Socio-economic, Political and Security Hazard

 These hazards are caused by criminal and human violence which pose threat to the security of a
great number of people, and may be motivated by political or economic reasons.

Socio-economic

 Socio-economic - caused by social and economical factors and political situations pose a threat
to the lives of people in a community and their relationship with each other. Occurs when the
behavior of individuals tend to give rise to reasonable tension and concern towards injury or
death.

Examples of Socio-economic Hazard

Occupational status - A component of socioeconomic status, is determined by a person’s education,

income and level of power (social position, working conditions, decision-making and psychological
demands). Occupational status can determine access to resources that can affect exposure to hazards
and risk for death and disability.

Educational Attainment - The current trend in the Philippines is for fewer young people to complete
both high school and college, especially those from schools that have fewer resources and higher rates
of minority students. The cost of tuition is a barrier to education for low-income families, further
perpetuating low socioeconomic status across generations.

Poverty - The lowest economic status is poverty, which is heavily influenced by education and thus
influences social and work status. Poverty can be defined as insufficient resources to meet basic human
needs. These needs include access to shelter, clean water, education, food, health care and clothing.

Political Hazard and Security Hazard

Political Hazard is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments that political
decisions, events, or conditions will significantly affect the profitability of a business actor or the
expected value of a given economic action.

Security Hazard simply means that anything that has the potential to cause damage or harm that can be
considered a hazard.

Example of Political Hazard and Security Hazard

Civil Disorder - is a public disturbance by a group or groups of people involving acts of violence that
cause immediate danger, damage or to others or their property. They are often, but not always
politically motivated they are both illegal and violent.

Terrorism - Is the use of force or violence against persons or property in violation of the criminal laws of
the United States for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or ransom. Terrorists often use threats to: •
Create fear among the public.

Extrajudicial killing - An extrajudicial killing (also known as extrajudicial execution or extralegal killing)
is the deliberate killing of a person without the lawful authority granted by a judicial proceeding.
Criminality - A behavior which puts others at risk of injury or death is universally regarded as criminal
and is a breach of the law.

• Murder, robbery, and rape are common examples

War - State of usually open and declared armed hostile conflict between states or nations; conflict
between relatively large groups of people.

WHAT ARE THE WAYS TO SURVIVE POLITICAL AND SECURITY HAZARDS?

 The following tips to survive political and security hazards were taken from the Disaster Risk
Reduction Manual of the Department of Education (2008)

Before

1. Observe the people's movement around you and be alert especially when you are in a public area.

2. Secure your belongings, your gadgets, especially your money inside your pocket or bag.

3. Be alert but don't be paranoid.

4. Never display expensive jewelries or gadgets especially when you are in a very crowded place like
public markets. These things can attract kidnappers and snatchers.

5. Don't talk to strangers when the situation doesn't call for it.

6. When walking or while riding public vehicles, put your bag in front of you.

7. When a stranger is acting suspiciously, stay alert and go to a crowded area where many people will
see you just in case that somebody is going to attack you.

8. Always secure a contact number of police hotlines.

During

1. When there is a group of people acting violently, stay away from them and go to a safe place.

2. Call the police department for them to know that there is an ongoing incident of chaos so they can
respond to it immediately.

3. If you are in a hold-up situation, just give in your money or gadget. Don't attempt to fight back
because there is a possibility that the hold-upper may hurt or kill you.

4. Never try to negotiate to the offenders.

After

1. Once that you are out of the situation, seek help from the nearest police station and report the
incident.
 CBDRRM

What is CBDRRM?

• According to the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), CBDRRM or Community

Based Disaster Risk Reduction And Management is defined as “activities, measures, projects and
programs that aim to reduce disaster risks and are primarily designed by people living in high-
risk communities, and are based on their urgent needs and capacities.”

• CBDRRM promotes the cultures of self-help and self-empowerment. Through CBDRRM, the
community is able to implement DRRM in a more organized and systematic manner by
themselves using their own capacities.

Who are the participants of CBDRRM?

• The participants of CDRRM can generally be divided into two groups the first being the
community in question i.e. its members such as the elderly, the young, local government units
and local medical personnel ect.

• The other is foreign participants i.e. NGO’s, INGO’s, The UN and/or Government officials from a
different but near by community ect.

What are CBDRRM priorities

1. Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis
for implementation

2. Identify, assess and monitor disaster risk and enhance early warning

3. Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels

4. Reduce the underlying risk factors

5. Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels

Why is CDRRM Important?

• A person’s safety during calamities is mainly dependent on their community’s disaster

preparedness. No matter how ready they are for all possible catastrophic scenarios, every bit of
preparation can go down the drain if their community cannot respond effectively to such events.
It is why a community-based disaster risk reduction and management (CBDRRM) is essential.

• It places the responsibility of being prepared for calamities and other emergencies on the
community as a whole, ensuring that organizations, households and individuals can work
together in making their community more resilient in the face of disaster.
 COMMUNITY-BASED DISASTER RISK REDUCTION MANAGEMENT APPROACH

The CBDRRM, on the other hand, is a process in which at risk communities are actively engaged in the
identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring, and evaluation of disaster risks in order to reduce their
capabilities and enhance their capacities (ADPC 2003).

This means that people are at the heart of decision-making and implementation of disaster risk
management activities. The CBDRRM indicates that the participation of the most vulnerable social
groups is significant, whereas the contribution of the least vulnerable groups is essential for the
effective implementation of this approach.

In the past the prevailing disaster response system in the Philippines was focused on relief operation
and emergency response only. Disaster preparedness activities like evacuation drills and simulation
exercises

CBDRRM APPROACH

The Philippine culture of “bayanihan” uplifts the psychological and emotional resiliency of the Filipino
people especially the poor and marginalized. It affirms the value of involving our local communities in
disaster risk reduction and management.

The CBDRRM process includes: (a) Initiating the process and Establishing Support, (b) Community Risk
Assessment (hazard, vulnerability, and capacity), (c) Participatory Community disaster risk reduction
and management plan.

The Approach of CBDRRM is to empower the community through community engagement and
participation. Through CBDRRM activities the communities identify their vulnerabilities and capacities
and work towards increasing capacities to create a resilient community.

CBDRRM Approach covers Prevention and Mitigation, Preparedness, Emergency response and
Recovery.

Till recently, the approach to Disaster Management has been reactive and relief centric. A paradigm
shift has now taken place at the national level from the relief centric syndrome to holistic and
integrated approach with emphasis on prevention, mitigation and preparedness. These efforts are
aimed to conserve developmental gains as also minimize losses to lives, livelihood and properties.
Section 2 (e) of the Disaster Management Act 2005 defines disaster management as follows:

Disaster Management means a continuous and integrated process of planning, organising,

coordinating and implementing measures which are necessary or expedient for-

•Prevention of danger or threat of any disaster.

•Mitigation or reduction of risk of any disaster or its severity or consequences.

• Capacity-building.

• Preparedness to deal with any disaster.

• Prompt response to any threatening disaster situation or disaster.

•Assessing the severity or magnitude of effects of any disaster.

•Evacuation, Rescue and Relief.

•Rehabilitation and Reconstruction.

 CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS OF CBDRRM

The CBDRRM, AS INDICATED BY THE CITIZEN’S DISASTER RESPONSE CENTER, HAS THE FOLLOWING
CHARACTERISTICS AND ELEMENTS

1. Disasters can be prevented. We can prepare to avoid and reduce damage and losses.

2. The stress is on prevention, mitigation, and preparedness.

3. People affected by disasters are active actors in rebuilding their life and livelihood.

4. People’s existing capacities are used and strengthened.

5. Children participate in conceptualizing, implementing, monitoring, and evaluating disaster risk

reduction activities.

6. Community participation is very important in managing disasters. Disasters management is

everybody’s responsibility. Stress is given on building capacity at the national, local, and economy levels
for an integrated and responsive disaster rick reduction and management system.

7. Assistance covers material, social, and motivational aspects to reduce vulnerability.

8. Attention is spread among individual, family, and community preparedness. Disaster management is
linked to community development.

9. The community participates in decision-making to prioritize needs and risk-reduction solutions and
measures.

10. The aim of disaster management is to reduce people’s vulnerabilities and increase capacities to
better prepare and cope with disasters.

Basically, the goal is building is a safe, disaster resilient, and developed community and society.

ESSENTIAL REQUISITIES OF CBDRRM

THE CBDRRM-BASED EXPERIENCE OF VARIOUS NGO’s AND po’s in cbdrrm point to the following
essential requisities:

1. CAPABILITY BUILDING IN DISASTER MANAGEMENT

-sustained education and training activities; sustained public awareness using local language and
culture.

2. COMMUNITY DISASTER RESPONSE ORGANIZATION

-disaster management teams, diasaster response committee, disaster management committee,
disaster management network; etc.
3.COUNTER DISASTER PLAN
- emergency/contingency plan; coubter disaster plan; preparedness and mitigation plan; community
development plan.

4. DISASTER RISK REDUCTION- DEVELOPMENT CONTINUUM

- linking vulnerability reduction and capacity building to achieving sustainable people-centered
development.

5.PARTNERSHIP IN DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

-partnerships of the vulnerable sectors with less vulnerable groups in CBDM;partnerships of the
community with local government, NGOs, and other communities.