MCQ’s

1. Where is the mushroom duct used in the mechanical ventilation system?

- a. Plenum and exhaust room

2. Why is external ventilation required for an AHU room?

- Because it produces too much of noise during operational hours

3. Why water is said as best medium to be used in heating or cooling systems

compared to
Air?
-

4. How can one achieve pressure in a mechanical ventilation system in large floor span
structures?
- By reducing the duct sizing at regular interval

5. Why is a sump pit provided in basement planning?

- To collect the storm water in the basement and pump it to the IC at ground level

6. What is the maximum length of the primary duct in mechanical ventilation system for
basement?
-

7. A refrigerant is used instead of water in chilling systems because

-

8. Which is the most sustainable AC system

-

9. Sustainable hot water heating requirement for a residential building in India is

-

10. Closed hot water system have sealed tanks within the system
-
Diagrams
a) Chilled water system diagram

Chilled water systems provide cooling to a building by using chilled water to absorb heat
from the building’s spaces. At the heart of the water chilled system, a chiller removes
heat from water by means of a refrigeration cycle.
A chilled water system’s refrigeration cycle works by removing heat from chilled water in
the evaporator of the chiller. The compressor is what drives the entire process. It also
uses the most energy in a chilled water system
b) Mechanical ventilation layout for a basement of a hotel measuring 30 x 40 m.

c) Solar hot water cum heating system for a small apartment in Srinagar.
d) Differentiate between chilled water system and direct expansion system.
Diagram for direct expansion and chiller system:
e) What design and technical factors are considered while planning for Chilled water
System?

● Many climates have hot weather. Some places are hot year-round. But that
doesn’t mean that the inside of buildings needs to be hot. While the temperature
outside can sometimes be over 100 °F, the temperature inside the building can
be a comfortable 74 °F. This is all thanks to the chilled water system.
 ● Chilled water systems are used in medium and large-sized buildings. Chiller
plants act as a centralized cooling system that provides cooling for an entire
building or even multiple buildings. This is because it is often more practical to
centralize air conditioning equipment in one location rather than install many
pieces of equipment in many different places.
● In addition to simplifying access for a building’s maintenance crew, large water
chilled systems also provide greater energy efficiency than smaller, individual
systems.
● Chilled water systems provide cooling to a building by using chilled water to
absorb heat from the building’s spaces. At the heart of the water chilled system,
a chiller removes heat from water by means of a refrigeration cycle.
● A chilled water system’s refrigeration cycle works by removing heat from chilled
water in the evaporator of the chiller. The compressor is what drives the entire
process. It also uses the most energy in a chilled water system.
● In the condenser of the chiller, the heat is transferred to the condenser water, or
directly to the outside air
● When a chiller is producing chilled water, the heat that is removed from the
chilled water must be rejected somewhere – usually outside of the building. The
chiller system is the facilitator of heat transfer between the inside of a building
and outside of a building.
● There two main types of chilled water cooling systems: air-cooled chillers, and
water-cooled chillers.

f) What passive measures can be used to reduce the heating load on the building?

● Passive design must include insulation to reduce heat loss or gain throughout the
building envelope. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow, reducing heat loss in
winter to keep the house warm and reducing heat gain in summer to keep the
house cool.
● Passive technologies, such as thermal insulation, shading, evaporative cooling,
natural ventilation, landscaping, and vegetation, can provide thermal comfort for
building occupants with either little or no traditional energy consumption. In
addition, they are promising alternatives to active technologies. One of the main
sources of energy consumption is the heat loss/gain through the building
envelope, especially external walls and roofs.
● Vertical greenery systems (VGSs) and/or green roofs (GRs), which include
building facades and/or roofs with plants to protect the building from external
environmental disturbances, are considered a heat-protection type of passive
technology. VGS can be classified into green facades and living walls.
g) Briefly explain package unit system and VRF system for an institutional building

- Package Unit System:

● Packaged units are nothing but smaller version of AC central plant and AHU
combined.
● They are generally used when the need for air conditioning is for the large area.
They come in various capacity – 5T, 10T, 15T to 20T
● They are usually ductable. They usually need a separate space to house they
could be placed anywhere. On terrace, in basement, on floor, or a room could be
made for them and they could be united as shown below.
● They are placed where condenser heat could be dissipated. That could be either
water-cooled (cooling tower) or air cooled. If the separate space for such unit is
not available then the unit could be split and it becomes then split unit.

- VRF system:
•VRF systems are similar to the multi-split systems which connect one outdoor section
to several evaporators.
•However, multi-split systems turn OFF or ON completely in response to one master
controller, whereas VRF systems continually adjust the flow of refrigerant to each indoor
evaporator.
•The control is achieved by continually varying the flow of refrigerant through a pulse
modulating valve (PMV) whose opening is determined by the microprocessor receiving
information from the thermistor sensors in each indoor unit.
•The indoor units are linked by a control wire to the outdoor unit which responds to the
demand from the indoor units by varying its compressor speed to match the total
cooling and/or heating requirements.
VRF systems promise a more energy-efficient strategy (estimates range from 11% to
17% less energy compared to conventional units) at a somewhat higher cost
•VRF systems are engineered systems and use complex refrigerant and oil control
circuitry.
•The refrigerant pipe-work uses a number of separation tubes and/or headers
•A separation tube has 2 branches
•Whereas a header has more than 2 branches.
•Either of the separation tube or header, or both, can be used for branches. However,
the separation tube is NEVER provided after the header because of balancing
issues.
•Less copper is required in VRF system then multi-split system.
•This also minimises the refrigerant path
•Another reason for efficiency
h) Calorifier

i) Desiccant cooling
j) DX system (Direct expansion system)

● DX stands for direct expansion. In Dx units, air is directly cooled in, at the
boundary of, or directly adjacent to the room being conditioned. Heat is directly
exchanged with refrigerant passing through a local cooling coil. Refrigerant
expands during the process and refrigerant is controlled by an expansion valve.
Hence the term direct expansion.
● Direct expansion is the most commonly used type of air conditioning. Dx units
include room air conditioners, split systems, ducted systems and package type
units.
● A Dx air conditioning system is often just a technical term for a standard home air
conditioner or commercial HVAC system. Interestingly, there is a wide range of
Dx air conditioners that can be used for both commercial or residential
application.
● DX-type air conditioners are typically used for small buildings, single-level
complexes, and homes for many reasons. Firstly, there is a practical limitation to
the length of refrigeration pipework, even if it is well insulated. Therefore, direct
expansion cooling may not be suitable for large buildings or complexes.
● In direct expansion air is blown directly over coils carrying refrigerant. So if the
AC plant room is not centralized there are two options – either have huge ducts
that carry chilled air to the spaces or have small FCU into which refrigerant is
rotated.
https://iceblast.com.au/direct-expansion-dx-air-conditioning-faq/

h) Solar water heating system:

Solar Water Heating System

Solar water heating system is a device that helps in heating water by using the energy
from the SUN. This energy is totally free. Solar energy (sun rays) is used for heating
water. Water is easily heated to a temperature of 60-80o C. Solar water heater of Solar
water heaters (SWHs) of 100-300 liters capacity are suited for domestic use. Larger
systems can be used in restaurants, canteens, guest houses, hotels, hospitals etc. A
100 liters capacity SWH can replace an electric geyser for residential use and may save
approximately 1500 units of electricity annually. The use of 1000 SWHs of 100 liters
capacity each can contribute to a peak load saving of approximately 1 MW. A SWH of
100 liters capacity can prevent emission of 1.5 tones of carbon dioxide per year.

Working Of a Solar Water Heater

The Sun’s rays fall on the collector panel (a component of solar water heating system).
A black absorbing surface (absorber) inside the collectors absorbs solar radiation and
transfers the heat energy to water flowing through it. Heated water is collected in a tank
which is insulated to prevent heat loss. Circulation of water from the tank through the
collectors and back to the tank continues automatically due to thermo siphon system.
Based on the collector system, solar water heaters can be of two types: A solar water
heater consists of a collector to collect solar energy and an insulated storage tank to
store hot water. The stored hot water can be used later any time.

Main Components Of Solar Water Heating System

Main components of solar water heater system are

● Solar Collectors
● Collector Mounting System
● Solar Storage Tank
● Water Pump
 ● Heat Exchanger
● Expansion Tank
● Controls
● Isolation Valve
● Backup Water Heater

i) Axial Fan

j) Factors affecting HVAC system

https://www.hydrosol.com.au/factors-affecting-hvac-design/

k) What passive measures can be used to reduce the cooling load on building?

● Passive design must include insulation to reduce heat loss or gain throughout the
building envelope. Insulation acts as a barrier to heat flow, reducing heat loss in
winter to keep the house warm and reducing heat gain in summer to keep the
house cool.
● Passive technologies, such as thermal insulation, shading, evaporative cooling,
natural ventilation, landscaping, and vegetation, can provide thermal comfort for
building occupants with either little or no traditional energy consumption. In
 addition, they are promising alternatives to active technologies. One of the main
sources of energy consumption is the heat loss/gain through the building
envelope, especially external walls and roofs.
● Vertical greenery systems (VGSs) and/or green roofs (GRs), which include
building facades and/or roofs with plants to protect the building from external
environmental disturbances, are considered a heat-protection type of passive
technology. VGS can be classified into green facades and living walls.

l) Explain when and where one will use chilled water system.

● Many climates have hot weather. Some places are hot year-round. But that
doesn’t mean that the inside of buildings needs to be hot. While the temperature
outside can sometimes be over 100 °F, the temperature inside the building can
be a comfortable 74 °F. This is all thanks to the chilled water system.
● Chilled water systems are used in medium and large-sized buildings. Chiller
plants act as a centralized cooling system that provides cooling for an entire
building or even multiple buildings. This is because it is often more practical to
centralize air conditioning equipment in one location rather than install many
pieces of equipment in many different places.
● In addition to simplifying access for a building’s maintenance crew, large water
chilled systems also provide greater energy efficiency than smaller, individual
systems.
● Chilled water systems provide cooling to a building by using chilled water to
absorb heat from the building’s spaces. At the heart of the water chilled system,
a chiller removes heat from water by means of a refrigeration cycle.
● A chilled water system’s refrigeration cycle works by removing heat from chilled
water in the evaporator of the chiller. The compressor is what drives the entire
process. It also uses the most energy in a chilled water system.
● In the condenser of the chiller, the heat is transferred to the condenser water, or
directly to the outside air
● When a chiller is producing chilled water, the heat that is removed from the
chilled water must be rejected somewhere – usually outside of the building. The
chiller system is the facilitator of heat transfer between the inside of a building
and outside of a building.
● There two main types of chilled water cooling systems: air-cooled chillers, and
water-cooled chillers.
m) Draw a diagram for chilled water air conditioning system for an institution building.
n) Centrifugal Fan

o)
p) Explain a conventional hot water system for a service apartment? How solar water
heating can be used in the same system to make it more economical.
q)