Heat Transfer EME 314

Second semester
3Cr. 3-1-1 Hrs/wk
Mechatronics Department

Lecture 6

Dr. Asmaa Attya Shalaby

Ph.D., M.Sc. And B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering,
Alexandria university
 Heat exchangers

Content
1) Introduction.
2) Classification of heat exchangers.
3) Heat transfer equipment.
4) Components of Shell-and-tube heat exchanger.
5) overall heat transfer coefficient U.
6) Analysis of heat exchangers.
7) Selection of heat exchangers.
Introduction

1. Importance of Heat transfer:

• Heat can defined as energy that is transferred due to a temperature
difference between 2 systems or between 2 parts of a system.

• Importance of H.T:
- To control the rate of chemical reactions (exothermic and endothermic
reactions).
- Power generation ( steam boilers).
Introduction
2. Plant fluid streams:
The streams handled in a process can be
divide into:

• Process streams
Participate in the mass balance of the
plant (feed stocks, reaction products,
effluents, etc.).

• Utility streams
DO NOT participate in the mass
balance of the plant as they do not mix
with the process streams, but that can
affect the energy balances.
Classification of heat exchangers

• Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two
fluids that are at different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with
each other.

1. Basic Classification:
Heat exchangers are usually classified into three basic types
(a) Recuperators.
(b) Regenerators.
(c) Direct-Contact Heat Exchangers.
Classification of heat exchangers

(a) Recuperators:
• The hot and cold fluid streams do not come
into direct contact with each other but are
separated by a tube wall or a surface that may
be flat or curved in some manner.

• Energy exchange is thus accomplished from

one fluid to an intermediate surface by
convection, through the wall or plate by
conduction, and then by convection from the
surface to the second fluid.

• These three energy-transfer processes act in

series with one another, resulting in a
continuous change in the temperature of at
least one of the fluid streams involved.
Classification of heat exchangers

b) Regenerators:
• The hot and cold fluids alternately occupy
the same space in the exchanger core.

• The exchanger core or “matrix” serves as a

heat storage device that is periodically
heated by the warmer of the two fluids and
then transfers heat to the colder fluid.

• In a fixed matrix configuration, the hot and

cold fluids pass alternately through a
stationary exchanger, and for continuous
operation two or more matrices are
necessary.
Classification of heat exchangers

c) Direct Contact Heat Exchangers

• In this type of heat exchanger the hot
and cold fluids contact each other
directly. An example of such a device is
a cooling tower in which a spray of
water falling from the top of the tower is
directly contacted and cooled by a
stream of air flowing upward.

• Other direct contact systems use

immiscible liquids or solid-to-gas
exchange.
Classification of heat exchangers
2. Other classification approach:
Heat exchangers can be classified according to

2.1. Surface compactness

Compact heat exchangers specifically designed to realize a large heat transfer
surface area ( and rate) between two fluids in a small volume

• The ratio of the heat transfer surface area of a heat exchanger to its volume is
called the area density 𝜷.

• A heat exchanger with 𝜷 > 700 𝑚2 /𝑚3 is classified as being compact

• they are commonly used in applications with strict limitations on the weight and
volume of heat exchangers.
Classification of heat exchangers
2.2. Construction
a) Plate and frame (or just plate) heat exchanger
Consists of a series of plates with corrugated flat flow passages . The hot and cold fluids
flow in alternate passages, and thus each cold fluid stream is surrounded by two hot
fluid streams, resulting in very effective heat transfer.

b) Tubular heat exchanger

Classification of heat exchangers

2.3. Flow arrangements

∎ Parallel flow (Co-current), ∎ counter current flow, ∎ cross flow.

a) Parallel flow b) Counter flow

Both the hot and cold fluids enter the heat The hot and cold fluids enter the heat
exchanger at the same end and move in the exchanger at opposite ends and flow in
same direction. opposite directions.
Classification of heat exchangers

c) Cross flow
The two fluids usually move perpendicular to each other. The cross-flow is further classified
as unmixed and mixed flow, depending on the flow configuration.

∎ Mixed Cross flow ∎ Unmixed Cross flow

The cross-flow is said to be mixed since
the fluid is free to move in the transverse
direction.
The cross-flow is said to be unmixed
since the plate fins force the fluid to flow
through a particular interfin spacing and
prevent it from moving in the transverse
direction (i.e., parallel to the tubes).
Classification of heat exchangers

∎ Mixed Cross flow ∎ Unmixed Cross flow

The temperature of cross flow is a function The temperature of cross flow is a function
of coordinates x, there is no variation of of two coordinates x and y.
the temperature the y direction.
Heat transfer equipment
• Any device through which heat is transferred from the hot to the cold medium is
called heat transfer equipment or heat exchanger.
• Heat exchangers are often given specific names to reflect the specific
application.
• There are many types of these equipment such as heaters, coolers, condensers,
boilers, vaporizers, evaporators, etc

1) Heaters and coolers

• Both types include ONLY addition or removal of sensible heat.

2) Vaporizers and evaporators

• Vaporizers and evaporators include addition of sensible heat and latent heat to
the process fluid.
• Vaporizer process fluid is completely vaporized.
• Evaporators are used to concentrate solution.
Tubular heat exchanger
1) Double-Pipe Heat Exchangers

• The simplest type of heat exchanger consists of two concentric pipes of different
diameters. One fluid in a double-pipe heat exchanger flows through the smaller
pipe while the other fluid flows through the annular space between the two pipes.
• Two types of flow arrangement are possible in a double-pipe heat exchanger,
parallel flow and counter flow.
Tubular heat exchanger
2) Shell-and-tube heat exchanger
• The most common type of heat exchanger in industrial applications.
• contain a large number of tubes (sometimes several hundred) packed in a
shell with their axes parallel to that of the shell.
• Heat transfer takes place as one fluid flows inside the tubes while the other
fluid flows outside the tubes through the shell.
 Tubular heat exchanger
• Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are further classified according to the number of
shell and tube passes involved.
• Heat exchangers in which all the tubes make one U-turn in the shell, for example,
are called one-shell-pass and two-tube-passes heat exchangers. Likewise, a heat
exchanger that involves two passes in the shell and four passes in the tubes is called
a two shell-passes and four-tube-passes heat exchanger