TPD 502
not enough, having practical skill is also important.
Text Book: Solution to Mass Employment in Nigeria
 What is Technology Policy?
 What is Socio Economic Development (Change
in the Structure)?
 What is Socio Economic Growth (Numerical
and Structural)?
 The basis of development: Knowledge and skills
solve problems / Link Education to Problems
 Is Capital the basis of development? Capital is
not a basis of development. From economics
capital is money and it depreciates. The basis for
development is knowledge and skills.
 Knowledge and skills are available but there is
no development. Problem is the aggregate
population. There are not enough people.
12 -03 – 2014
Linking Education
Sustaining economic growth, industrialization and
development can only be achieved through learning. As
you have been told that the value of the learning man
appreciated with learning intensity and time e.g. when a
person commences education career, he or she starts
from the start. Usually at the end of the first year
learning, the learning person is promoted to the second
level having learnt the things scheduled for the next level
the knowledge is cumulative as he progresses.
In the process of learning, the learning person
built up a capacity and competence. The built up
competence continues as long as the learning process
continues.
Diagram
The diagram illustrates how learning builds up capability.
The increasing value of a learning man is a function of
learning intensity and time.
Mn = Mo (1 + r) n
Mn = is the value of time n = 1, 2, 3…
Mo = is the initial value before learning commences
r = is the learning rate or intensity
For any person to develop a relevant production
skill, you must acquire adequate theoretical skill; Practical
skill, face challenges frequently.
In other words, having theoretical knowledge is
Roles of training and employment in promoting
sustainable economic growth in industrialization and
developments
The knowledge available and thought in educational
institutions at the nursery, primary, secondary and
tertiary level in poor nations of Africa is not applied in
the economic activities due to unemployment and this is
responsible for the slow development in many
developing nations. However, anyone who possesses
either the theoretical knowledge or limited practical skill
alone is a mediocre. Reason being that:
1. Adequate training for the acquisition of the
complementary practical skills for all graduate of
educational institution will speedily create a
knowledgeable and skilled work force.
2. Knowledge and skill cannot be applied
independently but will people who possess
them. Employment promotes the application of
existing and new knowledge in a society.
Therefor it is concluded that training and
employment are the basis for linking the
educational sector and the rest of the economy.
Training and employment are the principal
transporters of knowledge from educational
institutions and this are the principal tools for
promoting rapid development.
3. On our theory of employment increase in
employment both in quality and quantity
increase in knowledge, skill and capability being
applied in production (i.e. employment &
productivity)
Increase in employment i.e. this in turn will improve
productivity.
Vp = Vg +Vi
Where Vp = Intrinsic value of production system
Vg = value of goods and services obtained
from the system
Vi = value of learning opportunities
associated with the system
Therefore, any economy that produces goods and
services must have learning opportunities. Learning
is the source of new knowledge and skills which
improve productivity and any nation that neglects
learning, risks stagnation. In a progressive society,
the Vp grows from increase in both Vg and Vi.
 Because as learning takes place, improved knowledge
and skill are acquired and input into the system.

Theoretical knowledge and Practical Skill

Theoretical knowledge refers to information principle

regarding a particular subject to improve media,
academic institution you can think of.

Both practical and theoretical experiences go

hand in hand each have their own significance. At every
level in an organization where theoretical experience
helps the individual to comprehend the basic notion,
practical knowledge enables him to execute plans and
strategy in the most effective manner. Theoretical
knowledge can be learned whereas practical skills require
practical exposure and sometimes, it may be inborn.
From a philosophical perspective, knowledge is
intangible but practical skills can be made tangible by
applying those skills and getting a desired result.

Productivity: is the measure of efficiency of a

person, a machine, system. It is when input is converted
into useful output. Productivity is computed by dividing
the average output per period by the total cost incurred
or resources consumed in that period.

How do we use Technology to maximize efficiency

in a production system?

Using technology to maximize efficiency in a production

system. You can positively influence the economy based
on the knowledge you have acquired.
19-03-2014
Nigerian educational policy and vocational studies
The national policy of educational was revised to
accommodate changes in the direction of education
brought about by technological development and to
ensure this, he youths are to go through a complete cycle
of balanced education and training. The educational
system places more emphasis on vocational education as
opposed to the 6-5-4 system which only succeeded in
promoting white collar job seekers and emphasis on
paper qualification and this was designed towards skill
orientation with an underline goal of meeting the
changing needs of the economy and of course towards
self-employment generation and this for the purpose of
unemployment reduction. To this end, the policy
proposed that admission into universities be based on
60% science program and 40% Humanities and this was
in an attempt to launch Nigeria into a technological and
industrialized nation.
The Nigeria policy on education made it clear on the
need for functional education (education that is
balanced) that is accomplished by practical knowledge to
be relevant. Practical and acquisition of appropriate skills
and development of competencies as improvement for
the individuals to live in and contribute to the
development of his or her society.
The policy suggested that teaching and learning
should emphasize the development of a favourable skill
and competencies towards specific discipline that will be
utilized in real life situations.
The Aims of Vocational Study
1. To provide trained manpower in applied science
technology and commerce
2. To provide the technical knowledge and
vocational skills necessary for agricultural
industrial commercial and economic
development
3. To provide people who can apply scientific
knowledge to the improvement and solution of
environmental problems for the use and
convenience of man
4. To give introduction to professional studies in
engineering and technology
5. To give training and impact the necessary skill
leading to the production of craftsmen,
technicians and other skill personnel who will be
enterprising and self-reliant.
6. To enable young men and women to have an
intelligent understanding of the increasing
complexity of technology, technical and
vocational institutions were designed largely to
prepare education at all vocational levels
Criticisms of Technical Vocational Policy
The idea of technical and vocational education was
misconceived and this accounted for the ever
increasing rate of unemployment in Nigeria. There is
a societal bias attitude against technical and
vocational education. A large number of job seekers
lack practical skills that could enhance self-
employment that is why, rather than providing jobs
for others, a graduate unemployed person keeps
depending on the government and the non-vibrant
private sector for job offers therefore, technical and
vocational institutions were designed to prepare
students at the vocational level i.e. the emphasis is
still on skill acquisition and sound scientific
knowledge which gives ability to the use of hand and
machine for the purpose of production and
maintenance.
Consequently, the vocational skills be given high
priority and is capable of generating self-
employment. The technological institution in the
country should be properly funded and be keen to
ensure efficiency in developing the country.
Small and Medium Enterprises: This have been
considered as the engine of economic growth …in
economic development. The major advantage of this
sector is the exploited potential at a low capital cost. The
labour intensity of the small and medium enterprise
sector is to be much higher than that of the large
enterprises.
The relative importance of small and medium
scale enterprise in the country has led and will continue
to lead to a consideration of SME in the economy of
nations. The development of many countries is often
measured by such indices as the level of industrialization,
urbanization gainful and meaningful employment for
those who are willing to work.
Income Per Capita: Equitable distribution of income
and welfare and quality of life enjoyed by the citizen.
Roles of small and medium enterprises
There is a general belief that can be achieved through
development of small and medium scale enterprises.
Also that small scale enterprises provides income,
savings and employment generation.
 SME speed up the rate of socio-economic
development of many countries particularly the
developing country. They serves as system to attainment
of national objectives in terms of employment
generation at no investment cost and also the
development of entrepreneurial capabilities and
indigenous technologies.
The influencing feature is not withstanding the
problem of SMEs is similar in most countries, whether
developing or developed. However, the level of obstacles
varies from country to country, industry to industry and
it depends on some characteristics.
The following are some of the obstacles that are being
faced by Nigeria:
- Inadequate access to credit facilities particularly
of moderate terms. These have greatly negatively
affected the growth of SME and development in
Nigeria
- Decision making skill, time management and
account practices are very low among the
Nigerian SME operations
- Commercial banks find it uneasy to access risk
premium properly. This leads to differences in
the perceived – versus real risk profile of SME
in Nigeria.
26 – 03 – 2014
Mobilizing Resources for Industrialization
(Inflation and Employment)
Industrialized nations in the east and west enjoy a high
quality life whereas artisan African nations are poor and
deprived. The main difference between the rich nations
of the east and west on one hand and the poor nations
of Africa on the other hand is that where African nations
are not industrialized rich nations are industrialized.
Growing expected demand in industrialization
For industrialization to be achieved, the importance of
training cannot be over-emphasized. Moral and material
support has to be given to education and on the job
training.
1. Budgetary Allocation: The cost of training an
individual should be well determined and be well tied to
the total number of individuals to be trained each year.
Therefore, any contribution by government, private
organizations and individuals should be viewed in
relation to the total demand for the year. Funding should
no more be based on arbitrary allocation of the
percentage of annual budget but on the cost of training
to be taken each year.
2. Setting Priorities right. It is obvious that how a nation
spends revenue and the emphasis on expenditure profile
is characterized by the people and the government
involved. For example over the period 1995 – 1999
Nigerian devoted more than 1.4% of her gross annual
revenue to funding education and devoted between 15.5
– 22.6% to servicing paying debts in which about 40% of
the …. Moreover, pursuing development by awarding
highly inflated contracts for the construction and
erection of complex structures including roads, and
telecommunications structures has to be greatly reduced.
This continually makes a nation to be increasingly
stressed, experience decreasing activities, increasing
intensities of idleness, mass unemployment
3. Quantum of Resources needed: there are many
resources that a nation can mobilize for industrialization
and development. Some of these are people (human
resources) and material resources (money, water,
minerals etc.). These resources may further be sub-
divided into:
1. Appreciating assets and
2. Depreciating assets.
People who are not learning, mineral resources,
structures etc. are depreciating assets. The educational
system including primary, secondary and tertiary need to
be reformed to be ready to produce the desired nation
builders, whereas good education provides individuals
with a developed mind, knowledge and good characters.
The Nigerian educational system has only been
producing survivors and not nation builders. A nation
needs many people with survival and not of nation
builders mind because they will not build a nation. There
is no alternative than giving education and training, the
attention deserved and the most important resources
people need to be developed.
4. Private Sector Contribution: Business organizations
in Europe and America make voluntary and
compulsory contributions to funding education and
research. The same should also be done in Nigeria.
Likewise technological advanced countries are trying
to improve their training policies, training legislation
and support for various training activities to establish
coordinating mechanisms. Therefore, Nigeria and
other developing countries ought to do more
5. Savings from reduced import pressure: Importation
allows a country to use her foreign exchange that it
cannot earn to import goods indiscriminately thus it
will not allow to develop knowledge and skills needed
 to produce the imported goods. There is no
alternative to acquiring the knowledge and skills that
will enable Nigeria to achieve industrialization. This is
what government and the investing companies,
learning and educational institutions and those who
produce goods and provide services must cooperate
to achieve speedily in all developing nations including
Nigeria.
02 – 04 – 2014
A policy is a guide to action. It may be written or not
written. Policy is a definite course or a method of action
selected from among alternatives and in the light of
giving conditions to guide and usually determine present
and future decisions. A policy is a management tool for
solving. Policies are a broad guide to thinking. A policy is
basically a statement of principles and rules used as
guides and constraints.
Functions of Policies
1. It tends to prevent deviations from planned
courses of action
2. It ensures consistency of action
3. It promotes intelligent cooperation
4. It facilitates coordination of action
5. It fosters an intelligent exercise of initiative
6. It furnishes a basis for judging the quality of
executive action.
7. It provides a guide for thinking a future plan
PRINCIPLES OF POLICY FORMULATION
1. Statement of policy should be definite positive,
clear and understandable to everyone in the
organization
2. Policies should be flexible but should possess a
high degree of permanence
3. There should be as many policies as are
necessary to cover conditions prevailing in an
organization, but not too many as to become
confusing and meaningless.
4. Policies should be based on organizational fact
and sound judgement, not merely on personal
reflection
5. Policies should recognize economic principles,
be in conformity with governmental laws and be
compatible with public interest.
Procedures for formulating Policies
1. Identify a problem area or situation in which
decisions of a similar and repetitive nature are
involved.
2. Circulating this to all managers who will operate
under the policy.
3. Having a periodic review of the policy
statement.
4. Putting the policy in a policy manual
Policy Formulation involves and analysis of
objectives, to determine the requirements for their
accomplishment and an analysis of the functions
necessary for the achievements of objectives at the
related physical and personnel factors.
CHARACTERISTICS OF POLICY
1. Flexibility: Policy statement should have
flexibility built in them with phrases such as:
I. Whenever possible
II. Wherever practicable
III. Whenever feasible
IV. If such and such occurs
V. Under other conditions
However the flexibility should not be extreme or
inconsistent
2. Clarity: Policies should not be ambiguous. They
must be clearly stated in specific terms and
explicit language
3. Consistency: Policies must be consistent with
the organizational goals, plans and objectives.
4. Documentation: Organizational polices must be
written for, and explained very well to, the
people who are to implement them, as well as to
the people who are to be affected by them.
5. Fairness: Policies are to be fairly administered to
those to be affected by them. Double standards
should be avoided
6. No conflict: Policies must not contradict each
other
7. Permanent: Policies must be steady and must
not change unnecessary from time to time
Terminologies Defined
Science Policy is defined by UNESCO as the sum of
the legislative measures taken to increase, organize and
use the national scientific and technological potentials
with the objective of achieving the countries overall
development aims and enhancing its position in the
world.
Technology Policy: is concerned primarily with ways in
which science and technology can be used to achieve
national goals.
Science: is pool of basic knowledge and understanding
and may be defined as mankind’s organized attempts
through the objective study of empirical phenomenon to
discover how things work as causal systems of rational
and systematic thoughts. Science can be described as
Know-why

Technology: denotes the whole of knowledge that

relates directly to the production or improvement of
goods and services and can be defined as the human
mastery of the forces of nature in the practical
application of natural laws through the use of scientific
methods. Technology involves both hardware and
software. Technology can be described as know-how.

COMPONENTS OF POLICY

Any policy has 4 components

1. Policy Objective determination

2. Policy Planning
3. Policy implementation
4. Policy evaluation and monitoring

Policy Instruments

1. Institution or Industry
2. Infrastructure
3. Fiscal Instruments (Money)
4. Legal instruments (Regulation, legislation
standards)

Planned or Unplanned Outcomes

Classification of Polices

1. Explicit: Science and Technology policies for

example affect directly S&T function s and
activities
2. Implicit: May be concerned with other functions
other than S&T but may be seen to be affecting
S&T functions through their implications.
Examples is: NYSC unity and cheap labour;
Helmet for bike riders – Health safety and sales
opportunity.