Art. 2164.

When, without the knowledge of the person obliged to give support, it is given by a stranger,
the latter shall have a right to claim the same from the former, unless it appears that he gave it out of
piety and without the intention of being repaid. (1894a)

Example: X is the father of Y and obliged to give Y support (is described as everything indispensable for
sustenance, dwelling, clothing, medical attendance, education, and transportation, in keeping with the
financial capacity of the family.). Without the knowledge of X, Z, a stranger (anyone who is not a party to
a particular legal action or agreement.), gives Y money to pay for his tuition fee because X couldn’t give
it in time. If Z has the intention to be repaid, Z has the right to claim the same amount of money he gave
to Y.

Art. 2165. When funeral expenses are borne by a third person, without the knowledge of those relatives
who were obliged to give support to the deceased, said relatives shall reimburse the third person,
should the latter claim reimbursement. (1894a)

Example: X bears the funeral expense of Y without his family or relative's knowledge. X shall be
reimbursed the Y's relatives and X should claim it.

Art. 2166. When the person obliged to support an orphan, an insane or other indigent people unjustly
refuses to give support to the latter, any third person may furnish support to the needy individual, with
the right of reimbursement from the person obliged to give support. The provisions of this article apply
when the father or mother of a child under eighteen years of age unjustly refuses to support him.

Example: X, a deaf person, Y (a third person a person who is not a party to a contract or a transaction,
but has an involvement) buy him a hearing aid with or without the knowledge of Z who is obliged to buy
him the hearing aid but refuses to do so, Y has the right to be reimbursed.

Art. 2167. When through an accident or other cause a person is injured or becomes seriously ill, and he
is treated or helped while he is not in a condition to give consent to a contract, he shall be liable to pay
for the services of the physician or other person aiding him, unless the service has been rendered out of
pure generosity.

Example: X got through a car accident and needs to be treated immediately; X is treated by a doctor. He
is liable to pay for the treatment he received even without his consent because he is not in the condition
to give it. If it is not out of pure generosity.

Art. 2168. When during a fire, flood, storm, or other calamities, the property is saved from destruction
by another person without the knowledge of the owner, the latter is bound to pay the former just
compensation.

Example: X saved Y's house from a fire while Y is on a vacation without anyone in his house. Y shall pay X
just compensation (Just compensation, in expropriation cases, is defined as the full and fair equivalent of
the loss of the property taken from its owner by the expropriator. Its true measure is not the taker's
gain, but the owner's loss.)

Art. 2169. When the government, upon the failure of any person to comply with health or safety
regulations concerning property, undertakes to do the necessary work, even over his objection, he shall
be liable to pay the expenses.
Example: X does not comply with health and safety regulation in the factory he is working and still
perform his job, he shall be liable for the expenses or the fines and damages if there is.

Art. 2170. When by accident or other fortuitous event, movables separately pertaining to two or more
persons are commingled or confused, the rules on co-ownership shall be applicable.

Example: X and Y have co-ownership to a cabinet they bought last year that they are using in an
apartment. A fortuitous event happens and they need to live separately after it, they can have an
agreement to sell the cabinet or keep it undivided and make one of them keep but they still have the
same right over the cabinet

Art. 2171. The rights and obligations of the finder of lost personal property shall be governed by Articles
719 and 720.

Example: X finds a bag with 100,000 on it, if the owner is unknown, X shall give it to the mayor or
municipality where the finding takes place and must be publicized. If within 6 months it is not claimed by
the owner, it will be given to the finder. If claimed by the owner within the time of 6 months, The owner
shall reward X with 10% of the value of what X found.

Art. 2172. The right of every possessor in good faith to reimbursement for necessary and useful
expenses is governed by Article 546.

Example: X thought that a parcel of land is his possession in good faith (A possessor in good faith is one
who sincerely believes that property in his possession belongs to himself when in fact it belongs to
another) he made development to the land. When the right to the parcel of land is claimed by others his
expenses to develop the land shall be refunded. X can keep the land until he is reimbursed or his
expenses are refunded because he is possessor in good faith.

Art. 2173. When a third person, without the knowledge of the debtor, pays the debt, the rights of the
former are governed by Articles 1236 and 1237.

Example: X pays the debt of Y, the debtor, to Z. Z, the creditor, is not bound to accept the payment of X
unless there is a stipulation between Y and Z. Y cannot also compel Z to subrogate him in his right or
substitute X to his right related to the debt. X can demand Y to repay him even if X pays the debt
without his knowledge and will of Y.

Art. 2174. When in a small community a nationality of the inhabitants of age decides upon a measure for
protection against lawlessness, fire, flood, storm, or other calamities, anyone who objects to the plan
and refuses to contribute to the expenses but is benefited by the project as executed shall be liable to
pay his share of said expenses.

Example: A neighborhood agreed to a project to fix a road that everyone uses and X refuses to
contribute to the expenses that will be incurred. If X benefits from the road fixed at the expense of his
neighbors. He is liable to pay his share of the expense to get the road fixed.

Art. 2175. Any person who is constrained to pay the taxes of another shall be entitled to reimbursement
from the latter.

Example: X is constrained (compel or force (someone) to follow a particular course of action) by Y to pay
his income tax. X has the right to be reimbursed or repaid by Y.