REVIEW GUIDE:

Related topics:

1. Naming and writing chemical formula

2. Writing chemical equations.
3. Balancing chemical equations.
4. Ionic bonding
5. Ionic equations

Redox

1. What is redox?

a. Process in which both oxidation and reduction takes place.

2. What is an oxidation reaction? Give examples of oxidation.

a. Gain of oxygen, loss of electrons, increase in oxidation state

3. What is the reduction reaction? Give examples of reduction.

a. Reverse process of an oxidation reaction—loss of oxygen, gain of electrons, decrease in

oxidation state

4. What is the oxidation state?

a. A number assigned to an element in a chemical combination which represents the

number of electrons lost (or gained, if the number is negative), by an atom of that
element in the compound.

5. Describe the following:

(a) Oxidizing agent, give examples

(i) A substance which oxidises another substance during a redox reaction.

(b) Reducing agent, give examples

(i) A substance which reduces another substance during a redox reaction.

Acids, Bases and Salts

6. Define acid?

a. A substance which produces hydrogen ions; H+ when dissolved in water; proton donor to
base → acceptor; water.

7. What are some of the chemical characteristics of acids? Give examples for each.

a. Metal + acid → salt + hydrogen

b. Carbonate + acid → salt + water + carbon dioxide

 c. Hydroxide; oxide + acid → salt + water

8. What are some of the chemical characteristics of bases?

a. Insoluble in water

9. Why must acids be in aqueous solution OR must dissolved in water?

a. Acids only show the properties of acid when they’re dissolved in water; dissociating.

10. What are some chemical characteristics of Base?

a. Produce OH-, neutralize acids.

11. What is alkali?

a. A base that’s soluble in water; most bases aren’t alkali.

i. React with a solution of metal salt to give its metal hydroxide.

ii. Test for the presence of cations.

iii. React with acids to form salt & water only.

iv. Produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in ions.

12. What is a neutralization reaction? What indication that the reaction is complete?

a. Reaction of acids with alkalis and bases; equal number of ions.

i. Hydrogen ions from the acid and hydroxide ions from the alkali react to form
water.

1. H+ + OH- → H2O

2. Salt & water produced

13. What are oxides?

a. Compound of oxygen & another element; made by heating the element in air or oxygen.

14. What are the different types of oxides? Give examples of each.

a. Acidic oxides; non-metal → reacts with bases

i. CO2, SO2, NO2

b. Basic oxides; metal → reacts with acids

i. NaO, MgO, CuO

c. Amphoteric oxides; metal → reacts with both acids & bases

i. PbO, ZnO, Al2O3

d. Neutral oxides; non-metal → do not react

i. CO, NO, H2O

15. What are salts? Give examples of salts.

 a. A compound formed when a metallic ion or an ammonium ion; NH4+ replaces one or
more hydrogen ions of an acid.

16. What are the methods to use to prepare the following salts?

(a) Soluble salts

(i) Reacting an acid with an insoluble metal, carbonate or base to make soluble salts.

(ii) Titration

(b) Insoluble salts

(i) Precipitation

17. How to test for gases?

a. Ammonia; using damp litmus paper; pungent smell

b. Carbon dioxide; limewater

c. Chlorine; using damp litmus paper

d. Hydrogen; lighted splint

e. Oxygen; glowing splint