Data Centers Cooling Systems

Contents

Cooling System Concepts

MAJOR COOLING SYSTEM EQUIPMENT TYPES

 Central cooling plants

 Water-cooled plant equipment
 Air-cooled plant equipment
 Direct expansion (DX) equipment
 Evaporative Cooling Systems
 Water Economization
 Direct Economization
 Indirect Economization
 Economization Options
Cooling System Concepts

In a data center, the HVAC system energy consumption is dependent on three main factors:
outdoor conditions (temperature and humidity), the use of economization strategies, and the
primary type of cooling consider the following:

The HVAC energy consumption is closely related to the outdoor temperature and humidity
levels. In simple terms, the HVAC equipment takes the heat from the data center and
transfers it outdoors. The higher the outdoor air temperature (and the higher the humidity
level is for water-cooled systems), more work is required of the compressors to lower the air
temperature back down to the required levels in the data center.

Economization for HVAC systems is a process in which the outdoor conditions allow for
reduced compressor power (or even allowing for complete shutdown of the compressors).
This is achieved by supplying outdoor air directly to the data center (direct air economizer)
or, as in water-cooled systems, cooling the water and then using the cool water in place of
chilled water that would normally be created using compressors.

Different HVAC system types have different levels of energy consumption. And the
different types of systems will perform differently in different climates. As an example, in
hot and dry climates water-cooled equipment generally consumes less energy than air-cooled
systems. Conversely, in cooler climates that have higher moisture levels, air-cooled
equipment will use less energy. The maintenance and operation of the systems will also
impact energy (possibly the greatest impact). Related to the cooling system type, the supply
air temperature and allowable humidity levels in the data center will have an influence on
the annual energy consumption.

MAJOR COOLING SYSTEM EQUIPMENT TYPES

Central cooling plants

Broadly speaking, cooling systems will connect to a central cooling plant that generates chilled
water or condenser water for use in the remote air-handling units or CRAHs. The decision to use
a central plant can be made for many different reasons: facility size, growth plans, efficiency
reliability, and redundancy, among others. Generally, a central plant consists of primary
equipment such as chillers and cooling towers, piping, pumps, heat exchangers, and water
treatment systems. Typically, central plants are used for large data centers and have the
capability for future expansion.

Water-cooled plant equipment

Chilled water plants include chillers (either air- or water-cooled) and cooling towers (if water-
cooled). These types of cooling plants are complex in design and operation but can yield
superior energy efficiency. Some of the current, highly efficient water-cooled chillers offer
power usage that can be 50% less than legacy models.
Air-cooled plant equipment
Similar to the water-cooled chiller plant, the air-cooled chiller plant can be complex, yet
efficient. Depending on the climate, the chiller will use more energy annually than a comparably
sized water-cooled chiller. To minimize this, manufacturers offer economizer modules built into
the chiller that uses the cold outside air to extract heat from the chilled water without using
compressors. Dry coolers or evaporative coolers are also used to precool the return water back
to the chiller.
Direct expansion (DX) equipment
DX systems have the least amount of moving parts since both the condenser and evaporator use
air as the heat transfer medium not water. This reduces the complexity but it also can reduce the
efficiency. A variation on this system is to water cool the condenser, which improves the
efficiency. (Water-cooled CRAC units fall into this category.)
Evaporative Cooling Systems
Evaporative cooling uses the principle that when air is exposed to water spray, the dry-bulb
temperature of the air will be reduced to a level that is close to the wet-bulb temperature of the
air. The difference between the air’s dry bulb and wet bulb is known as the wet-bulb depression.
In climates that are dry, evaporative cooling works well, because the wet-bulb depression is
large enabling the evaporative process to lower the dry-bulb temperature significantly.
Evaporative cooling can be used in conjunction with any of the cooling techniques outlined
earlier.
Water Economization
Water can be used for many purposes in cooling the data center. It can be chilled via a vapor-
compression cycle and sent out to the terminal cooling equipment. It can also be cooled using an
atmospheric cooling tower using the same principles of evaporation and used to cool
compressors or, if it is cold enough, it can be sent directly to the terminal cooling devices. The
goal of a water economization strategy is to use mechanical cooling as little as possible and rely
on the outdoor air conditions to cool the water to what is required to generate the required
supply air temperature. When the system is in economizer mode, only air-handling unit fans,
chilled water pumps, and condenser water pumps will run. The energy required to run these
pieces of equipment should be examined carefully to ensure the savings of using water
economizer will not be diminished by excessively high motor energy consumption. Data centers
that use water-cooled servers, such as in a high-performance computing facility, can use much
warmer water due to the server’s ability to maintain internal temperatures using water that is at a
much higher temperature than what is typically seen.
Direct Economization
Direct economization typically means the use of outside air directly without the use of heat
exchangers. Direct outside air economizer systems will mix the outdoor air with the return air to
maintain the required supply air temperature. At outdoor air temperatures that range from that of
the supply air temperature to that of the return air temperature, partial economization is
achievable, but supplemental mechanical cooling is necessary. Evaporative cooling can be used
at this point to extend the ability to use outside air by reducing the dry-bulb temperature,
especially in drier climates. Once the supply air temperature can no longer be maintained,
mechanical cooling will start and begin to cool the load. After the outdoor dry-bulb and
moisture levels reach acceptable limits, the supplemental cooling equipment will stop and the
outdoor air dampers will open to maintain the temperature. For many climates, it is possible to
run direct air economization year round with little or no supplemental cooling. There are
climates where the outdoor dry-bulb temperature is suitable for economization but the outdoor
moisture level is too high. In this case, a control strategy must be in place to take advantage of
the acceptable dry-bulb temperature without risking condensation in the data center or
unintentionally incurring higher energy costs.

Indirect Economization

Indirect economization is used when it is not advantageous to use air directly from the outdoors
for economization. Indirect economization uses the same control principles as the direct outdoor
air systems. In direct systems, the outdoor air is used to cool the return air by physically mixing
the two airstreams. When indirect economization is used, the outdoor air is used to cool down a
heat exchanger on one side that indirectly cools the return air on the other side with no contact
of the two airstreams. In indirect evaporative systems, water is sprayed on a portion of the heat
exchanger where the outdoor air runs through. The evaporative effect lowers the temperature of
the heat exchanger, thereby reducing the temperature of the outdoor air. These systems are very
effective in a number of climates, even humid climates. Since an indirect heat exchanger is used,
a fan is required to draw the outside air across the heat exchanger, sometimes known as a
scavenger fan. This fan motor power is not trivial and needs to be accounted for in estimating
energy use.

Economization Options
 There are several different approaches and technology available when designing an
economization system. For indirect economizer designs, heat exchanger technology varies
widely.
1. It can consist of a rotary heat exchanger, also known as a heat wheel, which
uses thermal mass to cool down the return air by using outdoor air.
2. Another approach is to use a crossflow heat exchanger.
3. Heat pipe technology can also be incorporated in an indirect economization
strategy.

Within these options, there are several sub-options driven by the specific application that
ultimately will inform the design strategy for the entire cooling system.