Electric circuit 1

AC circuit
 Presentation Outline

Fundamentals of AC circuit
Sinusoidal AC voltage generation

Basic method of generating ac voltage

Equations of AC voltage
Instantaneous Value
Important Definitions
Phase Relations
Average Value
Root mean square value
3 Examples
 AC Fundamentals
➢ Previously you learned that DC sources have fixed polarities and constant
magnitudes and thus produce currents with constant value and unchanging
direction

➢ In contrast, the voltages of ac sources alternate in polarity and vary in

magnitude and thus produce currents that vary in magnitude and alternate in
direction.

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 Alternating voltage may be generated by

rotating a coil in a magnetic field

rotating a magnetic field within a stationary coil

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 General format for the sinusoidal voltage or current

The basic mathematical format for the sinusoidal waveform is:

where Am is the peak value of the waveform and 𝛼 is the unit of measure for the horizontal
axis,

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 Sinusoidal AC voltage generation

Sinusoidal ac voltages are available from a variety of sources.

• The most common source is the typical home outlet, which provides an ac
voltage that originates
• Steam power plant
(a) at a power plant • Hydroelectric power generation Prim-mover
• Gas power plant
(b) Diesel generator • Nuclear power plant

(c) Wind turbine

(d) PV system

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 Basic method of generating ac voltages
➢ One way to generate an ac voltage is to rotate a coil of wire at constant
angular velocity in a fixed magnetic field

➢ The magnitude of the resulting voltage is proportional to the rate at which flux
lines are cut

video

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 Instantaneous Value
➢ As the coil voltage changes from instant to instant. The value of voltage at any
point on the waveform is referred to as its instantaneous value.

➢ The voltage has a peak value of 40 volts ✓ at t = 0 ms, the voltage is zero.
➢ The cycle time of 6 ms. ✓ at t=0.5 ms, the voltage is 20V.

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EXAMPLE 5.1

Given 𝑒 = 5 sin𝛼 determine e at 𝛼 =40 and 𝛼=0.8 𝜋

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If the waveform is shifted to the right or left of 0°, the expression becomes

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 MEASUREMENTS OF AC

We can express AC voltage by:

• Tracking the voltage and plot the waveform.
• Measuring the period time
• Measuring the frequency
there are problem when we want to know how large or small an AC quantity is,
With DC, where quantities of voltage and current are generally stable, we have little
trouble expressing how much voltage or current we have in any part of a circuit.

One way to express the intensity, or magnitude (also called the amplitude),

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Also there are problem when we want to express AC quantity with amplitude,

For example, a square wave peaking at 10 volts is obviously a greater amount of

voltage for a greater amount of time than a triangle waves peaking at 10 volts as
shown below. The effects of these two AC voltages powering a load would be
quite different:

One way of expressing the amplitude of different wave shapes in a more equivalent
fashion is to mathematically average the values of all the points on a waveform's
graph This measure is known simply as the average value of the waveform.

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 Average value

𝑡
𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑛
𝐼𝑎𝑣 = 𝑛
𝑡

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 Determine the average value of the sinusoidal
waveform

the average value of a pure sinusoidal

waveform over one full cycle is
zero.

Find the average values of the following

waveforms over one full cycle

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 • Because of, the average value of a pure sinusoidal waveform over one full cycle is zero.
• In addition, there are power consumed over full cycle, power is proportional to the square
of the voltage or current applied to a resistance (P = v2/R, and P =I2R)

Another method of deriving an aggregate value for waveform amplitude is based

on the waveform's ability to do useful work when applied to a load resistance.

the root mean square value === effective value

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EXAMPLE , The 120-V dc source ,delivers 3.6 W to the load. Determine the peak value of the
AC applied voltage (Em) and the current (Im) if the ac source is to deliver the same power to the
load.

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Find the average and effective values of voltage of sinusoidal
waveform shown