Physical and Cognitive

Development in Emerging
and Young Adulthood
CHAPTER 13

Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
 Emerging Adulthood

 Tiga kriteria yang paling orang pakai untuk

menunjukkan masa dewasa :
1. Accepting responsibility for oneself
2. Making independent decisions
3. Becoming financially independent

Emerging Adulthood – Dewasa muda yang sudah bisa

mengerti “siapa mereka” dan apa yang mereka ingin
inginkan/ingin menjadi apa

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 Status kesehatan pada Dewasa
Awal

 Kebanyakan orang dewasa muda

sehat ( 95 % )
 Kecelakaan adalah penyebab utama
kematian
 Disisi lain dewasa muda banyak yang
kelebihan berat badan, kurang
berolahraga, dan melakukan aktivitas
yang membahayakan bagi kesehatan
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 Pengaruh genetik pada
Kesehatan

 Banyak gangguan memiliki akar dalam genetika :

1. Kegemukan
2. Beberapa kanker - paru , prostat , dan payudara
3. Kolesterol Tinggi

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 Behavioral Influences
on Health & Fitness

 Diet and Nutrition

 Obesity on rise
 Eating disorders

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 Pengaruh Perilaku pada
Kesehatan & Kebugaran

Aktivitas fisik
 Olahraga ringan memiliki manfaat kesehatan
 Selain membantu menjaga berat badan ,
membangun otot
 Memperkuat jantung dan paru-paru menurunkan
tekanan darah
 Melindungi diri dari penyakit jantung, stroke ,
diabetes, kanker
 Mengurangi kecemasan dan depresi
 Memperpanjang usia hidup
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 Pengaruh tidak langsung pada
Kesehatan

 SES dan ras / etnis

 Hubungan Integrasi sosial
 Dukungan sosial

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 Sexual and Reproductive Issues

 Behavior and attitudes

 Almost all U.S. adults have had sexual relations before
marriage
 Variety in sexual activities is common
 Casual sex is fairly common, especially on college
campuses

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 Mental Health Problems

 Alcoholism—long term physical condition

characterized by compulsive drinking
 Heritability
 Treatments
 Drug Use and Abuse
 20% of 18-25 year olds used drugs during past month
 Substance abuse disorders linked with mood disorders
 Depression

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 Sexual and Reproductive Issues

 Attitudes
 Today almost all U.S. adults have had sexual relations
before marriage
 Emerging adults tend to have more sexual partners
than in older age groups
 Casual sex common on college campuses
 Sexual identity tends to be clear by emerging
adulthood

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 STIs

 Half of all new STI cases are in 18-25 age group

 Highest rates are among teens and young adults
 Number of people living with HIV has risen
worldwide

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 Premenstrual
Syndrome (PMS)

 Physical and emotional discomfort two

weeks prior to menstruation
 Symptoms:
 Fatigue and headaches
 Swelling and tenderness of breasts
 Bloating, nausea, cramps
 Anxiety, depression, irritability, mood swings

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 Infertility

 Inability to conceive a baby after 12

months of trying
 Experienced by 7% of U.S. couples
 Most common cause in males
 low sperm count
 In women, common causes include:
 Failure
to produce ova or abnormal ova
 Mucus in the cervix
 Endometriosis

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 Cognition in Adulthood:
Reflective Thinking

 Active and persistent consideration

of information or beliefs
 Questioning supposed facts
 Emerges between 20
and 25 years
 Cortical regions with enriched
myelination

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 Postformal Thought

 Ability to deal with:

 Uncertainty and inconsistency
 Contradiction
 Imperfection and compromise
 Draws on:
 Intuition
 Emotion
 Logic

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 Components of
Postformal Thought

 Shifting gears
 Problem definition
 Process-product shift
 Pragmatism
 Multiple solutions
 Awareness of paradox
 Self-referential thought

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 Schaie: Life Span Model of
Cognitive Development

 7 stage model
 Acquisitive stage (Tahap pencarian) :
 Achieving stage (Tahappencapaian):
 Responsible stage (Tahap pertanggungjawaban) :
 Executive stage(Tahap eksekutif):
 Reorganizational stage:
 Reintegrative stage:
 Legacy-creating stage (Tahap penciptaan warisan)

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 Sternberg:
Insight and Know-How

 Componential
 Experiential
 Contextual
 Tacit knowledge: inside information, know how, savvy
 Self management
 Management of tasks
 Management of others

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 Emotional Intelligence (EI)

 The ability to recognize and deal with one’s own

feelings and the feelings of others
 Self-awareness
 Self-management
 Social awareness
 Relationship management

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 Culture and Moral Reasoning

 Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas

 Examples of cultural bias:
 Buddhist monks score low because of
their principles of nonviolence and
cooperation
 The
premise of the dilemma is
unbelievable to Chinese villagers

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 Gender and Moral Reasoning

 Gilligan
found Kohlberg’s dilemmas
gender-biased
 Favormasculine justice views over
feminine compassion
 Other research has not found gender
bias

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 The College Transition

 U.S.college enrollment at record

high
 38% of all 18- to 24-year-olds
 Mostlydue to increasing numbers of
females
 56% of undergraduates

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 Adjusting to College

Key factors to adjustment:

 Financial support
 Emotional support
 Adaptability
 High aptitude and problem-solving skills
 Engaged in studies and social environment

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 Cognitive Growth in College

Thinking progresses from:

Rigidity  Flexibility  Freely chosen
commitments

 Ultimately, commitment
within relativism

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 Completing College

 Only one out of four who start

college has a degree within
five years
 Completing college depends
upon:
 Motivation and aptitude
 Ability to work independently
 Social integration and support
 Fit between school and student

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Combining Work and School

 Working part time can

help students organize
their time and learn
work habits
 However, more than
15–20 hours per week
can have a negative
impact

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 Cognitive Growth at Work

 Substantive complexity of work

 The degree of thought and independent judgment
required
 A person’s flexibility in coping with cognitive demands
 Spillover hypothesis
 Cognitive gains from work carry over to nonworking
hours

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 Some Measures to Ease
School-to-Work Transition

 Improve dialogues between schools and employers

 Make school and work schedules compatible
 Increase availability of part-time work
 Let employers design work-study programs
 Improve training of vocational counselors

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