URBAN

DESIGN-S8
AS 404-2022
Module 2 - Syllabus

Greek & Rome

INTRODUCTION OF URBAN

Morphology of Urban spaces

Medieval Town
FORM & CITIES

Renaissance Placemaking

Industrialization urbanization led

transformation of urban space

Concept of new Urbanism

Industrial Age

The Industrial Age is a period of history that encompasses

the changes in economic and social organization that
began around 1760 in Great Britain and later in other
countries, characterized chiefly by the replacement of
hand tools with power-driven machines such as the
power loom and the steam engine, and by the
concentration of industry in large establishments
1. From handcraft to Machine

The new steam engine driven machines replaced the craftsmen system with
faster and cheaper production but often greatly inferior results. The critical eye
and artistry of the craftsman was sacrificed for speed. The worker now served the
machine, feeding it raw materials and allowing it to determine the final product.
From handcraft to Machine
Power was applied to the workplace, and the production of goods grew

With increased production trade expanded, the shop moved from the home into
separate quarters-factory-and the distance between employee and employer
widened

The number of employees in proportion to owners increased rapidly and trade unions
were formed.
From handcraft to Machine

Factory was like a magnet, drawing about it an ever-increasing belt of workers’ dwellings,
schools, and shops

As the result of increased industrial production domestic and foreign commerce expanded

A new era of independent power was born.

2. Transportation
Development of transportation was crucial to the period- Industrial system was dependent
upon the movement of raw materials.

Beginning in 1761 the inland waterways of America were linked by a system of canals.

In 1805 Fulton built his steamboat, the Clermont

In 1825 the first steam railroad was invented - public transportation began operation in
England
Transportation
Traffic congestion paralleled the increase in population density lead to the invention of cable car
In 1867 an elevated cable car was built in New York City

steam train replaced the cable car in1871

By extending their rails beyond the city, Suburbs sprang up along their routes
3. Communication
The introduction of a postal service widened the area and types of communications

With the development of radio, television, and especially the computer in the latter half
of twentieth century, instantaneous contact and the retrieval and transfer of
information are now possible in fractions of a second
4. Public health and safety
Measures for the public health and
safety were extended during the
nineteenth century.

The heavy building cover on the

land reduced the natural drainage
of the city.

Extensive street paving permitted

effective cleaning

Electricity illuminated the highway

and the residential street

Services for the health, safety, and

convenience of the urban
population advanced.
6. City and Factory Town
Consumer culture

Factories expanded

Factories with its tentacles of trains and shipping was

the heart and nerve center of the City
Industrial cities emphasis on the needs of working class
Every amenity of urban life was sacrificed to the requirements of
industrial production
Railroads and ships joined at the factories, and the waterfront became
the industrial core of the city
The new industrial economy brought with
it greater exploitation of the poor and with
that the new slums

Row upon row of crowded workers’

houses in the shadow of the factory, were
added to the traditional slums.
Towns became polluted with smoke and
grime from the chimneys

Waterfronts were ruined

Dirt covered the villages, and sewage

flowed into streams and rivers and
lined the beaches.

Floods of immigration from foreign

lands created a need for housing and
invited the construction of cheaply
built tenements.
Dwellings

● Built in double rows ,No windows at front

● No backyards ,A sewer down middle of street
● Built crammed close together very narrow streets
between them.
● 3 walls are shared with other houses reducing the
amount of materials used

● It was very compact and streets were very tight

and would not allow for light or sufficient air to
enter the house.

● A lobby/living space and an upstairs room, the

kitchen and toilets were communal and often
shared between 16 households.

● Each house could have from 1 to 3 families living

inside and even possible animals.

● The courtyards had privies (outdoor toilets) cooking, storage areas and cesspool (hole to receive
waste from the house)
Manchester"Cottonopolis"
1850
1750

During the course of the nineteenth century

Manchester became Britain’s pre-eminent
industrial metropolis and the textile capital of the
world. Its population rose from 90,000 in 1800 to
700,000 in 1900. It was a city of sharp contrasts:
grand warehouses and opulent civic buildings in
the city centre that reflected the city’s
accumulation of wealth, and abject poverty and
squalor in the workers’ districts
Skyline :- City of Manchester
Worker Quarters
Evolution Of Western Urban Design Theories
01 Pre twentieth Century

URBAN DESIGN AND MACHINES

 URBAN DESIGN AND MACHINES

1882 Soria Y Mata - Linear City

The linear city was an urban plan for an elongated urban
formation. The city would consist of a series of functionally
specialized parallel sectors.The sectors of a linear city
would be:

● a purely segregated zone for railway lines,

● a zone of production and communal enterprises, with
related
● scientific, technical and educational institutions,
● a green belt or buffer zone with major highway,
● a residential zone, including a band of social
institutions, a band of residential buildings and a
"children's band", a park zone, and
● an agricultural zone with gardens and state-run farms
(sovkhozy in the Soviet Union).

The linear city design was first developed by Arturo Soria y Mata in Madrid, Spain during the 19th century, but was promoted
by the Soviet planner Nikolai Alexander Milyutin in the late 1920s
CITY BEAUTIFUL MOVEMENT 1890
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