SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

Linear Transformation
Solution: We let 𝐮 = (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) and 𝐯 = (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )First we verify the first condition, that is
𝑇(𝑢 + 𝑣) = 𝑇 (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 ) + (𝑥 , 𝑦 , 𝑧 )
= 𝑇 (𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑦 + 𝑦 , 𝑧 + 𝑧 )
= (3, 3, 𝑧 + 𝑧 )
7.1 INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR TRANSFORMATION which is not equal to 𝑇(𝐮) + 𝑇(𝐯).

Here are other examples of functions which are not linear transformation:
INTRODUCTION a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 is not a linear transformation from ℝ → ℝ because
In this module, linear transformation is introduced as a function from one vector to 𝑓 (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) ≠ 𝑥 + 𝑥
another under a specific conditions. First, we define a linear transformation and its properties.
Then theorems on linear transformation are also discussed. You will also see that a linear b. 𝑔(𝑥) = log 𝑥 is not a linear transformation from ℝ → ℝ since
transformation can change one geometric figure to another. 𝑔(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = log (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) ≠ log 𝑥 + log 𝑥

c. In general, ℎ(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 is not a linear transformation from ℝ → ℝ because

LEARNING OUTCOMES ℎ(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) = sin(𝑥 + 𝑥 ) ≠ sin 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 . However, there will be instances that they will be
After completing this module, you should be able to: equal.
1. Show that a function is a linear transformation
2. Illustrate the property of a linear transformation Definition: Basic Transformation from 𝑼 → 𝑽.
3. Evaluate a linear transformation 1. 𝑇(𝐮) = 𝟎 is called the zero transformation from 𝑼 → 𝑽.
4. Interpret geometrically a given linear transformation. 2. 𝑇(𝐮) = 𝐮 is called the identity transformation from 𝑼 → 𝑽.

For property number 2, if we have 𝐮 = 𝟎, then we have the 0 mapped to itself. That means, 𝑇(𝟎) =
LEARNING CONTENT 𝟎. This property is true for all linear transformations.

Definition of a Linear Transformation Theorem 7.1.1: Properties of Linear Transformations

Let 𝑉 and 𝑊 be vector spaces. A function Let u and v be vectors and 𝑇 be a linear transformation from U to V. The following property of
𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 𝑇 holds:
is called a linear transformation of 𝑉 into 𝑊 if the following two properties are true for all u and v for 1. 𝑇(𝟎) = 𝟎.
any scalar 𝑐. 2. 𝑇(−𝐮) = −𝑇(𝐮).
1. 𝑇(𝐮 + 𝐯) = 𝑇(𝐮) + 𝑇(𝐯) 3. 𝑇(𝐮 − 𝐯) = 𝑇(𝐮) − 𝑇(𝐯)
2. 𝑇(𝑐𝐮) = 𝑐𝑇(𝐮) 4. If 𝐮 = 𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝑢 + ⋯ + 𝑐 𝑢 , then
𝑇(𝐮) = 𝑇 (𝑐 𝑢 + 𝑐 𝑢 + ⋯ + 𝑐 𝑢 )
= 𝑇(𝑐 𝑢 ) + 𝑇(𝑐 𝑢 ) + ⋯ + 𝑇(𝑐 𝑢 )
Example 1: Show that the function 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦) is a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ
The theorem above guides us to easily determine which functions are linear transformations. For
Solution: First let us show that T preserves addition, that is we let 𝐮 = (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) and 𝐯 = (𝑥 , 𝑦 )
example, if we have 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 1, 𝑦 + 1), then by virtue of Property (1),
𝑇 (𝐮 + 𝐯) = 𝑇 (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 , 𝑦 ) (Substitute vectors u and v)
𝑇(𝟎) = (0 + 1, 0 + 1)
= 𝑇(𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑦 + 𝑦 )(Perform vector addition)
= (1, 1)
= (𝑥 + 𝑥 , (𝑥 + 𝑥 ) + (𝑦 + 𝑦 )) (Perform linear transformation based on definition of T) tells us that 𝑇 is not a linear transformation because for 𝑇 to be a linear transformation, 𝑇 (𝟎) = 𝟎. Property
= (𝑥 + 𝑥 , (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (Regroup) (4) is illustrated using the accompanying example below.
= (𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) + (𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (Regroup based on definition of T)
= 𝑇(𝐮) + 𝑇(𝐯) Illustration 1: Suppose 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ is a linear transformation such that 𝑇(1, 0, 0) = (4, 6, −6), 𝑇(0, 1, 0) =
(1, −4, 9), and 𝑇(0, 0, 1) = (0, −6, 3). Find 𝑇(−2, 3, 5).
Next, we will show that 𝑇(𝑐𝐮) = 𝑐𝑇(𝐮). By definition of T, we have
𝑇 𝑐(𝐮) = 𝑇 𝑐(𝑥 , 𝑦 ) (Substitute u) Solution: We can rewrite (−2, 3, 5) = −2(0, 0, 1) + 3(0, 1, 0) + 5 (0 , 1, 0). Then, by virtue of Property (4)
= 𝑇(𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐𝑦 ) (Perform scalar multiplication) in the theorem above, we have
= 𝑐𝑥 , 𝑐(𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (Perform linear transformation based on the definition of T 𝑇(−2, 3, 5) = 𝑇 −2(0, 0, 1) + 3 𝑇 (0, 1, 0) + 5 𝑇(0 , 1, 0)
= 𝑐(𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 ) (Factor out 𝑐) = −2 𝑇(0, 0, 1) + 3 𝑇(0, 1, 0) + 5 𝑇(0 , 1, 0)
= 𝑐 𝑇(𝐮) ( (𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 )is the same as T( u)) = −2 (4, 6, −6) + 3(1, −4, 9) + 5(0, −6, 3)
= (−8, −12, 12) + (3, −12, 27) + (0, −30, 15)
The two conditions are satisfied, therefore 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦) is a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → = (−5, −54, 108)
ℝ .

Example 2: Determine if 𝑇(𝑢) = (3, 3, 𝑧) is a linear transformation on 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ . Example 3: Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be defined as

SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

−2 1 𝑣 Example 5. Show that

𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯 = 4 −1 𝑣
1 0 𝑇 (𝑝 ) = 𝑝(𝑥 )𝑑𝑥
a. Find 𝑇(𝐯) if v = (−10, 10).
is a linear transformation from a vector space of polynomial function 𝑃 to a vector space of real numbers,
b. Show that 𝑇 is a linear transformation.
ℝ.
Solution:
a. To compute 𝑇(−10, 10), we have Solution: Again, we just need to show that the definite integral is an operation preserving function. So, we
−2 1 30 have
−10
𝑇(−10, 10) = 4 −1 = −50
10 𝑇 (𝑝 + 𝑟) = (𝑝(𝑥 ) + 𝑟(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑟(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑇(𝑝) + 𝑇(𝑟)
1 0 ℝ
−10
ℝ
Notice from the above example that the vector in ℝ was transformed to ℝ using matrix 𝑇(𝑐𝑝) = 𝑐 𝑝(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 𝑝(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐𝑇(𝑝).
multiplication. Hence, 𝑇(−10, 10) = (30, −50, −10)
b. To show that 𝑇 is a linear transformation from ℝ → ℝ , we need to show that it preserves the
operations addition and multiplication. So, we let 𝐮, 𝐯 ∈ ℝ . Therefore, Since the two conditions are satisfied, then 𝑇 is a linear transformation.
i. We have discussed in the earlier chapter that matrix multiplication is associative. Hence,
𝑇(𝐮 + 𝐯) = 𝐴(𝐮 + 𝐯) = 𝐴𝐮 + 𝐴𝐯 = 𝑇(𝐮) + 𝑇(𝐯) TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
ii. For scalar multiplication,
LEARNING TASK 7.1
𝑇(𝑐𝐯) = 𝐴(𝑐𝐯) = 𝑐(𝐴𝐯) = 𝑐𝑇 (𝐯)
1. Determine whether the function is a linear transformation
a. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (1, 𝑦)
Theorem 7.1.2. The Linear Transformation Given by a Matrix b. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑧)
For any 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix 𝐴, the function 𝑇 defined by 2. If 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation such that 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (4𝑥 − 2𝑦, 𝑦).
𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯 a. Show that 𝑇(𝟎) = 𝟎.
is a linear transformation from ℝ into ℝ . The vectors in ℝ are 𝑚 × 1 matrices and the vectors in b. Show that 𝑇(−(3, 4)) = −𝑇(3, 4).
ℝ are 𝑛 × 1 matrices to conform with matrix multiplication. c. Show that 𝑇 (1, 2) + 𝑇 (2, 2) = 𝑇(3, 4)
3. Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be defines as
Part (b) in the Example 3 serves as the proof of the Theorem above. 2 1 𝑣
𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯 =
−1 3 𝑣
Illustration 2: Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ a. Find 𝑇(𝐯) if v = (−1, 0).
1. The dimensions of ℝ and ℝ if 𝐴 is a 3 × 2 matrix are 2 × 1 and 3 × 1 respectively. Therefore, a b. Show that 𝑇 is a linear transformation.
linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ . 4. Using the rotational transformation given in Example 4, find 𝑇(4,2), when 𝜃 = 60 . Sketch the
1 −8 0 transformation on the 𝑥𝑦-plane.
2. If 𝐴 = , then the dimension of ℝ is 3 × 1 and the dimension of ℝ is 2 × 1. Hence it
0 2 1
defines a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ LEARNING RESOURCES
3. A 4 × 2 matrix will define a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ .
1. Chapter 6 Linear Transformation https://mandal.ku.edu/math290/m290NotesChSIX.pdf
2. A First Course in Linear Algebra http://linear.ups.edu/download/fcla-3.50-tablet.pdf
Example 4: Rotation in the plane
cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
The transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by the matrix 𝐴 = rotates every vector in Video
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
ℝ counterclockwise about the origin through the angle 𝜃. So if we have (3, −5) and we want to rotate it 1. Linear Transformation Khan Academyhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PCktDZJH8E
for about 30 , then we have
𝐴 = cos 30 − sin 30
3 FLEXIBLE TEACHING AND LEARNING MODALITIES
sin 30 cos 30 −5
Online (synchronous)
= 3 cos 30 + 5 sin 30 Google Meet/ Zoom/ SEDI
3 sin 30 − 5 cos 30
1 √3 Offline
⎡3 +5 ⎤ Module 7.1 Introduction to Linear Transformation
2 2 ⎥
=⎢
⎢ √5 1 ⎥
⎢3 −5 ⎥
⎣ 2 2 ⎦
3 + 5√3 ASSESSMENT TASKS
⎡ ⎤ 1. Determine whether the function is a linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥, 3𝑦)
=⎢ 2 ⎥ 2. Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be defines as
⎢3√5 − 5⎥
⎢ ⎥ 1 −5 𝑣
⎣ 2 ⎦ Figure 1. Geometric interpretation of of rotating 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯 =
(3, -5) about the origin at an angle of 30 . The
0 2 −10 𝑣
point is positioned at √
, √ . a. Find 𝑇(𝐯) if v = (0, −1).
SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

3.
b. Is 𝑇 is a linear transformation? Prove your answer/
Using the rotational transformation given in Example 4, find 𝑇(1, 1), when 𝜃 = 90 . Show the
7.2 THE KERNEL AND RANGE OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
geometric transformation on the Cartesian plane.
INTRODUCTION
In this module, we first establish your vocabulary. There is also a need for you to recall
basic function concepts like domain, range, pre-image, one-to-one, onto, and others. Then, we
establish the theorems that is related to the kernel and range of a linear transformation.

LEARNING OUTCOMES
After completing this module, you should be able to:
1. Solve the kernel of the linear transformation
2. Find the basis for a kernel of a linear transformation
3. Determine the rank and nullity of a linear transformation
4. Use the kernel of linear transformation to determine if the transformation function is
injective, surjective or bijective.

LEARNING CONTENT
Recall in one of our theorems in the previous section, for any linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊,
𝑇(𝟎) = 𝟎. In this section, we will deal with the collection of vectors 𝐯, other than 𝟎 which will produce the
𝟎, that is 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝟎. Such collection is called the kernel of 𝑇.

Definition: Kernel of a Linear Transformation

Let 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 be a linear transformation. Then the set of all vectors v in V such that 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝟎 is
called the kernel of 𝑇 and is denoted by ker(𝑇).

Example 1. Find the kernel of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by

𝑇 (𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 0).
Solution: Always remember that the ker(𝑇) is the collection of v that is mapped to 0 vector through T, that
is 𝑇 (𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = 𝟎. Therefore, by definition of 𝑇, we have
𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 0) = 𝟎

𝑥 −𝑥 =0
𝑥 =0

𝑥 =0
0=0

𝑥 −𝑥 =0
𝑥 =𝑥
Since 𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 0. Hence the ker(𝑇) = (0, 0).

1 −1
Example 2. Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation defined by 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱 where 𝐴 =
2 −1
𝑥
Solution: Let 𝑣 = 𝑥 . Then we have,
1 −1 𝑥
𝑇(𝐯) = =𝟎
2 −1 𝑥

𝑥 −𝑥 =0
2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0

Solving the linear system, we will have

𝑥 = 0, 𝑥 = 0
SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

Hence the ker(𝑇) = (0, 0). This will give us the augmented matrix
2 0 −6 0 0
1 3 2 −1 1 0 −1 −7 0
Example 3. Let 𝐴 = −1 0 2 2 and 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation. Determine the ker(𝑇)
−1 3 4 −5 The row-reduced form of the augmented matrix is
given 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱. 2 0 −6 0 0
0 0 2 −7 0
Solution: Since 𝑇 is a linear transformation, then 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱 = 𝟎 is which implies that
𝑥 𝑥 − 6𝑥 = 0
1 3 2 −1 𝑥 2𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0
−1 0 2 2 𝑥 = 𝟎
Moreover,
−1 3 4 −5 𝑥
𝑥 = 6𝑥
7𝑥 = 2𝑥
𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 𝑥 = 0 If we let 𝑥 = 𝑠 and 𝑥 = 𝑡, then we have 𝑥 = 6𝑡 and 𝑥 = 𝑡. Hence,
−𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑥 6𝑡 6𝑡 0
−𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 4𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 0. 𝑥 𝑠 0 𝑠
x= 𝑥 = 𝑡 = 𝑡 +
0
Solving the augmented matrix by row reduction, we have 𝑥 0
6 0
1 0 0 6 0 𝑥 + 6𝑥 = 0 0 1
0 1 0 −5 0 ⟺ 𝑥 − 5𝑥 = 0 = 𝑡 1 +𝑠
0
0 0 1 4 0 𝑥 + 4𝑥 = 0
0

𝑥 = −4𝑥 So, one basis for the ker(𝑇) is 𝐵 = { 6, 0, 1, , (0, 1, 0, 0)}.

𝑥 = 5𝑥
𝑥 = −6𝑥 THE RANGE OF A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION

So if we let 𝑥 = 𝑡, we will have THEOREM. Range Of 𝑇 Is A Subspace Of 𝑊

𝑥 = −4𝑡 The range of a linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a subspace of 𝑊 .
𝑥 = 5𝑡
𝑥 = −6𝑡
Hence, To find a basis for the range of a linear transformation defined by 𝑇 (𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱
𝑥 −6𝑡 −6
𝑥 5𝑡 5
𝑥 = =𝑡 Example 5: Let T be a linear transformation defined in Example 3. Find a basis for the range of T.
−4𝑡 −4
𝑥 𝑡 1
Solution: The matrix defined in the example and its echelon form is
Furthermore, the ker(𝑇) = {𝑡(−6, 5, −4, 1): 𝑡 is a real number} which is also span {(1, −1, 1)}. 1 3 2 −1 1 0 0 6
𝐴 = −1 0 2 2 ⟹ 0 1 0 −5
−1 3 4 −5 0 0 1 4
THEOREM. KERNEL AS A SUBSPACE OF 𝑉. The vectors that form the basis for the range of T are the columns of 𝐴 which corresponds to the
The kernel of a linear transformation 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a subspace of the domain 𝑉. column that contains leading zeroes in the echelon form. In this case, columns, 1, 2, and 3 of the echelon
matrix contain leading zeroes. Hence, columns 1, 2 and 3 of 𝐴 form the basis for the range of 𝐴.
Example 4. Let 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱 such that 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ . Find a basis for ker (𝑇) as a subspace of ℝ if 𝐴 = 𝐵 = {(1, −1, 1), (3, 0, 3), (2, 2, 4)}
2 0 −6 0
.
1 0 −1 −4 Definition: Rank and Nullity of a Linear Transformation
𝑥 Let 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 be a linear transformation.
𝑥 1. The dimension of the kernel of T is called the nullity of T and is denoted by nullity (T).
Solution: Let x = 𝑥 . Also, we set up the linear transformation 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱 = 𝟎 2. The dimension of the range of T is called the rank of T and is denoted by rank (T).
𝑥
𝑥
Example 6.
2 0 −6 0 𝑥
=𝟎 1. The dimension of the range of 𝑇 in Example 5 is 3. That is, rank (𝑇)=3.
1 0 −1 −7 𝑥
𝑥 2. The dimension of the kernel of 𝑇 in Example 4 is 2. That is, nullity (𝑇)=2.
3. The dimension of the kernel of 𝑇 in Example 3 is 1. That is, nullity (𝑇)=1.
2𝑥 − 6𝑥 =0
𝑥 − 𝑥 − 7𝑥 = 0
SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

Theorem. Sum of rank and nullity 1. Find the kernel of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 , 2𝑥 , 0).
Suppose 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation from an 𝑛-dimensional vector space 𝑉 into a 2. Find the kernel of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 −
vector space 𝑊. Then the sum of the dimensions of the range and kernel is equal to the dimension of 𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 ).
the domain. That is 2 5
3. The linear transformation T is given by 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐯. Find a basis for the (a) kernel of T and
2 −1
dim(domain) = dim(range) + dim(kernel) (b) range of T.
𝑛 = rank (𝑇) + nullity (𝑇) 1 1 0 0
4. The linear transformation T is given by 𝑇(𝒙) = 𝒙. Find
0 1 0 1
a. ker(𝑇)
Example: Find the rank and nullity of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by the matrix b. nullity (𝑇)
1 0 −2 c. range (𝑇)
𝐴= 0 1 1 . d. rank (𝑇)
0 0 3
Solution: The matrix is already in echelon form and contains two leading zeroes. Hence the nullity (T)=2.
The dimension of the domain is 3. Since dim(domain) = dim(range) + dim(kernel), then the dim (kernel)
is
LEARNING RESOURCES
References and Online Lecture Notes:
3 − 2 = 1.
1. Kernel, Rank, Range https://www.math.ucdavis.edu/~linear/old/notes23.pdf
Theorem: One-To-One And Onto Linear Transformations 2. The Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation https://tinyurl.com/y52gj36t
Let 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 be a linear transformation.
1. 𝑇 is injective or one-to-one function if and only if ker(𝑇) = {𝟎}. Videos:
2. If 𝑊 is finite dimensional, then 𝑇 is onto (surjective) if and only if rank of 𝑇 is equal to the 1. Kernel and Range of a Linear Transformation https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7ZsD95gcEE
dimension 𝑊. 2. Finding kernel and range https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZWSoLnHz68w
3. If 𝑉 and 𝑊 are vector spaces such that dim (𝑉)=dim (𝑊)=𝑛, then T is one-to-one and onto 3. Kernel and Image of a Linear Transformation
(bijective). https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4SlMWZxgZFE

EXAMPLE: The linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ is given by 𝑇(𝐱) = 𝐴𝐱. Find the nullity and rank of 𝑇 and
FLEXIBLE TEACHING AND LEARNING MODALITIES
determine whether T is one-to-one, onto, or neither.
1 −3 3 Online (synchronous)
a. 𝐴 = 0 1 1 Google Meet/ Zoom/ SEDI
0 0 1 Offline
Module 7.2 The Kernel and Range of Linear Transformation
1 2 0
b. 0 1 2
0 0 0

1 −4 0 ASSESSMENT TASK
c.
0 1 −2 Answer the following:

1 5 1. Find the kernel of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (2𝑥 − 𝑥 , 𝑥 − 2𝑥 ).

d. 0 1 2. Find the kernel of the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ given by 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 , 3𝑥 −
0 0 2𝑥 − 𝑥 , 2𝑥 + 𝑥 ).
1 0
3. The linear transformation T is given by 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐯. Find a basis for the (a) kernel of T and
Solution: Since each matrix are already in row echelon form, then the rank can be determined by inspection. 2 −1
Mapping Dim(domain) dim(range)/ dim(ker (T)) Injective Surjective (b) range of T.
Rank (T) Nullity (T) 0 −2
a. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ 3 3 0 Yes Yes 3 1
4. The linear transformation T is given by 𝑇(𝒙) = 𝒙. Find
2 1
b. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ 3 2 1 No No
0 0
c. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ 3 2 1 No Yes a. ker(𝑇)
d. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ 2 2 0 Yes No b. nullity (𝑇)
c. range (𝑇)
d. rank (𝑇)
TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
LEARNING TASK 7.2
Answer the following:
SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

7.3 MATRICES FOR LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS 2

𝐴= 3
1
0
0
−2
INTRODUCTION 0 0 −1
In this section, we present a linear transformation in a form of a matrix. You will see that
presenting transformations in this manner has a theoretical advantage.
THEOREM 7.3.2. Composition of Linear Transformation
LEARNING OUTCOMES Let 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ and 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ be the linear transformation with standard matrices 𝐴 and
1. Find the matrix of a linear transformation with respect to the standard basis. 𝐴 . The composition 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be defined by 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝑇 (𝑇 (𝐯)) is a linear transformation. Moreover,
2. Determine the action of a linear transformation on a vector in ℝ . the standard matrix A for 𝑇 is given by the matrix product
𝐴=𝐴 𝐴 .

LEARNING CONTENT
𝑥 Example 1: Let 𝑇 and 𝑇 be linear transformations for ℝ → ℝ such that
−1 4 0 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 − 𝑦, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧)
Suppose we have a 𝐴 = and let 𝐯 = 𝑦 and we have 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯. Then we have
1 −2 5 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥, −2𝑦, 3𝑧)
𝑧
𝑥
−1 4 0 𝑦
𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯 =
1 −2 5 𝑧 Determine the standard matrices for the composition of 𝑇 = 𝑇 ∘ 𝑇 .
−𝑥 + 4𝑦
= . Solution: The standard matrix for 𝑇 and 𝑇 are
𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧
Equivalently in function notation, 1 −1 0 1 0 0
𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 − 4𝑦, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 5𝑧) 𝐴 = 1 1 0 and 𝐴 = 0 −2 0
1 −1 −1 0 0 3
Hence, the standard matrix for T is
This makes matrices a powerful systematic way to describe a wide variety of transformations: they 1 0 0 1 −1 0
can describe rotations, reflections, dilations, and much more. Recall that the standard basis for ℝ written 𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 = 0 −2 0 1 1 0
in vector notation is 0 0 3 1 −1 −1
1 0 0 1 −1 0
0 1 0 = −2 −2 0 .
𝐵 = {𝐞 , 𝐞 , … , 𝐞 } = , ,…,
⋮ ⋮ ⋮ 3 −3 −3
0 0 1
THEOREM 7.3.1 STANDARD MATRIX FOR A LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation such that DEFINITION. INVERSE OF LINEAR TRANSFORMATION
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 If 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ and 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ are linear transformations such that for every v in ℝ
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑇 (𝑇 (𝐯) = 𝐯 and 𝑇 (𝑇 (𝐯) = 𝐯, then 𝑇 is the inverse of 𝑇 and 𝑇 is invertible.
𝑇 (𝐞 ) = ⋮ , 𝑇 (𝐞 ) = ⋮ , … , 𝑇 ( 𝐞 ) = ⋮ .
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
Then the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix whose 𝑛 columns correspond to 𝑇(𝐞𝒋 ), Note that not all linear transformations are invertible. But if 𝑇 is invertible, then its inverse is
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 unique and will be denoted by 𝑇 .
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎
𝐴= ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ ,
THEOREM. EXISTENCE OF INVERSE TRANSFORMATION
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎
Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation with a standard matrix 𝐴. Then the following
is such that 𝑇(𝐯) = 𝐴𝐯, for every 𝐯 in ℝ , 𝐴 is called the standard matrix for 𝑇.
conditions are equivalent.
1. 𝑇 is invertible.
Illustration 1: What is the standard matrix for the linear transformation 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ defined by 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = 2. 𝑇 is an isomorphism.
(2 𝑥 + 𝑦, 3𝑥 − 2𝑧, −𝑧)? 3. 𝐴 is invertible.
If T is an invertible with standard matrix A, then the standard matrix for 𝑇 is 𝐴 .
Solution:
First, we compute 𝑇(𝐞 ), 𝑇(𝐞 ) and 𝑇(𝐞 ). The corresponding values are Example 2: Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation defined by
𝑇 (𝐞 ) = 𝑇 (1, 0, 0) = (2, 3, 0) 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (2𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3𝑧, 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 2𝑧, −4𝑥 + 𝑦).
𝑇 (𝐞 ) = 𝑇(0, 1, 0) = (1, 0, 0) Show that 𝑇 is invertible and find its inverse.
𝑇 (𝐞 ) = 𝑇(0, 0, 1) = (0, −2, −1).
Solution: The standard matrix for T is
In matrix form, the values of 𝑇 (𝐞 ), 𝑇(𝐞 ) and 𝑇(𝐞 ) are 2 −1 −3
2 1 0 𝐴= 3 −1 −2
3 , 0 , −2 . −4 1 0
0 0 −1 To determine if it is invertible, we find the inverse of A using the technique of matrix inversion.
By the theorem, the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix is That is
SED 311 Linear Algebra SED 311 Linear Algebra

−2 3 1 𝑇 (𝐯 ) = 𝐷 (𝑡 ) = 2𝑡
𝐴 = −8 12 5 . It is easy to show that
1 −2 −1 𝑇(𝐯 ) = 0 = 0(𝐰 ) + 0(𝐰 )
Since 𝐴 exists, it follows that 𝑇 also exists. Therefore, it is invertible. Also
𝑇(𝐯 ) = 1 = 1(𝐰 ) + 0(𝐰 )
−2 3 1 𝑥 −2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧
𝑇 (𝐯 ) = 2𝑡 = 0(𝐰 ) + 2(𝐰 )
𝐴 𝑣 = −8 12 5 𝑦 = −8𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 5𝑧
The coordinate matrix is
1 −2 −1 𝑧 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧
0 1 0
[𝑇(𝐯 )] = , [𝑇 (𝐯 )] = and [𝑇(𝐯 )] =
0 0 2
or 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (−2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 𝑧, −8𝑥 + 12𝑦 + 5𝑥, 𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 𝑧).
Using the coordinate matrix as the columns, we find that the matrix for 𝑇 relative to 𝐵 and 𝐵′ is
Non-standard bases and general vector spaces 0 1 0
𝐴= .
Let V and W be finite-dimensional vector spaces with ordered bases B and B’ respectively 0 0 2
where
𝐵 = {𝐯 , 𝐯 , … , 𝐯 }.
If 𝑇: 𝑉 → 𝑊 is a linear transformation such that TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITIES
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 LEARNING TASK 7.3
[𝑇 (𝐯 )] = ⋮ , [𝑇(𝐯 )] = ⋮ , … , [𝑇 (𝐯 )] = ⋮ Answer the problems below.
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 1. What is the standard matrix for linear transformation
then the 𝑚 × 𝑛 matrix whose 𝑛 columns correspond to [𝑇(𝐯) ] , a. 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥 − 3𝑦, 𝑥 + 2𝑦)?
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 b. 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 , 2𝑥 − 2𝑥 , 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 𝑥 )?
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎 2. Find the standard matrices for 𝑇 = 𝑇 ∘ 𝑇 and 𝑇 = 𝑇 ∘ 𝑇 if
𝐴= ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ a. 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−4𝑥 + 5𝑦, 𝑦)
𝑎 𝑎 … 𝑎
𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (−2𝑥, 𝑥 − 𝑦)
is such that [𝑇 (𝐯)] = 𝐴[𝐯] for every 𝐯 in 𝑉. b. 𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 2𝑦, 0, 𝑧)
𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (0, 𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑧, 3𝑥 + 2𝑧)
Example 3: Let 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ be a linear transformation and defined by 𝑇(𝑥 , 𝑥 ) = (𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 , 𝑥 ). Find the 3. Determine whether the linear transformation is invertible.
matrix of 𝑇 relative to the ordered bases 𝐵 = {(1, −1), (0, 1 )} and 𝐵 = {(1, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), (1, 0, 1)}. a. 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦, 2𝑥 − 2𝑦)
b. 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑥 , 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑥 )
Solution: Let 𝐯 = (−1, 1) and 𝐯 = (0, 1). Also, we let 𝐰 = (1, 1, 0), 𝐰 = (0, 1, 1) and 𝐰 = (1, 0, 1). Then, 4. Find 𝑇(v) by using the matrix relative to the ordered bases 𝐵 and 𝐵’.
we evaluate 𝑇(𝐯𝐢 ) using the vectors in our basis 𝐵. So, we have a. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥, 𝑥 + 𝑦, 𝑦), 𝐵 = {(1, −1), ( 0, 1)}, 𝐵 = {(1,1, 0), (0, 1, 1 ), (1, 0, 1)}
𝑇 (𝐯 ) = 𝑇(1, −1) = (0, 1, −1) b. 𝑇: ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧, 2𝑧 − 𝑥, 2𝑦 − 𝑧), 𝐵 = {(2, 0, 1), ( 0, 2, 1), (1, 2, 1)}, 𝐵 =
𝑇(𝐯 ) = 𝑇(−4, 1) = (1, 0, 1) {(1,1, 1), (1, 1,0 ), (0, 1, 1)}
Next, we express (0, 1, −1) as a linear combination of 𝐰 and solve for the 𝑐 . We will also do the
same with (1, 0, 1). Verify that
(0, 1, −1) = 1𝐰 + 0𝐰 − 1𝐰
LEARNING RESOURCES
(1, 0, 1) = 0𝐰 + 0𝐰 + 1𝐰
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We then form the coordinate matrices of 𝑇(𝐯 ) and 𝑇(𝐯 ) relative to 𝐵′ which is
1 0
[𝑇 (𝐯 )] = 0 and [𝑇(𝐯 )] = 0
FLEXIBLE TEACHING AND LEARNING MODALITIES
−1 1 Online (synchronous)
Therefore, the matrix for 𝑇 relative to 𝐵 and 𝐵 is formed by using these coordinate matrices as Google Meet/ Zoom/ SEDI
columns to form Offline
1 0 Module 7.3 Matrices for Linear Transformations
𝐴= 0 0
−1 1
ASSESSMENT TASKS
1. What is the standard matrix for linear transformation
Example 4: Let 𝑇: 𝑃 → 𝑃 defined by the 𝑇 𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑝 (𝑡). Find the matrix for 𝑇 using the ordered bases
a. 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦) = (𝑥 − 3𝑦, 2𝑥 + 2𝑦)?
𝐵 = {1, 𝑡, 𝑡 } and 𝐵 = {0, 𝑡}. Find the matrix 𝐴 associated with 𝐿.
2. Find the standard matrices for 𝑇 = 𝑇 ∘ 𝑇 and 𝑇 = 𝑇 ∘ 𝑇 if
𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (2𝑥, 2𝑦)
Solution: Let 𝐯 = 1, 𝐯 = 𝑡 and 𝐯 = 𝑡 and 𝐰 = 0 and 𝐰 = 𝑡. We, then evaluate the derivatives of the
𝑇 : ℝ → ℝ , 𝑇 (𝑥, 𝑦) = (3𝑥 − 𝑦, 4𝑥 − 5)
basis vectors,
3. Determine whether the linear transformation 𝑇(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) = (5𝑥, 5𝑦, 0)
𝑇(𝐯 ) = 𝐷 (1) = 0
is invertible.
𝑇 (𝐯 ) = 𝐷 (𝑡 ) = 1
SED 311 Linear Algebra

4. Let 𝑇: 𝑃 → 𝑃 be given by 𝑇(𝑝) = 𝑥𝑝. Find the matrix of 𝑇 relative to the ordered bases 𝐵 =
{1, 𝑥, 𝑥 } and 𝐵 = {1, 𝑥, 𝑥 , 𝑥 }.

References:
Anton, H & Rorres C (2014). Elementary Linear Algebra (11th edition) Wiley& Sons, USA.
Larson, R. (2012). Elementary Linear Algebra (7th edition) Cengage Learning, USA.
Singh, K. (2014). Linear Algebra. Oxford University Press, United Kingdom.