CHAPTER 9

Sinusoidal
Steady-State Analysis

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
CHAPTER CONTENTS
• 9.1 The Sinusoidal Source
• 9.2 The Sinusoidal Response
• 9.3 The Phasor
• 9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
• 9.5 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain
• 9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications
• 9.7 Source Transformations and Thévenin-Norton Equivalent
Circuits
• 9.8 The Node-Voltage Method
• 9.9 The Mesh-Current Method
• 9.10 The Transformer
• 9.11 The Ideal Transformer
• 9.12 Phasor Diagrams

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a phasor
transform and an inverse phasor transform.
2. Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source into the
frequency domain using phasor concepts.
3. Know how to use the following circuit analysis techniques to solve
a circuit in the frequency domain:
▪ Kirchhoff’s laws;
▪ Series, parallel, and delta-to-wye simplifications;
▪ Voltage and current division;
▪ Thévenin and Norton equivalents;
▪ Node-voltage method; and
▪ Mesh-current method.
4. Be. able to analyze circuits containing linear transformers using
phasor methods
5. Understand the ideal transformer constraints and be able to analyze
circuits containing ideal transformers using phasor methods.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
9.1 The Sinusoidal Source
• A sinusoidal voltage source (independent or
dependent) produces a voltage that varies sinusoidally
with time.
• A sinusoidal current source (independent or
dependent) produces a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.
James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
 Figure 9.1 A sinusoidal voltage.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
• The sinusoidal function repeats at regular intervals is
called periodic.
• The length of time is referred to as the period of the
function and is denoted T.

• The angular frequency of the sinusoidal function

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
• The angle f is know as the phase angle of the
sinusoidal voltage.

Figure 9.2 The sinusoidal voltage from Fig.

9.1 shifted to the right when ϕ = 0.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Root mean square (rms)
• The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the
square root of the mean value of the squared function.

• rms value of a sinusoidal voltage source

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.1
• A sinusoidal current has a maximum amplitude of 20
A.The current passes through one complete cycle in 1
ms. The magnitude of the current at zero time is 10 A.
a) What is the frequency of the current in hertz?
b) What is the frequency in radians per second?
c) Write the expression for i(t) using the cosine function.
Express f in degrees.
d) What is the rms value of the current?

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.1

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.2
• A sinusoidal voltage is given by the expression v =
300 cos (120pt + 30°).
a) What is the period of the voltage in milliseconds?
b) What is the frequency in hertz?
c) What is the magnitude of at t = 2.778 ms?
d) What is the rms value of v?

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.2

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.3
• We can translate the sine function to the cosine
function by subtracting 90° (p/2 rad) from the
argument of the sine function.
a) Verify this translation by showing that
sin (ωt + θ) = cos (ωt + θ – 90°).
b) Use the result in (a) to express sin (ωt + 30°) as a
cosine function.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.3

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.4
• Calculate the rms value of the periodic triangular
current shown in Fig. 9.3. Express your answer in
terms of the peak current Ip.

Figure 9.3 Periodic triangular current.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.4

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.4

Figure 9.4 i2 versus t.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
Example 9.4

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
9.2 The Sinusoidal Response

Figure 9.5 An RL circuit

excited by a sinusoidal
voltage source.

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law

transient component steady-state component

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.
James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.