Please discuss Baghdad Pact and Eisenhower Doctrine in the framework of Turkish

Foreign Policy towards Middle East in 1950s.

Baghdad Pact created by America to ward off communism.It was a defensive pact in the
Middle East.The status of US was observer because of, Baghdad Pact Treaty stipulated that
only those countries recognized by the member states could be admitted as members and this
precluded the membership of Israel, not recognized by Iran, Iraq, and Pakistan.Saudi oil was
being extracted by American companies and America did not want to lose that.And last one
was, USSR to follow a similar course and establish its own pact.The Arab states newly won
independence.The Arabs would remain cool to Britain and France thus west, because of
imperialist action from past.From the Arab perspective, the primary threat to the Arab world
came not from the USSR but from Israel.In the light of these, It was the only option Turkey
to defence of Middle East.The cornerstone of Middle Eastern defense was Turkey.Turkey
become the representative of the West in the Middle East.Turkey took on the duty to lead the
new independent Arab countries and bring them closer to the West.Turkey was "spokesperson
of the West".But Arab countries won their independence after struggling against Western
imperialism thus they saw the Turkey as the ‘’spokesperson of imperialism’’.After that
position, Middle Eastern states were split into two camps, one of them consisted of pro
Western states led by Turkey, and another under Egyptian leadership seeking to defend their
political and economic independence against Western encroachment.

On 5 January 1957 Eisenhower submitted to Congress the policy of Eisenhower

doctrine.Until the Eisenhower doctrine U S had been conducting policy in the Middle East
through Britain and friendly regional countries.But now Arab countries, especially Egypt was
disturbed from Britain and France because of the Western encroachment after when Egypt
nationalized the Suez Canal.America want to be in the Middle East but not with the west
countries like Britain and France.Middle East important for America because of oil product
and birthplace of three great religions.America want to to cooperate with Middle Eastern
countries and strengthen their economies to assist them in preserving their independence.The
U.S. became more dependent on Turkey to carry out its operations in the region.This increase
the importance of Turkey position like U.S. military bases in Turkey.U.S . military aid to
Turkey was increased.The new conditions increase the importance of Turkey.Now U.S.
economic aid started increasing after since 1954.Turkey allowed the bases on its soil to be
employed for non NATO purposes to intervene in Middle Eastern events.
Please explain the importance of London Treaties for Turkey and Turkish Cypriot
Community.

Turkey wants to defend the right of cognates living abroad.Thus, Cyprus has always been
important for Turkey.Also the Turkish population it hosts, the location of islands is critical.It
is middle of the Eastern Mediterranean, geopolitically it is important for Turkey.In the light
of these, Cyprus is directly linked to the security of Turkey.In 1955, Great Britain, Turkey
and Greece came together to create common framework for Mediterranean's security.The
london Treaties, signed on 1959, allowed the establishment of a republic in Cyprus.Thus,
Great Britain, Turkey and Greece become a guarantors of the Cyprus.Then, Turkey has tried
to solve problems as a guarantor country.Turks, who were living on the island had legal
basis.Their rights were legally determined.In this way, Turks would have say in the
administration of certain percentages.Every detail was determined, from legislation,
executive, jurisdiction, distribution in the army, to the president and vice-president.Enosis
and taksim were forbidden.All these development had been a legal guarantee for Turkey and
the Turkish Cypriots.In the light of these, the landing operation carried out in 1974 was
carried out within the framework as a guarantor country.Guarantor status gave us TRNC.