or
to fill a place with light:
 A single candle illuminated his face.
 At night the canals are beautifully
illuminated.
Flagpole
 a tall pole on which a flag hangs [=
flagstaff]
initiate
 Begin, start, commence,
 They have decided to initiate legal
proceedings against the newspaper.
 Intellectuals have initiated a debate on
terrorism.
TPO 1 – 30
TPO19
environmentally-friendly features into
the design of the building.
 Our original proposals were not
incorporated in the new legislation.
Reading 1
Empire
Troops  a group of countries that are all
 Army, military, soldiers in an organized controlled by one ruler or government:
group
 the Roman empire
 Both countries agreed to
withdraw their troops.
 Johnson took the popular step of station
sending in American troops.  Headquarter, base,
 a small military establishment:
Camp  an isolated naval station
 a place where people stay in tents,  a building or place that is a centre for a
shelters etc for a short time, usually in particular kind of service or activity:
the mountains, a forest etc:  a police station
 Let's go back to camp - it's getting  a fire station
dark.
 a camp near Lake Ellen Wilson
Imposition
 the introduction of something such as
Fortification a rule, punishment, tax etc
 Barricade, fortress,  imposition of
 towers, walls etc built around a place  the imposition of martial law
in order to protect it or defend it:  2 [countable usually singular] formal
 a site of ancient fortifications dating something that someone expects
from about 500 B.C. or asks you to do for them, which is
not convenient for you:
Assess  I know it's an imposition, but could I
 Evaluate, determine, judge, use your bathroom?
 a report to assess the impact of
advertising on children Requisition
 The technique is being tried in  Demand, request,
classrooms to assess what effects it  if someone in authority, especially the
may have. army, requisitions a building, vehicle,
or food, they officially demand to have
Uneven it during an emergency such
as a war [= commandeer]:
 not equal or equally balanced:
 The building was requisitioned as a
 an uneven distribution of resources
military hospital for the duration of the
war.
Incorporate
 Include, combine, mix, assimilate, territory
integrate  Domain,
 We've incorporated many  land that is owned or controlled by a
TPO 1 – 30
particular country, ruler, or military sow

force:  Plant, grow
 Hong Kong became Chinese territory  past tense sowed, past participle sown
in 1997. or sowed
 These fields used to be sown with
Fort oats.
 Fortification, stronghold, camp, castle,
fortress, station rebellion
 a strong building or group of buildings  Disobedience, revolution
used by soldiers or an army for
 an organized attempt to change the
defending an important place
government or leader of a country,
using violence [↪ coup, revolution]:
rob  an armed rebellion
 Steal, deprive, strip  rebellion against
 to take away an important quality,  a rebellion against the military regime
ability etc from someone or something:  in rebellion
 The illness robbed him of a normal  The Bretons rose in rebellion against
childhood. the King.
Stunt substantial
 to stop something or someone from  Important, extraordinary, considerable
growing to their full size or developing  We have the support of a substantial
properly: number of parents.
 Lack of sunlight will stunt the plant's  a substantial salary
growth.  a substantial breakfast
 The document requires substantial
Disaffection changes.
 Resentment, antipathy, animosity,
dissatisfaction, Campaign
  to lead or take part in a series of
 the disaffected youth from poor actions intended to achieve a
neighborhoods particular social or political result
 campaign for/against
Suppress  a group campaigning against the
 Restrain, subdue, prevent, stop destruction of the rainforests
 to stop people from opposing the
government, especially by using force: Friction
 The uprising was ruthlessly  disagreement, angry feelings, or
suppressed. unfriendliness between people [=
 if important information or opinions are tension]
suppressed, people are prevented  cause/create friction
from knowing about them, even if they  Having my mother living with us
have a right to know: causes friction at home.
 The police were accused of  friction between
suppressing evidence.  the usual frictions between parents
TPO 1 – 30
and their teenage children founders.

 friction with  fulfil an aim/a goal/an objective
 His independent attitude was a  an analysis of how different countries
constant source of friction with his are attempting to fulfill their political
boss. goals
engage Entwine
 Employ, hire  to twist two things together or to wind
 to be doing or to become involved in one thing around another:
an activity  They walked together with their arms
 engage in/on/upon entwined.
 Only 10% of American adults engage  2 be entwined (with something) to be
in regular exercise. closely connected with something in a
 The two parties engaged upon an complicated way:
escalating political struggle.  Our views of leadership are entwined
 Mr Armstrong was engaged in prayer. with ideas of heroism.
Kilns Entitled to
 a special oven for baking clay pots,  to give someone the official right to do
bricks etc or have something
 be entitled to (do) something
Infrastructure  Full-time employees are entitled to
 Foundation, framework, base, receive health insurance.
 Some countries lack a suitable  entitle somebody to something
economic infrastructure.  Membership entitles you to the
 a $65 billion investment package in monthly journal.
education, health care and
infrastructure Settlement
 a group of houses and buildings where
Thrive people live, especially in a place
 Prosper, develop, flourish, secceed where few people have lived before:
 plants that thrive in tropical rainforests  The railway stations created new
settlements.
 a business which managed to thrive
during a recession  an early Iron Age settlement
 4new area/places [uncountable]SA
when a lot of people move to a
fulfill place in order to live there, especially
 if you fulfil a hope, wish, or aim, you in a place where not many people
achieve the thing that you hoped for, have lived before
wished for etc:  settlement of
 Visiting Disneyland has fulfilled  the settlement of the American West
a boyhood dream.
 Being deaf hasn't stopped Karen
fulfilling her ambition
auxiliary
to be a hairdresser.  Supplementary, ancillary, extra
 It was then that the organization finally  an auxiliary nurse
began to fulfill the hopes of its  auxiliary staff

TPO 1 – 30
 an auxiliary power supply  a vibrant, cosmopolitan city

 auxiliary equipment  a lively hotel with a cosmopolitan
atmosphere
 2 a cosmopolitan person, belief,
recruit opinion etc shows a wide experience
 to find new people to work in a of different people and places:
company, join an organization, do a  Brigitta has such a cosmopolitan
job etc: outlook on life.
 We're having difficulty recruiting
enough qualified staff.
 Many government officials were
Frontier
recruited from private industry.  the border of a country
 2 [intransitive and transitive]PM  frontier between/with
to get people to join the army,  Lille is close to the frontier between
navy etc [↪ conscript]: France and Belgium.
 Most of the men in the village were  on/at the frontier
recruited that day.  Troops established a road block on the
frontier.
 frontier town/area/post etc (=a town
hereditary etc on a frontier)
 Genetic, inherited, inborn,
 a quality or illness that is hereditary is
passed from a parent to a child before Garrisons
the child is born [↪ genetic]  a group of soldiers living in a town or
 2 British EnglishSSF a hereditary fort and defending it:
position, rank, or title can be passed  The garrison was called out when
from an older to a younger person in news of the enemy's advance was
the same family, usually when the received.
older one dies:  a garrison town
 2 the buildings where a garrison of
soldiers live
Regiments
 a large group of soldiers Presumably
 a large number of people, animals, or
 Likely, supposedly, probably,
things
apparently
 regiment of
 It's raining, which presumably means
 a regiment of ants that your football match will be
cancelled.
Province
 District, zone, region, territory Circumstances
 Computers were once the exclusive  Situation, condition, case, status
province of scientists and  The Soviet Union had been forced by
mathematicians. circumstances to sign a pact with Nazi
Germany.
Cosmopolitan  I can't imagine a circumstance in
 a cosmopolitan place has people from which I would be willing to steal.
many different parts of the world - use  Prisoners can only leave their cells
this to show approval: under certain circumstances (=if

TPO 1 – 30
particular conditions exist). years ago.

 He was found dead in suspicious
circumstances (=in a way that makes Herbaceous
you think something illegal has  plants that are herbaceous have soft
happened). stems rather than hard stems made of
 Unless there are extenuating wood
circumstances (=reasons which make
it reasonable to break a rule), all Shrub
students must be present on the day  Bush
of the exam.  ‫درختچه بوته‬
Self-Sustaining Substantiate
 Independent, self- centered,  Back up, confirm, verify, corroborate,
 ‫خودگردان‬  Katzen offered little evidence to
substantiate his claims.
Reading 2
Trend
Succession  Flow, current, direction, movement,
 Series, sequence, tendency
 She won the championship four times  Lately there has been a trend towards
in succession. hiring younger, cheaper employees.
 He fired two shots in quick succession.  trend in
 recent trends in education
Climax  The current trend is towards more
 Top, zenith, turning point, apex, part-time employment.
 the climax of his naval career  the general trend towards the
centralization of political power
 a thrilling climax to the game
 A disturbing trend is that victims
 The festival reaches its
of violence are getting younger.
climax with the traditional boat-
burning ceremony.  The growing trend is for single
mothers to bring up children by
themselves.
Eruption  Even so, the underlying trend
 Explosion, burst, break out, outburst,
is positive.
outbreak
 national and international
 Violence erupted after police shot a
economic trends
student during the demonstration.
 the downward trend in the price of
 A political row erupted over the MP's
gold
comments.
 Successive presidents have tried to
 Volcanic eruption
reverse this trend, but without
success.
Invade
 Attack, penetrate, Exposure
 to enter a country, town, or area using  [uncountable] when someone is in
military force, in order to take control a situation where they are not
of it: protected from something dangerous
 The Romans invaded Britain 2000 or unpleasant

TPO 1 – 30
 exposure to Flora
 Prolonged exposure to the sun can  Vegetable life, vegetation, plants
cause skin cancer.  Tourism is damaging the flora and
 2truth [uncountable] the action of fauna (=plants and animals) of the
showing the truth about someone or island.
something, especially when it is bad
 exposure of
 the exposure of his underground
Fauna
 Animal world
political activity
 all the animals living in a particular
area or period in history
Precipitation
 rain, snow etc that falls on the ground,
or the amount of rain, snow etc that
Spruce
falls  ‫صنوبر‬
Moose
Equilibrium  ‫گوزن شمالی‬
 Balance, evenness, stability
 The government is anxious not to Cohesion
upset the economic equilibrium.  Coherence, adhesion, union
 if there is cohesion among a group of
Misleading people, a set of ideas etc, all the parts
 Deceptive, confusing, ambiguous or members of it are connected or
related in a reasonable way to form a
 likely to make someone believe
whole:
something that is not true:
 a sense of community and social
 The article was misleading, and the
cohesion
newspaper has apologized.
Metaphor habitat
 ‫استعاره‬  Residence, dwelling, environment,
 the natural home of a plant or animal:
Legitimately  watching monkeys in their natural
 fair or reasonable: habitat
 That's a perfectly legitimate  The grassland is an important habitat
question. for many wild flowers.
 Most scientists believe it is legitimate
to use animals in medical Locality
research.  Environment, habitat
 2 acceptable or allowed by law:  a small area of a country, city etc [=
 Their business operations are perfectly area]:
legitimate.  weather reports from several different
localities
Biome  in the locality
 a type of environment that is described  Both sea fishing and fresh water
according to the typical weather angling are available in the locality.
conditions and plants that exist there

TPO 1 – 30
Reading 3 Accurate
 Detailed, precise, careful, exact
Glaciers  The brochure tries to give a fair and
 a large mass of ice which moves accurate description of each hotel.
slowly down a mountain valley  The evidence she gave to the court
 ‫یخچال طبیعی‬ was not strictly accurate (=not exactly
accurate).
 It is difficult to get accurate figures on
Erosion population numbers.
 Deterioration, destruction, wearing
away,
 the process by which rock or soil is Epoch
gradually destroyed by wind, rain, or  a period of history [= era]:
the sea:  the Victorian epoch
 the problem of soil erosion  The king's death marked the end
 the erosion of the coastline of an epoch.
 2 the process by which something is  the beginning of a new epoch
gradually reduced or destroyed
 erosion of Corresponding
 the gradual erosion of our civil liberties  equivalent, matching,
 Sales are up 10% on the
Sedimentation corresponding period last year.
 the natural process by which small
pieces of rock, earth etc settle at the Retreat
bottom of the sea etc and form a solid  to move away from the enemy after
layer being defeated in battle [≠ advance]:
 The rebels retreated to the mountains.
Accumulation  They were attacked and forced to
 Gathering, pile, mass, retreat.
 the accumulation of data  2move back written
 a) to move away from someone or
Moraine something:
 He saw her and retreated, too shy to
 ridge
speak to her.
 a mass of earth or pieces of rock
moved along by a glacier and left
in a line at the bottom of it Shrinkage
 Reduction, decrease,
Heterogeneous  the act of shrinking, or the amount that
something shrinks:
 miscellaneous, dissimilar, diverse,
mixed  Pollution led to a shrinkage of
grasslands.
 consisting of parts or members that
are very different from each other [≠
homogeneous]: Withdraw
 a heterogeneous collection of  to stop taking part in an activity,
buildings belonging to an organization etc, or to
make someone do this

TPO 1 – 30
 withdraw from modify

 A knee injury forced her to withdraw  Alter, change, customize
from the competition.  to make small changes to something
 calls for Britain to withdraw from the in order to improve it and make it more
European Union suitable or effective [= adapt]:
 withdraw something/somebody from  The feedback will be used to modify
something the course for next year.
 Parents have the right to withdraw  The regulations can only be modified
their children from religious education by a special committee.
lessons if they wish.
 to stop giving support or money to
oceanography
someone or something, especially as  the scientific study of the ocean
the result of an official decision:  —oceanographer noun [countable]
 One of the minority parties had
withdrawn its support
for Chancellor Kohl.
 Union members will vote on whether to
withdraw their labour (=stop

working).
a government decision to withdraw
TPO20
funding
Reading 1
drift
 a large pile of snow or sand that has Livestock
been blown by the wind  animals such as cows and sheep that
 drift of are kept on a farm
 The road is blocked with massive drifts
of snow.
 a snow drift Cultivation
 Horticulture, farming, gardening
 the preparation and use of land for
terminal growing crops:
 final, deadly  soil cultivation
 a terminal illness cannot be cured, and  under cultivation
causes death:  These fields have been under
 terminal cancer cultivation (=used for growing crops)
for years.
 2TAC the planting and growing of
interval plants and crops:
 the period of time between two events,
 Terraces for rice cultivation covered
activities etc:
the hillsides.
 He left the room, returning after a short
 cultivation of
interval with a message.
 the cultivation of tobacco
 interval between
 The interval between arrest and trial
can be up to six months. Commodity
 Product, goods, property
 a product that is bought and sold:

TPO 1 – 30
 agricultural commodities Thereafter

 Commodity prices fell sharply.  Consequently, after that, following,
 10,000 men had volunteered by the
wheat end of September; thereafter,
 the grain that bread is made from, or approximately 1,000 men enlisted
the plant that it grows on: each month.
 a field of wheat  Sophie was born in France, but shortly
thereafter her family moved to the
 ‫گندم‬
United States.
spectacular tie
 wonderful, impressive, astounding,
 a strong relationship between people,
astonishing, dazzling
groups, or countries
 a mountainous area with spectacular
 close/strong ties
scenery
 the importance of strong family ties
 a spectacular success
 tie between/with
 close ties between the two countries
peak  economic/diplomatic/personal etc ties
 Top, apex, zenith, highest point  Japan's strong economic ties with
 The British Empire was at its peak in Taiwan
the mid 19th century.
 Sales this month have reached
a new peak. Stratified
 Most athletes reach their peak  having different social classes:
in their mid 20s.  a stratified society
 He's past his peak as a  2HEG having several layers of
tennis player. earth, rock etc:
 Oil production is down from its peak of  stratified rock
two years ago.
Inherit
artisan  gain as possession from someone's
 Craftsperson, death
 someone who does skilled work,  to receive money, property etc from
making things with their hands someone after they have died
 inherit something from somebody
 He inherited a fortune from his
Uproot grandmother.
 Destroy, annihilate, eradicate,  inherited wealth
exterminate
 to make someone leave their home for rigid
a new place, especially when this is
 Stiff, strict, severe,
difficult or upsetting:
 rigid methods, systems etc are very
 He rejected the idea of uprooting
strict and difficult to change [≠ flexible]:
himself and moving to America.
 rigid and authoritarian methods of
education
 2 someone who behaves in a rigid

TPO 1 – 30
way is very unwilling to change their centre [= on the edge of something]:

ideas or behaviour [≠ flexible]:  Nina remained on the fringe of the
 rigid adherence to old-fashioned ideas crowd.
 She maintained rigid control over her
emotional and sexual life.
 3 stiff and not moving or bending [≠
Alluvial
flexible]:  made of soil left by rivers, lakes, floods
etc:
 rigid plastic
 alluvial flood plains
 ‫رسوبی‬
Inveterate
 long-standing, established, lifelong Fecund
 inveterate liar/smoker/womanizer etc  Productive, fruitful,
someone who lies a lot, smokes a  able to produce many children, young
lot etc and cannot stop animals, or crops [= fertile]
 2 inveterate fondness/distrust/hatred  Fecund soil
etc an attitude or feeling that you have
had for a long time and cannot change
loam
 good quality soil consisting of sand,
ambitious clay, and decayed plants
 determined to be successful, rich,
powerful etc:
 Alfred was intensely ambitious,
prairie
obsessed with the idea of becoming  a wide open area of fairly flat land in
rich. North America which is covered in
 ambitious for grass or wheat
 mothers who are highly ambitious
for their children (=who want their tempting
children to be successful)  Alluring, inviting, enticing, attractive,
seductive, charming,
Nomadic  a tempting job offer
 Itinerant, wandering, pastoral, migrant  That pie looks tempting.
 a member of a tribe that travels from
place to place instead of living in one Plague
place all the time, usually in order to  to cause pain, suffering, or trouble to
find grass for their animals someone, especially for a long period
of time
Fringe  be plagued by/with something
 Border, edge, verge,  He was plagued by eye troubles.
 on the fringes (of something)  Financial problems continued to
 a) not completely belonging to or plague the company.
accepted by a group of people who
share the same job, activities etc: depletion
 a small group on the fringes of the art  Reduction, deficiency
world  the depletion of the ozone layer
 b) also on the fringe at the part of  Salmon populations have been
something that is farthest from the severely depleted.

TPO 1 – 30
Proliferation Turnpikes
 a sudden increase in the amount or  Highway, roadway, freeway,
number of something expressway
 proliferation of  a large road for fast traffic that drivers
 the proliferation of global media have to pay to use:
networks  the New Jersey Turnpike
 2 [uncountable]HB the very fast
growth of new parts of a living thing, Supersede
such as cells  if a new idea, product, or method
supersedes another one, it becomes
negotiate used instead because it is more
 Bargain, discuss, haggle, modern or effective [= replace]:
 to discuss something in order to reach  Their map has since been superseded
an agreement, especially in business by photographic atlases.
or politics
 negotiate with
 The government refuses to negotiate
freight
 Goods, load, shipment,
with terrorists.
 We'll send your personal belongings
 negotiate an agreement/contract etc
by air freight and your furniture by
 Union leaders have negotiated an
sea freight.
agreement for a shorter working week.
 His first aim is to get the warring
parties back to the negotiating table Span
(=discussing something).  to include all of a period of time:
 a career which spanned nearly
Surplus 60 years
 2 to include all of a particular space
 Extra, excess, spare
or area:
 Any surplus can be trimmed away.
 The Mongol Empire spanned much of
 surplus of
Central Asia.
 a surplus of crude oil
bulky Reading 2
 Huge, heavy, ponderous, cumbersome
 a bulky parcel Momentous
 Andrew is a bulky man.  Important, serious, crucial,
 a momentous decision
 Momentous events are taking
Presage place in the US.
 to be a sign that something is going to  His colleagues all recognized that this
happen, especially something bad: was a momentous occasion.
 The large number of moderate  one of the most momentous days in
earthquakes that have occurred British sport
recently could presage a larger quake
soon.
sparse
 very few and scattered
 existing only in small amounts:
TPO 1 – 30
 his sparse brown hair  2 [intransitive] to grow well and be

 rural areas with sparse population very healthy [↪ thrive]:
 Most plants will flourish in the rich
deep soils here.
Forage
 to go around searching for food or
other supplies exploit
 forage for  1 to treat someone unfairly by
asking them to do things for you, but
 People are being forced to forage for
food and fuel. giving them very little in return - used
to show disapproval:
 In the summer, the goats forage freely
(=in any place they want to go).  Homeworkers can easily be exploited
by employers.
 2 to search for something with your
 2 to try to get as much as you can
hands in a bag, drawer etc [= ferret
out of a situation, sometimes unfairly:
around]
 The violence was blamed on thugs
 forage around/through/among etc
exploiting the situation.
 She foraged around in her purse and
produced her ticket  3 to use something fully and
effectively:
 The new TV companies are fully
Pollen exploiting the potential of satellite
 a fine powder produced by flowers, transmission.
which is carried by the wind or by  4 to develop and use minerals,
insects to other flowers of the same forests, oil etc for business or industry:
type, making them produce seeds  the urgent need to exploit the
 ‫گرده‬ resources of the Irish Sea
Foothills slope
 one of the smaller hills below a group  a piece of ground or a surface that
of high mountains: slopes:
 the foothills of the Himalayas  a steep slope
 a gentle (=not steep) slope
Sedentary  She looked back up the grassy slope.
 Inactive, motionless,  ‫شیب سطح شیب دار‬
 health problems caused by our
sedentary lifestyles Gazelle
 2 technical a sedentary group of  a type of small deer, which jumps
people tend always to live in the same very gracefully and has large beautiful
place: eyes
 a sedentary people living north of the  ‫غزال‬
Danube
Lowlands
Flourish  an area of land that is lower than the
 to develop well and be successful [= land around it [↪ highlands]:
thrive]:  the Scottish lowlands
 The economy is booming and small  —lowland adjective [only before noun]
businesses are flourishing.

TPO 1 – 30
treatment with chemicals in water in

 a wild lowland landscape order to make some particles adhere
 lowland farmers to air bubbles and rise to the surface
for removal while others remain in the
water.
Seashell
 the empty shell of a small sea
creature: Cramped
 jewelry made out of seashells  Congested, overcrowded, small, tiny
 ‫صدف‬  The kitchen was small and cramped.
 a cramped apartment
 The troops slept in cramped
exotic conditions with up to 20 in a single
 not native or usual; mysterious room.
 something that is exotic seems
unusual and interesting because it is
related to a foreign country - use this pit
to show approval:  a hole in the ground, especially one
 exotic birds made by digging:
 exotic places  The female digs a pit
in which to lay the eggs.
 a five-foot deep pit
artifact
 an object such as a tool, weapon etc
that was made in the past and is dwell
historically important:  Live in, reside, inhabit,
 ancient Egyptian artefacts  They dwelt in the forest.
Obsidian damp
 a type of rock that looks like black  Wet, humid
glass  Wipe the leather with a damp cloth.
 a cold, damp day
Afar
 from afar from a long distance away: Permanent
 I saw him from afar.  Constant, lasting, enduring,
 continuing to exist for a long time or for
all the time in the future [≠ temporary]:
flotation  He gave up a permanent job in order
 a time when shares in a to freelance.
company are made available for  a permanent change in your eating
people to buy for the first time: habits
 The company has decided to postpone  The blindness that the disease causes
its flotation on the stock market. will be permanent.
 2 flotation chamber/compartment etcT  Miller soon became a permanent
a container filled with air or gas, fixture (=someone or something that is
fixed to something to make it float always there) on the team.
 the process of separating small
particles of various materials by

TPO 1 – 30
subsist Botanist
 to stay alive when you only have small  someone whose job is to make
amounts of food or money [= survive] scientific studies of wild plants
 subsist on
 We had to subsist on bread and water. Pistachio
 Old people often have to subsist on  ‫پسته‬
very low incomes.
Vicinity
Elaborate  Neighborhood, proximity,
 Detailed, intricate, complicated,  in the area around a particular place:
 pure silks embroidered with elaborate  The stolen car was found in the vicinity
patterns of the station.
 2 carefully planned and organized in  There used to be a mill in the vicinity.
great detail:
 a very elaborate telecommunications disperse
network  Distribute, scatter,
 Police used tear gas to disperse the
Clan crowd.
 Tribe, family  The clouds dispersed as quickly as
 1 a large group of families that often they had gathered.
share the same name:
 the Campbell clan
Abruptly
 warring clans
 Short, suddenly, unexpectedly
 2 informal a very large family:
 an abrupt change of plan
 The whole clan will be here over
Christmas.
Herd
Descent  to make animals move together in a
group:
 your family origins, especially your
 It was Thomas's duty to herd the cows.
nationality or relationship to someone
important who lived a long time ago
 of Russian/Italian etc descent Domesticated
 young men and women of Asian  Tame, trained
descent  domesticated animals are able to work
 descent from for people or live with them as pets
 The emperor claimed descent
from David. Einkorn
 wild species of wheat
Excavation
 if a scientist or archaeologist Pulses
excavates an area of land, they
 A pulse, sometimes called a "grain
dig carefully to find ancient objects,
legume", is an annual leguminous crop
bones etc:
yielding from one to twelve seeds of
 Schliemann excavated the ancient city variable size, shape, and color within a
of Troy. pod

TPO 1 – 30
close-knit Reading 3
 a close-knit group of people is one in
which everyone knows each other well
and gives each other support when
Preservation
they need it:  maintenance, protection, conservation,
 a close-knit community care, security
 Eliot campaigned for the preservation
of London's churches.
telltale  We are working for the preservation of
 Revealing, informative, meaningful, the environment.
evidential  the preservation of our cultural
 telltale signs/marks etc signs etc that heritage
clearly show something has happened  methods of food preservation
or exists, often something that is a
secret: Scavengers
 They examined the child carefully,  Hunter
looking for telltale signs of abuse.
 if an animal scavenges, it eats
anything that it can find:
Abrasion  Pigs scavenged among the rubbish.
 an area on the surface of your skin  scavenge for
that has been injured by being rubbed  rats scavenging for food
against something hard:  2 if someone scavenges, they
 She was treated for cuts and search through things that other
abrasions. people do not want for food or useful
 ‫خراش ساییدگی‬ objects:
 There are people who live in the dump
tether and scavenge garbage for a living.
 to tie an animal to a post so that it can  scavenge for
only move around within a limited area  Women were scavenging for old
furniture.
 —scavenger noun [countable]
bind  Foxes and other scavengers go
 to tie someone so that they cannot through the dustbins.
move or escape:
 They bound my arms and legs with Invertebrate
rope.  a living creature that does not have a
backbone
testify
 Vouch for, give testimony, Spines
 to make a formal statement of what is  ‫ستون فقرات‬
true, especially in a court of law:
 Mr Molto has agreed to testify at the
trial.
decay
 to be slowly destroyed by a natural
 testify against
chemical process, or to make
 Later, the witness who had testified
something do this [↪ rot]:
against Muawad withdrew his
allegation.  Her body was already starting to

TPO 1 – 30
decay.  2 to completely surround or cover

 Most archaeological finds are broken, something:
damaged, or decayed.  The building was engulfed in flames.
 decaying organic matter
 2 [intransitive] if buildings, Ash
structures, or areas decay, their  the soft grey powder that remains after
condition gradually becomes worse: something has been burned:
 Hundreds of historic buildings are  cigarette ash
being allowed to decay.  The house burnt to ashes.
 Britain's decaying inner cities
petrification
particle  In geology, petrifaction or petrification
 a very small piece of something: is the process by which organic
 dust particles material is converted into stone
 particle of through the replacement of the original
 tiny particles of soil material and the filling of the original
pore spaces with minerals
Terrestrial
 relating to the Earth rather than to the Literally
moon or other planets  Word for word, exactly, precisely
 The name of the cheese is Dolcelatte,
immerse literally meaning 'sweet milk'.
 I said I felt like quitting, but I didn't
 Submerge in liquid, bathe,
mean it literally (=I did not
 Immerse your foot in ice cold water to
mean exactly what I said)!
reduce the swelling.
Clam
Tar snail
 a black substance, thick and sticky
 ‫حلزون‬
when hot but hard when cold, used
especially for making road surfaces ‫قیر‬
Dissolution
Quicksand  the act of formally ending a parliament,
business, or marriage [↪ dissolve]:
 1 wet sand that is dangerous
 The president announced the
because you sink down into it if you try
dissolution of the National Assembly.
to walk on it
 2 the act of breaking up an
 2 a bad situation that keeps getting
organization, institution etc so that it
worse, and that you cannot escape
no longer exists:
from
 the dissolution of the monasteries
 3 the process by which something
Engulf gradually becomes weaker and
 if an unpleasant feeling engulfs you, disappears:
you feel it very strongly:  the eventual dissolution of class
 despair so great it threatened to barriers
engulf him

TPO 1 – 30
Ornamentation  silhouette against

 decoration on an object that makes it  Soon the bombers would return, black
look attractive: silhouettes against a pale sky.
 a bronze plate with gold ornamentation  in silhouette
 The old windmill stood out in
silhouette.
Prospect  2 [uncountable and countable] a
 Outlook
drawing of something or someone,
 the possibility that something will often from the side, showing a black
happen shape against a light background:
 prospect of doing something  silhouette pictures of snowmen and
 I see no prospect of things reindeer
improving here.  in silhouette
 There is every prospect (=a strong  a picture of Mozart in silhouette
possibility) of the weather remaining
 ‫نیمرخ نقاشی سیاه یکدست‬
dry this week.
 prospect for
 There are good prospects for growth in Slabs
the retail sector.  a thick flat piece of a hard material
 prospect that such as stone:
 There's a real prospect that England  a concrete slab
will not qualify for the World Cup.  paving slabs
 slab of
volatile  They used a slab of concrete as a lid.
 Explosive, changeable,
 an increasingly volatile political roc
situation  in ancient Eastern stories, a bird of
 the highly volatile stock and great size and strength which, in the
bond markets story of Sindbad the Sailor, carried
 2 someone who is volatile can Sindbad out of the valley of diamonds
suddenly become angry or violent  ‫سیمرغ‬
constituent tentacle
 Component, part  one of the long thin parts of a sea
 one of the substances or things that creature such as an octopus
combine to form something which it uses for holding things
 constituent of
 Sodium is one of the constituents of Viscera
salt.  the large organs inside your body,
such as your heart, lungs, and
silhouette stomach
 a dark image, shadow, or shape that  ‫احشا‬
you see against a light background
 silhouette of oozing
 a dark silhouette of domes and  if a thick liquid oozes from something
minarets or if something oozes a thick liquid,

TPO 1 – 30
that liquid flows from it very slowly Intact

 ooze from/out of/through  Flawless, perfect, untouched
 The ice cream was melting and oozing  Only the medieval tower had
out of its wrapper. remained intact.
 A cut on his cheek was still oozing  His reputation survived intact.
blood.
shale
 a smooth soft rock which breaks easily
into thin flat pieces
TPO21
Lethal
 Deadly, killing, mortal, fatal
Reading 1
 a lethal dose of heroin
 a lethal weapon
 death by lethal injection Geothermal
 a lethal cocktail of drink and  relating to or coming from the heat
pills inside the earth:
 lethal to  a geothermal energy plant
 These chemicals are lethal to fish.
plate Tectonics
bubble  the study of the forming and
 a ball of air or gas in liquid: movement of the large sheets of rock
 When water boils, bubbles rise to the that form the surface of the Earth
surface.
 soap bubbles Pumped
 She was blowing bubbles in her  Push out, draw out,
milk with a straw.  The fire department is still pumping
floodwater out of the cellars.
 We were able to pump clean water
silt from several of the wells.
 sand, mud, soil etc that is carried in
water and then settles at a bend in a
river, an entrance to a port etc
reservoir
 Repository, Tank, storage, source,
container
Superb  a lake, especially an artificial one,
 Excellent, great, best where water is stored before it is
 extremely good [= excellent]: supplied to people's houses
 The food was superb.  2 a large amount of something that
 superb weather is available and has not yet been used
 reservoir of
 She found she had reservoirs of
Iridescent unexpected strength.
 showing colours that seem to change
in different lights:
 small iridescent blue flies Fractures
 ‫رنگین کمانی‬  Break, rupture, crack

TPO 1 – 30
 if a bone or other hard substance Oscillate

fractures, or if it is fractured, it breaks  Vacillate,
or cracks:  1 formalT to keep changing
 The immense pressure causes the between two extreme amounts or
rock to fracture. limits:
 He fractured his right leg during  The stock market is oscillating wildly at
training. the moment.
 oscillate between
Molten  His income oscillated between £1500
 Melted and £2000 a month.
 molten metal or rock has been made  2 formal to keep changing between
into a liquid by being heated to a very one feeling or attitude and another
high temperature:  oscillate between
 molten iron  Her attitude towards me oscillated
between friendship and hostility.
seep  3 to move backwards and forwards
in a regular way:
 Permeate, ooze
 The needle on the dial began to
 1 to flow slowly through small holes
oscillate.
or spaces
 seep into/through/down etc
 Blood seeped down his leg. Brusquely
 2 to move or spread gradually  abruptly
 seep away/into/through etc
 His tension was seeping away. Cognitive
 Psychological, mental,
 related to the process of knowing,
drill understanding, and learning
 to make a hole in something using a something:
drill:  cognitive psychology
 Drill a hole in each corner.
 drill into/through
 He accidentally drilled into a water
Fluidity
 Facility, fluency
pipe.
 a situation that is fluid is likely to
change
harness  2 fluid movements are smooth,
 to control and use the natural force or relaxed, and graceful:
power of something:  a loose, fluid style of dancing
 We can harness the power of the wind
to generate electricity Sophisticated
 having a lot of experience of life, and
Reading 2 good judgment about socially
important things such as art, fashion
etc:
Equatorial  a sophisticated, witty American
 ‫استوایی‬  Clarissa's hair was swept up into a
sophisticated style.

TPO 1 – 30
 2 a sophisticated machine, system,  2RR technical the belief that

method etc is very well designed and God can appear in a human or animal
very advanced, and often works in a form
complicated way:
 sophisticated software Totemism
 a highly sophisticated weapons  Totemism is a system of belief in which
system each human is thought to have a
spiritual connection or a kinship with
Possess another physical being, such as an
animal or plant
 Own, have
 Different workers possess different
skills. Manipulate
 He no longer possessed the power to  1 to make someone think and
frighten her. behave exactly as you want them to,
 Neither of them possessed a credit by skilfully deceiving or influencing
card. them:
 Campbell was found guilty of  He was one of those men who
possessing heroin. manipulated people.
 You have the constant feeling you are
Dilemma being manipulated.
 Crisis, predicament, impasse,  manipulate somebody into (doing)
 I'm in a dilemma about this job offer. something
 This placed Robert Kennedy  The thought that any parent would
in a dilemma. manipulate their child into seeking
 Many women are faced with the fame just appalled me.
dilemma of choosing between  2 to work skilfully with information,
work and family commitments. systems etc to achieve the result that
you want:
 software designed to store and
emergence manipulate data
 Rise, evolution, appearance  You can integrate text with graphics
 1 when something begins to be and manipulate graphic images.
known or noticed  3 medicalMH to move and press
 emergence of bones or muscles to remove pain in
 the emergence of Japan as a world them
leader  4 to use skill in moving or handling
 2 when someone or something something:
comes out of a difficult experience  The workmen manipulated some
 emergence from knobs and levers.
 the company's emergence from
bankruptcy
Pastoralism
 Pastoralism is the branch of
Anthropomorphism agriculture concerned with the raising
 the belief that animals or objects have of livestock
the same feelings and qualities as
humans

TPO 1 – 30
Horticulture later.
 Cultivation, gardening, farming  There is ample evidence that climate
 the practice or science of growing patterns are changing.
flowers, fruit and vegetables [↪  ample room/space etc
gardening, agriculture]  She found ample room for her things
in the wardrobe.

Illiterate Lengthy
 Uneducated  Extended, long,
 someone who is illiterate has not  continuing for a long time, often too
learned to read or write long [≠ brief]:
 2 badly written, in an uneducated  A lengthy period of training is required.
way:
 An accident is causing some lengthy
 It was an illiterate letter, full of delays.
mistakes.
 a lengthy report
Contention
 Argument, controversy Represent
 Her main contention is that doctors  to officially speak or take action for
should do more to encourage healthy another person or group of people:
eating.  Mr Kobayashi was chosen to
 The issue of hunting is a source of represent the company at the
contention. conference.
 to be a sign or mark that means
something [= stand for]:
Reading 3  Brown areas represent deserts on the
map.
Intrigue  to be a symbol of something [=
symbolize]:
 if something intrigues you, it interests
you a lot because it seems strange or  He hated the school and everything it
mysterious: represented.
 Other people's houses always
intrigued her. Narrative
 2 [intransitive] formal to make  a description of events in a story,
secret plans to harm someone or especially in a novel:
make them lose their position of power  At several points in the narrative the
 intrigue against two stories cross.
 While King Richard was abroad, the  2 [uncountable] the process or skill
barons had been intriguing against of telling a story
him.  —narrative adjective:
 a narrative poem
Ample  narrative structure
 sufficient
 more than enough [= sufficient; ≠ recount
insufficient]  Tell, depict, narrate
 ample time/evidence/opportunity  to tell someone a story or describe a
 You'll have ample time for questions
TPO 1 – 30
series of events elaborate

 recount how/what  to give more details or new information
 Alan recounted how he and Joyce had about something:
met.  He said he had new evidence, but
refused to elaborate any further.
fairly  elaborate on
 Rather, somewhat  McDonald refused to elaborate on his
 The house had a fairly large garden. reasons for resigning.
 She speaks English fairly well.
 The instructions seem fairly foundation
straightforward.  Base, infrastructure
 It took the builders three weeks to
cohesive lay the foundations.
 United, adhesive, close-knit,  The earthquake shook the
tenacious, connected foundations of the house.
 a cohesive community
 Historically, sport has been a cohesive intertwine
force in international relations.  if two situations, ideas etc are
intertwined, they are closely related to
blossom each other
 if trees blossom, they produce flowers:  be closely/inextricably intertwined
 The apple trees are just beginning to  The problems of crime and
blossom. unemployment are closely intertwined.
 2 also blossom out to become  2 if two things intertwine, or if they
happier, more beautiful, more are intertwined, they are twisted
successful etc: together
 Pete's blossomed out in his new  intertwine with
school.  a necklace of rubies intertwined with
 blossom into pearls
 The idea blossomed into a successful
mail order business.
radical
 Fundamental, basic
 a radical change or difference is very
big and important:
 They are proposing radical
changes to the way the company is
run.
 a radical reform of the tax system
 There are radical differences between
the two organizations.

TPO 1 – 30
TPO22 
Intertidal zone
The intertidal zone, also known as the
foreshore and seashore and
sometimes referred to as the littoral
Reading 1 zone, is the area that is above water at
low tide and under water at high tide
Spartina
 commonly known as cordgrass or Wetland
cord-grass, is a genus of 14 species of  an area of land that is partly covered
grasses in the family Poaceae with water, or is wet most of the time
Deciduous Seaweed
 deciduous trees lose their leaves in  a plant that grows in the sea
winter [≠ evergreen]
Shrimp
 a small sea creature that you can eat,
Perennial which has ten legs and a soft shell
 continuing or existing for a long time,  ‫میگو‬
or happening again and again:
 Lack of resources has been a Fiddler crab
perennial problem since the
 ‫نوعی خرچنگ‬
beginning.
 Teddy bears are a perennial
favorite with children.
Snails
 ‫حلزون‬
 2HBP a plant that is perennial
lives for more than two years [↪
annual] Digest
 to change food that you have just
eaten into substances that your body
Dominant can use:
 Superior, prevalent, principal  Most babies can digest a wide range
 of food easily.
 The dominant male gorilla is the
largest in the group.
 Japan became dominant in the
Excrete
mass market during the 1980s.  secrete
 its dominant position within the  to get rid of waste material from your
group body through your bowels, your
skin etc
Marsh Sparrow
 an area of low flat ground that is  ‫گنجشک‬
always wet and soft [↪ bog, swamp]
 —marshy adjective: Rodent
 The crane lives in marshy habitats.  any small animal of the type that has
 ‫لجن زار باتالق مرداب‬ long sharp front teeth, such as a rat or
a rabbit
 ‫جونده‬

TPO 1 – 30
Exceedingly Estuary
 Very, exceptionally, enormously,  the wide part of a river where it goes
extremely, excessively into the sea:
 Thank you. You've been exceedingly  the Thames estuary
kind.
Stabilizer
Stem  a chemical that helps something such
 the long thin part of a plant, from which as a food to stay in the same state, for
leaves, flowers, or fruit grow [= stalk] example to prevent it from separating
 ‫ساقه‬ into different liquids
 2TT a piece of equipment that helps
Germinate make something such as a plane or
 if a seed germinates, or if it is ship steady
germinated, it begins to grow [=
sprout] Nursery
 2 [intransitive] if an idea, feeling etc  a place where plants and trees are
germinates, it begins to develop: grown and sold
 The idea of setting up his own
company began to germinate in his
mind. Substrate
 In biology, a substrate is the surface
on which a plant or animal lives
Salinity
 Salinity is the saltiness or dissolved
salt content of a body of water.
Elevation
 a height above the level of the sea
 elevation of
Sediment  The road climbs steadily to an
 solid substances that settle at the elevation of 1400 feet.
bottom of a liquid:
 a thick layer of sediment
Oysters
 ‫صدف خوراکی‬
Component
 Part, element, constituent
 one of several parts that together
Tidal
make up a whole machine, system etc  relating to the regular rising and falling
[= constituent]: of the sea:
 companies that make electronic  tidal currents
components for computer products
 component of Mudflat
 each component of their work  an area of muddy land that is covered
 key/major/important etc component by the sea when it comes up at high
 Exercise is one of the key components tide and uncovered when it goes down
of a healthy lifestyle. at low tide
 2 American English the muddy
bottom of a dry lake

TPO 1 – 30
Inhospitable  His only recreations are drinking beer

 Unfriendly, unfavorable, hostile and watching football.
 an inhospitable place is difficult to live  the provision of recreation facilities
or stay in because the weather (=places or equipment for people to
conditions are unpleasant or there is use to enjoy themselves)
no shelter:
 an inhospitable climate Waterfronts
 He trekked across some of the most  the part of a town or an area of land
inhospitable terrain in the world. next to the sea, a river etc:
 2 an inhospitable person does not  The hotel is down on the waterfront.
welcome visitors in a friendly way
 inhospitable to Meadow
 Some governments are inhospitable to  a field with wild grass and flowers
aid workers.
Dredge
Waterfowl  to remove mud or sand from the
 a wild bird that swims and lives near bottom of a river, harbour etc, or
water: to search for something by doing this:
 the varied waterfowl of North America  They dredged for oysters.
Hamper Herbicide
 to make it difficult for someone to do  a substance used to kill unwanted
something: plants
 She tried to run, but was hampered by
her heavy suitcase. Cobblestone
 An attempt to rescue the men has  a small round stone set in the ground,
been hampered by bad weather. especially in the past, to make a hard
surface for a road
Interfere  ‫سنگ فرش‬
 Meddle, intervene, prevent, hamper,
hinder, smother
  cover
 My daughter-in-law said that I was  to completely cover the whole surface
interfering, but I was only trying to of something with something else,
help. often in a way that seems
 interfere in unnecessary or unpleasant
 It's not the church's job to interfere in  smother something with/in something
politics.  noodles smothered in garlic sauce
 Anxiety can interfere with children's
performance at school. mow
 to cut grass using a machine:
Recreation  It's time to mow the lawn again.
 an activity that you do for pleasure or
amusement [↪ hobby, pastime,
leisure]:

TPO 1 – 30
Reading 2  the most prolific goalscorer this

decade
 3 an animal or plant that is prolific
Obscure produces many babies or many other
 Enigmatic, ambiguous, cryptic, cloudy, plants
shadowy, vague  4 existing in large numbers:
 obscure legal phrases  the prolific bird life
 For some obscure reason, the group
is very popular. Destiny
 the things that will happen to someone
Pinhole in the future, especially those that
cannot be changed or controlled [=
 a very small hole in something,
fate]
especially one made by a pin
 somebody's destiny
 Nancy wondered whether it was her
Authenticity destiny to live in England and marry
 Genuineness, Melvyn.
 the quality of being real or true
 authenticity of Successor
 Archaeological evidence may help to  someone who takes a job or position
establish the authenticity of the statue. previously held by someone else [↪
predecessor]:
Obsolete  His successor died after only 15
 Antiquated, out of date, archaic, no months in office.
longer in use  I'm sure she will be a worthy
 obsolete weapons successor (=someone who is very
 computer hardware that quickly good and deserves to be someone's
became obsolete successor).
 Will computers render (=make)  successor to
books obsolete?  her successor to the post
 successor as
Privileged  Sloan will be Barrett's successor as
 having advantages because of your treasurer.
wealth, social position etc [≠  2 formal a machine, system etc that
underprivileged]: exists after another one in a process of
 Students from a privileged background development:
have an advantage at university.  the transistor's successor, the
 Only the privileged few can microchip
afford private education.
Reluctant
Prolific  Unwilling,
 Fruitful, productive, rich,  slow and unwilling:
 a prolific artist, writer etc produces  She gave a reluctant smile.
many works of art, books etc:  reluctant to do something
 Handel's prolific output of opera  Maddox was reluctant to talk about it.
 2 a prolific sports player produces a  —reluctantly adverb:
lot of runs, goals etc:  Reluctantly, he agreed.

TPO 1 – 30
Compromised  The bill would trim the number of

 to reach an agreement in which immigrants to the US.
everyone involved accepts less that  trim something from/off something
what they wanted at first:  The company trimmed £46,000 from
 She admitted that she was unable to its advertising budget.
compromise.
 compromise with duplicate
 His work-mates demanded that he  to copy something exactly:
never compromise with the bosses.  New copies of the form can be
 compromise on duplicated from a master copy.
 The new regime was prepared to  The video was duplicated illegally.
compromise on the oil dispute.  2 to repeat something in exactly the
 2 [transitive] to do something same way:
which is against your principles and  We don't want staff to duplicate each
which therefore seems dishonest or other's work.
shameful
 compromise your
principles/standards/integrity etc equivalent
 As soon as you compromise your  Same, similar, identical
principles you are lost.  a qualification which is equivalent to a
 compromise yourself degree
 She had already compromised herself  I had no dollars, but offered him an
by accepting his invitation. equivalent amount of sterling.
Crop etch
 to cut someone's hair short:  to cut lines on a metal plate, piece of
 Stella's had her hair closely glass, stone etc to form a picture or
cropped. words
 2TCP [transitive] to cut a part off a  etch on
photograph or picture so that it is a  a gravestone with three names etched
particular size or shape on it
 A laser is used to etch a pattern in the
smooth surface of the disc.
Trim
 to make something look neater by
cutting small pieces off it: engraving
 Pete was trimming the lawn around  a picture made by cutting a design into
the roses. metal, putting ink on the metal, and
 I have my hair trimmed every six then printing it
weeks.
 trim something away/off multitude
 Trim away any excess glue with a  a very large number of people or
knife. things:
 2reduce to reduce a number,  I had never seen such a multitude of
amount, or the size of something: stars before.
 We need to trim costs by  a multitude of possible interpretations
£500m.

TPO 1 – 30
emulsion Fragment
 a mixture of liquids that do not  Particle, part, piece
completely combine, such as oil and  a small piece of something that has
water broken off or that comes from
 2 technicalTCP the substance on the something larger:
surface of photographic film or paper  glass fragments
that makes it react to light  fragment of
 fragments of broken pottery
candid
 telling the truth, even when the truth Specimen
may be unpleasant or embarrassing [=  Example, sample
frank]  a small amount or piece that is taken
 candid about from something, so that it can be
 She was quite candid about the tested or examined:
difficulties the government is having.  a blood specimen
 candid with  specimen of
 He was remarkably candid with me.  a specimen of rock
 It struck me as an unusually candid
confession for a politician. Crust
 a thin hard dry layer on the surface of
Reading 3 something:
 A hard gray crust had formed
Meteor on the bottom of the tea kettle.
 the hard outer layer of the Earth:
 a piece of rock or metal that travels
through space, and makes a bright line  deep within the Earth's crust
in the night sky when it falls down
towards the Earth: Reveal
 Astronomers track large meteors using  Show, display, indicate
radar.  He may be prosecuted for revealing
 a meteor shower (=a lot of meteors secrets about the security agency.
that fall down towards the Earth at the  a test that can reveal a teacher's
same time) hidden skills
 reveal (that)
Plummet  He revealed that he had been in prison
 Fall, collapse, crash, twice before.
  reveal yourself (as/to be something)
 Profits plummeted from £49 million to  The violinist revealed himself as a
£11 million. talented interpreter of classical music.
 House prices have plummeted down.
 2 to fall suddenly and quickly from a Assortment
very high place [= plunge]:  a mixture of different things or of
 The plane plummeted towards the various kinds of the same thing
earth.  assortment of
 a wide assortment of friends
 an odd assortment of knives and
forks

TPO 1 – 30
Distinctive Perplexing
 Different, unique  Puzzling, baffling, complicated,
 a rock band with a distinctive sound  Shea's symptoms perplexed the
doctors.
Spherical  a perplexing problem
 having the shape of a sphere [= round]
Condensation
 small drops of water that are formed
Embed when steam or warm air touches a
 to put something firmly and deeply into cold surface:
something else, or to be put into  There was a lot of condensation on the
something in this way windows.
 be embedded in something  2 [uncountable] technicalHP when a
 A piece of glass was embedded in her gas becomes a liquid
hand.
Pristine
Nebula  Clean, pure, untouched
 a mass of gas and dust among the  The car has been restored to pristine
stars, which often appears as a bright condition.
cloud in the sky at night  a pristine white shirt
 pristine African rainforest
Interstellar
 happening or existing between the Aggregate
stars
 to be a particular amount when added
together:
Chondrite  Sheila's earnings from all sources
 Chondrites are stony meteorites that aggregated £100,000.
have not been modified due to melting  2 [intransitive,transitive usually
or differentiation of the parent body passive] to put different amounts,
pieces of information etc together to
Allusion form a group or a total
 Hint, reference  aggregate with
 The committee made no  A wife's income is no longer
allusion to the former aggregated with that of her husband.
President in its report.
 Eliot's poetry is full of biblical allusions. Composition
 In his poetry we find many allusions to  the way in which something is made
the human body. up of different parts, things, or
members [↪ compose]
Spheres  composition of
 a ball shape  The composition of the group that is
studied depends on the interests of the
Enigma researcher.
 Mystery, puzzle, riddle,  Some minerals have complex
 The neighbors regarded him as chemical compositions.
something of an enigma.
TPO 1 – 30

Distill
to make a liquid such as water or TPO23
alcohol more pure by heating it so that
it becomes a gas and then letting it
cool. Drinks such as whisky
Reading 1
are made this way:
 distilled water Sewage
 2 to remove a chemical substance  Waste, garbage
from a plant, for example by heating or  the mixture of waste from the human
pressing it body and used water that is carried
away from houses by pipes under the
ground:
refractory  Chlorine is used in sewage treatment.
 Resistant  The factory secretly dumped millions
 deliberately not obeying someone in of gallons of raw sewage (=that
authority and being difficult to deal with had not been treated) into the Ohio
or control [= unruly] River.
 2 medical a refractory disease
or illness is hard to treat or cure
Surpass
 Exceed,
sludge  to be even better or greater than
 soft thick mud, especially at the bottom someone or something else:
of a liquid  He had surpassed all our
expectations.
 The number of multiple births has
lump surpassed 100,000 for the first time.
 a small piece of something solid,
without a particular shape:
 Strain the custard to remove lumps.
Configuration
 lump of  Shape, form, structure
 Melt a lump of butter in your frying-  the configuration of pistons in an
pan. engine
 2 a small hard swollen area that
sticks out from someone's skin or Metropolis
grows in their body, usually because of  a very large city that is the most
an illness: important city in a country or area:
 You should never ignore a breast  The city has become a huge, bustling
lump. metropolis.
Skyscraper
 a very tall modern city building
Impenetrable
 Impervious, close,
 impossible to get through, see
through, or get into:
 The trees formed a dark and

TPO 1 – 30
impenetrable barrier.  2 [countable] a strange or unusual

 the impenetrable blackness of the habit, quality etc:
night  Margaret regarded her mother's
 2 very difficult or impossible to peculiarities with a fond tolerance.
understand:  3 [uncountable] the quality of being
 impenetrable legal jargon strange or unfamiliar
 peculiarity of
Intensity  She was well aware of the peculiarity
 the quality of being felt very strongly or of her own situation.
having a strong effect:
 The intensity of the hurricane was moisture
frightening.  Dampness, wetness
 2 [uncountable] the quality of being  small amounts of water that are
serious and having very strong present in the air, in a substance, or on
feelings or opinions: a surface:
 He spoke with great intensity.  Plants use their roots to absorb
 3 [uncountable and countable] moisture from the soil.
technical the strength of  Your skin's moisture content varies
something such as light or sound: according to weather conditions.
 an instrument which measures light
intensity
turbulence
 Agitation, disturbance
insulate  irregular and violent movements of air
 Protect, shield, or water that are caused by the wind
 to cover or protect something with a  2 a political or emotional situation
material that stops electricity, sound, that is very confused:
heat etc from getting in or out
 A period of political turbulence
 insulate something from/against followed the civil war.
something
 Pipes may need insulating against the
cold. Reading 2
 an insulated attic
Fodder
dome  food for farm animals
 a round roof on a building  ‫علوفه‬
 a shape or building like a ball cut
in half Flax
 ‫کتان الیاف کتان‬
peculiarity
 something that is a feature of only one Madder
particular place, person, situation etc  ‫روناس‬
 peculiarity of
 The lack of a written constitution is a
peculiarity of the British political
Turnip
system.  ‫شلغم‬

TPO 1 – 30
Sector Merchant
 Area, subdivision, part, zone, district  trader
  He had a job with an Edinburgh wine
 the agricultural sector of the economy merchant.
 public/private sector (=business
controlled by the government or by Astonishing
private companies)  Surprising, startling, impressive,

Legendary  an astonishing decision
 their astonishing success
 Famous, well known
 very famous and admired:
 Lonnie Johnson, the legendary blues
livestock
guitarist  animals such as cows and sheep that
 Her singing was legendary. are kept on a farm
husbandry
Reclamation  farming:
 to get back an amount of money that  animal husbandry
you have paid [= claim back]:
 You may be entitled to reclaim some yield
tax.  to produce crops, profits etc:
 2TBTA to make an area of desert,  Each of these oilfields could yield
wet land etc suitable for farming or billions of barrels of oil.
building:  The tourist industry yielded an
 This land will be reclaimed for a new estimated $2.25 billion for the state
airport. last year.
 3 to get back something that you  These investments should yield
have lost or that has been taken away a reasonable return.
from you:
 I want to reclaim the championship windmill
that I lost in 1999.
 a building or structure with parts that
 4TI to obtain useful products from turn around in the wind, used for
waste material [↪ recycle]: producing electrical power or crushing
 You can reclaim old boards and use grain‫اسیاب بادی‬
them as shelves.
lease
Drain  a legal agreement which allows you to
 to make the water or liquid in use a building, car etc for a period of
something flow away: time, in return for rent
 The swimming pool is drained and  They took out a lease on a seven-acre
cleaned every winter. field.
 drain something from something  The landlord refused to renew his
 Brad drained all the oil from the lease.
engine.  The 99-year lease expired in 1999.
 Can you drain the spaghetti, please  Do you understand all the terms of
(=pour away the water from the pan)? the lease?

TPO 1 – 30
Reading 3  a building of great antiquity

 3 [countable usually plural] a
building or object made in ancient
Discern times:
 to notice or understand something by
 a collection of Roman antiquities
thinking about it carefully
 discern what/where/why etc
 Officials were keen to discern how Predetermined
much public support there was.  decided or arranged before something
 2 to be able to see something by happens, so that it does not happen by
looking carefully [= perceive]: chance
 We could just discern a town in the  predetermined level/limit/amount etc
distance.  a predetermined level of spending
 —predetermine verb [transitive]
Incomprehensible  The colour of your eyes is
predetermined by the colours of your
 difficult or impossible to understand:
parents' eyes.
 legal documents full of
incomprehensible jargon
 I find your attitude quite indigenous
incomprehensible.  Native, inborn, domestic
 incomprehensible to  Blueberries are indigenous to America.
 His accent made his speech  the many indigenous cultures which
incomprehensible to me. existed in Siberia
Motif concentric
 Pattern, subject, idea  having the same centre [↪ eccentric]:
 The theme of creation is a recurrent  concentric circles
motif in Celtic mythology.
 2 a small picture or pattern used to figurative
decorate something plain:  Not literal, symbolic, descriptive,
 a white T-shirt with a blue fish motif metaphoric
 He's my son, in the figurative
Peck sense of the word.
 Bite, tap, dig
 if a bird pecks something or pecks at
something, it makes quick repeated
iconography
movements with its beak to try to eat  the way that a particular people,
part of it, make a hole in it etc religious or political group etc
represent ideas in pictures or images:
 Native American iconography
Antiquity
 ancient times
 in antiquity
 The common household fork was
nearly unknown in antiquity.
 2 [uncountable] the state of being
very old:

TPO 1 – 30
TPO24 
Demonstrate
Display, show, exhibit,
 The study demonstrates the link
between poverty and malnutrition.
Reading 1
 demonstrate that
 Hitchcock's films demonstrate that a
Seep British filmmaker could learn from
 Leak, ooze, permeate Hollywood.
 to flow slowly through small holes or
spaces Extent
 seep into/through/down etc
 Range, degree, intensity
 Blood seeped down his leg.
 We all to some extent remember the
 2 to move or spread gradually good times and forget the bad.
 seep away/into/through etc  I do agree with him to an extent
 His tension was seeping away.
Outflow Per Annum

 for each year:
 when money, goods etc leave a bank,
country etc  a salary of $40,000 per annum
 outflow of
 the outflow of capital from the Evapotranspiration
developed countries  Evapotranspiration is the sum of
 2 the flow of water or air from evaporation and plant transpiration
something from the Earth's land and ocean
 outflow of surface to the atmosphere
 an outflow of gas escaping from the
main duct Renewal
 the outflow valve  Rebirth, revival
 when an activity, situation, or process
Gauge begins again after a period when it had
 to measure or calculate something by stopped
using a particular instrument or  renewal of
method:  a renewal of the recent conflict
 The thermostat will gauge the  Spring is a time of renewal.
temperature and control the heat.
spring
Conversely  a place where water comes up
 Contrary, reverse, opposite, against naturally from the ground:
 American consumers prefer white  spring water
eggs; conversely, British buyers like  There are several hot springs in the
brown eggs. area.
Residence
 the state of living in a place [= discharge
residency]:  Send out
 Rome was his main place of  Hospitals now tend to discharge
residence. patients earlier than in the past.

TPO 1 – 30
 The judge discharged the jury. Collapse

 Sewage is discharged directly into the  Fall down, fail, decrease
sea.  if a building, wall etc collapses, it falls
down suddenly, usually because it is
pond weak or damaged:
 a small area of fresh water that is  Uncle Ted's chair collapsed under his
smaller than a lake, that is either weight.
natural or artificially made  The roof had collapsed long ago.
 2illness/injury [intransitive] to
suddenly fall down or become
Reading 2 unconscious because you are ill or
weak:
Respiration  He collapsed with a heart attack while
 breathing he was dancing.
 the process of breathing  Marion's legs collapsed under her.
Congestion
Sigh  blockage
 to breathe in and out making a long
sound, especially because you are Considerable
bored, disappointed, tired etc:
 Abundant, large, noticeable
 'Well, there's nothing we can do about
 We've saved a considerable amount of
it now,' she sighed.
money.
 ‫آه کشیدن‬
 Michael has already spent
considerable time in Barcelona.
Overriding  issues of considerable importance
 Most important, main, paramount  The series has aroused considerable
 more important than anything else: interest.
 a question of overriding importance
 Their overriding concern is with Irritants
efficient crime control.  Annoyance, bother, trouble, burden
 something that keeps annoying you
Cessation over a period of time:
 Ending, stop, stoppage, pause  Low flying aircraft are a constant
 a cessation of hostilities (=when the irritant in this area.
fighting stops in a war)  2MI a substance that can make a part
of your body painful and sore:
 a skin irritant
Inhale
 to breathe in air, smoke, or gas [≠
exhale]:
Rib
 It is dangerous to inhale ammonia  one of the 12 pairs of curved bones
fumes. that surround your chest:
 Myra lit another cigarette and inhaled  She was taken to hospital with a
deeply (=breathed in a lot of smoke). broken arm and ribs.
 He was punched and kicked in the
ribs.
 ‫دنده‬

TPO 1 – 30
contraction Terrace
 the process of becoming smaller or  a row of houses that are joined to each
narrower: other, or a street with one of these
 the contraction of metal as it cools rows in it
 2place you can sitTBB a flat outdoor
area next to a building or on a roof,
Wax and wane where you can sit outside to eat, relax
 wax and wane to increase and etc
decrease over time:
 Interest in the show has waxed and
waned. Infringing
 Violate, intrude, trespass,
 to do something that is against a law
Reading 3 or someone's legal rights:
 A backup copy of a computer program
Pueblos does not infringe copyright.
 a small town, especially in the south  to limit someone's freedom in some
west U.S. way:
 Some students argued that the rule
Traumatic infringed on their right to free speech.
 Scary, shocking
 His son's death was the most Accustomed
traumatic event in Stan's life.  to be familiar with something and
accept it as normal:
Communal  We were accustomed to working
 shared by a group of people or together.
animals, especially a group who live  become/grow/get accustomed to
together: something
 a communal bathroom  Her eyes quickly became accustomed
 2 involving people from many to the dark.
different races, religions, or language  ! In spoken English, it is more usual to
groups: say be/get used to (doing) something
 the worst communal violence in two you’ll soon get used to the hot
years climate.
 3 relating or belonging to all the
people living in a particular
community: hygienic
 crops grown on communal land  Clean, healthful, sterile, wholesome,
 An inspector ensures that food is
prepared in hygienic conditions.
Arable
 Farmable, cultivable
 culminate
 relating to growing crops:  End up, wind up
 arable farming  A series of events for teachers and
 arable land (=land that is suitable for students will culminate in a
growing crops) Shakespeare festival next year.

TPO 1 – 30
prompt Ally
 to make someone decide to do  Partner, friend, helper,
something  a country that agrees to help or
 prompt somebody to do something support another country in a war:
 What prompted you to buy that suit?  a meeting of the European allies
 2 [transitive] to make people say  2 the Allies the group of countries
or do something as a reaction: including Britain and the US that
 The decision prompted an outcry fought together in the First and
among prominent US campaigners. Second World Wars
 3 someone who helps and supports
you when other people are trying to
Onset oppose you:
 the onset of something the beginning  Ridley was one of the Queen's closest
of something, especially something allies.
bad:  a staunch ally (=very close ally)
 the onset of winter of President Soares
 a network of political allies
contend  She knew she had found an ally in
 Compete, fight, Ted.
 to compete against someone in order  4 something that helps you succeed
to gain something in a difficult situation:
 contend for  Exercise is an important ally in your
 Three armed groups are contending campaign to lose weight.
for power.
 Inevitably, fights break out between

the members of contending groups.
2 [transitive] to argue or state that
TPO 25
something is true
 contend (that) Reading 1
 Some astronomers contend that the
 Crater – bulge – Olympus – mere –
universe may be younger than
plate – Martian - crust – intermittent –
previously thought.
prominent – mariner – pit – obliterate –
boulder - splash
patchy Crater
 Uneven, not consistent  1 a round hole in the ground made by
 happening or existing in some areas something that has fallen on it or by an
but not in others: explosion
 patchy fog  craters on the moon's surface
 2 not complete enough to be useful: 
 His knowledge of French remained  2 the round open top of a volcano
pretty patchy.  ‫دهانه آتشفشان‬
 There is only patchy evidence of the Bulge
animal's existence.
 1 a curved mass on the surface of
 3 especially British English good in something, usually caused by
some parts but bad in others: something under or inside it
 I thought the performance was patchy.  The gun made a bulge under his

TPO 1 – 30
jacket.  The weather forecast is for sun, with

intermittent showers.
 2 a sudden temporary increase in the
amount or level of something
 a bulge in the birthrate Prominent
 1 important
Olympus  a prominent Russian scientist
 also Mount Olympus  play a prominent part/role (in
 a mountain in northern Greece, the something)
highest mountain in Greece. In Greek  The World Cup will have a prominent
mythology, it was the place where the place on the agenda.
gods lived  2 something that is in a prominent
Mere place is easily seen
 1 used to emphasize how small or  prominent place/position
unimportant something or someone is  The statue was in a prominent position
 He's a mere child. outside the railway station.
 It can't be a mere coincidence that
they left at the same time. Mariner
 2 used to emphasize that something  literary a sailor
which is small or not extreme has a big
effect or is important Pit
 The mere thought of food made her
feel sick.  to put small marks or holes in the
 The mere fact that the talks are surface of something
continuing is a positive sign.  be pitted with something
 The whole street was pitted with
Plate potholes.
 one of the very large sheets of rock
that form the surface of the Earth Obliterate
 1 to destroy something completely so
Martian that nothing remains
 an imaginary creature from the planet
 Hiroshima was nearly obliterated by
Mars
the atomic bomb.
 2 to remove a thought, feeling, or
 —Martian adjective
memory from someone's mind
 Nothing could obliterate the memory of
Crust those tragic events.
 the hard outer layer of the Earth  3 to cover something completely so
 deep within the Earth's crust that it cannot be seen
 Then the fog came down, obliterating
Intermittent everything.
 Sporadic
 Irregular
 stopping and starting often and for
short periods

TPO 1 – 30
Boulder interest in religion over the last ten

years.
 a large round piece of rock  resurgence in
 a resurgence in the popularity of 60s
music
Splash
Intermediary
1 if a liquid splashes, it hits or falls on  a person or organization that tries to
something and makes a noise help two other people or groups to
 splash against/on/over agree with each other [↪ go-between]
 The ocean splashed against the pier.  Jackson acted as an intermediary
 2 also splash about/around to make between the two parties.
water fly up in the air with a loud noise  —intermediary adjective
by hitting it or by moving around in it  an intermediary role in the talks
 The children were splashing about in
the pool.
Row
 to make a boat move across water
Reading 2 using oars
 row away/towards/across
 Decline – resurgence – intermediary –
row – shipyard – foothill – unrest –  She rowed across the lake.
monopoly – outclass – emigrate -  Jenny used to row at college (=as a
noble sport).
 —row noun
Decline  Why don't we go for a row?
 Dwindling
 —rower noun [countable]
 Lessening
 There has been a decline in the size of
families. Shipyard
 rapid/sharp/steep/dramatic decline  a place where ships are built or
 a rapid decline in unemployment repaired
 steady/gradual/long-term decline
 The island's population initially
numbered 180, but there was a
Foothill
 one of the smaller hills below a group
gradual decline until only 40 people
of high mountains
were left.
 the foothills of the Himalayas
 fall/go etc into decline
 The port fell into decline (=became
less important and less busy) in the Unrest
1950s.  a political situation in which people
protest or behave violently
Resurgence  There is growing unrest throughout
 the reappearance and growth of the country.
something that was common in the  political/social/industrial etc unrest
past  The protests were the biggest show of
 resurgence of social unrest since the government
 There has been a resurgence of came to power.

TPO 1 – 30
Monopoly  2 relating to the way in which ideas or

 1 if a company or government has a situations gradually change and
monopoly of a business or political develop over a long period of time
activity, it has complete control of it so  He is in favour of gradual, evolutionary
that other organizations cannot social change.
compete with it
 ‫امتیاز انحصاری‬ Adaptation
 They are demanding an end to the 
Communist Party's monopoly of  the process of changing something to
power. make it suitable for a new situation
 the state monopoly of television  adaptation to
 For years Bell Telephone had a  adaptation to the environment
monopoly on telephone services in
the US.
Starch
 a substance which provides your body
Outclass with energy and is found in foods such
 to be or do something much better as grain, rice, and potatoes, or a food
than someone or something else that contains this
 He won his next race, completely substance [= carbohydrate]
outclassing his rivals.  He eats a lot of starch.
 Avoid fatty foods and starches.
Emigrate
 to leave your own country in order to Habitat
live in another country [↪ immigrate]  the natural home of a plant or animal
 emigrate to/from
 watching monkeys in their natural
 He emigrated to Australia as a young habitat
man.
 The grassland is an important habitat
for many wild flowers.
Noble
 a member of the highest social class Subject
with a title such as 'Duke' or 'Countess'
 subject somebody/something to
something
Reading 3  to force someone or something to
 Evolutionary – adaptation – starch – experience something very
habitat- subject – desolate – unpleasant, especially over a long time
inhospitable – terrestrial – pioneer –  Police subjected him to hours of
nutrient – stiffen – Embryo - pollen questioning.
 subject somebody to an
ordeal/abuse/harassment
Evolutionary  Barker subjected his victim to awful
 1 relating to the way in which plants abuse
and animals develop and change
gradually over a long period of time
 ‫تکاملی‬
 the evolutionary development of birds

TPO 1 – 30
Desolate not bend easily

 a place that is desolate is empty and Embryo
looks sad because there are no people  1 an animal or human that has not yet
there been born, and has just begun to
 a desolate landscape develop [↪ foetus]
 2 in embryo
Inhospitable  at a very early stage of development
 an inhospitable place is difficult to live  The system already exists in embryo.
or stay in because the weather
conditions are unpleasant or there is Pollen
no shelter
 a fine powder produced by flowers,
 an inhospitable climate which is carried by the wind or by
 He trekked across some of the most insects to other flowers of the same
inhospitable terrain in the world. type, making them produce seeds
 ‫گرده‬
Terrestrial
 relating to the Earth rather than to the
moon or other
TPO 26
Pioneer
 to be the first person to do, invent or Reading 1
use something  Prominence – viable – shaft – spin –
 The new cancer treatment was coke - refined – instrumental –
pioneered in the early eighties by Dr finished – boom – revolutionize – in
Sylvia Bannerjee. turn – implication – freight – initiate –
entrenched – keep pace with -
entrepreneur
Nutrient Prominence
 a chemical or food that provides what  1 the fact of being important and well-
is needed for plants or animals to live known
and grow  prominence of
 The plant absorbs nutrients from the  the prominence of pressure groups as
soil. political forces
 —nutrient adjective  come to/rise to/achieve prominence
(as something)
Stiffen  She first came to prominence as an
 1 if you stiffen, your body suddenly artist in 1989.
becomes firm, straight, or still because  2 give something prominence/give
you feel angry or anxious [≠ relax] prominence to something
 He touched her, and she stiffened.  to treat something as specially
 2 to become stronger, more severe, or important
more determined, or to make  Every newspaper gave prominence to
something do this the success of England's cricketers.
 Their opposition only stiffened my
resolve.
 3 to make material stiff so that it will
TPO 1 – 30
Viable Instrumental
 Reasonable, Practicable, Feasible,  be instrumental in (doing) something
Applicable  (Formal) to be important in making
 a viable idea, plan, or method can something happen
work successfully  He was instrumental in developing
 viable alternative/proposition/option links with European organizations.
etc
 The committee came forward with one
viable solution.
Finished
 economically/commercially/financially  fully and properly made or completed
viable  It took a long time to do, but the
 Will a hotel here be financially viable? finished product was worth it.
Shaft Boom
 a thin long piece of metal in an engine  increase in business
or machine that turns and passes on  [≠ slump]
power or movement to another part of  The boom has created job
the machine opportunities.
 a drive shaft  a sudden boom in the housing market
 The economy went from boom to
bust (=from increasing to decreasing)
Spin very quickly.
 1 turn around
 The plane's propellers were spinning.
 She grabbed Norm's arm and spun
Revolutionize
him around to face her.  Transform
 2 to make cotton, wool etc into thread  to completely change the way people
by twisting it do something or think about something
 3 if a spider or insect spins a web or  New technology is going to
cocoon, it produces thread to make it revolutionize everything we do.
 My teacher’s trainings revolutionized
my life.
Coke
 a solid black substance produced from
coal and burned to provide heat In turn
 1) as a result of something
 Interest rates were cut and, in turn,
Refined share prices rose.
 1 a substance that is refined has been  2) one after the other, especially in a
made pure by an industrial particular order
process [↪ raw, crude; ≠ unrefined]  Each of us in turn had to describe how
 refined sugar/oil/petroleum alcohol had affected our lives.
 2 a method or process that is refined
has been improved to make it more
effective [↪ sophisticated] Implication
 Laser surgery has become much more  1 a possible future effect or result of
refined over the last decade. an action, event, decision etc
 What are the implications of these

TPO 1 – 30
proposals?  to change or increase as fast as

 This election has profound something else, or to move as fast as
implications for the future of U.S. someone else
democracy.  Salaries have not always kept pace
 practical/financial/political etc with inflation.
implications  The supply of materials cannot keep
 2 a suggestion that is not made pace with demand.
directly but that people are expected to  Slow down! I can't keep pace with you.
understand or accept [↪ imply]
 The law bans organized protests and,
by implication, any form of opposition. Entrepreneur
 someone who starts a new business
or arranges business deals in order to
Freight make money, often in a way that
 goods that are carried by ship, train, involves financial risks
or aircraft, and the system of moving
these goods
 freight services
Reading 2
 We'll send your personal belongings  Intolerable – Tissue – texture –
by air freight and your furniture by topography - perennial – dwarf –
sea freight. annual – ephemeral – counter – wilt –
taproot – assure – palm tree –
mesquite - spring – margin –
Initiate prolonged – torpor – spell –
 Start morphology - ostrich – plumage -
 Commence convection
 Trigger Intolerable
 They have decided to initiate legal  Unendurable
proceedings against the newspaper.  Unbearable
 Intellectuals have initiated a debate on  Unaccepted
terrorism.  too difficult, bad, annoying etc for you
to accept or deal with [≠ tolerable]
Entrenched  'This is intolerable!' exclaimed Sir
Rufus.
 strongly established and not likely to
change - often used to show  The pain had become intolerable.
disapproval  intolerable burden/strain/pressure
 entrenched in  Caring for an elderly relative can
 Ageism is entrenched in our society. become an intolerable burden.
 entrenched
attitudes/positions/interests etc Tissue
 a deeply entrenched belief in male  the material forming animal or plant
superiority cells
 —entrench verb [transitive]  lung/brain etc tissue
Texture
Keep pace with  the way a surface or material feels
 keep pace (with when you touch it, especially how
something/somebody) smooth or rough it is

TPO 1 – 30
 smooth/silky/rough etc texture Wilt

 the smooth texture of silk  if a plant wilts, it bends over because it
 a designer who experiments with is too dry or old [↪ droop]
different colours and textures  ‫پژمرده شدن گیاه‬
Topography Taproot
 1 the science of describing an area of  the large main root of a plant, from
land, or making maps of it which smaller roots grow
 2 [+ of] the shape of an area of land,
including its hills, valleys etc
 —topographer noun assure
 —topographical adjective  to make something certain to happen
or to be achieved [= ensure]
Perennial  Excellent reviews have assured the
film's success.
 a plant that lives for more than two
 assure somebody (of) something
years
 A win on Saturday will assure them of
promotion to Division One.
Dwarf
 to be so big that other things are made
to seem very small
Palm tree
 palm tree a tropical tree which grows
 The cathedral is dwarfed by the
near beaches or in deserts, with a long
surrounding skyscrapers.
straight trunk and large pointed leaves
at the top
Annual  coconut palms
 a plant that lives for one year or
season
Mesquite
 an American tree or bush, or the wood
Ephemeral from it that is used to give food a
 existing or popular for only a short time special taste when cooking on a
 Fashion is by nature ephemeral. barbecue
Counter Spring
 1 to say something in order to try to  a place where water comes up
prove that what someone said was not naturally from the ground
true or as a reply to something  ‫چشمه‬
 counter an argument/an allegation/a  spring water
criticism etc  There are several hot springs in the
 He was determined to counter the area.
bribery allegations.
 2 to do something in order to prevent Margin
something bad from happening or to
 1 the empty space at the side of a
reduce its bad effects
page
 Exercise helps to counter the effects of
 Someone had scribbled a note in the
stress.
margin.

TPO 1 – 30
 Use double spacing and wide margins  3 the structure of an object or system
to leave room for comments. or the way it was formed
 ‫حاشیه‬  —morphological adjective
 2 an additional amount of something  the morphological features of cells
such as time, money, or space that
you include in order to make sure that
you are successful in achieving Ostrich
something  ‫شترمرغ‬
 It'll take about 30 minutes to dry but I'd
allow a safety margin of, say, another Plumage
10 minutes.  the feathers covering a bird's body
 the parrot's brilliant blue plumage
Prolonged
 continuing for a long time Convection
 prolonged exposure to the sun  Convection is the process by which
 a prolonged period of time heat travels through air, water, and
other gases and liquids
Torpor  ‫انتقال گرما‬
 (formal)
 Lethargy, sloth Reading 3
 a state of being not active because  Patron – sovereign – mercy – biblical –
you are lazy or sleepy clamor – script – incise – stylus –
 She tried to rouse him from the torpor wedge – theology – tablet - sledge –
into which he had sunk. mount – copper – tin - saw- scythe
Spell Patron
 a period of a particular kind of activity,  1 someone who supports the activities
weather, illness etc, usually a short of an organization, for example by
period giving money
 spell of  a wealthy patron
 a spell of bad luck  patron of
 cold/wet/dry spell  a patron of the arts
 Water the young plants carefully  2 a famous person who is officially
during dry spells. involved with an organization, such as
 a day of sunny spells and scattered acharity, and whose name is used to
showers help advertise it
 He began to suffer from dizzy spells.
Sovereign
Morphology  (noun) formal a king or queen
 1 the study of the morphemes of a  (adjective)
language and of the way in which they  1 having the highest power in a
are joined together to make country
words [↪ syntax]  sovereign power/control
 2 the scientific study of the form and  2 a sovereign country or state is
structure of animals and plants independent and governs itself

TPO 1 – 30
Biblical Stylus
 relating to or written in the Bible  a thing shaped like a pen, used for
 The disease dates back to biblical writing on wax, making marks on
times. metal, writing on a special computer
 biblical story/text/reference screen etc
 the biblical story of Noah  ‫قلم حکاکی‬
Clamor Wedge
 1 a very loud noise made by a large  1 a piece of wood, metal etc that has
group of people or animals one thick edge and one pointed edge
 ‫غوغا‬ and is used especially for keeping a
 He shouted over the rising clamor of door open or for splitting wood
voices. 
 2 the expression of feelings of anger  2 a piece of food shaped like a wedge
and shock by a large number of  Garnish with lemon wedges.
people - used especially in news  wedge of
reports  a wedge of cheese
 Trouillot disregarded the growing
public clamor for her resignation.
Theology
 1 the study of religion and religious
Mercy ideas and beliefs
 at the mercy of somebody/something  He studied theology at college.
 unable to do anything to protect  ‫الهیات‬
yourself from someone or something  2 a particular system of religious
 After the boat's motor failed, they were beliefs and ideas
at the mercy of the weather.  According to Muslim theology there is
 She was completely at his mercy. only one God.
Script Tablet
 (formal)  a flat piece of stone or clay with words
 writing done by hand cut into it, for example above
 a diary entry written in neat black someone's grave
script  ‫ صفحه‬،‫لوح‬
 ‫دست نوشته‬
 ‫کتیبه‬
Sledge
 a small vehicle used for sliding over
Incise snow, often used by children or in
 to cut a pattern, word etc into some sports [↪ sleigh]
something, using a sharp instrument
 an inscription incised in stone Mount
 ‫ کنده کاری کردن‬، ‫حجاری‬
 1 organize
 mount a campaign/challenge/search
etc
 Friends of the Earth are mounting a

TPO 1 – 30
campaign to monitor the illegal logging Escalate

of trees.  1 if fighting, violence, or a bad
 Guerrillas have mounted an attack on situation escalates, or if someone
the capital. escalates it, it becomes much worse
 2 increase  escalate into
 Tension here is mounting, as we  Her fear was escalating into panic.
await the final result.  2 to become higher or increase, or to
 3 To get on a horse/bicycle make something do this
 [≠ dismount]  The costs were escalating alarmingly.
 He mounted his horse and rode on.  —escalation noun
 4go up a step or stairs  a rapid escalation in value
 He mounted the stairs and looked
around him slowly.
Notorious
 famous or well-known for something
Copper bad [= infamous]
 ‫مس‬  a notorious computer hacker
 notorious cases of human rights
Tin abuses
 notorious for
 ‫قلع‬  a judge notorious for his cruelty and
corruption
Saw
 ‫اره‬
Scythe Commute
 the journey to work every day
 ‫داس‬

 My morning commute takes 45
TPO 27 minutes.
Reading 1
Mold
 Craft – Mesopotamia – escalate –  ‫قالب‬
notorious – commute – mold – rim –
bevel – scoop – seal – legible – lump - Rim
bolt  1 the outside edge of something
Craft circular
 a job or activity in which you make  rim of
things with your hands, and that you  the rim of a glass
usually need skill to do [↪ handicraft]  plates with a gold band around the rim
 traditional rural crafts  2 gold-rimmed/red-rimmed etc
 with a gold, red etc rim
Mesopotamia  gold-rimmed spectacles
 ‫بین النهرین‬

TPO 1 – 30
Bevel Reading 2
 1 a sloping edge or surface, usually  Crust – Plate tectonics – uneventful –
along the edge of a piece of wood or interior – coral - instructive – erode –
glass plume – hot spot – backtrack
 2 a tool for making this kind of edge or Crust
surface  ‫پوسته‬
 —bevelled adjective
 bevelled glass
Plate tectonics
 the study of the forming and
Scoop movement of the large sheets of rock
 1 to pick something up or remove it that form the surface of the Earth
using a scoop or a spoon, or your
curved hand
 Cut the tomato in half and scoop out Uneventful
the seeds with a teaspoon.  Monotonous
 2 to be the first newspaper to print an  Dull
important news report  An uneventful job
 Time and again we have scooped our
rivals.
Interior
 inside or indoors [≠ exterior]
Seal  The interior walls are all painted white.
 a piece of wax, paper, wire etc that
you have to break in order to open a
container, document etc
Coral
 ‫مرجان‬
Legible
 written or printed clearly enough for
Instructive
you to read [≠ illegible]  Informative
 ‫خوانا‬  Providing useful information
 Her handwriting was so tiny it was  He provided an instructive answer.
barely legible.
Erode
Lump  Wear down
 a small piece of something solid,  ‫فرسایش یافتن‬
without a particular shape  The cliffs are being constantly eroded
 Strain the custard to remove lumps. by heavy seas.
 lump of  The rocks have gradually eroded
 Melt a lump of butter in your frying- away.
pan.
Plume
Bolt  1 a cloud of smoke, dust etc which
 ‫پیچ‬ rises up into the air
 plume of smoke/dust/gas/spray etc
 A black plume of smoke rose above
the city.
TPO 1 – 30
Hot spot  Roughly speaking, I'd say we need

 1 a place where there is a lot of heat about $500.
or radiation
 Many microwaves heat unevenly, Bivalve
leading to hot spots in the milk.  any sea animal that has two shells
 2 a place that is popular for joined together
entertainment or a particular activity  bivalve molluscs
 They played regularly at legendary hot
spots such as the UFO Club.
 3 a place where there is likely to be Monopolize
fighting or a particular problem  1 to have complete control over
 The report identified eight pollution hot something so that other people cannot
spots. share it or take part in it
 4 a place where a fire can spread from  The company has monopolized the
soft drinks market.
 He monopolized the conversation all
Backtrack evening.
 1 to change an opinion or promise that  2 to use a lot of someone's time or
you gave so that it is not as strong as attention
it was earlier [↪ backpedal]  Virtually all her time and energy is now
 backtrack on monopolized by the children.
 The President is backtracking on his
promise to increase healthcare
spending. Standpoint
 2 to return by the same way that you  Point of view
came  a way of thinking about people,
 We had to backtrack about a mile. situations, ideas etc
 from a theoretical/political/economic
etc standpoint
Reading 3  Let's look at the questions from an
 Willow – twig – shoe – roughly – economic standpoint.
bivalve – monopolize - standpoint  a discussion of marriage from the
standpoint of women
Willow
 ‫درخت بید‬
TPO 28
Twig
 ‫شاخه کوچک‬
Reading 1
 Potable – extract – term – tortuous -
Shoe impermeable – igneous – coating -
 ‫نعل اسب‬ intersect
Potable
Roughly  potable water is safe to drink
 Crudely
 Approximately
 There were roughly 200 people there.
TPO 1 – 30
Extract  The tent has a waterproof coating on

 Remove both sides.
 Pull out
 Oils are extracted from the plants. Intersect
 You'll have to have that tooth  1 if two lines or roads intersect, they
extracted. meet or go across each other
 2 to divide an area with several lines,
Term roads etc
 to use a particular word or expression  The plain is intersected by a network
to name or describe something of canals.
 This condition is sometimes termed
RSI, or repetitive strain injury. Reading 2
 Roosevelt termed himself and his  Pastoral – albeit – undergo – Antelope
policies 'liberal'. – Ox – herd – beast – at will –
 These developments are loosely confined – inbreeding – tame –
termed 'advanced manufacturing juxtapose – intimate – adze – bow and
techniques'. arrow – endeavor - deteriorate
Tortuous Pastoral
 1 a tortuous path, stream, road etc has  1 relating to the duties of a priest,
a lot of bends in it and is therefore minister etc towards the members of
difficult to travel along their religious group
 a tortuous path over the mountains to  his pastoral work among the
Kandahar congregation
 ‫پر پیچ و خم‬  2 literary typical of the simple peaceful
 2 complicated and long and therefore life in the country
confusing  a charming pastoral scene
 The book begins with a long, tortuous  Pastoralist :
introduction.  a sheep or cattle farmer.
Impermeable Albeit
 not allowing liquids or gases to pass  Although
through [≠ permeable]  Even though
 No paint is impermeable to water  Notwithstanding
vapour.  He accepted the job, albeit with some
hesitation.
Igneous  Chris went with her, albeit reluctantly.
 igneous rocks are formed from
lava (=hot liquid rock) Undergo
 if you undergo a change, an
Coating unpleasant experience etc, it happens
 Layer to you or is done to you
 coating of  The country has undergone massive
 a fine coating of dust changes recently.

TPO 1 – 30
 He has been released from prison to medical personnel.

undergo medical treatment in the  2 a confined space or area is one that
United States. is very small
 She has been undergoing tests since  It wasn't easy to sleep in such a
Monday. confined space.
 Teachers should be expected to
undergo mid-career training and
development.
Inbreeding
 when children, animals, or plants are
produced from closely related
Antelope members of the same family
 ‫بز کوهی‬  He was born with a rare bone disease,
probably the result of aristocratic
inbreeding.
Ox
 plural oxen [countable]
 1 a bull whose sex organs have been Tame
removed, often used for working on  2 to train a wild animal to obey you
farms and not to attack
 2 a large cow or bull people [= domesticate]
 The Asian elephant can be tamed and
trained.
Herd
 a group of animals of one kind that
live and feed together[↪ flock] Juxtapose
 ‫گله‬  to put things together, especially things
 herd of that are not normally together, in order
 a herd of cattle to compare them or to make
 herds of elephants something new
 Herder : ‫گله دار‬  juxtapose something with something
  a style of decor that juxtaposes
antiques with modern furniture
Beast
 an animal, especially a large or
dangerous one Intimate
 intimate knowledge of something:
 very detailed knowledge of something
At will as a result of careful study or a lot of
 whenever you want and in whatever experience
way you want
 his intimate knowledge of the coal
 industry
 He can't just fire people at will, can
he?
Adze
 ‫تیشه نجاری‬
Confined
 1 be confined to somebody/something
 to exist in or affect only a particular Bow and Arrow
place or group  ‫تیر و کمان‬
 The risk of infection is confined to

TPO 1 – 30
Endeavor Conspicuous
 an attempt to do something new or  Obvious
difficult  Very easy to notice
 scientific/creative etc endeavor  Apparent
 an outstanding example of  Discernible
 human endeavor  The notice must be displayed in a
 endeavor to do something conspicuous place.
 Despite our best endeavors, we  a bird with conspicuous white
couldn't start the car. markings
 I felt very conspicuous in my red coat.
Deteriorate
 1 to become worse Strip
 Ethel's health has deteriorated.  to remove something that is covering
 America's deteriorating economy the surface of something else
 2 deteriorate into something  Strip the beds and wash the sheets.
 to develop into a bad or worse  strip something off/from something
situation  We need to strip the wallpaper off the
 The argument deteriorated into a fight. walls first.
 strip something of something
 Tall windows stripped of curtains
Reading 3
 Buck – rub – scrape – conspicuous –
strip – bark – combat – sniff – lick – Bark
scent – gland – olfactory –  the outer covering of a tree
synchronize – induce - urinate
Combat
Buck  Battle
 a male rabbit, deer, and some other  Conflict
male animals  Fight
 We flew over 200 combat missions.
Rub  training in unarmed combat (=fighting
without weapons)
 to rub something or massage
someone for a short time
 ‫ مالیدن‬Rub (v) Sniff
 Give the table a good rub with a damp  when you breathe in air noisily through
cloth. your nose, for example in order to
smell something, because you have a
cold, or in order to show your
Scrape disapproval
 a mark or slight injury caused by
 a sniff of disapproval
rubbing against a rough
 She gave a loud sniff.
surface [= graze]
 I came away from the accident with Lick
only cuts and scrapes.  when you move your tongue across
the surface of something
 Can I have a lick of your ice cream?

TPO 1 – 30

Scent
a pleasant smell that something TPO 29
has [= fragrance]
 a yellow rose with a lovely scent
Reading 1
 scent of
 Shatter – blemish – brittle – fragile –
 the sweet scent of ripe fruit
stack – elusive – shard – dump –
 ‫بو‬
entirely - substantial – gigantic – afield
 ‫رایحه‬ – humble - farmstead
Shatter
Gland
 ‫غده‬  to break suddenly into very small
pieces, or to make something break in
Olfactory this way
 connected with the sense of smell  shatter into
 the olfactory cells in the nose  The plate hit the floor, and shattered
into tiny bits.
 The explosion shattered the building.
Synchronize
 to happen at exactly the same time, or
to arrange for two or more actions to Blemish
happen at exactly the same time  a small mark, especially a mark on
 synchronize something with something someone's skin or on the surface of an
 Businesses must synchronize their object, that spoils its appearance
production choices with consumer  Flaw
choices.
Brittle
Induce  hard but easily broken
 1 to persuade someone to do  ‫شکننده‬
something, especially something that  The branches were dry and brittle.
does not seem wise  Joanna was diagnosed as having
 induce somebody to do something brittle bones.
 Nothing would induce me to vote for
him again.
 2 to cause a particular physical Fragile
condition  easily broken or damaged [= delicate;
 Patients with eating disorders may use ≠ strong]
drugs to induce vomiting.  fragile bones
 Be careful with that vase - it's very
Urinate fragile.
 to get rid of urine from your body
Stack
 1 a neat pile of things [↪ heap]
 stack of
 a stack of papers
 stacks of dirty dishes

TPO 1 – 30
 2 a chimney Substantial
 3 the stacks  Large in amount
 [plural] the rows of shelves in a library  Considerable
where the books are kept  Significant
 We have the support of a substantial
Elusive number of parents.
 1 an elusive person or animal is  a substantial salary
difficult to find or not often seen  The document requires substantial
 She managed to get an interview with changes.
that elusive man.
 2 an elusive result is difficult to Gigantic
achieve  extremely big [= huge]
 She enjoys a firm reputation in this  a gigantic skyscraper
country but wider international success
has been elusive.
 3 an elusive idea or quality is difficult Afield
to understand  far/further/farthest afield
 For me, the poem has an elusive  far away, especially from home
quality.  They were exporting as far afield as
Shard Alexandria.
 shard also sherd [countable]  students who come from further afield
 a sharp piece of broken glass, metal
etc Humble
 shard of  having a low social class or position
 a shard of pottery  He started his career as a humble
Dump peanut farmer.
 1 a place where unwanted waste is
taken and left
 an underground nuclear waste dump
Farmstead
 a dump site  a farmhouse and the buildings around
it
 2 a place where military supplies are
stored, or the supplies themselves
 There has been a series of explosions Reading 2
in an ammunition dump.  Mechanism – indigenous – Herbivore
 3 a place that is unpleasant to live in – rodent – Pliocene – Isthmus –
because it is dirty, ugly, untidy etc graphically – regulate
 ' What a dump,' she added as they
entered the village.
Mechanism
 1 a system or a way of behaving that
Entirely helps a living thing to avoid or protect
 Completely and in every possible way itself from something difficult or
 Our situation is entirely different. dangerous
 The ridge consists entirely of volcanic  defence/control/survival mechanism
rock.  When a person is ill, the body's natural
 Her reasons were not entirely clear. defence mechanisms come into

TPO 1 – 30
operation. chemicals in food

 2 the way that something works  2 to make a machine or your body
 mechanism of work at a particular speed,
 the mechanism of the brain temperature etc
 People sweat to regulate their body
heat.
Indigenous
 indigenous people or things have
always been in the place where they Reading 3
are, rather than being brought there  Harness – waterwheel – grind – by no
from somewhere else [= native] means – application – in principle –
 indigenous to Kinetic Energy – take over – obsolete
 Blueberries are indigenous to America. – hydro – patent – supersede - power
 the many indigenous cultures which station – plant – renewable energy
existed in Siberia
Harness
Herbivore  to control and use the natural force or
 an animal that only eats plants power of something
 Utilize
 We can harness the power of the wind
Rodent to generate electricity.
 ‫ مانند خرگوش‬، ‫جوندگان‬
Waterwheel
Pliocene  a large wheel that is turned by water
 belonging to the period in the Earth's and is used to drive machinery
history that started about 5 million  ‫چرخ چاه‬
years ago and continued about 3
million years
Grind
 1 a) to break something such as corn
or coffee beans into small pieces or
Isthmus powder, either in a machine or
 a narrow piece of land with water on between two hard surfaces
both sides, that connects two larger  freshly ground pepper
areas of land:  b) American English to cut food,
especially raw meat, into very small
 the Isthmus of Panama pieces by putting it through a
machine [= mince ]
 ground beef
Graphically  2 press
 if you describe something graphically,  He ground out his cigarette on the
you describe it very clearly with a lot of window ledge.
detail [= vividly]
By no means
 Not at all
Regulate  It is by no means certain that the game
 1 to control an activity or process, will take place.
especially by rules  She's not a bad kid, by any means.
 strict rules regulating the use of

TPO 1 – 30
Application using water)

 (noun) Use  2 relating to hydrogen, or containing it
 The application of waterpower  Hydrocarbons
In principle Patent
 a) if something is possible in principle,  to obtain a special document giving
there is no good reason why it should you the right to make or sell a new
not happen, but it has not actually invention or product
happened yet
 In principle, the new software should Supersede
make the accounting system a lot  if a new idea, product, or method
simpler. supersedes another one, it becomes
 b) if you agree to something in used instead because it is more
principle, you agree about a general modern or effective [= replace]
plan or idea but have not yet  Their map has since been superseded
considered the details by photographic atlases.
 The government has agreed in
principle to a referendum.
Power Station
 ‫نیروگاه برق‬
Kinetic Energy
 ‫انرژی جنبشی‬
Plant
 ‫کارخانه‬
Take over
 to take control of
something [↪ takeover]take Renewable Energy
something ↔ over  ‫انرژی تجدیدپذیر‬
 His only reason for investing in the
company was to take it over.
 Ruth moved into our apartment and
promptly took over. TPO 30
Obsolete Reading 1
 no longer useful, because something  In any case – leap – primate –
newer and better has been considerable – outweigh - rat – enrich
invented[↪ out-of-date]:obsolete – maze – dim – synapse – Cerebellum
weapons – stalk – pounce – comparative -
 computer hardware that quickly courtship – submissive – countless –
became obsolete peer – aggression – delineate – wag –
 Will computers render (=make) books tail - potentially
obsolete?
Hydro In any case
 1 relating to water, or using water
 whatever happens or happened
 hydroelectricity (=produced by water
 I don't see why I couldn't do it. In any
power)
case, I'm going to try.
 hydrotherapy (=treatment of disease
TPO 1 – 30
 He's too young to come and in any Maze

case I want him to spend the time with  1 a complicated and confusing
Mom. arrangement of streets, roads etc
 I was led through a maze of corridors.
Leap  2 a large number of rules, instructions
 to jump high into the air or to jump in etc which are complicated and difficult
order to land in a different place to understand
 She leapt over the fence.  a maze of new laws
 The smaller animals can easily leap  3 a specially designed system of
from tree to tree. paths, often in a park or public garden,
 b) literary to jump over something which is difficult to find your way
 Brenda leaped the gate and ran through
across the field.  We got completely lost in the maze.
 the famous Hampton Court maze
 4 a children's game on paper in which
Primate you try to draw a line through a
 a member of the group of animals that complicated group of lines without
includes humans and monkeys crossing any of them
Considerable Dim
 Noticeable  dark
 Marked  fairly dark or not giving much light, so
 Significant that you cannot see well[≠ bright]
 Substantial  in the dim light of the early dawn
 Considerable costs  a dim glow

Outweigh Synapse
 to be more important or valuable than  the place where nerve cells meet,
something else especially in the brain
 The benefits of the scheme outweigh  —synaptic adjective
the disadvantages.
Cerebellum
Rat  ‫مخچه‬
 ‫موش صحرایی‬ Stalk
 to follow a person or animal quietly in
order to catch and attack or kill
Enrich them [↪ shadow]
 to improve the quality of something,
 a tiger stalking its prey
especially by adding things to it
 We know the rapist stalks his victims
 Add fertilizer to enrich the soil.
at night.
 Education can greatly enrich your life.
 ≠ impoverish
Pounce
 to suddenly move forward and attack
someone or something, after waiting to
attack them

TPO 1 – 30
 The cat was hiding in the bushes,  Television violence can encourage
ready to pounce. aggression in children.
 pounce on  aggression towards
 Kevin pounced on Liam and started  Our dogs have never shown
hitting him. aggression towards other dogs.
Comparative Delineate
 Relative  1 to describe or draw something
 After a lifetime of poverty, his last few carefully so that people can
years were spent in comparable understand it
comfort.  The document delineates your rights
 She didn't want to leave the and your obligations.
comparative safety of the shelter.  2 to make the borders between two
areas very clear:
 The boundaries of these areas should
Courtship be clearly delineated.
 special behavior used by animals to
attract each other for sex
 courtship rituals Wag
 Courtship and mating in animals  if a dog wags its tail, or if its tail wags,
the dog moves its tail many times from
one side to the other
Submissive
 always willing to obey someone and
never disagreeing with them, even if Tail
they are unkind to you [≠ assertive]  ‫دم حیوان‬
 In those days women were expected
to be quiet and submissive.
Potentially
 Possibly
Countless  Likely
 too many to be counted  something that is potentially
 a famous film clip which has been dangerous, useful etc is not dangerous
shown countless times etc now, but may become so in the
future
 a potentially dangerous situation
Peer
 your peers are the people who are the
same age as you, or who have the Reading 2
same type of job, social class etc  Pace – enliven – increment – all but –
 American children did less well in math obscure – innumerable – comforting –
than their peers in Japan. posit – locality - compelling – clam –
 Staff members are trained by their jerky – uneven – conceive –
peers. occasionally - exhaustive
Pace
Aggression  The speed at which something
happens
 angry or threatening behavior or
feelings that often result in fighting  The pace of Evolutionary change

TPO 1 – 30
Enliven Locality
 to make something more interesting  a small area of a country, city
 Humour can help enliven a dull etc [= area]
subject.  weather reports from several different
localities
 in the locality
Increment  Both sea fishing and fresh water
 a regular increase in the amount of angling are available in the locality.
money someone is paid
 a salary of £18,000, with annual
increments of 2.5% Compelling
 Persuasive
 1 compelling reason/argument/case
All but etc
 Almost completely
 an argument etc that makes you feel
 Changes are all but invisible over the certain that something is true or that
short time. you must do something about it
 The court was presented with
Obscure compelling evidence that she'd
 1 to make something difficult to know murdered her husband.
or understand  2 very interesting or exciting, so that
 Recent successes have obscured the you have to pay attention
fact that the company is still in trouble.  His life makes a compelling story.
 2 to prevent something from being
seen or heard clearly Clam
 The view was obscured by mist.  a shellfish you can eat that has a shell
in two parts that open up
Innumerable  clam chowder (=a type of soup)
 very many, or too many to be counted
 [= countless] Jerky
 She's served on innumerable  jerky movements are rough, with many
committees. starts and stops [≠ smooth]
 His skin was dry and hot, his breathing
Comforting rapid and jerky.
 Reassuring  The bus came to a jerky halt.
 Making you feel less worried Uneven
 His voice was strangely comforting.  1 not smooth, flat, or level
 She walked back carefully over the
uneven ground.
Posit  2 not regular
 to suggest that a particular idea should
 His breathing had become uneven.
be accepted as a fact
 3 not equal or equally balanced
 posit that
 an uneven distribution of resources
 He posited that each planet moved in
 4 good in some parts and bad in
a perfect circle.
others
 an uneven performance

TPO 1 – 30
Conceive Collective
 to imagine a particular situation or to  shared or made by every member of a
think about something in a particular group or society
way  a collective decision made by all
 (cannot) conceive of (doing) board members
something  our collective responsibility for the
 Many people can't conceive of a environment
dinner without meat or fish.
 conceive that Ration
 He could not conceive that anything  1 to control the supply of something
really serious could be worrying his because there is not enough
friend.  Fuel was rationed during the war.
 conceive what/why/how etc  2 to allow someone only a small
 I can hardly conceive what it must be amount of something
like here in winter.  the need to ration health care
 conceive of something/somebody as resources
something  diets which ration fat
 Language may be conceived of as a  ration somebody/something to
process which arises from social somethin
interaction.  He rationed himself to 4 cigarettes a
day.
Occasionally  I try to ration the children's television
 Once in a while viewing to an hour a day.
 Sometimes, but not regularly , not
often Compatible
 Occasionally Alice would look up from  1 if two pieces of computer equipment
her books. are compatible, they can be used
 We only see each other very together, especially when they are
occasionally (=rarely). made by different
companies[↪ compatibility]
Exhaustive  The new software is IBM
 extremely thorough and complete compatible (=can be used with IBM
 an exhaustive investigation computers).
 The list is by no means exhaustive.  2 able to exist or be used together
without causing
problems [↪ compatibility]
Reading 3  Stephen's political views often weren't
 Collective – ration – compatible – compatible with her own.
authoritative – discrepancy – discord –  3 two people that are compatible are
strife – drive out – ironically – able to have a good relationship
undermine - Equinox – reckon – because they have similar opinions or
municipal – spoil – pilgrimage – sacred interests
– relic – ingenuity – relentless -
pioneer

TPO 1 – 30
authoritative driven out by horror.

 1 Official
 2 an authoritative book, account etc is Ironically
respected because the person who  1 used when talking about a situation
wrote it knows a lot about the subject in which the opposite of what you
 the most authoritative work on English expected happens or is true
surnames  Ironically, his cold got better on the last
 3 behaving or speaking in a confident, day of his holiday.
determined way that makes people  2 in a way that shows you really mean
respect and obey you the opposite of what you are saying
 He has a commanding presence and  'Oh, no problem!' said Terry, ironically.
an authoritative voice.
Undermine
Discrepancy  to gradually make someone or
 a difference between two amounts, something less strong or effective
details, reports etc that should be the  economic policies that threaten to
same undermine the health care system
 discrepancy in  undermine somebody's
 Police found discrepancies in the confidence/authority/position/credibility
two men's reports. etcThe constant criticism was
 discrepancy between beginning to undermine her
 There is a large discrepancy between confidence.
the ideal image of motherhood and the
reality.
Equinox
 one of the two times in a year when
Discord night and day are of equal length
 1 disagreement or arguing between  the spring equinox
people
 marital discord
 discord within NATO Reckon
 (spoken)
 to think or suppose something
Strife  reckon (that)Do you reckon he'll
 trouble between two or more people or agree to see us?
groups [= conflict]  The police reckon that whoever killed
 ethnic/religious/civil etc strife Dad was with him earlier that day.
 a time of political strife  'There's nothing we can do about it.'
'You reckon (=used to express doubt
Drive out or disagreement)?'
 1 to force someone or something to
leave Municipal
 Downtown stores are being driven out  relating to or belonging to the
by crime. government of a town or city
 2 written to make something stop  the municipal waste dump
existing  municipal elections
 As we went forward, our fear was

TPO 1 – 30
Spoil Ingenuity
 things taken by an army from a  Skill at inventing things and thinking of
defeated enemy, or things taken by new ideas
thieves
 the spoils of war/victory etc Relentless
 1 strict, cruel, or determined, without
Pilgrimage ever stopping
 her relentless determination to
 1 a journey to a holy place for religious succeed
reasons  a regime that was relentless in its
 make a pilgrimage/go on (a) persecution of dissidents
pilgrimage  2 something bad that is relentless
 the chance to go on pilgrimage to continues without ever stopping or
Mecca getting less severe [= endless]
 2 a journey to a place connected with  the relentless crying of a small baby
someone or something famous  a family facing relentless financial
 Presley's home has become a place problems
of pilgrimage.
Pioneer
 1 someone who is important in the
Sacred early development of something, and
relating to a god or religion whose work or ideas are later
 a sacred vow developed by other people
 the miraculous powers of sacred relics  pioneer of
 Certain animals were considered  John Whitney was a pioneer of
sacred. computer animation.
 sacred to  He was a pioneer in the field of
 The land is sacred to these tribesmen. biotechnology.
 2 one of the first people to travel to a
Relic new country or area and begin living
1 an old object or custom that reminds there, farming etc
people of the past or that has lived on  the early pioneers of the Dakota
from a past time territory
 Roman relics found in a field
 relic of
 the books and photos, relics of Rob's
university days
 Everything in the house seemed old
and untouched, like relics of an
ancient time.

Tpo Vocab 1-30

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www.m-alimohammadi.

 vestige of  How much do think it will cost,

 Homelessness is not a new erosion

 The heavy guns sank up to their consume

 2 [uncountable] protection from danger enrich

 dramatic change/shift/improvement enclose

curve compile, hoard

after the other: during the war.

in the same breath plight

bovine collision- slick- platform- drift- ashore-

 The school bus was involved in a barrier

droplet  a judge notorious for his cruelty and

 The Republicans won the election by a  to officially stop something from

 2HEO near the sea: Derive

 Their main exports are textiles, flicker

cascade powerful and difficult to change:

quality in someone's character [≠ vice]: has been done in a clever or skilful

eruption the cover-up.

thrive  Have you noticed any alteration in the

from a past time: tide

 Conceivably, interest rates could rise hint

 All the arrangements should be Reading 2

 two statements that are inconsistent was seriously ill.

harsh realities of life and forbidding cliffs.

short way [= sum up]:  2 the activity of making pots, dishes

Status Fall into

mixture of high fashion, gossip and Reading 3

 The average home loan is now

Generic  grains of rice

 compasses and other instruments of Surmise

 compensate for  along/around the coastline

Peep  Many students derived enormous

 The security guards were invariably Prohibitive

 depressions in the ground situation in order to change what

 Crowds of students were milling  a shy woman who shunned

Cues  persistent headaches

Burst  Tax cuts provided the stimulus which

 The light on your answering machine pacifier

 He was able to offset his travel we were close friends.

Disclaimer surrounded by water but joined to a

hereditary is passed from a parent to a Contradiction

 the sheer weight/size etc of Flipper

immense amount. Drastic

Collide  We would need their agreement to

Granule evaporates it, it changes into a gas:

 Economists predict that house prices  negotiate with

Blur a spirit of mutual trust.

 The EU Council of Finance Ministers Stance

fragile  Repeated exam failure had eroded her

 the interplay between military and  designate something as/for something

Latitude  a bird with conspicuous white

Orientation everything that is needed for a good

particular country, ruler, or military sow

and their teenage children founders.

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 an auxiliary power supply  a vibrant, cosmopolitan city

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particular conditions exist). years ago.

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 withdraw from modify

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