Cranial nerves

Question no: 01 Name all the cranial nerves (sensory, motor, mixed)
 Olfactory sensory
 Optic sensory
 Oculomotor motor
 Trochlear motor
 Trigeminal mixed
 Abducent motor
 Facial mixed
 Vestibulocochlear sensory
 Glossopharyngeal mixed
 Vagus mixed
 Accessory motor
 Hypoglossal motor

Question no: 02 Which nerve arises from forebrain, midbrain and brainstem?
 1,2 from the forebrain.
 3,4 from the midbrain.
 5,6,7,8 from the pons.
 9,10,11,12 from medulla oblongata.

Question no: 03 What are parts of brain stem?

 Midbrain
 Pons
 Medulla oblongata

Question no: 04 Number of olfactory cells?

16-20 million

Question no: 05 Number of olfactory nerves:

20
Question no: 06 What type of cells are present in olfactory bulb?
Mitral and tufted cells

Question no: 07 Olfactory tract reaches to which area?

Primary olfactory area

Question no: 08 What are final resting places of olfactory nerve?

Anterior perforated substance
Periamygdaloid area
Prepiriform area

Question no: 09 What is anosmia?

Loss of olfactory fibers with aging
Question no: 10 How many fields of vision are present?
There are 4 fields of vision:
 Upper temporal
 Lower temporal
 Upper nasal
 Lower nasal

Question no: 11 Draw flow chart of optic nerve?

Read a film magazine

Optic nerve

Optic chiasma

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate body

Optic radiation

Occipital cortex area 18,19

Question no: 12Area number for optic nerve is:

18,19

Question no: 13Optic nerve arises from ganglion cells of:

Retina

Question no: 14Which nerve has no nurilemmal sheath?

Optic nerve

Question no: 15Which fibers cross over in optic chiasma?

Nasal fibers
Question no: 16What is the name of the third cranial nerve?
Oculomotor

Question no: 17Write the parts and branches of the oculomotor nerve?
 Smaller upper division supplies the superior rectus and levator palpebral superioris
 Larger lower division divides into 3 branches for medial rectus, inferior rectus and inferior oblique

Question no: 18Oculomotor nerve enters the orbit through which foramen?
Superior orbital fissure

Question no: 19What is diplopia?

Double vision

Question no: 20What is ptosis?

Drooping of upper eyelids

Question no: 21What is the name of 4th cranial nerve?

Trochlear nerve

Question no: 22Which structure is supplied by the 4th cranial nerve?

Superior oblique muscle of eyeball

Question no: 23Which is the only cranial nerve emerging from the dorsal aspect of brainstem?
Trochlear nerve

Question no: 24Trochlear nerve enters the orbit through which foramen?
Superior orbital fissure

Question no: 25Which is the smallest cranial nerve?

Trochlear nerve

Question no: 26What is the name of 6th cranial nerve?

Abducent nerve

Question no: 27Which structure is supplied by the 6th cranial nerve?

Lateral rectus muscle of eyeball

Question no: 28 6th cranial nerve enters the orbit through which foramen?
Superior orbital fissure
Question no: 29 What is the name of 5th cranial nerve?
Trigeminal

Question no:30 Which is the largest nerve of all the cranial nerves?
Trigeminal nerve

Question no: 31 5th nerve is derivative of which branchial arch?

1st

Question no: 32 What are the divisions of trigeminal nerve?

 Ophthalmic division
 Maxillary division
 Mandibular division

Question no: 33Name branches of Ophthalmic nerve?

Frontal:
 Supratrochlear
 Supra orbital
Nasocillary:
 Posterior ethmoidal
 Long ciliary
 Branch to ciliary ganglion.
 Infratrochlear
 Anterior ethmoidal
Lacrimal:
Convey fibers to lacrimal gland.
Question no: 34Name branches of Maxillary nerve?
In middle cranial fossa:
Meningeal branch
In pterygopalatine fossa:
1-Ganglionic branches
a. orbital
b. palatine
 greater
 lesser

c. nasal
d. pharyngeal
e. lacrimal
2-Zygomatic
a. Zygomaticotemporal
b. Zygomaticofacial
3-Posterior superior alveolar
In infraorbital canal:
1-Middle superior alveolar
2-Anterior superior alveolar
On Face:
Infraorbital
a. Palpebral
b. Labial
c. Nasal

Question no: 35Name branches of Mandibular nerve?

Trunk:
1-Meningeal
2-Nerve to medial pterygoid supplies:
a. Tensor veli palatini
b. Tensor tympani
c. Medial pterygoid
Anterior Division:
1-Deep temporal
2-Lateral pterygoid
3-Masseteric
4-Buccal-skin of cheek
Posterior Division:
1-Auriculotemporal
2-Lingual
3-Inferior alveolar

Question no: 36Which part of Mandibular nerve supplies the muscles of mastication?
Anterior division

Question no: 37What is trigeminal neuralgia?

It is a principal disease affecting the sensory root of trigeminal nerve and is characterized by attacks of severe
pain in the area of distribution of maxillary or mandibular divisions. Maxillary Nerve is most frequently
involved.

Question no: 38What is the name of seventh cranial nerve?

Facial nerve

Question no: 39Vll cranial nerve is derived from which arch?

Second branchial arch

Question no: 40Another name for sensory root of facial nerve is?
Nervous intermedius
Question no: 41Within the canal the course of facial nerve is divided into ______ parts by ______ bends?
Three parts, Two bends

Question no: 42The first Bend is also called?

Genu

Question no: 43Facial nerve leaves the skull by passing through which foramen?
Stylomastoid foramen

Question no: 44Facial nerve gives off its terminal branches along the anterior border of which structure?
Parotid gland

Question no: 45Name All the branches of Facial nerve?

1-Within the facial canal:
a. Greater petrosal nerve
b. The nerve to the stapedius
c. The chorda tympani
2-At its exit from the Stylomastoid foramen:
a. Posterior auricular
b. Digastric
c. Stylohyoid
3-Terminal branches within the parotid gland:
a. Temporal
b. Zygomatic
c. Buccal
d. Marginal mandibular
e. Cervical
4-Communicating branches with adjacent cranial and spinal nerves

Question no: 46Which Three ganglions are associated with facial nerve?
 Geniculate ganglion
 Submandibular ganglion
 Pterygopalatine ganglion

Question no: 47What is Bell’s Palsy? Supra-nuclear and infra-nuclear Lesion?

Sudden paralysis of facial nerve at the Stylomastoid foramen, results in asymmetry of Corner of mouth,
inability to close the eye, Disappearance of nasolabial fold and loss of Wrinkling of skin of forehead on the
same side
Supra-nuclear/infra-nuclear Lesion????????

Question no: 48What is Crocodile tears syndrome?

Lacrimation during eating occurs due to aberrant regeneration after trauma.

Question no: 50What is 8th cranial nerve called?

Vestibulocochlear

Question no: 51What are parts of 8th cranial nerve and their supply?
Two parts
 Vestibular which controls balance
 Cochlear which involves in hearing

Question no: 52What is vertigo?

It is an illusion of rotatory movement due to disturbed orientation of body in space. It is due to disease of
vestibular nerve

Question no: 53 What is tinnitis?

Tinnitis is a sensation of buzzing, ringing, hissing and singing quality. It may be unilateral or bilateral, high or
low pitch, continuous or intermittent.

Question no: 54What is 9th cranial nerve called?

Glossopharyngeal

Question no: 55Name all branches of 9th cranial nerve.

 Tympanic nerve
 Carotid branch
 Pharyngeal branches
 Muscular branch
 Tonsillar branches
 Lingual branches

Question no: 569th cranial nerve leaves the skull by which foramen?
Jugular foramen

Question no: 57 Ophthalmic nerve leaves the skull through which foramen?
Superior orbital fissure

Question no: 58 Mandibular nerve leave the skull through which structure?
Foramen ovale

Question no: 59Maxillary nerve leave the skull through which structure?
Foramen rotundum
Question no: 60Glossopharyngeal nerve is a branch of which branchial arch?
3rd branchial arch

Question no: 61Tympanic plexus is formed by which cranial nerve?

Tympanic nerve

Question no: 62 What is 10th cranial nerve called?

Vagus nerve

Question no: 63 Which nerve has most extensive vague course?

Vagus nerve

Question no: 64 Vagus nerve leave the skull through which foramen?
Jugular foramen

Question no: 65Branches of superior ganglion of vagus nerve:

 Meningeal
 Auricular

Question no: 66Branches of inferior ganglion of vagus nerve:

 Pharyngeal
 Carotid
 Superior laryngeal
 Right recurrent laryngeal
 Cardiac

Question no: 67Which nerve supplies cricothyroid muscle:

External laryngeal nerve

Question no: 68Which nerve supplies all intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid?
Right recurrent laryngeal

Question no: 69Which nerve supplies mucous membrane of larynx up to the level of vocal folds?
Internal laryngeal

Question no: 70How many cardiac branches of vagus nerve exist?

4

Question no: 71Paralysis of which nerve produces nasal regurgitation, nasal twang of voice and
hoarseness of voice?
Vagus nerve

Question no: 72What is the name of 11th cranial nerve?

Accessory

Question no: 73Distribution of cranial part of accessory nerve:

 Muscles of palate
 Muscles of Pharynx
 Muscles of Larynx

Question no: 74Spinal root of Vagus nerve is formed by the extension of which spinal segments?
C1 to C5

Question no: 75Spinal root of accessory supplies which structures?

 Sternocleidomastoid
 Trapezius

Question no: 76 cranial nerve leaves the skull by which structure?

Jugular foramen

Question no: 77What is the 12th cranial nerve called?

Hypoglossal

Question no: 7812th cranial nerve leaves the skull by which structure?
Hypoglossal canal

Question no: 79What are the branches of Hypoglossal nerve?

 Meningeal
 Descending
 Thyrohyoid and geniohyoid

Question no: 80
(a)Inferior alveolar nerve supplies which structure?
Mandibular teeth

(b)What is the nerve supply of maxillary teeth:

Posterior, middle and anterior superior alveolar

Salivary Glands
Question no:1what is weight of parotid gland?
25g

Question no:2What is the nerve supply of the skin over the gland?
Great auricular nerve (C2, C3)

Question no:3What is the shape of the parotid gland?

Pyramidal shape with apex downward

Question no:4How many surfaces and borders does a parotid gland has?
Surfaces:
 Superior (Base of pyramid)
 Superficial
 Anteromedial
 Posteromedial
Borders:
 Anterior
 Posterior
 Medial / pharyngeal edge

Question no:5Arterial supply of parotid gland:

External carotid artery and branches

Question no:6Which vein is formed inside parotid gland?

Retromandibular vein

Question no:7Preganglionic secretomotor fibers to parotid gland are supplied by which nerve?
Glossopharyngeal

Question no:8Postganglionic secretomotor fibers to parotid gland are supplied by which nerve?
Great auricular

Question no:9Sympathetic nerve plexus is formed around which artery?

Middle meningeal

Question no:10Fibers of lesser petrosal nerve relay in which ganglion?

Otic ganglion

Question no:11What is lymphatic drainage of parotid?

Parotid nodes then to upper deep cervical nodes

Question no:12What is the name and length of parotid duct?

stenson's duct
5cm

Question no:13Parotid duct opens opposite the crown of which tooth?

Upper 2nd molar

Question no:14What is the secretion type of parotid gland?

Serous

Question no:15Submandibular is situated in which part of anterior triangle?

Anterior part of digastric triangle

Question no:16Weight of submandibular gland:

15-20g

Question no:17Shape of submandibular gland:

J-shaped

Question no:18Name two parts of submandibular gland?

 Superficial part
 Deep part

Question no:19Arterial supply of submandibular gland?

Facial artery
Question no:20Venous supply of submandibular gland?
Common facial or lingual vein

Question no:21Lymphatic drainage of submandibular gland?

Submandibular lymph nodes

Question no:22Which ganglion is related to submandibular gland?

Submandibular ganglion

Question no:23Sensory fibers to submandibular gland is brought by which nerve?

Lingual nerve

Question no:24Sympathetic fibers plexus to the submandibular gland is formed around which artery?
Facial artery

Question no:25What is the name and length of submandibular duct?

Warton's duct
5cm

Question no:26Where is the opening of submandibular duct?

Floor of mouth on the summit of sublingual papilla at the side of frenulum of tongue

Question no:27Shape of sublingual gland:

Almond shaped

Question no:28Weight of sublingual gland:

3-4g

Question no:29About how many ducts emerge from the gland?

About15

Question no:30What is the arterial supply of sublingual gland?

Lingual artery
Submental artery

Question no:31Which is smallest salivary gland?

Sublingual salivary gland

Question no:32Which is largest salivary gland?

Parotid

Question no:33What is the secretion type of submandibular gland?

Mixed

Question no:34Where does the lingual duct open?

Floor of mouth on the summit of the sublingual fold

Question no:35What is the name of the sublingual duct?

Bartholin's duct

Question no:36What is the secretion type of sublingual gland?

Mucous

Oral cavity

Question no: 01 Name main muscle of oral cavity and cheeks?

  Muscle of oral cavity: orbicularis oris
 Muscle of cheeks: buccinator

Question no: 02 Define oropharyngeal isthmus?

The structure through which Oral cavity proper communicates with the pharynx is known as oropharyngeal
isthmus.

Question no: 03 Give arterial and nerve supply of Upper and lower teeth?
Arterial supply: Upper teeth are supplied by posterior Superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar and anterior
superior alveolar arteries (Maxillary artery).
Lower teeth are supplied by inferior alveolar artery; a branch of mandibular part of maxillary artery.
Nerve supply: Upper teeth are supplied by posterior Superior alveolar, middle superior alveolar and anterior
superior alveolar nerves (Maxillary nerve).
Lower teeth are supplied by the inferior alveolar nerve (Mandibular nerve).

Question no: 04 What are the boundaries of Oral cavity proper?

 It is bounded anterolaterally by the teeth, the gums and the alveolar arches of the jaws.
 The roof is formed by the hard palate and the soft palate.
 The floor is occupied by the tongue posteriorly, and presents the sublingual region anteriorly, below the
tip of the tongue.
 Posteriorly, the cavity communicates with the pharynx through oropharyngeal isthmus.
Question no: 05 Name muscles of soft palate?
1. Tensor veli palatini
2. Levator palati
3. Musculus uvulae
4. Palatoglossus
5. Palatopharyngeus

Question no: 06 Define gingiva and write its parts?

The gingiva is the soft tissue which envelope the alveolar processes of the upper and lower jaws and surround
the neck of the teeth.
It has two parts:
 Free part: which surrounds the neck of the tooth like a collar.
 Attached part: which is firmly fixed to the alveolar arch of the jaw.
Question no: 07 Write opening of the salivary ducts?
1. Parotid duct: It opens into the vestibule of the mouth opposite the crown of the upper second molar
tooth.
2. Submandibular duct: It opens on the floor of the mouth, on the summit of the sublingual papilla.
3. Sublingual ducts: It opens directly into the floor of the mouth on the summit of the sublingual fold.
Question no: 08 What is frenulum. What are the two types of frenulum?
Frenulum is a fold of mucous membrane.
 Labial frenulum: It ties the inner surface of lip to the gum.
 Lingual frenulum: It ties the inferior aspect of the tongue to the floor of the mouth.
Question no: 09 Give lymphatic drainage of oral cavity?
 Lymphatics from anterior part of the floor of the mouth pass to the submental nodes.
 From the hard palate and soft palate pass to the retro pharyngeal and upper deep cervical nodes.
 The gums and the rest of the floor drain into submandibular nodes.
Question no: 10 Define philtrum?
Philtrum is a median vertical groove on the outer surface of the upper lip.

Muscles of Mastication, TMJ, eyelids and Lacrimal Apparatus

Question no: 1 Boundaries of temporal fossa:

 Anterior: frontal and zygomatic bone.
 Posterior: inferior temporal line and supramastoid crest.
 Superior: superior temporal line.
 Inferior: zygomatic arch
 Floor: greater wing of sphenoid, Frontal, parietal and temporal bones

Question no: 2 Insertion of temporalis muscle:

Coronoid process and anterior border of ramus of mandible
Question no: 3 Names of all muscles of mastication:
 Messeter
 Temporalis
 Lateral pterygoid
 Medial pterygoid

Question no: 4 Origin of lateral pterygoid:

a) Upper head: Crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone
b) Lower head: Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid

Question no: 5 Which nerve supplies muscles of mastication?

Mandibular nerve

Question no: 6 Protrusion is brought about by which muscle?

 Messeter
 Medial pterygoid
 Lateral pterygoid
Question no: 7 Which muscle causes side to side movement?
 Medial pterygoid
 Lateral pterygoid

Question no: 8 What is joint type of TMJ?

Synovial joint of condylar variety.

Question no: 9 Ligaments of TMJ?

 Fibrous capsule
 Temporomandibular ligament
 Sphenomandibular ligament
 Stylomandibular ligament
 Pterygomandibular ligament
Question no: 10 Name the parts of articular disc?
 Anterior region
 Anterior thick band
 Intermediate region
 Posterior thick band
 Bilaminar region

Question no: 11 Nerve supply of TMJ?

 Auriculotemporal nerve
 Masseteric nerve

Question no: 12 Depression is brought about by which muscle?

Later pterygoid

Question no: 13 Retraction is brought about by which muscle?

 Posterior horizontal fibers of temporalis
 Deep vertical fibers of masseter

Question no: 14 Name the glands of eyelid?

 Moll's gland
 Zei's gland
 Meibomian or tarsal gland

Question no: 15 Components of lacrimal apparatus?

 Lacrimal gland and its ducts
 Lacrimal punctum and canaliculi
 Conjuctival sac
 Nasolacrimal duct

Question no: 16 What is Conjuctival sac?

The space between bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva is called Conjuctival sac.

Question no: 17 Length and width of lacrimal sac?

Length: 12mm
Width: 5mm

Question no: 18 Which structure opens at inferior meatus of nose?

Nasolacrimal duct

Question no: 19 What is nerve supply of lacrimal gland?

Lacrimal nerve

Question no: 20 What is the shape of lacrimal gland?

J-shaped

Question no: 21 Secretion type of lacrimal gland?

Serous
Question no: 22 Muscles of mastication develop from which arch?
1st arch called mandibular arch.

Question no: 23 Name the movements in relation to articular disc?

Upper compartment: gliding movement
Lower compartment: rotatory as well as gliding

Question no: 24 Origin of masseteric muscle:

 Superficial layer: from anterior two third of zygomatic arch
 Middle layer: posterior one third of zygomatic arch
 Deep layer: from deep surface of zygomatic arch

Question no: 25 Origin and insertion of medial pterygoid?

Origin:
 Upper head: tuberosity of maxilla
 Lower head: medial surface of lateral pterygoid
Insertion: Roughened area on medial surface of angle and adjoining ramus of mandible.

Osteology and veins

Question no:01which two veins form external juglar vein?
 Posterior division of retromandibular vein
 Posterior auricular vein

Question no:02 In which structure external juglar vein is formed?

Lower part of parotid gland
Question no:03 external juglar vein opens into which vein?
Subclavian vein
Question no:04 what are 4 tributaries of external juglar vein?
 Posterior external juglar vein
 Transverse cervical vein
 Supraclavicular vein
 Anterior juglar vein

Question no:05 which structure connects external juglar vein to internal juglar vein?
Oblique juglar vein
Question no:06 subclavian vein joins with internal and external juglar vein to form which vein?
Brachiocephalic vein
Question no:07 internal juglar vein is a direct continuation of which sinus?
Sigmoid sinus
Question no:08 internal juglar vein begins at which foramina?
Juglar foramina
Question no:09 What are the tributaries of internal jugular vein?
 1. Inferior petrosal sinus
2. Common facial vein
3. Lingual vein
4. Pharyngeal vein
5. Superior thyroid vein
6. Middle thyroid vein
Question no:10 which structure opens into the union between left internal jugular vein and left
subclavian vein?
Thoracic duct
Question no:11 Anterior jugular vein is formed by which?
Sub-mental veins
Question no:12 Two anterior jugular veins unite to form ____?
Jugular venous arch
Question no:13 skull consist of how many bones?
28
Question no:14 Facial skeleton consist of how many bones?
14
Question no:15 Skull can be placed in proper orientation by any of the two planes which are:
1. Reid’s base line
2. Frankfurt’s horizontal plane
Question no:16 Lambdoid suture is Present between which bones?
Occipital and two parietal bones
Question no:17 Metopic suture is Present at what percentage and in between which bones?
It is present in 3 to 8 % of individual and between two halves of frontal bone.
Question no:18 Another name for anterior fontanelle is______?
Bregma
Question no:19 Most prominent point on external occipital protuberance is_____?
Inion
Question no:20 Highest nuchal lines are situated about _____above the superior nuchal lines.
1cm
Question no:21 Point opposite to glabella is _____.
Occipital point
Question no:22 What are the four processes of maxilla?
1. Frontal process
2. Zygomatic process
3. Alveolar process
4. Palatine process
Question no:23 ____ is a median point where internasal suture meets with the frontonasal suture.
Nasion
Question no:24 How zygomatic arch is formed?
It is formed by the temporal process of the zygomatic bone in anterior one-third and the zygomatic process of
the temporal bone in posterior two-thirds.
Question no:25 Name sutures which meet at the asterion?
1. Parietomastoid suture
2. Occipitomastoid suture
 3. Lambdoid suture
Question no:26 Styloid means?
Pen
Question no:27 How many bones meet at the Pterion?
Four Bones:
1. Frontal bone
2. Parietal bone
3. Greater wing of sphenoid
4. Temporal bone
Question no:28 Mandible is a derivative of which arch?
1st pharyngeal arch
Question no:29 Mental foramen lies between which two teeth?
Two premolar teeth
Question no:30 Above the mylohyoid line, which gland lies?
Sublingual gland
Question no:31 Near the midline of Mandible body, an oval depression is found, known as_____.
Digastric fossa
Question no:32 Mandibular canal is found on which surface of ramus?
Medial surface
Question no:33 Which structure projects from anterosuperior part of ramus?
Coronoid process
Question no:34 Which structure projects from posterosuperior part of ramus?
Condyloid process
Question no:35 At the neck of condyle, a depression on anterior surface is called_____.
Pterygoid fovea
Question no:36 The anterior margin of mandibular foramen is marked by sharp tongue shaped
projection, known as ______.
Lingula
Question no:37 At birth the mental foramen opens below the sockets for the two _____ teeth.
Deciduous molar
Question no:38 In adults, angle or Mandible reduces to ______.
110° or 120°
Question no:39 Hyoid bone is a derivative of which pharyngeal arch?
2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arch
Question no:40 What is the shape of hyoid bone?
U-shaped
Question no:41 Name the cornuae of hyoid bone?
1. Greater cornua
2. Lesser cornua
Question no:42 Which joint is occasionally present between the cornuae?
Synovial joint
Question no:43 Name the surface of body of hyoid bone?
1. Anterior surface
 2. Posterior surface
Question no:44 Which veins drain into superior vena cava?
Two Brachiocephalic veins
Question no:45 Ramus of Mandible has how many borders?
It has 4 borders:
1. Upper
2. Lower
3. Anterior
4. Posteriorly

Scalp and Face

Question no: 01 Most prominent feature on forehead is ___?

Frontal eminence
Question no: 02 Each nostril is bounded laterally by ___?
Ala
Question no: 03 Opening between two eyelids is called ___?
Palpebral fissure
Question no:04 Medial and lateral angles of eye are also called ___?
Canthi of eye
Question no:05 Transparent structure through which the colored iris and dark pupil can be seen is
known as ___?
Cornea
Question no: 06 The part of conjunctiva that covers the anterior surface of eyeball is called ___?
Bulbar conjunctiva
Question no: 07 Another name for mouth is ____?
Oral fissure
Question no:08 Which structure is palpable at the junction of the median One-third with the lateral two-
thirds of the supraorbital margin?
Supraorbital notch
Question no: 09 the infraorbital foramen is ______ mm below infraorbital margin:
5mm
Question no:10 ___ is the median elevation connecting the two super ciliary arches.
Glabella
Question no:11 What are the posterior boundaries of scalp?
External occipital protuberance and superior nuchal lines
Question no: 12 Gives layers of scalp?
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Epicranial aponeurosis
4. Loose areolar tissue
 5. Pericranium
Question no: 13 Which muscle covers the scalp?
Occipitofrontalis muscle
Question no:14 Which three layers are called surgical layers of scalp?
First three layers are called surgical layers of scalp.
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia
3. Epicranial aponeurosis
Question no:15 Which layer provide passage for vessels and nerves?
Superficial fascia
Question no:16 What are the two layers in temporal region which are different from scalp’s layers?
Temporal fascia
Temporalis muscle
Question no:17 What is the arterial supply of scalp in-front of auricle?
1. Supratrochlear
2. Supraorbital
3. Superficial temporal arteries
Question no:18 What is the arterial supply of scalp behind the auricle?
1. Posterior auricular artery
2. Occipital artery
Question no:19 Which two veins unite to form angular vein?
1. Supratrochlear vein
2. Supraorbital vein
Question no:20 How retro-mandibular vein is formed?
The superficial temporal vein joins the maxillary vein to form the retro-mandibular vein.
Question no:21 How common facial vein is formed?
The anterior division of the retro-mandibular vein unites with the facial vein to form the common facial vein.
Question no:22 How external jugular vein is formed?
The posterior division of the retro-mandibular vein unites with the posterior auricular vein to form the external
jugular vein.
Question no:23 External and Internal jugular veins drained into which vein?
Subclavian vein
Question no:24 What is the Motor nerve supply of scalp in front of auricle?
Temporal branch of facial nerve
Question no:25 Laxity of skin on face facilitates the rapid spread of____?
Oedema
Question no:26 Boils on nose and ears are painful due to ___ of skin.
Fixity
Question no:27 Facial muscles are derivative of which arch?
2nd branchial arch
Question no:28 Expression of surprise is brought by which muscle?
Frontalis
Question no:29 Buccinator is a muscle of which part of face?
Mouth
Question no:30 Expression of doubt is brought about by which muscle?
Mentalis
Question no:31 What are the terminal branches of facial nerve?
1. Temporal
2. Zygomatic
3. Buccal
4. Marginal mandibular
5. Cervical
Question no:32 Facial nerve is tested by which muscles?
1. Frontalis
2. Dilators of mouth
3. Orbicularis Oculi
4. Buccinator
Question no:33 Which major nerve gives sensor supply of face?
Trigeminal nerve
Question no:34 Zygomaticotemporal nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Maxillary division of trigeminal nerve
Question no:35 Infratrochlear nerve is a branch of which nerve?
Ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Question no:36 Which plexus supplies area over angle of jaw and parotid?
Cervical plexus
Question no:37 Give lymphatic drainage of scalp behind the auricle?
1. Posterior auricular or mastoid lymph nodes
2. Occipital lymph nodes
Question no:38 What is the chief artery supplying the face?
Facial artery
Question no:39 branches of chief artery of face?
Beaches of facial artery:
1. Inferior labial
2. Superior labial
3. Lateral nasal
Question no:40 Transverse facial artery is a branch of which artery?
Superficial temporal artery
Question no:41 veins on each side of face form a ______ shaped arrangement?
w
Question no:42upper lip and lower part of nose is ______ of face?
Dangerous area of face
Question no:43
a) Middle territory of face drains into which lymph nodes?
Submandibular lymph nodes
b) Lower lip and chin drains into which lymph nodes?
Sub-mental lymph nodes
Question no:44 Facial artery is a branch of which artery?
External carotid artery
Question no:45 Facial artery terminates by anastomosing with which artery?
Dorsal nasal branch of the ophthalmic artery

FASCIA COLLI, ANTERIOR & POSTERIOR TRIANGLES

Question no:1 When neck and chin are turned to opposite side which muscle is seen?
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
Question no:2 What is the fifth layer of deep cervical fascia?
Buccopharyngal
Question no:3 Which layer of deep cervical fascia forms ligament of berry?
Pretracheal
Question no:4 Ligament of berry is formed from which gland?
Thyroid gland
Question no:5 Which layer of deep cervical fascia forms the axillary sheath?
Pharyngobasilar
Question no:6 Which layer of deep cervical fascia surrounds neck like a collar?
Investing layer
Question no:7 Which layer of deep cervical fascia forms a condensation around main vessels of neck?
Carotid sheath
Question no:8 Which layer of deep cervical fascia is between superior constrictor and base of skull?
Pharyngobasilar
Question no:9 Which layer of deep cervical fascia forms floor of posterior triangle of neck?
Prevertebral
Question no:10 Contents of carotid sheath?
Arteries: common carotid or internal carotid artery
Veins: internal juglar vein
Nerve: Vegas nerve
Question no:11 Name 4 parts of anterior triangle?
 Submental
 Digastric
 Carotid
 Muscular

Question no:12 Which triangle is bounded Anterosuperiorly by posterior belly of digastric and
Anteroinferiorly by superior belly of the omohyoid?
Carotid
Question no:13 Which triangle contains submandibular gland?
Digastric
Question no:14 Which tringle is bounded on each side by anterior belly of digastric?
Submental
Question no:15 Anterior juglar vein is formed in which triangle?
Submental
Question no:16 Which triangle contains Jugludigastric and Jugulomohyoid nodes?
Carotid
Question no:17 Which triangle contains infrahyoid muscles?
Muscular
Question no:18 Name infrahyoid muscle?
 Sternohyoid
 Sternothyroid
 Thyrohyoid
 Omohyoid

Question no:19 External juglar vein is found in which triangle?

Posterior triangle
Question no:20 Which two muscles make the boundaries of posterior triangle?
 Sternocleidomastoid
 Trapezius

Question no:21 Larger part of posterior triangle is called?

Occipital part
Question no:22 Which muscle divides posterior triangle?
Inferior belly of omohyoid
Question no:23 Which scalenius muscle makes the roof of the anterior triangle?
Medias
Question no:24 Hypoglossal nerve is present in which triangle?
Digastric
Question no:25 Which part of triangle is bounded Anteroinferiorly by anterior belly of digastric
Posteroinferiorly by posterior belly of digastric and superiorly base of mandible and line joining to
mastoid process?
Digastric
 SEQs
Question no :1 write down all important features of mandible.
MANDIBLE
The mandible, or lower jaw, is the largest and strongest bone of the face. It develops from the first pharyngeal
arch. It has a horseshoe-shaped body which lodges the teeth, and a pair of rami which project upwards from the
posterior ends of the body and provide attachment to the muscles of mastication.
BODY
Each half of the body has outer and inner surfaces and upper and lower borders.
The outer surface presents the following features.

 The symphysis menti is the line at which the right and left halves of the bone meet each other. It is
marked by a faint ridge.
 The mental protuberance (mentum= chin) is a median triangular projecting area in the lower part of
the midline. The inferolateral angles of the protuberance form the mental tubercles.
 The mental foramen lies below the interval between the premolar teeth.
 The oblique line is the continuation of the sharp anterior border of the ramus of the mandible. It runs
downwards and forwards towards the mental tubercle.
 The incisive fossa is a depression that lies just below the incisor teeth.
The inner surface presents the following features.

 The mylohyoid line is a prominent ridge that runs obliquely downwards and forwards from below the
third molar tooth to the median area below the genial tubercles.
 Below the mylohyoid line the surface is slightly hollowed out to form the submandibular fossa, which
lodges the submandibular gland.
 Above the mylohyoid line there is the sublingual fossa in which the sublingual gland lies.
 The posterior surface of the symphysis menti is marked by four small elevations called the superior and
inferior genial tubercles.
  The mylohyoid groove (present on the ramus) extends on to the body below the posterior end of the
mylohyoid line.
The upper or alveolar border bears sockets for the teeth.
The lower border of the mandible is also called the base. Near the midline the base shows an oval depression
called the digastric fossa.

THE RAMUS
The ramus is quadrilateral in shape and has:
 two surfaces: lateral and medial
 four border: supper, lower, anterior and posterior
 two processes: coronoid and condyloid.
The lateral surface is flat and bears a number of oblique ridges.
The medial surface presents the following.
 The mandibular foramen lies a little above the center of the ramus at the level of the occlusal surfaces
of the teeth. It leads into the mandibular canal which descends into the body of the mandible and
opens at the mental foramen.
 The anterior margin of mandibular foramen is marked by a sharp tongue shaped projection called the
Lingula. The Lingula is directed towards the head or condyloid process of the mandible.
 The mylohyoid line gives origin to the mylohyoid muscle.
 The superior constrictor muscle of the pharynx arises from an area above the posterior end of the
mylohyoid line.
 The Pterygomandibular raphe is attached immediately behind the third molar tooth
 The anterior margin of the mandibular foramen is marked by a sharp tongue-shaped projection called
the Lingula. The Lingula is directed towards the head of the mandible.
 The mylohyoid groove begins just below the mandibular foramen, and runs downwards and forwards
to be gradually lost over the submandibular fossa.
The upper border of the ramus is thin and is curved downwards forming the mandibular notch,
The lower border is the backward continuation of the base of the mandible. Posteriorly, it ends by becoming
continuous with the posterior border at the angle of the mandible.
The anterior border is thin, while the posterior border is thick.
The coronoid process is a flattened triangular upward projection from the anterosuperior part of the ramus.
Its anterior border is continuous with the anterior border of the ramus. The posterior border bounds the
mandibular notch.
The condyloid process is a strong upward projection from the posterosuperior part of the ramus. Its upper
end is expanded from side to side to form the head. The head is covered with fibrocartilage and articulates
with the temporal bone to form the temporomandibular joint. The constriction below the head is the neck. Its
anterior surface presents a depression called the pterygoid fovea.

Question no:2 what are different layers of scalp?

The scalp is made up of five layers (mnemonic SCALP):
 Skin
 Superficial fascia (connective tissue)
 Deep fascia in the form of Epicranial aponeurosis with the Occipitofrontalis muscle
 Loose areolar tissue
 Pericranium
The skin is hairy. It is adherent to the Epicranial aponeurosis through the dense superficial fascia .it has more
number of sweat glands and sebaceous glands.
The subcutaneous or superficial fascia provides proper medium for the passage of vessels and nerves to the
skin.
The Occipitofrontalis muscle has two bellies occipitalis and frontalis. The occipital bellies are small and each is
supplied by posterior auricular branch of the fascial nerve. The frontal bellies are longer. Each arises from skin
of the upper eyelid mingling with the orbicularis oculi and corrugator supercilii. It is supplied by the temporal
branch of fascial nerve. The muscle raises the eyebrows and causes horizontal wrinkles in the skin of the
forehead.
The Epicranial aponeurosis is also called galea aponeurotica.
The first three layers of scalp are called surgical layers of the scalp. These are also called scalp proper
The fourth layer of scalp is made up of loose areolar tissue. It extends anteriorly into eyelid. Because the
frontalis muscle has no bony attachment.it gives passage to the emissary veins which connect extra cranial
veins to intracranial venous sinuses.
The fifth layer of the scalp is called the Pericranium.

Question no:3 Give blood supply of scalp.

Arterial supply
In front of the auricle:
 Supratrochlear
 Supraorbital
 Superficial temporal arteries
Behind the auricle:
 Posterior auricular
 Occipital arteries

Venous drainage
The veins of the scalp accompany the arteries and have same names.

Question no:4 Nerve supply of scalp.

Nerves of the scalp and superficial temporal region
In front of auricle Behind the auricle
Sensory nerves Sensory nerves
supratrochlear Posterior division of great auricular nerve
supraorbital Lesser occipital nerve
zygomaticotemporal Greater occipital nerve
Auriculotemporal Third occipital nerve
Motor nerve Motor nerve
Temporal branch of facial nerve Posterior auricular branch of fascial nerve

Question no:5 Categorize fascial muscles.

Muscles of the scalp:
Occipitofrontalis
Muscles of the auricle:
 Auricularis anterior
 Auricularis superior
 Auricularis posterior
Muscles of the eyelids/orbital openings:

 Orbicularis oculi
 Corrugator supercilii
 Levator palpaebrae superioris
Muscles of the nose:
  Procerus
 Compressor naris
 Dilator naris
 Depressor septi
Muscles around the mouth:

 Orbicularis oris
 Buccinator
 Levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
 Zygomaticus major
 Levator labii superioris
 Levator anguli oris
 Zygomaticus minor
 Depressor anguli oris
 Depressor labii inferiors
 Mentalis
 Risorius

Question no:6What is the Nerve supply of FACE?

Motor nerve supply Sensory nerve supply

Terminal branches of facial nerve Branches of trigeminal nerve
i. Temporal nerve 1. Ophthalmic division
ii. Zygomatic nerve i. Supra-trochlear nerve
iii. Buccal nerve ii. Infra-trochlear nerve
iv. Marginal mandibular nerve iii. Surpra-orbital nerve
v. Cervical nerve iv. Lacrimal nerve
v. External nasal nerve
2. Maxillary division
i. Infra-orbital nerve
ii. Zygomatico-facial nerve
iii. Zygomatico-temporal nerve
3. Mandibular division
i. Auriculo-temporal nerve
ii. Buccal nerve
iii. Mental nerve

Question no:7 Draw and explain lymphatic drainage of FACE

The face has 3 lymphatic territories:
Territories Drains into Parts of face
Upper territory Pre-auricular parotid lymph nodes Greater part of the forehead
Lateral halves of eyelids
Lateral parts of the cheek
Parotid area
Middle territory Sub-mandibular lymph nodes Median part of the forehead
 External nose
Upper lip
Lateral part of the lower lip
Median halves of the eyelids
Medial part of the cheek
Greater part of lower jaw
Lower territory Sub-mental lymph nodes Central part of the lower lip
Chin

Area A drains into the preauricular nodes

Area B drains into the submandibular nodes
Area C drains into the submental nodes

Question no:8How facial nerve is tested?

The facial nerve is examined by testing the following facial muscles:
1. Frontalis: Look for normal horizontal wrinkles on the forehead.
2. Dilators of mouth: Showing the teeth.
3. Orbicularis oculi: Tight closure of the eyes.
4. Buccinator: Puffing the mouth and then blowing forcibly as in whistling.
Question no:9 What is BEL’S PALSY?
“Infranuclear lesion of the facial nerve, at the Stylomastoid foramen is known as Bell’s palsy.”
Features of the Bell’s palsy:
 Upper and lower quarters of the face on the same side get paralyzed.
 The face becomes asymmetrical and is drawn up to the normal side.
 The affected side is motionless.
 Wrinkles disappear from the forehead.
 The eye cannot be closed leading to keratitis.
 Any attempt to smile draws the mouth to the normal side.
 During mastication, food accumulates between the teeth and the cheek.
 Articulation of the labials is impaired.
 Tears flow out from the eye.
 Saliva flows down from the angle of mouth.

Question no:10 Write a note on lacrimal apparatus with diagram?

The structure concerned with secretion and drainage of the lacrimal or tear fluid constitute the lacrimal
apparatus.
Components:
1. Lacrimal gland and its ducts
2. Conjunctival sac
3. Lacrimal puncta and lacrimal canaliculi
4. Lacrimal sac
5. Nasolacrimal duct

Lacrimal Gland: It is a serous gland situated chiefly in the lacrimal fossa on the anterolateral part of the roof of
the bony orbit and partly on the upper eyelid. The gland is ‘J’ shaped, being indented by the tendon of the
levator palpaebrae superioris. It has:
A) An orbital part which is larger and deeper
B) A palpebral part smaller and superficial, lying within the eyelid.
Conjunctival sac: The conjunctiva lining the deep surface of the eyelids is called palpebral conjunctiva and that
lining the front of the eyeball is called bulbar conjunctiva. The potential space between the palpebral and bulbar
parts is the conjunctival sac.
Lacrimal puncta and canaliculi: Each lacrimal canaliculus begins at the lacrimal punctum and is 10mm long.
It has a vertical part which is 2mm long and a horizontal part which is 8mm long. There is a dilated ampulla at
the bend.
Lacrimal sac: It is a membranous sac, 12mm long and 5mm wide situated in the lacrimal groove behind the
medial palpebral ligament. Its upper end is blind. The lower end is continuous with the nasolacrimal duct.
Nasolacrimal duct: It is a membranous passage, 18mm long. It begins at the lower end of the lacrimal sac and
opens into the inferior meatus of the nose. A fold of mucous membrane, called the valve of Hasner, forms an
imperfect valve at the lower end of the duct.

Question no:11 Briefly describe deep cervical fascia?

The deep cervical fascia of the neck condensed to form the following layers:
1. Investing layer
2. Pretracheal fascia
3. Prevertebral fascia
4. Carotid sheath
5. Buccopharyngal fascia
6. Pharyngobasilar fascia
Investing later:
It lies deep to the platysma, and surrounds the neck like a collar. It forms the roof of the posterior triangle of the
neck
Attachments:
Superiorly
 External occipital protuberance
 Superior nuchal line
 Mastoid process, styloid process
  External acoustic meatus, tympanic plate
 Base of mandible
Between the angle of the mandible and the mastoid process, the fascia splits to enclose the parotid gland.
Inferiorly
 Spine of scapula
 Acromion process
 Clavicle
 Manubrium
Posteriorly
 Ligamentum nuchae
 Spine of seventh cervical vertebra
Anteriorly
 Symphysis menti
 Hyoid bone
Other features
1. The investing layer of deep cervical fascia splits to enclose two spaces.;
The suprasternal space or space of burns contain:
 The sternal heads of the right and left sternocleidomastoid muscles
 The jugular venous arch
 A lymph node
 The interclavicular ligament
The supraclavicular space is traversed by:
 The external jugular vein
 The supraclavicular nerves
 Cutaneous vessels, including lymphatics
2. It also forms pulleys to bind the tendons of digastric and omohyoid muscles.
3. Forms roof of anterior and posterior triangles.
4. Forms stylomandibular ligament and parotidomasseteric fascia
Pretracheal fascia:
The importance of this fascia is that it encloses and suspends the thyroid gland and forms its false capsule.
Attachments:
Superiorly
 Hyoid bone in the median plane
 Oblique line of thyroid cartilage __laterally
 Cricoid cartilage __more laterally
Inferiorly
Below the thyroid gland, it encloses the inferior thyroid veins, passes behind the Brachiocephalic veins and
finally blends with the arch of aorta and fibrous pericardium.
On either side
It forms the front of the carotid sheath, and fuses with the fascia deep to the sternocleidomastoid.
Other features
 The posterior layer of thyroid capsule is thick. On either side, it forms a suspensory ligament for the
thyroid gland known as ligament of berry. The ligaments are attached chiefly to the cricoid cartilage,
and may extend to the thyroid cartilage. They support the thyroid gland and do not let it sink into the
mediastinum.
 The fascia provides a slippery surface for free movements of the trachea during swallowing.
Prevertebral fascia:
It lies in front of the prevertebral muscles, and forms the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck.
Attachments:
Superiorly
It is attached to the base of skull.
Inferiorly
It extends into the superior mediastinum where it splits into anterior and posterior layers. Anterior layer blends
with the buccopharyngeal fascia and posterior layer is attached to the anterior longitudinal ligament and to the
body of the fourth thoracic vertebrae.
Laterally
It lies deep to the trapezius and is attached to the fascia of sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Other features
 The cervical and brachial plexuses lie behind the prevertebral fascia.
 As the trunks of the brachial plexus and the subclavian artery pass laterally through the interval between
scalenus anterior and scalenus medius, they carry with them a covering of the prevertebral fascia known
as the axillary sheath which extends into axilla.
 Fascia provides a fixed base for the movements of pharynx, the esophagus and the carotid sheath during
movements of the neck and during swallowing.
Carotid sheath:
It is a condensation of the fibro areolar tissue around the main vessels of the neck.
The contents are the common or internal carotid arteries, Internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve.
Buccopharyngeal fascia:
This fascia covers all the constrictor muscles externally and extends onto the superficial aspect of the buccinator
muscle.
Pharyngobasilar fascia:
This fascia is specially thickened between the upper border of superior constrictor muscle and the base of the
skull.

Question no:12 Just draw and label triangles of neck?

Question no:13 Write a complete note on anterior triangles of neck?
Anterior triangle:
The boundaries of the anterior triangle of neck are: The anterior median plane of the neck medially;
sternocleidomastoid laterally; base of the mandible and line joining the angle of the mandible to the mastoid
process, superiorly.
Subdivisions:
It is subdivided into:
1. Submental triangle
2. Digastric triangle
3. Carotid triangle
4. Muscular triangle
Submental triangle:
Boundaries
On each side, anterior belly of the corresponding digastric muscles.
Its base is formed by the body of the hyoid bone.
Its apex lies at the Chin.
Contents
 Two to four small submental lymph nodes
 Small submental veins join to form the anterior jugular veins.
Digastric triangle:
Boundaries
Anteroinferiorly: Anterior Bell of digastric
Posteroinferiorly: Posterior Belly of digastric
Superiorly or base: Base of mandible and a line joining the angle of the mandible to the mastoid process.
Contents
Anterior part of the triangle:
 Superficial part of the submandibular salivary gland
 Submandibular lymph nodes
 Facial vein, facial artery
 Submental artery
  Mylohyoid nerve and vessels
 The hypoglossal nerve
Posterior part of the triangle:
Superficial structures;
 Lower part of the parotid gland
 The external carotid artery
Deep structures;
 The styloglossus
 The stylopharyngeus
 The glossopharyngeal nerve
 The pharyngeal branch of the vagus nerve
 The styloid process
Deepest structures;
 The Internal carotid artery
 The Internal jugular vein
 The vagus nerve
Carotid triangle:
Boundaries
Anterosuperiorly: posterior belly of the digastric muscle and the stylohyoid.
Anteroinferiorly: superior belly of the omohyoid.
Posteriorly: Anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle
Contents
 Common carotid artery
 External carotid artery
 Internal carotid artery
 Internal jugular vein
 Vagus nerve
 Jugludigastric node
 Jugulo-omohyoid node
Muscular triangle:
Boundaries
Anteriorly: Anterior median line of the neck from the hyoid bone to the sternum.
Posterosuperiorly: superior belly of the omohyoid muscle
Posteroinferiorly: lower part of anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
Contents
The infrahyoid muscles are the chief contents of muscular triangle . The infrahyoid muscles include:
 Sternohyoid
 Sternothyroid
 Thyrohyoid
 Omohyoid

Question no:14 Name all the branches of Internal and external carotid artery?
Internal carotid artery
Its course is divided into four parts.
Cervical part:
This part gives no branches.
Petrous part:
This part gives off:
1. Caroticotympanic branches
2. Artery of pterygoid canal
Cavernous part:
Within the cavernous sinus. This part of the artery gives off:
1. Cavernous branches to the trigeminal ganglion
2. Superior and Inferior hypophyseal branches to the hypophysis cerebri
Cerebral part:
This part gives off the following arteries:
1. Ophthalmic
2. Anterior cerebral
3. Middle cerebral
4. Posterior communicating
5. Anterior choroidal
External carotid artery
The external carotid artery gives off eight beaches which are grouped as:
Anterior:
1. Superior thyroid artery
2. Lingual artery
3. Facial artery
Posterior:
4. Occipital artery
5. Posterior auricular artery
Medial:
6. Ascending pharyngeal artery
Terminal:
7. Maxillary artery
8. Superficial temporal artery

Question no:15 What is origin, insertion and actions of muscles of mastication?

Names Origin Insertion Actions

Masseter  Superficial  Superficial  Elevation
(quadrilateral) layer from layer into  Protrusion
anterior two lower part
thirds of of ramus
lower border of
of zygomatic mandible
arch  Middle
 Middle layer layer into
from central
posterior one part of
third of ramus of
zygomatic mandible
arch  Deep layer
 Deep layer into rest of
from deep the ramus
surface of of
zygomatic mandible
 arch
Temporalis  Temporal  Coronoid  Elevation
(fan shaped) fossa process  Retraction
 Temporal  Anterior  Side to
fascia border of side
ramus of movement
mandible
Lateral  Upper head  Pterygoid  Depression
pterygoid from fovea  Protrusion
(conical)s infratemporal  Anterior  Side to
surface and margin of side
crest of articular movement
greater wing disc
of sphenoid
bone
 Lower head
from lateral
surface of
lateral
pterygoid
plate
Medial  Superficial Roughened area  Elevation
pterygoid head from on the medial  Protrusion
(quadrilateral) tuberosity of surface of angle  Side to
maxilla and adjoining side
 Deep head ramus of movement
from medial mandible
surface of
lateral
pterygoid
plate

Question no:16 Write a note on maxillary artery.

Maxillary artery
It is larger terminal branch of external carotid artery, given off behind the neck of mandible.
Distribution
 External and middle ear, auditory tube
 Dura mater
 Upper and lower jaws with their teeth
 Muscles of the temporal and infratemporal regions
 Nose and paranasal air sinuses
 Palate
 Root of pharynx
Parts of maxillary artery
There are 3 parts of maxillary artery
1. Mandibular part
2. Pterygoid part
3. Pterygopalatine part
Mandibular part
It runs along the lower border of the lateral pterygoid.
Branches of mandibular part of maxillary artery
1. Deep auricular
2. Anterior tympanic
3. Middle meningeal
4. Accessory meningeal
5. Inferior alveolar
Deep auricular artery
It supplies the external acoustic meatus, tympanic membrane and temporomandibular joint.
Anterior tympanic artery
It supplies the middle ear.
Middle meningeal artery
It enters the skull through foramen spinosum to reach middle cranial fossa. It divides into large frontal branch
and smaller parietal branch.
Accessory meningeal artery
It enters the skull through foramen ovale. It supplies structure in the infratemporal fossa.
Inferior alveolar artery
It runs downwards and forwards medial to the ramus of mandible to reach mandibular foramen and then enters
the mandibular canal.
It gives different branches,
Before entering the mandibular canal, it gives,
 Lingual branch to the tongue
 Mylohyoid branch that descends in mylohyoid groove
Within mandibular canal it gives branches to,
 Mandible
 Roots of each tooth attached to bone
It also gives,
 Mental branch that passes through the mental foramen to supply the chin.
Pterygoid part
It runs upwards and forwards superficial to the lower head of lateral pterygoid.
Branches of pterygoid part of maxillary artery
1. Masseteric artery
2. Deep temporal artery
3. Pterygoid artery
4. Buccal artery
Pterygopalatine part
It passes between the two heads of lateral pterygoid and through pterygomaxillary fissure, to enter
pterygopalatine fossa.
Branches of pterygopalatine part of maxillary artery
1. Posterior superior alveolar artery
2. Infraorbital artery
3. Greater palatine artery
4. Pharyngeal artery
5. Artery of pterygoid canal
6. Sphenopalatine artery
Posterior superior alveolar artery
It supplies the molar and premolar teeth, and maxillary air sinus.
Infraorbital artery
It enters the orbit through inferior orbital fissure first in the infraorbital groove and then in infraorbital canal to
emerge on the face through infraorbital foramen.
Branches:
 Middle superior alveolar branch for premolar teeth
 Anterior superior alveolar branch for canine and incisors attached to bone
 Branches to lacrimal sac, nose and upper lip
Greater palatine artery
It runs downwards in the greater palatine canal to emerge on the posterolateral part of hard palate through the
greater palatine foramen.
It supplies the palate and gums.
It also gives off lesser palatine arteries that supply to soft palate and tonsil.
Pharyngeal artery
It supplies part of nasopharynx, auditory tube and sphenoidal air sinus.
Artery of pterygoid canal
It supplies to pharynx, auditory tube and tympanic cavity.
Sphenopalatine artery
It enters the cavity of nose through sphenopalatine foramen.
Branches:
 Posterolateral nasal branches to lateral wall of nose and paranasal sinuses
 Posteromedial branches to the nasal septum
It is the artery of epistaxis.
Question no:17 Write a note on temporomandibular joint.
Temporomandibular joint
It is a synovial joint of condylar variety.
Articular surfaces
 Upper articular surface is formed by
 Articular tubercle
 Anterior part of mandibular fossa
 Posterior non articular part formed by tympanic plate
 Inferior articular surface is formed by
 Head of mandible
The articular surfaces are covered with fibrocartilage. The joint cavity is divided into upper and lower parts by
an intra articular disc.
Articular disc
It is an oval fibrous plate that divides the joint into an upper and lower compartments.
 Upper compartment permits gliding movement
 Lower compartment permits rotatory as well as gliding movements
The disc has a concavo-convex superior surface and concave inferior surface. It is composed of
 Anterior region
 Anterior thick band
 Intermediate region
 Posterior thick band
 Bilaminar region
Disc acts as cushion and helps in shock absorption. It stabilizes the condyle by filling up space between
articulating surfaces.
Ligaments of temporomandibular joint
1. Fibrous capsule
2. Lateral temporomandibular ligament
3. Stylomandibular ligament
4. Sphenomandibular ligament
5. Pterygomandibular ligament
Blood supply
 Superficial temporal artery
  Maxillary artery
Veins follow the arteries.
Nerve supply
 Auriculotemporal nerve
 Masseteric nerve
Movements
 Depression
 Elevation
 Protrusion
 Retrusion
 Side to side movements
The movements at the joint can be divided into:
 Meniscotemporal compartment (between upper articular surface and articular disc)
 Meniscomandibular compartment (between articular disc and head of mandible)
 In forward movement or protraction of mandible, the articular disc with the head of the mandible glides
forward over the upper articular surface.
 In retraction the articular disc glides backwards over the upper articular surface taking the head of
mandible with it.
 In slight opening of mouth or depression of mandible, the head of mandible moves on the undersurface
of disc like a hinge in lower compartment.
 In wide opening of mouth, hinge like movement is followed by gliding of disc and head of mandible in
upper compartment.
 Chewing movements involve side to side movements of mandible. In these movements, the head of right
side glides forwards along with disc as in protraction, but the head of left side merely rotates. As a result
of this chin moves forwards and to left side.
Muscles producing movements
 Depression is brought about by
 Lateral pterygoid
 Elevation is brought about by
 Masseter
 Middle oblique fibers of temporalis
 Medial pterygoid
 Protrusion is brought about by
 Lateral pterygoid
 Medial pterygoid
 Superficial oblique fibers of masseter
 Retraction is brought about by
 Posterior horizontal fibers of temporalis
 Deep vertical fibers of masseter
 Side to side movement.e.g. chewing from left side produced by
 Right lateral pterygoid
 Right medial pterygoid
 Left temporalis
 Left masseter
Chewing from right side is opposite of left side.

Question no:18 What are tributaries of external jugular vein?

External jugular vein
It lies deep to the platysma. It is formed by union of
 Posterior auricular vein
 Posterior division of retromandibular vein
It begins within lower part of the parotid gland, crosses sternocleidomastoid obliquely, pierces anteroinferior
angle of roof of the posterior triangle and opens into subclavian vein.
Tributaries
 Posterior external jugular vein
 Transverse cervical vein
 Suprascapular vein
 Anterior jugular vein
The oblique jugular vein connects the external jugular vein with the internal jugular vein.

Question no:19 Write the tributaries of internal jugular vein.

Following are the tributaries of internal jugular vein:
 Inferior petrosal sinus
 Common facial vein
 Lingual vein
 Pharyngeal veins
 Superior thyroid vein
 Middle thyroid vein
Question no:20 Name the muscles of the soft palate.
They are as follows:
 Tensor palati (tensor veli palatini)
 Levator palati (levator veli palatini)
 Musculus uvulae
 Palatoglossus
 Palatopharyngeus
Question no:21 Name all the cranial nerves with their branches.
Cranial nerves with their branches are as follows:
1. Olfactory nerve
2. Optic nerve
3. Oculomotor nerve
4. Trochlear nerve
5. Trigeminal nerve
 Ophthalmic division
- Frontal
 supratrochlear
 supraorbital
- Nasocillary
 Posterior ethmoidal
 Long ciliary
 Branch to ciliary ganglion
 Infratrochlear
 Anterior ethmoidal
- Lacrimal
 Maxillary division
-In middle cranial fossa
 Meningeal
-In pterygopalatine fossa
 Ganglionic branches
 Zygomatic:
a. Zygomaticotemporal
b. Zygomaticofacial
 Posterior superior alveolar
-In infraorbital canal
 Middle superior alveolar
 Anterior superior alveolar
-On face
 Infraorbital
a. Palpebral
 b. Labial
c. Nasal
 Mandibular division
-Trunk
 Meningeal
 Nerve to medial pterygoid supplies:
a. Tensor veli palatini
b. Tensor timpani
c. Medial pterygoid
-Anterior division
 Deep temporal
 Lateral pterygoid
 Masseteric
 Buccal
-Posterior division
 Auriculotemporal
 Lingual
 Inferior alveolar

6. Abducent nerve
7. Facial nerve
 Within the facial canal
- Greater petrosal nerve
- Nerve to the stapedius
- The chords tympani
 At its exit from Stylomastoid foramen
- Posterior Auricular
- Digastric
- Stylohyoid
 Terminal branches within the particular gland
- Temporal
- Zygomatic
- Buccal
- Marginal Mandibular
- Cervical
 Communicating branches with adjacent cranial and spinal nerves
8. Vestibulocochlear Nerve
9. Glossopharyngeal nerve
 Tympanic nerve
 Carotid branch
 Pharyngeal branch
 Muscular branch
 Tonsillar branch
 Lingual branches
10. Vagus nerve
Superior ganglion gives off
 Meningeal branch
 Auricular Branch
Inferior ganglion gives off
 Pharyngeal
 Carotid
 Superior laryngeal
 Right recurrent laryngeal
 Cardiac
11. Accessory nerve
12. Hypoglossal nerve
 Meningeal branch
 Descending branch
 Branches to thyrohyoid and geniohyoid muscles
Question no:22Write a complete note on tongue.
“Tongue is a muscular organ situated in the floor of the mouth”
Functions:
 Taste
 Speech
 Chewing
 Deglutition
 Cleansing of mouth

Parts of the tongue:

 Root:
The root is attached to the styloid process and soft palate above and to mandible and the hyoid bone
below
 Tip:
The tip of the tongue forms the anterior free which at rest lies behind the upper incisor teeth
 A body, which has
a. A curved upper surface or dorsum. The dorsum of the tongue is convex in all dimensions. It is
divided into:
b. An oral part
c. A pharyngeal part
d. Small posterior part
 An Inferior surface; confined to the oral part only The Inferior surface is covered with a smooth mucous
membrane, which shows a median fold called the frenulum linguae.
 On either side of the frenulum, there is a prominence produced by the deep lingual veins. More laterally,
there is a fold called plica fimbriata.
Papillae of the tongue:
These are the projections of mucous membrane or corium which give the anterior two thirds its characteristic
roughness
 Vallate or circumvallate papillae: They are large in size 1-2 mm in diameter and are 8-12 in number.
They are present immediately in front of the sulcus terminalis.
 Fungiform papillae: They are numerous near the tip and margins of the tongue but some of them are
scattered over the dorsum. They are bright red in color.
 Filiform papillae or conical papillae: They cover the presulcal area of the dorsum of the tongue and give
it the characteristic velvety appearance
 Folliate papillae: They are leaf shaped present in vertical folds of Lateral border and margins of the
tongue.

Muscles of the tongue: -

Intrinsic muscles
1- superior longitudinal:
The superior longitudinal muscles act to elevate the tip and sides of the tongue superiorly. This
shapes the tongue dorsum into a concavity and it shortens the tongue.

2- inferior longitudinal:
The inferior longitudinal muscles act to curl the tip of the tongue inferiorly. This
makes the dorsum of the tongue convex in shape and shortens the tongue.

3- Transverse: Contraction of the transverse muscles acts to narrow and increases the thickness of the
tongue.

4- Vertical: It makes the tongue broad.

Extrinsic Muscles:
1- Genioglossus; protrudes the tongue
 2- Hyoglossus; depresses the tongue
3- Styloglossus; Retracts the tongue
4- Palatoglossus; Elevates the tongue

Arterial Supply:
Lingual artery
Venous Drainage:
1- Deep lingual vein
2- Venae comitantes, accompany lingual artery.
3- Venae comitantes accompanying the hypoglossal nerve.

These veins unite at the posterior border of the hyoglossus to form the lingual vein which ends in the internal
jugular vein.

Lymphatic Drainage:
 The tip of the tongue drains bilaterally to the submental nodes.

 The right and left halves of the remaining part of the anterior two-thirds of the tongue drain uni- laterally
to the submandibular nodes. A few central lymphatics drain bilaterally to the deep cervical nodes.
 The posterior most part and posterior one-third of the tongue drain bilaterally into the upper deep
cervical lymph nodes including jugulodigastric nodes.

 The whole lymph finally drains to the Jugulo- omohyoid nodes. These are known as the lymph nodes of
the tongue.
Nerve Supply
Motor Nerves:
All the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, except the palatoglossus, are supplied by the hypoglossal nerve. The
palatoglossus is supplied by the cranial root of the accessory nerve through the pharyngeal plexus.
Sensory Nerves:
 The lingual nerve is the nerve of general sensation and the chorda tympani is the nerve of taste for the
anterior two-thirds of the tongue except Vallate papillae

 The glossopharyngeal nerve is the nerve for both general sensation and taste for the posterior one-third
of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae.

 The posterior most part of the tongue is supplied by the vagus nerve through the internal laryngeal
branch.