Plaça de les Glòries, February 2015 A
SQUARING THE CIRCLE
The urban metamorphosis for a new center of Barcelona
Arnau Pascual
27.08.2015
Comparation of the original Cerdà Plan
with colored streets and the abstract
grid with the superposition of the same
streets and the square location. B
This paper is the result of a specific chronological analysis on
the politic, social and economic process of an urban project.
The meaning of public and collective are questioned when a
strategic plan conceives a big scale park as centrality merging the
pre-established city and the innovative techno-economic district.
The resolution of the recent competition demands to convert
Plaça de les Glòries into the reference and visible image of the
new concepts of space and economy.
“Plaça de les Glòries Catalanes” appeared for the first time as a square in 1859 in the Cerdà
Plan for the Eixample of Barcelona, a competition for the expansion of the city which was
considered a pioneer project on the evolution of modern urban planning. It aspired to
design a city through a square block grid, wide streets with integrated services networks
(water, sewage system and gas) and green spaces; to give total priority to the citizens against
the unhealthy situation inside the old city walls.
In this case, the square was conceived as the essential core of the urban network, a big
rectangular hole of 9 hectares rotated 30 degrees at the intersection of the three main
accesses of the city: Gran Via, Meridiana and Diagonal Avenue. An exception to the regular
Cerdà Plan that gives an idea of the important character that has always raised this place.
Moreover, its original public and political value can be proved by the fact that in 1905, it was
proposed to move the city hall and some cultural facilities into the actual location.

“The Catalan Manchester”, March 1932 C
Plaça de les Glòries, 1961 D
The opening of the waterfront, 1987 E
Superposition of the new proposal for
the square as a green park with the
original Cerdà Plan F
During this period, Barcelona was conceived as a fragmented city with independent towns
that would be united by the Eixample grid. The square worked as a connection between
the northern residential area and “Sant Martí” town, the southern industrial area. The arrival
of the railways in 1852 provoked an impossible development of the square perimeter but
improved the industrial consolidation of the surroundings until the point of being called
“The Catalan Manchester”, with an increase of the censuses factories from 57 to 243 plants
between 1860 and 1888. Consequently, the place generated an important labour movement
with a solid class consciousness due to their precarious work conditions and the shortage of
hygiene and education.
The increasing labour power in the area was lively active until the imposition of the fascist
dictatorship by Francisco Franco. After that, part of the associations like “Flor de Maig” and
labour organizations started to disappear, as well as the constant movement of part of the
industries to other new industrial areas around the city. This degradation kept increasing
until the arrival of democracy with the first municipal elections in 1979.
In 1919, “Plaça de les Glòries” was opened as a square to integrate the old industrial town
as a new district of Barcelona. The “Poblenou” district started a long process to sanitize and
urbanize the precarious and insecure conditions of the factories and dwellings. Besides, the
construction of the Encants market in 1928 characterized the heterogenic scenery of the
square where several factories defined its perimeter.
The arrival of the underground lines in 1951 helped to integrate the district within the
city network, but the final urban conversion was reflected in 1953, when the Metropolitan
General Plan approved the project to build a high ring for the vehicles above the railways
and the demolition of the existing slums. During the 70s, the continued increase of vehicles
and the complexity of the place was translated into the Metropolitan General Plan in 1976,
which reflected the reality of the square as a nodal point and recognized its strategic value.
The celebration of the Olympic Games in 1992 was the excuse to enlarge the physical and
symbolic scale of the square. The final construction of a double ring for vehicular circulation
above an interior park transformed its social and political identity into an infrastructure as a
gateway to the city. The transformation of the city continued until 1999, when the last stretch
of the Diagonal Avenue was opened to finally allow the total connection with the historical
center as well as the opening of its waterfront. The same year, the city council modified the
Metropolitan General Plan to transform the Poblenou district and its function.
The old factories gave way to the “Barcelona 22@”, a new technological district with the aim
to combine the urban refurbishment and the economic and social revitalization through the
creation of an appealing business atmosphere extended to the international community.
But the physical urban transformation happened before the real social revitalization.
During the first years of the implementation of the project, the majority of the industrial land
in the surroundings was privately owned. The goal was to provide incentives for landowners
to update their properties, while aiding the city’s redevelopment plans. This expected social
revitalization had been suffering from the private investments by the majority of the site
Barcelona 22@ plan, July 2010 G
development plans (78 of 117) since the approval of a new urban planning ordinance in
2000 that reclassified the district.
The new district of offices grew apart from the local neighborhood proved by the fact that
less than 5% of the new jobs created in the “Barcelona 22@” district were occupied by local
population. Even though, the idea was to combine the development of the new economy
based on the technological knowledge and network of local workers, designers and artists;
after the year 2000, the district reality was the increment of the land prices and gentrification
associated with the new companies and economic investors.
This situation had a turning point when the demolition of “Can Ricart” and part of the
heritage of the district was confirmed in 2004. This became the main focus for protests along
Protestans Salvem Can Ricard, 2005 H
with several associations that created the platform ”Salvem Can Ricart” (Save Can Ricart).
The growth of these claims became wider with the expulsions of some groups of artists from
the occupied factories in 2006. These claims forced to change the city council strategy that
suspended its demolition and began a process of negotiation.
In 2007, several associations signed an agreement with the city council to discuss the future
of the district and the square called “Comissió Glòries” (Glòries Commitment) that ended up
in 2008 with two agreed decisions: the complete demolition of the double ring road and a
competition to design the future of the square as a plane park. That same year, Jean Nouvel
built the Agbar Tower on the sea front of the square and the local government authorized
the demolition of the ring for the following year. The sequence of iconic buildings grew
around the square: the Museum DHUB in 2012 and the new Encants Market in 2013.
The competition promoted by city council in 2013 had to “guarantee the centrality of the
square, sustainable mobility services, the maximum square meters of green space and the
planned housing” 1. But mainly, the main achievement would be announced by the Mayor
Xavier Trias: “to design a new green node for Barcelona, the biggest square of the city” 2.
But this clear intentions for the future of the square has been discussed by one of the
responsibles for the evolution of the city since the Olympic Games, the architect and
urbanist Josep Antonio Acebillo that defends the concept of “centrality” and affirms that a
“superficial” reform would be a big error. “In large urban projects in the metropolitan level
there are clearly three stages. The first one is the discussion of the system; the second one is
the infrastructure; and the third one is about architecture and landscape”, emphasizing that
the city council has been focused on the third one just wondering “how many trees will be
planted and where” 3.
The politic pressure facing the social demands provoked this lack of a necessary debate
that was refused by the reductionist bases for the competition focused on the final result.
Therefore, the jury made up by 12 professionals and 2 neighborhood managers was totally
conceived as a convenience group to choose among 10 proposals with the same basic urban
strategies. The members were representatives of all the city council departments related to
housing, several professionals from the architecture and engineering fields and the special
evaluation of the well-known architect Josep Lluís Mateo.
The “Canòpia Urbana” (Urban Canopy) by UTE Agence Ter & Ana Coello De Llobet was
announced as the winner proposal in February 2014. A natural “green lung” 4 of 13 hectares;
the Diagonal Avenue crosses the square as a pedestrian way, the underground connections
concentrated in the southern of the square to allow the big park in the northern area, the
creation of several public facilities and the total traffic infrastructure buried underground.
The proposal will have a minimum cost of the 29.9 million euros with six different phases to
be realized between 2015 and 2018.
At this point, it is important to point out those actors (public and private) who are involved.
The principal politic actor is the city council as the main developer of the remodeling project
thanks to the neighborhood pressure against its privatization, and ADIF (Administration of
Rail Infrastructures) that belongs to the Spanish Government that plays an important role
on the construction of the new station. The other actors are private; financial institutions
and construction companies responsible for the new housing that has been criticized due
to suspicions of speculation by the city council, as had happened before with the housing
development for the “Fòrum Universal de les Cultures” in 2004.

Plaça de les Glòries, October 2013 I
Presentation of the team’s proposals for
the competition, January 2014 J
Plan of the winner proposal,
Canòpia Urbana, February 2014 K
Comparation by superposition of the
historical and actual center of the city,
Plaça de Catalunya with 5 hectareas and
the new urban centrality given to the
proposal of Plaça de les Glòries with a
total of 13 hectareas.
During almost one century, the specific location of the square has experimented an
endless process of transformation, redefining its configuration several times by combining
functions and scales. In these terms, it is important to make a comparison of the dimensions
between “Plaça de Catalunya”, situated at the historical border of the old city walls and the
commercial streets and “Plaça de les Glòries”, that has been reshaped as a void inside the
Eixample grid without having an urban identity anymore. Both places characterized by the
centrality role that play inside the city network.
This character as a void inside the grid could remind the reference of the “Central Park” in
New York, but it is important not to forget the original meaning of this space explained by
the architect and urbanist Manuel de Solà Morales: “Why do we need more green spaces?”
he asked himself. He explained that the centre of New York is not Central Park, but Times
Square, along with cars and an intense urban life. Solà claimed that the solutions proposed
so far are reductionist and only seem to have taken into account the traffic. “First we must
know what we want to Glòries; and cars will pass by one side or the other” 5, and according to
the already mentioned Josep Antonio Acebillo : “There is too much space in Glòries. There is a
lack of density. In my opinion, Glòries is not a place for a Central Park, because that situation
was not foreseen in the Cerdà Plan” 6.
This references emphasizes the critical approaches made by architects and urbanists out
of the official institutions since the definition of the future square was announced by the
competition organization. Among the 10 proposals presented is easy to identify the winner
because of its ambiguous definition enlarging its green character with a continuous flow of
trees, but without any urban strategy to its immediate perimeter. This open character takes
the risk of losing its centrality for the city. The park has to become a “place of intersection of
trends, culture, knowledge, design and people” 7, rather than a green superficial area that
covers the underground system of railways and traffic.
The identity of a place within the city is described by Kevin Lynch in his distinguished book
Image of the city (1960), when he talks about the real meaning of the city where “nothing
is experienced by itself, but always in relationship with the surroundings” and that, “every
citizen has long associations with some parts of the city, and its image is soaked in memories
and meanings” 8. Therefore, the determining factor that will give the real sense as a public
space will be the surrounding activity and its relation with the citizens.
Plaça de les Glòries is being prepared to embrace the central urban role that was assigned
by the Ildefons Cerdà 150 years ago, but it won’t give back its identity as a public square
anymore. The analysis of the initial idea of the innovative “Barcelona 22@” project to bring
together the local and international communities in the same district, was converted into a
paradigmatic square mutation from its original politic and social sense to a recreation space.
An example of the new reality of Barcelona, a city focused on the strength of the economic
lobbies and touristic strategies.
Therefore, the question remains as who will be the real beneficiary of this complex and
expensive project of transforming the historic square. The official institution which deals
with globalization and the international image of Barcelona; or the social one, which deals
with the responsibility of the administration to provide wide public spaces in terms of
self-representation for the citizens.
In political terms, this kind of large places are always subject to public discussion, so the
transformation of the square through infrastructure to a park goes further than just
a politic decision to give green space to the city. While the city council is spending a big
amount of money on the traffic transformation of the square, strongly acclaimed by the
neighbourhood during the last decades, one should think about the consequences of the
populist argument by politics of having a park as a social space. In fact, the ambiguity of
this space contradicts the sense of the social space defined by Henri Lefebvre: “Mediations
and mediators, have to be taken into consideration: the action of groups, the factors within
knowledge, within identity or within the domain of representation. Social space contains
a great diversity of objects, both natural and social, including the networks and pathways
which facilitate the exchange of material things and information “ 9.
The constant struggle by the district associations to keep the local and worker identity
gives the impression that the city council took profit of the instability of the current social
situation to favour the fast development of those projects that would allow the increase of
capital and representation.
Understanding this complex and polemic process, one has to consider the statements
of the proclaims by the mayor saying that “we have fulfilled a dream that began Ildefons
Cerdà“ 10, when it’s clear that the pressure of the socio-political demands provoked the rapid
deliberation of the competition. But most of all, this politic and social circumstances confirm
an alarming lack of a theoretic and academic debate, which is a prove of the tendency by the
official institution on collecting new architectonic happenings, without taking into account
the effort done by the administration and professionals since the Olympic Games for the
correct comprehension of the whole city as an entire project.
To conclude, it appears that the actual concern of the politic managers of Barcelona is not
to be self-critic about the nature of one of the most important and representative squares
in the city, even though its history demands a better and more accurate resolution. The
future park denies the total politic and social sense as an urban space and refuses the real
public and collective values for capitalist interests. Unfortunately, the citizens have quickly
accepted the new idealistic image of a shiny forest within the city that clearly exemplifies
the observations by Guy Debord of our actual societies where “the modern conditions of
production prevail presents itself as an immense accumulation of spectacle ” 11.

Diagonal Avenue view,

Rendering of the winner proposal,

Canòpia Urbana in 2014, project by UTE
Agence Ter & Ana Coello De Llobet. L
Barcelona poulation

2000000

1500000

1859: Cerdà’s Plan project 1897: Poblenou is a new district of Barcelona 1936: Civil War, beginning of the dictatorship 1979: Democracy 1992: Olympic Games 2008: Ring demolition

2007: Glòries Commitment

1000000
2004: Salvem Can Ricart
1852: First railway in Spain 1890: Foundation Flor de Maig 1919: Opening of Plaça de les Glòries 1951: Arrival of the Underground lines
1999: Diagonal Avenue

500000
Open to the waterfront
“Catalan Manchester” Obsolescence and degradation Barcelona 22@

0 1850 1900 1950 2000 2013

Poblenou district Competition

Square (project)
Plaça de les Glòries, Metropolitan General Plan Infrastructure Park
Evolution of the square perimeter through the sequence of the Metropolitan General Plans since the first project by Ildefons Cerdà. The ordinances are divided in two categories:
the first ones defined by the urban identity of the square and the second ones that react to the Eixample grid to create a void inside the pattern.
FORM 1859 1911 1953 PERIMETER 1965 1976 1992
NOTES

1 “L´Ajuntament de Barcelona publica les bases del concurs per al

Projecte Urbà de l´Espai Lliure de la Plaça de les Glòries”, Press Release, Ajuntament de
Barcelona, 08.04.2013

2 “La plaça de les Glòries serà un pulmó verd i tindrà un passeig elevat”,
La Vanguardia, 07.02.2014

3 Josep Antoni Acebillo: “El futuro de las Glòries va más allá de plantar
arbolitos”, El Periódico Barcelona, 04.02.2014

4 “La plaça de les Glòries serà un pulmó verd i tindrà un passeig elevat”,
La Vanguardia, 07.02.2014

5 “El futuro de la Plaza de las Glòries, a debate”, La Vanguardia, 12.03.2012

6 Josep Antoni Acebillo: “El futuro de las Glòries va más allá de plantar
arbolitos”, El Periódico Barcelona, 04.02.2014

7 Josep Antoni Acebillo: “El futuro de las Glòries va más allá de plantar
arbolitos”, El Periódico Barcelona, 04.02.2014

8 Lynch, Kevin. “The Imatge of the City”, Cambridge, The Technological

Press and Harvard University Press, 1960

9 Lefebvre, Henri. ” The Production of Space”, USA: John Wiley & Sons,
1991

10 “Xavier Trias: La transformació de les Glòries és un triomf dels veïns i de

la ciutat”, Press Release, Ajuntament de Barcelona, 07.02.2014

11 Guy Debord. “The Society of Spectacle”, New York, USA: Zone Books,
1994

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chimenea de Fábricas Folch en Av. Icària. Marzo 1986”, http://bcn87-92.tempusfugitvi-
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DBAUG
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