ES7 - AC I V Plus DC Power Suppply Intro - 09may21

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer
Objectives:
• Review of alternating current & voltage (principles, terminology & symbols)

• Introduction to the dc power supply:
• Basic elements that make up a dc power supply
• Block diagram and waveforms for a dc power supply
• Transformers
• Principle of operation
• Transformer types
• Transformer equations
• Troubleshooting
1
Jim Duffy - Technological University Dublin

Alternating current & voltage:
• During this course we will be dealing with alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage.
• The sine wave is the most fundamental type of alternating current (ac) and alternating voltage.
• It is also referred to as sinusoidal wave or sinusoid.
y  A sin t
Mathematical representation is:
A = amplitude
• Symbol, used to represent an ac supply is:
 = angular frequency
Relationship between  and f is:   2f
• The figure shows the general shape of a sine
wave, which can be either an alternating
current or voltage.
• Voltage or current is displayed on the vertical
axis and time is displayed on the horizontal axis.
• As can be seen the voltage or current starts at
zero, increases to a positive maximum, returns
to zero, and then increases to a negative
maximum before returning to zero.
2
1
Polarity of a Sine Wave:
• Sine waves alternate between positive

and negative values is shown.
• Fig. (a) shows the direction of the

current flow during the positive
alternation of the source voltage.
• Fig. (b) shows the direction of the

current flow during the negative
alternation of the source voltage.
3

Period of a Sine Wave:
• The time period is the time taken to complete 1 cycle and can be measured as shown.
1
• The frequency (f) of the sine wave is related to the period (T) by the formula: f  Hz
T
4
2
Frequency of a Sine Wave:
• Frequency is the number of cycles completed in 1 second.

• The more cycles completed in one second the higher the frequency as shown.
1
•.The relationship between frequency and period is given by: f  Hz
T
5
How sine waves are generated - AC Generator:

Magnetic pole
Brushes
Mechanical
drive
Slip rings
Magnetic pole
Note:- One full revolution of the loop generates one cycle of the sine wave voltage
6
3
Sine wave – peak value
• The peak value is the value at the positive or negative maximum with respect to zero as shown .
• The peak values are equal in magnitude and a sine wave is characterised by a single peak value.
• The relationship between rms and peak voltage is: 1 1
Vrms   VP   Vp
2 1.414
Sine wave – peak-to-peak value:
• The peak-to-peak value is measured from the positive peak to the negative peak as shown.
• The relationship between rms and peak-to-peak voltage is: 1 1
Vrms   VPP   VPP
2 2 2.828
Figure showing Peak voltage, VP Figure showing Peak-to-peak voltage, VPP

7
Example: For each of the following calculate:
(a) The peak to peak voltage value of an input ac voltage that has a value of 45 V rms.
(b) The rms voltage value of an ac supply with a peak voltage value of VP = 24 V.
(a)
V pp  2 2  Vrms  2.828  Vrms  2.828  45

V pp  127.26 V
(b)
1
Vrms   V p  0.707  V p  0.707  24
2
Vrms  16.97 V
8
4
Sine wave – rms value:
• The rms (root mean square) is also referred to as the effective value. Most ac voltmeters display
rms voltage. (rms indicates the usefulness of the supply)
• The rms value of a sine wave is a measure of the heating effect of the sine wave. See Fig. (a).
• The rms value of a sine wave voltage is equal to the dc voltage that produces the same amount
of heat in a resistance as does the sine wave.
• Note the resistors in Fig. (a) & (b) have the same value.
9

Sine wave – Phase:
• See Fig. (a) for the complete cycle angular measurement

of a sine wave based on 2 radians.
• Figures (b) & (c) shows the phase shifts of a sine wave.
• In Fig. (b), there is a 900 phase angle between sine wave A
and sine wave B i.e. the positive peak of sine wave B
occurs later than the positive peak of sine wave A.
(a)
• The reverse situation can also occur as shown in Fig. (c).
(b) (b)
10
5
Power supply introduction:
The power supply is used to convert the ac energy provided by the wall outlet to dc energy. In
most electronic equipment the dc power supply converts the standard 240V, 50Hz ac, available at
wall outlets to a constant dc supply.
The basic power supply is broken down into 4 elements, which are:
- The transformer
- The rectifier
- The filter
- The voltage regulator
11
Basic Elements of Power Supplies:
The transformer: usually steps up or down the incoming line voltage depending on the needs of
the power supply. The alternating voltage is them fed to the rectifier.
The rectifier: is a diode circuit that converts the ac to a pulsating dc. This pulsating dc is then
applied to the filter.
The filter: is a circuit that reduces the variations in the dc voltage. It can include one or several
passive components such as resistors, capacitors and inductors. We will study the capacitor as a
filter. The filtered dc is then fed to a voltage regulator stage.
The voltage regulator: is used to maintain a constant dc voltage at the power supply output. It
also provides a further smoothing of the dc voltage. We will study the zener diode as a voltage
regulator.
12
6
Basic Power Supply – Block Diagram and waveforms:
• ac supply to transformer
• ac waveform after transformer
• dc waveform after rectifier
• dc waveform after filtering
• dc waveform after voltage regulation

13

Transformer:
• This is a device formed by two or more windings that are

magnetically coupled to each other and provide a transfer of ac
power electromagnetically from one winding to another.
• The basic schematic for the transformer is shown in the figure.
• Note that it has two windings, the primary and secondary.
• The input voltage is applied through the primary winding

and the output voltage is taken from the secondary winding.
14
7
Transformer (continued):
• The figure represents a simple transformer.
• Note that there is no electrical connection

between the primary and secondary windings. Vp(pri) Vp(sec)
• ac is applied to the primary and this ac

current creates a magnetic flux in the core of
the transformer
• This magnetic flux grows as the ac current increases in the primary winding. As the ac current
decreases, then reverses – so does the magnetic flux.
• The ac current has created a constantly changing and reversing flux in the transformer core.
• This constantly changing flux also passes through the secondary winding. As it grows, collapses
and reverses, it cuts through the secondary windings and induces a voltage in it.
15

Transformer (continued):
Transformer Types:
Step Up: These transformers provide a secondary voltage

that is greater then the primary voltage.
Step Down: These transformers provide a secondary

voltage that is less than the primary voltage
Isolation: These transformers provide a secondary voltage

that is equal to the primary voltage. This type of
transformer is used to isolate the power supply from the ac
power supply. This is often necessary to protect both the
equipment and the person working on it.
16
8
Transformer – Calculating Secondary Voltage:
• For the simple transformer shown, there are 12 Vp(pri) = 12V
turns in the primary windings creating the magnetic

flux in the core. The same flux cuts the secondary Vp(pri) Vp(sec)
windings which has only 6 turns.
• The fact that there are twice as many primary turns as there are secondary turns is represented
in the figure by the label 2:1 at the top of the core.
• The secondary voltage can be calculated if the
primary voltage and the turns ratio are known. In this case the induced voltage is one half of that
in the primary voltage.
Nsec 1
V p (sec)  V p ( pri )  12  6 V p
N pri 2
• NOTE: The turns ratio is defined as the number of turns on the primary winding to the number
of turns on the secondary winding. For the transformer in the figure the turns ratio is
2
Turns Ratio 
1
17

Transformer – Calculating Secondary Current:
• Ideally, transformers are 100% efficient. This means that the ideal transformer transfers 100%
of its power to the secondary (The actual losses are small, so we ignore them).
• Therefore, if we assume that all the power that goes in is transferred to the output then:
Psec  Ppri (1)
P  VI (2)
I pri Vsec Vpri
• Substituting (2) into (1) to give: Vsec I sec  Vpri I pri    Isec  I pri (3)
I sec Vpri Vsec
V pri N pri
• From the previous slide:  (4)
Vs ec Nsec
N pri
• Substituting (4) into (3) to give: I sec  I pri
N sec
18
9
Illustration of voltages and currents in a transformer with a loaded secondary winding:
19

Transformer – Direction of windings:
The directions of the

windings determines the
relative polarities of the
voltages.
Phase dots are used to

indicate the phase difference
between input and output.
Primary & Secondary Primary & Secondary 20

Jim Duffy - Technological University Dublin in phase 1800 out of phase
10
Transformer – troubleshooting: Open primary winding:
Results in:
• No primary current.
• No induced voltage or current
in the secondary winding.
Note the method used to check

with an ohmmeter.
Shown in Fig. (b).
21

Transformer – troubleshooting: Open secondary winding:
Results in:
• No secondary current.
• No secondary voltage i.e. no
voltage across the load.
• Primary current will be very
small.

with an ohmmeter.
Shown in Fig. (b).
22
11
Transformer – troubleshooting: Shorted primary winding:
A completely shorted primary winding results in:
• Drawing excessive current from the source – may result in burn out of the source or transformer
or both if a breaker or fuse is not in place.
A partially shorted primary winding results in:
• Drawing higher than normal or excessive current from the source – may result in burn out of the
source or transformer or both if a breaker or fuse is not in place.
23

Transformer – troubleshooting: Shorted secondary winding:
Results in
• Excessive primary current – may burn out the
primary winding and result in an open.
• Load current is zero.
• voltage across the load is zero.

with an ohmmeter.
Shown in Fig. (c).
24
12
Transformer – troubleshooting: Partially shorted secondary winding:
Results in:
• Higher than normal primary current – may
burn out the primary winding and result in
an open.
• Load current is less than normal.
• Voltage across the load is less than normal.

with an ohmmeter.
Shown in Fig. (c).
25
Summary:
• The important principles, terminology & symbols of ac current and voltage necessary for the
complete understanding of a dc power supply have been covered.
• The basic function of a power supply is to give a smooth ripple free dc voltage from an ac
voltage.
• Power supplies consists of: transformer, rectifier, filter, and voltage regulator.
• Transformer coupling allows voltage manipulation through it’s windings ratio.
• Transformers can be either: step up, step down, or isolation.
26
13

ES7 - AC I V Plus DC Power Suppply Intro - 09may21

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

ES7 - AC I V Plus DC Power Suppply Intro - 09may21

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• Review of alternating current & voltage (principles, terminology & symbols)

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• Sine waves alternate between positive

• Fig. (a) shows the direction of the

• Fig. (b) shows the direction of the

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• Frequency is the number of cycles completed in 1 second.

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

How sine waves are generated - AC Generator:

Figure showing Peak voltage, VP Figure showing Peak-to-peak voltage, VPP

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Example: For each of the following calculate:

V pp  2 2  Vrms  2.828  Vrms  2.828  45

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• See Fig. (a) for the complete cycle angular measurement

Power supply introduction:

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Basic Elements of Power Supplies:

• ac waveform after transformer

• dc waveform after rectifier

• dc waveform after filtering

• dc waveform after voltage regulation

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• This is a device formed by two or more windings that are

• The basic schematic for the transformer is shown in the figure.

• Note that it has two windings, the primary and secondary.

• The input voltage is applied through the primary winding

• Note that there is no electrical connection

• ac is applied to the primary and this ac

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Step Up: These transformers provide a secondary voltage

Step Down: These transformers provide a secondary

Isolation: These transformers provide a secondary voltage

• For the simple transformer shown, there are 12 Vp(pri) = 12V

turns in the primary windings creating the magnetic

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Psec  Ppri (1)

Illustration of voltages and currents in a transformer with a loaded secondary winding:

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

The directions of the

Phase dots are used to

Primary & Secondary Primary & Secondary 20

Note the method used to check

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Note the method used to check

A completely shorted primary winding results in:

A partially shorted primary winding results in:

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

Note the method used to check

Note the method used to check

ES7 - Alternating Current & Voltage / DC Power Supply / Transformer

• Transformer coupling allows voltage manipulation through it’s windings ratio.

• Transformers can be either: step up, step down, or isolation.

You might also like