Grammar

UNIT
The Passive and the Causative
9
The Passive is used when we want to stress the action rather than the person / thing that does or causes the action The Causative has a passive meaning and is used when we arrange for someone else to do something.
(the agent) or when we do not know who the agent is. When moving from active to passive, the tense does not change.
FORM USE EXAMPLES
PASSIVE FORM ACTIVE PASSIVE
have / get + object + past participle when we arrange for someone else to James is having his flat painted.
Present Simple do something for us I get my hair cut every two months.
am / is / are + past participle They clean the house. { The house is cleaned. (less formal than have)

Present Continuous
am / is / are being + past participle
Present Perfect Simple
has / have been + past participle
Past Simple
was / were + past participle
They are cleaning the house. {
They have cleaned the house. {
They cleaned the house. {
The house is being cleaned.
The house has been cleaned.
The house was cleaned.
have + agent + bare infinitive + when we arrange for someone else to
object do something for us and we mention
the agent
get + agent + to + bare infinitive + when we arrange for / persuade
object someone else to do something for
us and we mention the agent
Liz had her brother carry her suitcase.
I will have Dad pick me up.
You should get a doctor to look at your
hand.
Dan got Mike to lend him some money.
(less formal than have)

Past Continuous
was / were being + past participle
Past Perfect Simple
had been + past participle
They were cleaning the house. { The house was being cleaned. Notes
have / get + object + past participle can also be used when something unpleasant happens to someone.
The tourist had / got his passport stolen.
They had cleaned the house. { The house had been cleaned.

Future Simple No, I had fixed it

will be + past participle
Future Perfect Simple
will have been + past participle
be going to
be going to + be + past participle
They will clean the house. {
They will have cleaned the house. {
They are going to clean the house. {
The house will be cleaned. myself before you even
mentioned it.
Didn’t you have your
The house will have been cleaned. bike fixed at that new
shop I told you about?
The house is going to be cleaned.

Modal
modal + be + past participle They must clean the house. { The house must be cleaned.

Semi-modal
semi-modal + be + past participle They have to clean the house. { The house has to be cleaned.

Modal Perfect
modal + have been + past participle They may have cleaned the house. { The house may have been cleaned.

With certain verbs

believe, consider, expect, know, say and
suppose
verb + to + bare infinitive
with it as a subject
It + verb + that + subject + sentence
People say he is an expert on China. { He is said to be an expert on China.
Everyone knows that the artist grew { It is known that the artist grew
up in Milan. up in Milan.

Verbs that take two objects

give, lend, offer, pay, sell, send, teach
The person or object can become the He offered the job to Sarah. / { Sarah was offered the job. /
subject of the sentence. He offered Sarah the job. The job was offered to Sarah.

Grammar Practice
Notes
1. There is no passive form of Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous and A. Underline the verb in each sentence and write A (Active) or P (Passive).
Future Perfect Continuous.
P
1. This play was written by William Shakespeare. .......
2. a. We use by + agent when it is important to know who does the action.
Steven Spielberg made the film. { The film was made by Steven Spielberg. A
2. A fire has started in the forest about two miles from our home. .......
b. We use with + agent when we refer to an instrument or tool used by someone.
P
3. Daniel was raised in Belfast, in Northern Ireland. .......
This key can open the box. { The box can be opened with this key.
3. Don’t forget the particle when using phrasal verbs in the passive. P
4. All books have to be returned to the library. .......
Someone broke into our car last night. { Our car was broken into last night. A
5. They will have finished painting the museum by September. .......
4. For events that are unpleasant, unexpected or accidental, we sometimes use get + past participle.
participle P
6. The new sports centre is going to be opened by a famous footballer. .......
I fell asleep in the sun and got burned. (focus on the person, not the agent)
P
7. The game of rugby is played all over the world. .......
5. For a list of irregular verbs, see page 210.
A
8. The team had been training for three hours when they finally stopped for a rest. .......

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UNIT 9 Grammar

B. Circle the correct answers. E. Complete the text below with a suitable passive form of the verbs given.

1. James was upset because he had accused / had been accused of cheating on his history test.
2. The new website has set up / has been set up so now we can add some links.
The
Internati nal
The International Children’s Games is a sporting event for children.
3. Does the money have to be paid back / have to pay back immediately?
o Young people aged 12 to 15 from various countries in the world
4. George considers / is considered to be so talented that everyone thinks / is thought he’ll be famous one day. Children’s are invited
(1) ......................................... (invite) to take part each year. The games

5. I wonder who will choose / will be chosen as the head of the student council. Games were organized
first took place in 1968 and they (2) .........................................
by Metod Klemenc, a sports instructor from Slovenia. He believed that
(organize)

6. You really ought to inform / ought to be informed the police about the accident. could be improved
relationships between countries (3) .........................................
7. I don’t suppose / am not supposed Ethan will help me fix my car, will he? (could improve) by bringing young people of different nationalities
8. I heard the plane was crashed / crashed in Italy. together to compete in a variety of sporting events. Since 1968, this
has been held
event (4) ......................................... (hold) every year in various locations
C. Complete the texts with the words below. around the world.

1. will be • has been • is being are given

Though medals (5) ......................................... (give) to all the winners
of the events, the games are not just about competing. The event gives
has been
I read in the local newspaper that the old train station ......................................... sold. Apparently, it
young people a chance to meet and form friendships with teens from
is being
......................................... will be
turned into a museum. It ......................................... opening soon.
other parts of the world.
2. has to be • is • has been

Mallie’s Sports Grill and Bar in Michigan is famous for its huge burgers, which include a 4.5-kilo Monster Burger.
has been
Recently, an 8.5-kilo burger ......................................... is
added to the menu. This ......................................... thought F. Complete the dialogues with a suitable causative form, using the words below.
has to be
to be the world’s largest burger and ......................................... ordered a day before you visit the restaurant. redecorate / all the rooms make / clothes colour / hair put in / air conditioning take / photograph

3. had been • are being • can be 1. Jessica: Emma always dresses so smartly.

are being
Sometimes when old buildings ......................................... can be
renovated, unusual items ......................................... found. has / gets her clothes made
Chloe: That’s because she .............................................................................. for her.
A man in Belgium recently came across 300,000 euros in an old bank that he was renovating. The man gave the money, 2. Harry: It’s so hot in my flat in the summer.
had been
which ......................................... lying in the building for a number of years, back to the bank.
have / get air conditioning put in
Rachel: You should .............................................................................. .
4. are • will have to be • is going to be 3. Katie: Have you sent off your passport application?
is going to be
According to the plans, a new theme park ......................................... built outside the town. am having / am getting my photograph taken later today.
Lewis: No, but I ..............................................................................
are
Some local people ......................................... upset about the project because a lot of
4. Olivia: Tia looks different, doesn’t she?
will have to be
trees ......................................... cut down before the building work can begin.
have had / got her hair coloured
Grace: Yes, she must .............................................................................. .
D. Complete the text below with a suitable passive form of the verbs given. 5. Dylan: Wow! What a great flat!
got / had all the rooms redecorated
Brian: Thanks. We .............................................................................. before we moved in.

TH E ACROPOLI S G.
English Today Read the dialogues. Complete the comments with a suitable expression.

M USEU M given the choice • we’ve got it covered • it can’t be helped • easier said than done
is believed
The Acropolis Museum in Athens (1) ......................................... 1. it can’t be helped
Oh well, ......................................... .
Oh no! There goes the bus. Now I’ll have
(believe) to be one of the most important museums in the world. to wait 20 minutes for the next one!
has been visited
Since it opened in June 2009, the museum (2) .........................................
(visit) by more than a million people. On the first floor of the museum, 2.
I’ve got to persuade Mum to easier said than done !
Good luck! That’s .........................................
many interesting household objects, such as cooking pots, jewellery
are displayed
let me go on the camping trip.
boxes and children’s toys (3) ......................................... (display).
were used
These objects (4) ......................................... (use) by the people
3. This year we are starting French at school. Given the choice
of ancient Athens in their daily lives. In the galleries on the third ......................................... , I’d
floor is the Parthenon exhibition, where a video about its history rather study German, actually.
can be seen
(5) ......................................... (can see). To attract more
visitors, educational programmes, lectures and special 4. What do we still need for the party? Music? we’ve got it covered .
No, .........................................
are arranged
events (6) ......................................... (arrange) at the
Paul’s agreed to be the DJ.
museum throughout the year.

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UNIT 9 Grammar

H. Complete the sentences with a suitable causative form, using the words given. J. Choose the word or phrase that best completes each sentence.

1. “Were you brought up in Canada?” 11. You ...... a photographer take pictures of the

Celebrities sometimes make surprising demands!

“No, I ...... up in the USA.” wedding.
a. grew a. need have
b. was grown b. should have got
c. have grown c. ought to have
It has been said that: d. have been grown d. must get

2. “Is the pipe still leaking?” 12. “Why didn’t Michael come to the meeting?”
had / got a meal delivered
1. Tom Cruise once .............................................................. (a meal / deliver) from a London “No, Dad ...... yesterday.” “Well, he ...... about it.”
restaurant by private jet to his hotel in Italy! a. has it repaired a. wasn’t informing
b. had it repaired b. hadn’t informed
c. has repaired it c. hadn’t been informed
d. would repair it d. wasn’t being informed
got a famous chef to cook /
2. Mariah Carey once .............................................................. (a famous chef / cook)
had a famous chef cook 3. “Everything is ready apart from the barbecue.” 13. The president is expected ...... an important
had him teach / got him to teach
her a meal in her hotel room. She even .............................................................. “Don’t worry. Dad ...... .” announcement later today.
(him / teach) her how to make the dish. a. has had it covered a. that he makes
b. is covering it b. be making
c. has covered it c. to be made
d. has got it covered d. to make

has the hotel staff decorate / (the hotel staff /

3. Jennifer Lopez always .............................................................. 4. When are the results ...... ? 14. You’d better slow down or you ...... by the police.
gets the hotel staff to decorate a. announcing a. are stopping
decorate) all her rooms in white, including the flowers!
b. be announced b. will be stopping
c. going to be announced c. will get stopped
d. announce d. have been stopped

gets someone to wipe / 5. “Can’t we take out a loan at the bank?” 15. “Is your project for school ready?”
4. Justin Timberlake .............................................................. (someone / wipe)
has someone wipe “That’s easier ...... than done!” “Yes. I ...... my sister to help me with it.”
the door handles of his room with antiseptic every two hours, in order to keep a. to say a. did
them clean. b. saying b. was
c. says c. got
d. said d. had
has the hotel manager reserve / (the hotel manager /
5. Katy Perry always .............................................................. 6. You must ...... the book that he lost. 16. My teacher couldn’t believe the drawing had been
gets the hotel manager to reserve done ...... crayons and not paints.
gets the chef to provide /
reserve) the presidential suite. She .............................................................. (the chef / a. get Luke to replace
has the chef provide b. have replaced by Luke a. by
provide) organic fruit and vegetables.
c. get Luke replaced b. from
d. to have Luke replace c. with
d. to
7. “Is there a phone in our new apartment?”
“No. But, by the time we move in, it ...... .” 17. “Has this part of town changed much?”
a. going to be put in “Yes. There ...... to be a huge park here.”
I. Key Word Transformations Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first
sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, b. have been putting in a. used
including the word given. c. will have been put in b. has used
d. will be putting in c. is used
1. The last time Amy went to the dentist was three years ago. CHECKED d. was used
8. My little sister ...... tomorrow.
not had her teeth checked
Amy has ................................................................................................................................................. for three years. 18. I suppose the accident could ..... by the bad
a. is having cut her hair
2. We know that many health problems are caused by smoking. KNOWN b. will have cut her hair weather.
is known to cause
Smoking ..................................................................................................................................... many health problems. c. will her hair have cut a. being caused
d. is having her hair cut b. been caused
3. Andrew is organizing our camping trip, not David. BEING c. have caused
is being organized by
Our camping trip ............................................................................................................................... Andrew, not David. 9. Besides fruit and vegetables, flowers ...... at the d. have been caused
farmers’ market.
4. Lewis talked his parents into buying him an iPod. GOT a. sell usually 19. It is believed that ...... in the next few years.
got his parents to buy
Lewis .......................................................................................................................................................... him an iPod. b. usually being sold a. to rise food prices
c. are usually sold b. to be risen food prices
5. It’s possible that an employee at the bank stole the money. MAY
d. usually are selling c. food prices will be risen
may have been stolen by
The money .............................................................................................................................. an employee at the bank. d. food prices will rise
10. All foreign students ...... a written test in English.
6. Viewers can watch the winning film on Channel 3 tomorrow night. SHOWN
a. require to take 20. The rules ...... to all the participants.
is being shown / will be shown
The winning film ............................................................................................................... on Channel 3 tomorrow night. a. clear explained
b. are required to take
7. People thought Dan was an expert on literature. SUPPOSED c. require to have taken b. clearly explaining
d. are required taking c. clear were explained
Dan was supposed to be
.............................................................................................................................................. an expert on literature.
d. were clearly explained
8. We spent the whole day yesterday interviewing students. INTERVIEWED
Students were being interviewed
.............................................................................................................................................. all day yesterday.

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