Formulation for 2D Elements

Lecture Notes
Hari Ram Parajuli, Dr. Eng
 Constant Strain Triangle
Displacements (u, v) in a plane
element are interpolated from
nodal displacements (ui, vi) using
shape functions Ni as follows

u1 
v 
 1
u  N1 0 N2 0 N3 0  u2 
 =  
v  0 N1 0 N2 0 N3  v2 
u3 
 
v3 
{u} = [ N ]{δ }
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

a1 + b1 x + c1 y a + b x + c2 y a + b x + c3 y
N1 = N2 = 2 2 N3 = 3 3
2A 2A 2A
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
 ∂u 
 
εx   ∂x 
   ∂v 
εy  =  
γ   ∂y 
 xy   ∂ u ∂v 
 + 
 ∂y ∂x 
∂N1 ∂N 2 ∂N3
{ε x } = u1 + u2 + u3
∂x ∂x ∂x
∂N1 ∂N ∂N
{ε y } = ∂y
v1 + 2 v2 + 3 v3
∂y ∂y

∂N1 ∂N1 ∂N2 ∂N2 ∂N3 ∂N3

{γ xy} = ∂y u1 + ∂x v1 + ∂y u2 + ∂x v2 + ∂y u3 + ∂x v3
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

 ∂N1 ∂N2 ∂N3  u1 

 0 0 0  v 
εx   ∂x ∂x ∂x  1
  1  ∂N1 ∂N2 ∂N3  u2 
ε
 y =  0 0 0  
γ  2A  ∂y ∂y ∂y  v2 
 xy   ∂N1 ∂N1 ∂N2 ∂N2 ∂N3 ∂N3  u3 
  
 ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y ∂x  v3 

Where,
xij = xi - xj
yij = yi - yj
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
1
U= ∫ { } {ε }dV
σ
T

2V
But, {σ } = [ D ]{ε } {ε } = [ B ]{δ }

U = ∫ ([ D][ B]{δ }) [ B]{δ }dV

1 T

2V
1 T  
U = {δ }  ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dV  {δ }
T

2 V 
1 T
U = {δ } [ k ]{δ } [ k ] = ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dV
T
where,
2 V

[ k ] = t ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dxdy
T
For an element with constant thickness t
A

As the integrand is not a function of x or y for CST

[ k ] = tA[ B] [ D][ B]
T
element, it can be taken out of the integral to yield.
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Natural coordinate system

Shape function for N1

 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Natural coordinate system
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Natural coordinate system
Displacements u and v can be expressed in terms of (x, y) or (ξ, η). Using
chain rule of derivatives

[J] is Jacobian matrix

 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Natural coordinate system
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Natural coordinate system
 ∂u 
 
εx   ∂x 
   ∂v  [ε ] = [ B]{δ }
εy  =  
γ   ∂y 
 xy   ∂ u ∂v 
 + 
 ∂y ∂x 

Where,
xij = xi - xj
yij = yi - yj
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
1
U= ∫ { } {ε }dV
σ
T

2V
But, {σ } = [ D ]{ε } {ε } = [ B ]{δ }

U = ∫ ([ D][ B]{δ }) [ B]{δ }dV

1 T

2V
1 T  
U = {δ }  ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dV  {δ }
T

2 V 
1 T
U = {δ } [ k ]{δ } [ k ] = ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dV
T
where,
2 V

[ k ] = t ∫ [ B] [ D][ B] dxdy
T
For an element with constant thickness t
A

As the integrand is not a function of x or y for CST

[ k ] = tA[ B] [ D][ B]
T
element, it can be taken out of the integral to yield.
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Example: A thin plate is subjected to a tensile stress p = 1000 psi. The plate thickness is 0.5
in, and the other dimensions are as shown in the Fig. The Poisson ratio υ = 0.3 and modulus
of elasticity E = 30X106 psi. Determine nodal displacements and element stresses.
F=pA/2=1000*0.5*10/2 = 2500 lb

Element 1: node 1(x1=0, y1=0), node 3 (x2=20, y2=10) and node 2 (x3=0, y3=10)

Stiffness matrix is given by  

1 ν 0 
E  
[ k ] = tA[ B] [ D][ B] [ ]
D = ν 1 0
1 −ν 2  
T

1 −ν 
0 0 
 2 
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Element 1:
Node Local Global 2 3
node 1(x1=0, y1=0),
node 3 (x2=20, y2=10) and 1 1 1 1
node 2 (x3=0, y3=10) 2 2 3
3 3 2
1

 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0  0 0 10 0 −10 0 

[ B] =  0 x32 0 x13 0 x21 
1 1  
[ ]
B = 0 −20 0 0 0 20
2A 200  
x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12  −20 0 0 10 20 −10
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
For plane stress problem [D] matrix is
υ = 0.3 and E = 30 x 106
 
1 ν  1 0.3 0 
E 
0 
 ( )
30 106  
[ D] = 2 
ν 1 0  [ ]
D = 0.3 1 0
1 −ν  0.91  
1 −ν   0 0 0.35
0 0 
T
 2 
Thus [B] [D]

0 10 0 −10 0   1 0.3 0 
T
 0
( ) 6
30 10   0.3 1 
[ B] [ D] = −
T
0 20 0 0 0 20 0
200( 0.91)    
−20 0 0 10 20 −10  0 0 0.35
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
 0 0 −7 
 −6 −20 0 
 
( )
0.15 10  10
6
3 0 
[ B] [ D] =
T
 
0.91  0 0 3.5 
−10 −3 7 
 
 6 20 −3.5

 0 0 −7 
 −6 −20 0 
   0 0 10 0 −10 0 
( )0.15 10  10
6
3 0  1  
[ k ] = ( 0.5)(100)  
3.5  200 
0 −20 0 0 0 20 
0.91  0 0
−20 0 0 10 20 −10
−10 −3 7 
 
 6 20 −3.5
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
 0 0 −7 
 −6 −20 0 
 
( )
0.15 10  10
6
3 0 
[ B] [ D] =
T
 
0.91  0 0 3.5 
−10 −3 7 
 
 6 20 −3.5

 140 0 0 −70 −140 70 

 0 400 −60 0 60 −400
 
37500  0 −60 100 0 −100 60 
[k ] =  
0.91  −70 0 0 35 70 −35 
−140 60 −100 70 240 −130
 
 70 −400 60 −35 −130 435 
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Element 2
node 1(x1=0, y1=0),
node 3 (x2=20, y2=0) and
node 2 (x3=20, y3=10) 3

Node Local Global

1 1 1 2
2 2 4 1 4
3 3 3
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)
Element 2
Stiffness matrix is given by node 1(x1=0, y1=0), 3
node 4 (x2=20, y2=0) and
[ k ] = tA [ B ] [ D ][ B ]
T
node 3 (x3=20, y3=10)
2
1 4
 y23 0 y31 0 y12 0 
[ B] =  0 x32 0 x13 0 x21 
1
Node Local Global
2A
2A 1 1 1
x32 y23 x13 y31 x21 y12  2 2 4
3 3 3

[D] matrix is given by

 1 0.3 0 
−10 0 10 0 0 0  ( )
30 10 6

[ B] =  0 0 0 −20 0 20
1  [ D] = 0.3 1 0
200 0.91  
 0 −10 −20 10 20 0   0 0 0.35
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Thus [B]T[D]

−10 0 10 0 0 0   1 0.3 0 
T

30 ( )
10 6
 0  0.3 1 
[ ] [ D] =
T
B 0 0 −20 0 20 0
200( 0.91)    
 0 −10 −20 10 20 0   0 0 0.35

−10 −3 0 
 0 0 −3.5
 
( )
0.15 10  10
6
3 −7 
[ B] [ D] =
T
 
0.91  −6 −20 3.5 
 0 0 7 
 
 6 20 0 
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

−10 −3 0 
 0 0 −3.5
  −10 0 10 0 0 0
( )0.15 10  10
6
3 −7  1  
[ k ] = ( 0.5)(100)   0 0 0 −20 0 20
0.91  −6 −20 3.5  200  
 0 −10 −20 10 20 0 
 0 0 7 
 
 6 20 0 

 100 0 −100 60 0 60 
 0 35 70 −35 −70 0 
 
37500 −100 70 240 −130 −140 60 
[k ] =  
0.91  60 −35 −130 435 70 400
 0 −70 −140 70 140 0 
 
 −60 0 60 −400 0 400
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Taking 5 common and making global form

 28 0 −28 14 0 −14 0 0 1
 0 80 12 −80 −12 0 0 0 2

−28 12 48 −26 −20 14 0 0 3
 
187500  14 −80 26 87 12 −7 0 0 4
[ k ]1 =
0.91  0 −12 −20 12 20 0 0 0 4
 
−14 0 14 −7 0 7 0 0 6
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7
 
 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Taking 5 common and making global form

 20 0 0 0 0 −12 −20 12  1
 0 7 0 0 −14 0 14 −7  2

 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3
 
187500  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4
[ k ]2 =
0.91  0 −14 0 0 28 0 −28 14  4
 
−12 0 0 0 0 80 12 80  6
−20 14 0 0 −28 12 48 −26 7
 
 12 −7 0 0 14 −80 −26 87  8
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Superposing two stiffness matrices

 48 0 −28 14 −26 −20 12  1

0
 0 87 12 −80 −26 0 14 −7  2

−28 12 48 −26 −20 14 0 0 3
 
187500  14 −80 −26 87 12 −7 0 0 4
[ K] =
0.91  0 −26 −20 12 48 0 −28 14  4
 
−26 0 14 −7 0 87 12 −80 6
−20 14 0 0 −28 12 48 −26 7
 
 12 −7 0 0 14 −80 −26 87  8
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Force displacement form is

 R1x   48 0 −28 14 0 −26 −20 12   0 

R 
 1y 
 0
 87 12 −80 −26 0 14 −7   0 
 R2x  −28 12 48 −26 −20 14 0 0 0 
    
 R2 y  187500  14 −80 −26 87 12 −7 0 0 0 
 =   
2500 0.91  0 −26 −20 12 48 0 −28 14  u3 

 0  −26 0 14 −7 0 87 12 −80 v3 
  −20  
2500  14 0 0 −28 12 48 −26 u4 
 
 0  −7 −80 −26 87  v4 
   12 0 0 14
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Applying boundary condition the matrix reduces to 4X4

2500  48 0 −28 14  u3 

 0   0 87 12 −80 v 
  187500    3
  =  
 2500 0.91 − 28 12 48 −26 u4 
 0    
 14 −80 −26 87  v4 

u3  609.6
v   4.2 
 3   −6
   =  x10 in
u4  663.7
v4  104.1
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Stresses in the elements are

{σ } = [ D][ B]{δ }
 0 
 0 
 1 0.3 0   0 0 10 0 −10 0   
{σ }1 =
( )( )
30 106 10−6 0.3 1  
0   0 −20 0 0 0  609.6
20   
0.91( 200)  4.2 
 0 0 0.35 −20 0 0 10 20 −10 
 0 
 
 0 
σ x  1005
   
σ y  =  301  psi
τ   2.4 
 xy 1  
 Constant Strain Triangle (CST)

Stresses in the elements are

{σ } = [ D][ B]{δ }
 0 
 0 
 1 0.3 0  −10 0 10 0 0 0  
{σ }2 =
( )( )
30 106 10−6 0.3 1  
0   0 0 0 −20 0 20   663.7

0.91( 200)  104.1
 0 0 0.35  0 10 −20 10 20 0  
609.6
 
 4.2 
σ x   995 
   
σ y  = −1.2 psi
τ  −2.4
 xy 1  