Level of Service

Capacity is independent of demand in

the sense that it does not depend on
the total number of vehicles (or
whatever) demanding service.
1. AIR TRAFFIC CAPACITY
2. RAIL CAPACITY
3. HIGHWAY CAPACITY
HIGHWAY CAPACITY
• Capacities of airports and rail systems are
largely functions of their control systems.
Highway systems, by contrast, involve very
little positive control; as a result, their
capacities and other flow characteristics
depend heavily on driver behavior.
The Highway Capacity Manual recognizes
three critical elements of freeway systems—
basic freeway sections, ramps and ramp
junctions, and weaving sections—and
presents different techniques for analyzing
their capacity
• The Highway Capacity Manual defines six
levels of service, designated by the letters A
through F, with A being the highest level of
service and F the lowest. In the case of basic
freeway sections, the levels of service are
based on density.
Flow rate: Heavy Vehicle Factor:
𝑉
vp =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝑓𝐻𝑉 𝑥 𝑓𝑝

ET, ER = passenger car equivalents for trucks

and buses and for recreational
vehicles, respectively
PT, PR = proportion of trucks and buses and
of recreational vehicles, respectively, in the
traffic stream
Sample Problem:
A rural freeway with a field-measured free-flow
speed of 118.1 km/h consists of 10 percent
trucks and buses and 8 percent recreational
vehicles. The adjustment for driver population
factor is estimated to be 0.80. If the maximum
15-min flow rate is 1,760 veh/h, what is the
level of service on a 1.7 km long 3.1 percent
upgrade?
Solution:
Given: Determining heavy
fp= 0.80 vehicle factor:
N=2 ET= 3.0 (Table 5)
Upgrade= 3.1% ER= 2.0 (Table 6)
Length = 1.7 km = 1.05 mi
 1
fHV=1 + 0.10(3.0 −1) + 0.08(2.0 − 1) = 0.78

Determining Vp: Solving for Density:

𝑉𝑝 1,410 𝑝𝑐/ℎ
𝑉 D= = =
Vp= 𝑆 118.1 𝑘𝑚/ℎ
𝑃𝐻𝐹 𝑥 𝑁 𝑥 𝑓𝐻𝑉 𝑥 𝑓𝑝
11.pc/km/ln
therefore, level of service is C
Flow is given as V/PHF:

𝑉/𝑃𝐻𝐹 1,760
Vp= =(2 ) (0.78) ( 0.80)=1,410 pc/h
𝑁 𝑥 𝑓𝐻𝑉 𝑥 𝑓𝑝
Queuing Analysis
 QUEUING ANALYSIS
Queuing theory is the mathematical study of
the delays of waiting in line, covering all
aspects, from arrival time to the number of
servers.
1. M/M/1

Average length of queue Average delay time

E(n)= E(v) =

Average wait timee

E(w) =
2. M/D/1

Average length of queue Average delay time

E(n)= E(v) =

Average wait timee

E(w) =
3. M/M/N

Average length of queue Average delay time

E(n)= E(v) =

Average wait timee

E(w) =
Sample Problem:
At the Krusty-Burger, if the arrival rate is 1
customer every minute and the service rate is
1 customer every 45 seconds, find the average
queue size, the average waiting time, and
average total delay. Assume an M/M/1 process.
Solution:
Service time:
45 sec/60 mins = 0.75 minutes per customer.
60 sec/45 sec = 1/0.75 = 1.33 customers per minute.

Utilization rate:
ρ=(60/60)/(60/45)= 0.75

Average queue size (E(n)):

𝜌2 0.752
E(n)= = = 2.25
1−𝜌 (1−0.75)
Average wait time:
𝜆 1
E(w) = = = 2.25 mins
𝜇(𝜇−𝜆) 1.33(1.33−1)

Average delay time:

1 1
E(v) = (𝜇−𝜆)
= (1.33−1)
= 3 mins
REFERENCES:

http://www.mhhe.com/engcs/civil/banks/graphics/chap10.pdf

https://eng.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Civil_Engineering/Fundamental
s_of_Transportation/05%3A_Traffic/5.01%3A_Queueing

https://www.slideshare.net/hronaldo10/queuing-transportation-
engineering