Analisis Del Estado Estacionario Sinusoidal (1222

CHAPTER 9
Sinusoidal
Steady-State Analysis
Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

James W. Nilsson | Susan A. Riedel All rights reserved.
CHAPTER CONTENTS
• 9.1 The Sinusoidal Source
• 9.2 The Sinusoidal Response
• 9.3 The Phasor
• 9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the Frequency Domain
• 9.5 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency Domain
• 9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye Simplifications
• 9.7 Source Transformations and Thévenin-Norton Equivalent
Circuits
• 9.8 The Node-Voltage Method
• 9.9 The Mesh-Current Method
• 9.10 The Transformer
• 9.11 The Ideal Transformer
• 9.12 Phasor Diagrams

CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1. Understand phasor concepts and be able to perform a phasor
transform and an inverse phasor transform.
2. Be able to transform a circuit with a sinusoidal source into the
frequency domain using phasor concepts.
3. Know how to use the following circuit analysis techniques to solve
a circuit in the frequency domain:
▪ Kirchhoff’s laws;
▪ Series, parallel, and delta-to-wye simplifications;
▪ Voltage and current division;
▪ Thévenin and Norton equivalents;
▪ Node-voltage method; and
▪ Mesh-current method.
4. Be. able to analyze circuits containing linear transformers using
phasor methods
5. Understand the ideal transformer constraints and be able to analyze
circuits containing ideal transformers using phasor methods.

9.1 The Sinusoidal Source
• A sinusoidal voltage source (independent or
dependent) produces a voltage that varies sinusoidally
with time.
• A sinusoidal current source (independent or
dependent) produces a current that varies sinusoidally
with time.

Figure 9.1 A sinusoidal voltage.

• The sinusoidal function repeats at regular intervals is
called periodic.
• The length of time is referred to as the period of the
function and is denoted T.
• The angular frequency of the sinusoidal function

• The angle f is know as the phase angle of the
sinusoidal voltage.
Figure 9.2 The sinusoidal voltage from Fig.

9.1 shifted to the right when ϕ = 0.

Root mean square (rms)
• The rms value of a periodic function is defined as the
square root of the mean value of the squared function.
• rms value of a sinusoidal voltage source

Example 9.1
• A sinusoidal current (i(t)) has a maximum amplitude
of 20 A.The current passes through one complete
cycle in 1 ms. The magnitude of the current at zero
time is 10 A.
a) What is the frequency of the current in hertz?
b) What is the frequency in radians per second?
c) Write the expression for i(t) using the cosine function.
Express f in degrees.
d) What is the rms value of the current?

Example 9.1

Example 9.2
• A sinusoidal voltage is given by the expression v =
300 cos (120pt + 30°).
a) What is the period of the voltage in milliseconds?
b) What is the frequency in hertz?
c) What is the magnitude of at t = 2.778 ms?
d) What is the rms value of v?

Example 9.2

Example 9.3
• We can translate the sine function to the cosine
function by subtracting 90° (p/2 rad) from the
argument of the sine function.
a) Verify this translation by showing that
sin (ωt + θ) = cos (ωt + θ – 90°).
b) Use the result in (a) to express sin (ωt + 30°) as a
cosine function.

Example 9.3

Example 9.4
• Calculate the rms value of the periodic triangular
current shown in Fig. 9.3. Express your answer in
terms of the peak current Ip.
Figure 9.3 Periodic triangular current.

Example 9.4

Example 9.4
Figure 9.4 i2 versus t.

Example 9.4

9.2 The Sinusoidal Response
Figure 9.5 An RL circuit

excited by a sinusoidal
voltage source.
• Kirchhoff’s voltage law
transient component steady-state component

Transient & Steady-state component
1. The steady-state solution is a sinusoidal function.
2. The frequency of the response signal is identical to
the frequency of the source signal. If R, L, and C,
are constant.
3. The maximum amplitude of the response signal is
Vm / R 2 +  2 L2 and the maximum amplitude of the
signal source is Vm.
4. The phase angle of the current is f – q and that of
the voltage source is f.

9.3 The Phasor
• The phasor is a complex number that carries the
amplitude and phase angle information of a sinusoidal
function.1 The phasor concept is rooted in Euler’s
identity, which relates the exponential function to the
trigonometric function:

• The phasor transform transfers the sinusoidal function
from the time domain to the complex-number domain,
which is also called the frequency domain.

• Phasor transform
the phasor transform of Vm cos (ωt + θ)

Inverse Phasor Transform
• finding the inverse phasor transform
the inverse phasor transform of Vm e jf .
• Equation 9.17 indicates that to find the inverse phasor

transform, we multiply the phasor by e jt and then
extract the real part of the product.

• The transient component vanishes as time elapses, so the
steady state component of the solution must also satisfy
the differential equation.
• In a linear circuit driven by sinusoidal sources, the steady-
state response also is sinusoidal, and the frequency of the
sinusoidal response is the same as the frequency of the
sinusoidal source.
• Using the notation introduced in Eq. 9.11, we can
postulate that the steady-state solution is of the form
where A is the maximum amplitude of the
response and is the phase angle of the response.
• When we substitute the postulated steady-state solution
jt
into the differential equation, the exponential term e
cancels out, leaving the solution for A and b in the
domain of complex numbers.
Example 9.5
• If y1 = 20 cos (ωt – 30°) and y2 = 40 cos (ωt + 60°)
express y = y1 + y2 as a single sinusoidal function.
a) Solve by using trigonometric identities.
b) Solve by using the phasor concept.

Example 9.5
Figure 9.6 A right

triangle used in the
solution for y.
Example 9.5

Phasor as Rotating Vectors
v(t ) = Vm cos(t + q )
v(t ) = Re Vm e( jt +q ) 
v(t ) = Re Vm ( jt + q ) 
Rotating Phasor

Phasor Diagrams
Time Domain Re presentation Phasor Domain Re p.
Vm cos(t + f ) Vm f
Vm sin(t + f ) Vm f − 90
I m cos(t + q ) I m q
I m sin(t + q ) I m q − 90

Time Domain Versus Phasor Domain

9.4 The Passive Circuit Elements in the
Frequency Domain
• The V-I Relationship for a Resistor
• If i = Im cos (ωt + qi), Figure 9.7 A
resistive element
carrying a
sinusoidal current.
• The phasor transform of this voltage is
• Relationship between phasor voltage and phasor

current for a resistor

• The signals are said to be in phase because they both
reach corresponding values on their respective curves
at the same time.
Figure 9.8 The frequency-

domain equivalent circuit of
a resistor. Figure 9.9 A plot showing that the
voltage and current at the terminals of a
resistor are in phase.
• The V-I Relationship for an Inductor

current for an inductor.

• voltage leading current or current lagging voltage
Sumo un ángulo positivo Resto un ángulo positivo

domain equivalent circuit for
an inductor.
Figure 9.11 A plot showing the phase
relationship between the current and
voltage at the terminals of an inductor (θi
= 60°).
The V-I Relationship for a Capacitor

current for a capacitor.
Figure 9.12 The frequency

domain equivalent circuit of a
capacitor.
• The current leads the voltage by 90°.
LUIS
CIUDAD
Figure 9.13 A plot showing
the phase relationship
between the current and
voltage at the terminals of a
capacitor (θi = 60°).
Impedance and Reactance
• Definition of impedance
where Z represents the impedance of the circuit

element.
Z= 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋𝐿 +𝑗𝑋𝐶
Z= 𝑅, 𝑗𝑋𝐿 = 𝑗𝑋𝐶 = 𝑋𝐿
= 𝑋𝐶

Phasor Diagrams
jt
➢ The SINOR Ve
Rotates on a circle of radius Vm at an angular velocity of ω in the counterclockwise
direction

𝑋𝐿 = 𝜔𝐿 = 10000 ∗ 20 ∗ 10−3 = 200 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑜𝑠
𝑍𝐿 = 𝑋𝐿 𝑗 = 200𝑗 𝑂ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑜𝑠
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍𝐿 = 10∠30 ∗ (200∠90)*10^-3
𝑉 = 𝐼𝑍𝐿 = 2∠120 V
𝑉 = 2 ∗ cos(10000𝑡 + 120)V
9.5 Kirchhoff’s Laws in the Frequency
Domain
• Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law in the Frequency Domain
• Euler’s identity

• KVL in the frequency domain

Kirchhoff’s Current Law in the
Frequency Domain
• KCL in the frequency domain

STOP HERE!

9.6 Series, Parallel, and Delta-to-Wye
Simplifications
• Combining Impedances in Series and Parallel
Figure 9.14 Impedances in series.

Example 9.6
• A resistor, a 32 mH inductor, and a 5 mF capacitor
are connected in series across the terminals of a
sinusoidal voltage source, as shown in Fig. 9.15.The
steady-state expression for the source voltage vs is
750 cos (5000t + 30°) V.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Calculate the steady-state current i by the phasor
method.
Figure 9.15 The circuit for Example 9.6.

Example 9.6

Example 9.6
Figure 9.16 The frequency-domain equivalent

circuit of the circuit shown in Fig. 9.15.

Example 9.6

Impedances connected in parallel
Figure 9.17 Impedances in parallel.

• Just two impedances in parallel
• Admittance, defined as the reciprocal of impedance

and denoted Y
G, is called conductance and whose imaginary part,

B, is called susceptance.

Example 9.7
• The sinusoidal current source in the circuit shown in
Fig. 9.18 produces the current is = 8 cos 200,000t A.
a) Construct the frequency-domain equivalent circuit.
b) Find the steady-state expressions for v, i1, i2, and i3.

Example 9.7

domain equivalent circuit.
Example 9.7

Example 9.7

Example 9.7

Example 9.7

Delta-to-Wye Transformations
Figure 9.20 The delta-to-wye

transformation.

Figure 9.20 The delta-to-wye
transformation.

Example 9.8
• Use a D-to-Y impedance transformation to find I0, I1,
I2, I3, I4, I5, V1 and V2 in the circuit in Fig. 9.21.
z1
z2
z5
1 2
z41
z3

Example 9.8

Example 9.8

Example 9.8
Figure 9.22 The circuit shown

in Fig. 9.21, with the lower delta
replaced by its equivalent wye.
Example 9.8
Figure 9.23 A simplified

version of the circuit shown in
Fig. 9.22.

Example 9.8

Example 9.8

9.12 Phasor Diagrams
• Constructing phasor diagrams of circuit quantities
generally involves both currents and voltages.
Figure 9.48 A graphic

representation of phasors.
Figure 9.49 The complex

number −7 − j3 = 7.62 /–156.80°.
Example 9.15
• For the circuit in Fig. 9.50, use a phasor diagram to
find the value of R that will cause the current through
that resistor, iR, to lag the source current. is, by 45°
when  = 5 krad/s.

Example 9.15

Example 9.15
Figure 9.51 The phasor diagram

for the currents in Fig. 9.50.
Example 9.16
• The circuit in Fig. 9.52 has a load consisting of the
parallel combination of the resistor and inductor. Use
phasor diagrams to explore the effect of adding a
capacitor across the terminals of the load on the
amplitude of Vs if we adjust Vs so that the amplitude
of VL remains constant. Utility companies use this
technique to control the voltage drop on their lines.
Figure 9.52 The

circuit for Example
9.16.
Example 9.16
Figure 9.53 The frequency-domain

equivalent of the circuit in Fig. 9.52.
Example 9.16

Example 9.16

Example 9.16
Figure 9.54 The step-

by-step evolution of the
phasor diagram for the
circuit in Fig. 9.53.

Example 9.16

Example 9.16
Figure 9.55 The addition of a capacitor

to the circuit shown in Fig. 9.53.
Figure 9.56 The effect of the capacitor

current Ic on the line current I.
Example 9.16
Figure 9.57 The effect of

adding a load-shunting capacitor
to the circuit shown in Fig. 9.53
if VL is held constant.


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CHAPTER 9

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

• The angular frequency of the sinusoidal function

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.2 The sinusoidal voltage from Fig.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

• rms value of a sinusoidal voltage source

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.3 Periodic triangular current.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.4 i2 versus t.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.5 An RL circuit

• Kirchhoff’s voltage law

transient component steady-state component

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

the phasor transform of Vm cos (ωt + θ)

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

the inverse phasor transform of Vm e jf .

• Equation 9.17 indicates that to find the inverse phasor

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.6 A right

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

• The phasor transform of this voltage is

• Relationship between phasor voltage and phasor

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.8 The frequency-

• Relationship between phasor voltage and phasor

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Sumo un ángulo positivo Resto un ángulo positivo

Figure 9.10 The frequency-

• Relationship between phasor voltage and phasor

Figure 9.12 The frequency

where Z represents the impedance of the circuit

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

• KCL in the frequency domain

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.14 Impedances in series.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.

Figure 9.15 The circuit for Example 9.6.

Electronic Circuits, Tenth Edition Copyright ©2015 by Pearson Higher Education.