TENGERU INSTITUTE OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

(TICD)

INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLES (BODA

BODA) ACCIDENTS IN THE COMMUNITY

A CASE STUDY OF ROMBO DISTRICT

BY:

SIA MARIKI JAMES

THIS RESEARCH REPORT SUBMITTED IN ORDINARY

DIPLOMA OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT

2019
INVESTIGATE THE IMPACT OF MOTORCYCLES (BODA
BODA) ACCIDENTS IN THE COMMUNITY
 ABSTRACT

This statement summarizes the whole research report at all. This research report was prepared
for potential fulfilment of the requirements of ordinary Diploma of Community
Development.

The research study report containing preliminary pages which have, Acknowledgement,
Certification, Declaration, Dedication, List of abbreviation and abstract as well as this
summary. All of those contain the first pages numbered in Romans.

In addition, the research report contains five chapters. Chapter One, which have an
introduction of the research, background information of the study, statement of the problem,
Research objectives and questions of the study.

Chapter two presents’ relevant literatures of other studies in order to provide a theoretical
framework will guide the development of the study on which analysis of data for the study
basically the chapter deal with Theoretical literatures, Empirical review and Conceptual
framework.

Chapter presented three a blue print to be adopted in the study under the following parts
namely; research design; study area; population and sample size; sampling procedures; data
collection methods; and data analysis.

Chapter four presents more about presentation, analysis and the interpretation of research
finding. The aim of this research was investigate the impact of motorcycle (boda boda)
accident to the community a case study Rombo district.

Chapter five highlights the summary, conclusion and recommendations for research.

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 CERTIFICATION

I the undersigned, certify that I have read and hereby recommend for acceptance by the
Tengeru Institute of community Development, the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident
a case study of Rombo District Council, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for award of
the diploma in community Development at Tengeru Institute of Community Development
(TICD).

Signature -------------------------------------

Major Supervisor

Signature --------------------------------------

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 DECLARATION

I, SIA MARIKI JAMES, declare that this dissertation is my own original work and that it
has not been presented and will not be presented to any other University or Institute for a
similar or any other diploma award.

Signature ……………………………………

Date…………………………………..........

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 DEDICATION

To my mother Ruth Mariki, and relatives, and my friends.

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 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

NGO - Non-government organization

VEO - Village Executive Officer

WEO - Ward Executive Officer

TRA - Tanzania Revenuer Authority

GDP - Growth Domestic Production

TICD - Tengeru Institute of Community Development

WHO - World Health Organization

CDO - Community Development Workers

SPSS - Statistical Package for Social Science

MDGs - Millennium Development Goals

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Before going on I would like to take opportunity to thank God for giving me good health and
wonderful safeguards without forget my parents who have assisted me in various ways
throughout my training at Tengeru Institute of Community Development (TICD) during the
collection of Data.

Also Special thanks to my supervisor Mr. MAGOMBOLA, for his untiring help without
forgetting the research lecturer Mr. D.UTONGA for the training he provide for me during the
section about how to write the report research.

I am also indebted to the ward executive officer, village executive officer, traffic police
officers who managed to create a conducive environment for community members to work
on my questionnaires at Rombo District Council. I eventually thank all respondents for their
support

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................ i

CERTIFICATION .....................................................................................................................ii

DECLARATION ..................................................................................................................... iii

DEDICATION .......................................................................................................................... iv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS .................................................................................................... v

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ...................................................................................................... vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS .........................................................................................................vii

LIST OF TABLES ..................................................................................................................... x

LIST OF APPENDICES ........................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................ 1

INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 OVERVIEW .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Back ground of the problem ............................................................................................ 1

1.1.1 Causes of Motorcycle ................................................................................................... 3

1.1.2 Key Challenges of Motorcycle Accidents .................................................................... 4

1.2 statement of the problem .................................................................................................. 4

1.3 objectives of the study ..................................................................................................... 5

1.3.1 Main objective .............................................................................................................. 5

1.3.2 Specific Objectives ....................................................................................................... 5

1.4 Research questions ........................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Significance of the study.................................................................................................. 5

1.5.1 for the researcher........................................................................................................... 5

1.5.2 To the community ......................................................................................................... 5

1.5.3 To the Government ....................................................................................................... 6

CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................... 7

LITERATURE REVIEW .......................................................................................................... 7

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 2.0 overview ........................................................................................................................... 7

2.1Theoretical Literature Review .......................................................................................... 7

2.1.1 Definitions of Terms ..................................................................................................... 7

2.2 Empirical review .............................................................................................................. 8

2.2.1 Theoretical Reviews...................................................................................................... 9

2.3 Empirical Literature Review .......................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................. 13

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY............................................................................................. 13

3.0 overview ......................................................................................................................... 13

3.1 Research Design............................................................................................................. 13

3.2 Study Area ..................................................................................................................... 13

3.2.1 Sample size ................................................................................................................. 13

3.2.2 Sampling technique ..................................................................................................... 13

3.3 Sampling Procedures ..................................................................................................... 14

3.3.1 Stratification sampling ................................................................................................ 14

3.4 Data collection methods ................................................................................................. 15

3.4.1 Data collection techniques .......................................................................................... 15

3.4.2 Secondary data collection methods ............................................................................. 16

3.4.3 Document review ........................................................................................................ 16

3.5 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 16

3.6 Ethical Consideration ..................................................................................................... 17

CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................... 18

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS .................................. 18

4.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 18

4.1 Demographic/characteristics of respondents. ................................................................ 18

4.2 Respondents’ background information .......................................................................... 18

4.2.1 Sex respondents .......................................................................................................... 19

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 4.2.2 Age Respondents ........................................................................................................ 19

4.2.3 Marital Status .............................................................................................................. 20

4.2.4 Education level............................................................................................................ 21

4.2.5 Initial capital ............................................................................................................... 21

4.3 Discussion of findings by objectives ............................................................................. 22

4.3.1 Factors that contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accidents in Rombo District ....... 22

4.3.2 To explore the impact of motorcycle (bodaboda) accident to the community ........... 23

4.3.3 To identify different road safety measures taken by government to combat the
motorcycle accident in the community ................................................................................ 23

4.3.4To find out the challenges face community toward reducing the rate of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident in the community. .............................................................................. 23

CHAPTER FIVE ..................................................................................................................... 25

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................. 25

5.0 Overview ........................................................................................................................ 25

5.1 Summary ........................................................................................................................ 25

5.1.1 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 25

5.1.2 Recommendations ....................................................................................................... 26

5.2.2 Recommendation to the community ........................................................................... 26

REFERENCE ........................................................................................................................... 27

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 LIST OF TABLES

Table 1Sample Size distribution of the respondents ................................................................ 14

Table 2: Distribution of respondents by Sex............................................................................ 19

Table 3: Distribution of Respondents by Age.......................................................................... 19

Table 4:Showing Respondents’ Marital Status ........................................................................ 20

Table 5: Education level of the respondents ............................................................................ 21

Table 6: Initial capital of respondent ....................................................................................... 21

Table 7:presents the factors that contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accident.................... 22

Table 8: Impact of motorcycle accident to the community ..................................................... 23

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 LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX I: Questionnaire for project coordinator .............................................................. 28

APPENDIX II: Interview guide questions to motorcyclist...................................................... 30
APPENDIX III:focus group discussion guide questions to community members .................. 31
APPENDIX IV observation ..................................................................................................... 32
APPENDIX V action plan ....................................................................................................... 33
APPENDIX VI :research budget ............................................................................................. 34

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 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.0 OVERVIEW

This chapter presented briefly the Background of the problem, Statement of the problem,
Research objectives and research questions

1.1 Back ground of the problem

motorcycle (boda boda) accident are rise day to day but most of motorcycle accident are
caused injuries constitute a major but neglected emerging public health problem in
developing countries and contribute significantly to the overall road traffic injuries (Peden et
al, 2002). Motorcycle injuries are among the leading causes of disability and deaths and the
main victims are the motorcyclists, passengers and pedestrians in their young reproductive
age group (Peden, 2004; Solagrebu et al., 2006). The problem is increasing at a fast rate in
developing countries due to rapid motorization and other factors (Galukande et al, 2009). It is
estimated that 3,000 people die and 30,000 are seriously injured on the world's roads every
day with the majority of the casualties coming from what the World Bank classifies as low
and middle-income countries Tanzania being among them (Afukaar, 2000)

Also motorcycles are becoming an increasingly popular means of transportation. They are
appealing to a broader range of riders than ever before, including older adults and more
affluent individuals. Their popularity is attributed, in part, to the low cost of maintaining one
and they are typically much more fuel efficient than cars and trucks (Banyikwa, 2005). The
motorcycle, commonly called “bodaboda” in Uganda and Kenya (Naddumba, 2004,
Galukande et al., 2009) and „„okada‟‟ in Nigeria (Oluwadiya et al., 2004; Solagrebu et al.,
2006), has recently become increasingly popular in Tanzania as a means of commercial
transport but their operation is characterized by non-helmet use by riders and their
passengers, passenger overload, lack of certified driver training and valid licensing, over
speed and reckless driving, poor regulation and law enforcement and possible use of alcohol
and drugs (Museru and Leshabari, 2002). The popularity of this mode of transport in
Tanzania can be due to the following reasons; they are a quick means of transport especially
for short distances in cities and towns, they are efficient in mitigating traffic jam delays in the
cities and they are available throughout the day and night hours (Chalya et al., 2010). The
negative side of motorcycle as a means of transport is the risk of injury as reported in other

1
studies (Naddumba, 2004; Galukande et al., 2009) and they constitute a major public problem
in major cities in developing countries like Tanzania (Museru and Leshabari, 2002).

Motorcycle users are represent an important group to target for reducing road traffic injuries
(Solagrebu et al, 2006). Even in developed countries with low morbidity and mortality rates
from motorcycle injuries, the risk of dying from a motorcycle crash is 20 times higher than
from a motor vehicle crash (Peden, 2004; Solagrebu et al, 2006). The reasons are that
motorcyclists tend to over-speed and over load their motorcycles for quick returns. It is
because of that recklessness, indiscipline and lack of respect for other road users by the
motorcyclists who are mainly youths, are the major cause of road related injuries. The
majority of the motorcyclists don‟t wear any protective gears, hence aggravating the risks of
getting severe head injuries (Naddumba, 2004)

Haonga (2010) stated that 52% of all the patients who came to Muhimbili national hospital
were road accident victims who were either injured or got dead due to motorcycle accidents;
most of them being young men. This state of affair has caused incapacitations to many
patients who stay in the hospital for long periods of time to undergo surgery and receive
medication resulting into cost burdens to their families as well as national health resources.
The young male preponderance agrees with findings reported elsewhere (Naddumba, 2004;
Okeniyi et al., 2005; Solagrebu et al., 2006; Galukande et al., 2009). High occurrences of
motorcycles accidents among this group have been attributed to a wide range of activities
engaged in by this class of people. They are more likely to have reasons to move from one
place to another. They represent the active group that partake in high risk-taking activities
such as recklessness riding, over-speeding and overloading their motorcycles, riding under 15
the influence of alcohol and riding without wearing any protective gears. Males are more
often exposed to traffic as drivers; they travel longer distances to work and are more often
involved in use of automobile as leisure activities (Akinpelu et al., 2007). Motorcycle riding
in this area is almost exclusively men, most of whom do it for commercial purposes.

Since cost of life is reflected in per capita income of the country and it‟s Gross Domestic
Product (GDP), the proportion of costs due to loss of life is evident. Because of a scarcity of
good rehabilitation care facilities and lack of assistance for the disabled, road crash victims
suffering permanent disability would suffer greater due to lack of poor economical activities
and poor access to employment opportunities (Banyikwa, 2005). Owing to lack of welfare
functions provided by the state and health care facilities, families of injury victims have to

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spend much more time looking after injury victims. This causes greater time and economic
losses overall (Henry, 2000). The rapidly increasing number of motorcycle accidents has a
negative impact on the economy and society of Tanzania. Road traffic accidents cost the
government about Tsh. 230 billion per year. This huge financial liability is four times the
government‟s health budget (URT, 2005). The people who are affected by motorcycle
accidents are mostly in their most productive years (15-44 years). These deaths are a huge
drain on the country‟s human resources. Also, when a head of household dies or is seriously
injured in a road traffic accident, the whole family is plunged into poverty and psychological
torture. Motorcycle accidents are, therefore, a big problem to the government and the society
of Tanzania. Yet, road traffic accidents are made. While defective vehicles and bad roads
account 26% of all road traffic accidents, the human factor (dangerous driving and excessive
speeding) accounts for 74% of all the road traffic accidents (URT, 2005).

Dangerous driving and excessive speeding are sustained by the transformation of the built
environment from a habitat for cars and other vehicles. The traffic conflicts of the motorized
and the non-motorized in the urban built environment are, probably, the single most
important explanation of road traffic accidents in the country (Banyikwa, 2005). 16 Accidents
are observed to hinder individual development and reduce national economic intensification
against expectations of Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The presence of users of
motorcycles and the associated accidents influx offer a unique challenge in view of
inadequate manpower which is frequently lost. This obviates the need for this presentation
and further actions in order to reduce the magnitude of accidents (Chalya et al., 2010).

1.1.1 Causes of Motorcycle

Accidents A good control of the vehicles on the road depends very much on the behaviors
(which is very complex) and skill on the driver (Muhlrad et al., 2005). Driving is a complex
system in which a large number of variables are interacting with each other but also with
varying degree of dependence. Accident may be due to judgment errors, ignorance,
incompetence, rule violation, lapses or carelessness, all of which are human errors (Leeming,
1969). The human factor contributes to the majority of road traffic accidents. A study done
by Odero (1995) in Kenya reported that human factors were responsible for 85% of all
causes. Jorgensen and Abane (1999) note that concerning road traffic behavior, one can
distinguish between driving skills (knowledge and training) and driving style which reflects
attitudes and traffic risk perception. Training of drivers increases their driver‟s skills.

3
A study done by Asongwa (1992) in Nigeria has revealed that a sizeable proportion of drivers
who possesses driving licenses never showed up in any driving school or went through a
driving test but simply bought their licenses. Untrained drivers, not unexpectedly, often result
in high accident rates. In emergence conditions, stopping distance is also important.
However, this depends very much on the driver‟s reaction time, speed of the vehicles, quality
of tyres, and the condition of the road (Lemming, 1969). Odero (2009) identified the
following factors that increase the risk of motorcycle crashes and injuries such as; a) lack of
certified driver training and valid licensing; b) speed and reckless driving c) poor regulation
and law enforcement; d) overload – carrying two (2) or more passengers and e) use of alcohol
and drugs.

1.1.2 Key Challenges of Motorcycle Accidents

Odero (2009) provided the following challenges of motorcycle accidents such as; a) poor
public transport systems – inadequate, unregulated and unsafe; b) underdeveloped road
infrastructure; c) poverty and under-employment; d) weak and poor enforcement of laws
governing the use of motorcycles as taxis -for public transport; e) wide use of motorcycle
taxis is a new phenomenon; requires innovative safety measures and f) inadequate data on the
use and safety of motorcycle taxis in Africa.

1.2 statement of the problem

Due to the rate of motorcycle (boda boda) accident which increase every day, the most of the
community were affected economically and socially example when accident occur were
caused death, disability, reduce the number man power in the community, reduce production
in the community, increase the number of dependency and motorcycle (bodaboda) accident
are most affect youth.

According to motorcycle (boda boda) accident the government taken the different measures
to combat the motorcycle accident in the community such as provides certified driver training
and valid licensing, to enact policy and law, improve infrastructure and provision of
regulation.

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1.3 objectives of the study

1.3.1 Main objective

To investigate the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident to the community in Rombo
District

1.3.2 Specific Objectives

i. To find out the factors contributing to motorcycle (boda boda) accidents in the
community
ii. To explore the way motorcycle (bodaboda) accident affects the community
iii. To identify different road safety measures taken by government to combat the
motorcycle (boda boda) accident in the community
iv. To find out the challenges face community toward reducing the rate of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident increase in the community.

1.4 Research questions

i. What are the factors that contribute motorcycle (boda boda) accident to the
community?
ii. What are the way motorcycle (boda boda) accident affects the community?
iii. What are the measures taken by stakeholder to combat the challenges in the
community?
iv. What is the economic impact of motorcycle accident (boda boda) accident?

1.5 Significance of the study

The study will be beneficial on the following areas.

1.5.1 for the researcher

The study is important to the researcher as a requirement fulfillment for the award of ordinary
diploma in community development.

1.5.2 To the community

The study create awareness as regarding the causes, implication, and safety measures to be
taken for the purpose of other researcher conducting further study as to overcome the
challenge associated them.

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1.5.3 To the Government

The study will be useful to policy makers to come up with improved policies aim at minimize
the motorcycle (boda boda).

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 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 overview

This chapter presented relevant literatures of other studies in order to provide a theoretical
framework which guided the development of the study on which analysis of data for the
study basically the chapter deal with Theoretical literatures, Empirical review and Conceptual
framework.

2.1Theoretical Literature Review

This provided an account of what has been published on a topic by accredited scholars and
researchers with the purpose of conveying knowledge and ideas established.

2.1.1 Definitions of Terms

a) Motorcycle: A motorcycle (also called a motorbike, bike, motor or cycle) is a two or three
wheeled motor vehicle. Motorcycles considerably vary with their intended task; e.g., long
distance travel, navigating congested urban traffic, cruising, sport and racing, or off-road
conditions. Motorcycles are one of the most affordable forms of motorized transport and, for
most of the world's population; they are the most common type of motor vehicle (Odelowo,
1994).

b) Motorcyclist: This is a person who rides a motorcycle (Odelowo, 1994).

c) Traffic officer: A traffic officer is a person whose job is to make sure that cars and
motors are properly driven safely for the purpose of safeguarding all users of roads (Komba,
2006).

d) Motorcycle accident: This is an accident caused by a motorcycle with other causative

agent related to that accident. Motorcycle accidents are caused by a number of different
factors. As a result, motorcycles are more vulnerable to careless drivers and common driving
hazards. Motorcycle accidents are often caused by drivers in passenger cars who fail to check
their side-view mirrors before changing lanes. Motorcyclists themselves may cause crashes
by exceeding the speed limit, weaving dangerously between lanes of traffic, driving while
intoxicated, or driving in severe weather (Paden, 2004).

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e) Health officer: The name of an officer invested with power to enforce the health laws.
The powers and duties of health officers are regulated by local laws (Galukande et al., 2009).

f) Health care provider: A health care provider is an individual or an institution that

provides preventive, curative, promotional or rehabilitative health care services in a
systematic way to individuals, families or communities. An individual health care provider
(also known as a health worker) may be a health care professional within medicine, nursing,
or allied health professions. Health care providers may also be a public/community health
professional. Institutions (also known as health facilities) include hospitals, clinics, primary
care centres, and other service delivery points (Galukande et al., 2009).

2.2 Empirical review

Boda boda accident a related mortality around the world with an estimated 1.2 million people
killed and about 20–50 million injured on the roads annually (Peden et al., 2004). Low- and
middle income countries account for the majority of these injuries. Nearly 85% of the global
burden of boda boda accident is accounted for by these countries (Peden et al., 2004). The
rate of motorcycle (boda boda) in Sub-Saharan Africa is 40% higher than that in all other
low- and middle-income countries (28.3 compared to 20.2 per 100,000) and 50% higher than
the world level (28.3 compared to 19.0 deaths per 100,000 population), In East Africa and
Tanzania accounts for more motorcycle (boda boda) accident with 34.3 and 34.4 deaths per
100,000 population respectively. Burundi, Uganda and Rwanda accounts for 23.4, 24.7 and
31.6 deaths per 100,000 population respectively (Peltzer, 2011). A ten year survey done in
Tanzania (Museru et al., 2002), between 1990 and 2000 motorcycle (boda boda) accident by
44% for a cumulative total of 10,107. However due to the rapid of motorcycles, the rate of
motorcycles to the road accidents can increase in the first 3 months of the year 2010, 181
people died in motorcycle accidents leaving 1200 injured (Nkwame, 2000).

Also Motorcycles (boda boda) become a popular means of transport in low and middle-
income countries (WHO, 2006). Motorcycles (boda boda) In Kilimanjaro, The business of
commercial motorcycle is increasing at the different locations in Kilimanjaro, the commercial
motorcyclists parking waiting for the passengers forms a common phenomenon. The business
of motorcycle was becoming an increasingly popular means of employment and one can earn
enough amount of money for daily living out of this business. Tanzania has increasing
motorcycles accident between year 2007 and 2009 from 6700 to 85000 (Nkwame, 2000).

8
Although motorcycles form a large proportion of those injured or killed on the roads. This is
because they often share the traffic space with fast-moving, heavier and bigger cars, buses
and trucks, and also because they are less visible. In addition, their lack of physical protection
makes their passengers vulnerable to being injured if they are involved in a collision (WHO,
2006). This is compounded by the fact that motorcycles have much higher risks of being
involved in crashes involving fatalities than other vehicles (Deutermann, 2004). Lack of safe
driving concepts is another factor that increases the vulnerability of the motorcyclists in road
traffic accidents. In a study done in Taiwan (Chang and Yeh, 2006) it has been observed that
almost all motorcycle riders (engine capacity lower than 250cc) were self-taught with a lack
of appropriate driving education or training and many accumulated their experiences via trial-
and-error process. This is a typical situation that happens in Tanzania.

2.2.1 Theoretical Reviews

Muhlrad et al (2005) gave the explanations of the systems theory which is based on man-
environment adjustments. The components of the theory are the environment, the means of
transport (vehicles) and the behavior of man. The environment component comprises of the
natural and the built environments and transport networks (Krug et al, 2000). The means of
transport component comprises of the volume and quality of vehicles on the modes of
transport. The behavior of man component comprises of demographic characteristic of road
users (age, sex, education, socio-economic status, stage in life cycle), people‟s perceptions of
risk and people‟s general behavior on the streets (Hauer, 1995). Integrated in the systems
theory is a system of highway codes and enforcement mechanisms designed to ensure that
road users adhere to the controls and regulations of traffic flow for maintaining road traffic
safety. Moreover, Muhlrad et al, (2005) stated that the behaviour of the population includes
its characteristics such as age and sex ratio as well as attitudes and general traffic behavior.
And it goes further into driving behavior, driving experience, driving style, risk compensation
and risk driving (influence of alcohol and drugs). Available literature identifies traffic
accidents in a place which has been caused either by physical factors in the road system
(environment), the vehicle or behavior factors, and how they interact with enforcement
regulations in unique settings (Banyikwa, 2005).

Studies done on drivers after being involved in motorcycle (boda boda) accidents reported
that although alcohol is the most prevalent source of driver‟s impairment, other drugs or
substance abuse can also contribute to the problem (Violent et al., 1996). Driving under the

9
influence of alcohol or other drug abuse is known to impair the driver‟s ability to judge and
control the vehicle

Available literatures show that adolescents or young drivers are frequently involved in
motorcycle (boda boda) accidents than other age groups (Banyikwa, 2005). Violent et al.,
(1996) have also shown through their various studies that young drivers are more frequent
involved in accidents caused by inappropriate speed and loss of control of the vehicle
compared to other age group of drivers.

Leon et al (1996) observed that reckless driving in adolescents has been associated with
increased risk of crashes. The problem with young drivers is that they like risk taking
behaviour; also they lack driving skills (Zhang et al, 1998). The problem of young drivers is
also mentioned as an important variable contributing to high fatalities or injuries. Under the
vehicle factors including its design, lighting system, break system and its use are significant
contributors to road traffic accident (Odero, 1995).

Activities along the road side such as petty trading, increases exposure risk to traffic
accidents according to Shibata et al (1994) at the same time improved road quality may lead
to behavioral adjustments in terms of more risk prone driving. Regulations by traffic
signaling systems, speed limits and speed controls as well as the existence of police patrols
and checkpoints can lead to some reduction of accidents by influencing the road user
behavior. Jørgensen and Abane (1999) also argued in their study in Ghana that traffic
regulation schemes are not systematically implemented and the police service is generally
less well trained, equipped and motivated to enforce moving violations as are evident in cities
in developed countries. Tripop (1994) found that riders with helmet had an 85% reduction in
their risk of head injury compared with those without a helmet. The effectiveness of the
helmets in pedal cyclists and motor cyclists is paramount. Mandatory use of helmets in
Sweden showed the same good effects (Kent 1991). The effectiveness of helmet use is
dependent up on the speed of the motorcyclist. It is more protective at low speed of 50km per
hour but less effective at higher speeds. Promotion of road safety through the use of targeted
media campaigns at community level can effectively reduce motor traffic accidents (Chalya
et al., 2010).

Alcohol usage causes carelessness and loss of concentration as well as over speeding and
neglecting to use safety equipment such as helmet (Nzegwu et al., 2008). Chalya et al (2010)
in their study in Mwanza stated that motorcyclists constituted the majority of motorcycle

10
injury victims which resulted into physical and mental disabilities to the injured. In most
cities in developing countries pedestrians signs are either absent or not observed by
pedestrians or drivers and this has been responsible for high rate of fatality among pedestrians
(Komba, 2006). Along with this many injured persons became permanent dependants, were
deprived of social status and their working capacity deteriorated.

2.3 Empirical Literature Review

In their view this can be explained by greater traffic volume during the day resulting to
greater risk of motorcycle accidents involvement as people travel to work, children go to
school and commercial enterprises are open for business. They also found out in their study
on motorcycle accident in developing countries that more than 50% of the weekly motorcycle
accident occur on every day with a high. Odero et al (1997) also revealed that in Papua New
Guinea for example, studies have shown that nearly 60% of the weakly motorcycle are
reported to occur during this period and it is likely that, a greater proportion is alcohol
related. These are important and interesting observations concerning traffic accidents risk in
developing countries. However, the studies could not examine the factors contributing to
motorcycle accidents in the respective countries.

Komba (2006) in his research revealed the pattern and trends of motor traffic accidents in
Kibaha district from 2001 to 2004. It showed that the accident occurrence was increasing
every year, passengers and pedestrians were always at highest risk of being injured or killed
on the road and young males were highly affected to motorcycle (boda boda) accidents.
Males were more involved in road accidents than females; the risk of an motorcycle (boda
boda) accident during the night was significantly higher than during the day, especially when
it was raining.

Catherine et al. (2008) in Victoria reported high incidence of helmet use in 53% of patients.
These differences in the rate of helmet use reflect differences in awareness of factors
contributing to crush occurrence and injury severity related to motorcycle accidents between
these countries and poor enforcement of traffic laws. The differences in helmet use may also
imply different attitudes to helmet wearing between these countries. The reasons for non-
compliance were not specifically studied but may include the cost of the helmet, ignorance, a
cultural disposition toward lawlessness, fatalism, insufficient educational campaigns, and/or
recreational drug use, which has been associated with non-compliance (Sauter et al., 2005).
Other arguments that have been advanced in opposition to helmet use include impaired rider

11
vision, attenuation of critical traffic sounds, rider fatigue and increased neck injuries in the
event of a collision (Solagrebu et al., 2006). However, their studies could not explore the
motorcycle accidents‟ implications to the inhabitants of their specific areas.

Komba (2006) identified qualitatively that the technical element of the highway construction,
corruption, irresponsibility, poor management, driving while using cell phone, driving
without training, failure to respect and obey traffic regulations, bad condition of vehicles, age
of the vehicles and poor condition of service as the major risk factors associating to the cause
of traffic accidents in Kibaha district. Banyikwa (2005) states that several studies regarding
improvement of road safety in Tanzania were carried out in the past ten years, but the
implementation of the recommendations is quit minimal. Those studies indicate that 16% to
20 % of all accidents in Tanzania are caused by faulty vehicles. The present influx of vehicles
in the country, the laxity in the control of quality of vehicles coupled with poor maintenance
has led many people to believe that the condition of the vehicle may determine whether an
accident will occur given the presence of the contributing factors. Moreover, a research done
by Komba (2006) indicate that, road traffic accidents in communities living along the
highways in Tanzania including Kibaha district is very high, there is a gap of knowledge as to
exactly what is the source and what should immediately be done, there is no specific agent
(institutional wise) to be blamed, locals feel irresponsible, risk and impact accelerate poverty.
The innocent passengers and pedestrians become victims. The study by Komba (2006) also
described different types of motor related injuries and the survival status of the accident
victims. Age, sex, over speeding, reckless driving, being a pedestrian, or a motor cyclist were
identified as risk factors to motor accidents. However, the studies could not examine different
road safety measures taken by stakeholders to combat the challenges.

12
 CHAPTER THREE

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.0 overview

This chapter presented a blue print to be adopted in the study under the following parts
namely; research design; study area; population and sample size; sampling procedures; data
collection methods; and data analysis.

3.1 Research Design

This study was used the cross-section research design because the study involved collected
empirical data, generally from one or small number of cases. The study also aims at provide
insight into a particular situation and which often stresses the experience and interpretation of
those involved. Also generates new understanding and explanations.

3.2 Study Area

The study was conducted in Rombo district council focusing the motorcycle accidents.
Rombo district is one of the districts in the Kilimanjaro region, this area was selected because
there have been increasing motorcycle accidents which have result into loss of peoples‟ lives
while others being left with injuries. The study assisted on collecting data on peoples‟
opinions regarding the motorcycle accidents in order to unveil the impact of these accidents
to the Rombo district.

3.3 Sample Size and sampling techniques

3.2.1 Sample size

The researcher was used a sample of 40 respondents. For the statistical analysis, a sample
size of respondents (20 motorcyclists, 10 passengers/victims, 5 traffic police, 5 health officers
selected from whom information required for the study obtain. Cooper and Schindler (2008)
argue that, for any valid and reliable study to be carried, its sample size shouldn’t be

3.2.2 Sampling technique

The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident in
Rombo District. Both judgmental and convenient sampling technique was used to obtain key
respondents who were provided information on the impact of motorcycle (boda boda)

13
accident in the community. The respondents were the community members basically people
around the Rombo District and this was selected randomly from a list of community members
in Rombo District.

Under non-probability sampling, purposive sampling technique was used to select project
coordinator as well as Community Development workers, WEO, VEO, Traffic Police, and
office health, because they were concern with all matters affect participation among the
community member toward achievement of different community-based project.

Table 1Sample Size distribution of the respondents

N/n Categories of respondents Positions Frequency

1. Ward Executive Officer WEO 1
2. Community Development Workers Facilitator 1
3. Project coordinator Coordinator 2
4. Village Executive Officer VEO 2
5. Traffic police Traffic Officer 2
6. Office Health Health Officer 2
7. Community members Members 30
Total 40
Source: Research survey Feb. 2019, Rombo District

3.3 Sampling Procedures

The study was used two sampling procedures namely; purposive and stratification sampling.
3.4.1 Purposive sampling This method was used as it is a non-random sampling procedure in
which personal experience of the respondent (regarding occurrence and incidences of
motorcycle accidents in the Rombo district). was considered to be key derived from the
position one held or the roles played in relation to a particular activity. Thus, respondents
were selected purposively in order to attain the above objectives.

3.3.1 Stratification sampling

This method was used to focus gender (male and female) and age distributions as to obtain
views regarding the topic. The reason according to Carmines and Zeller (1979) is that,
stratification serves the distribution among heterogeneous population which needs to be
incorporated for the purpose of gaining insights from it.

14
3.4 Data collection methods

Primary and secondary data collection methods used to get information from respondents
and other sources.

3.4.1 Data collection techniques

The data was collected by using both primary and secondary technique, in primary this use
various data collection tools such as Interview, Focus Group Discussion, and Observation.

i) Interview The researcher use interview to the passengers/victims, driving school

owners/instructors, health officers and TRA officers in order to solicit information
regarding the impact of motorcycle accidents in the District (Appendix 2). According
to Yin (2003) the interview tool is very important source of getting informations and
it is helpful in handling case study related matters as the research design indicates.
ii) Focus Group Discussion The researcher were divide the people into group then
provide the question through written or oral which are use to obtain information from
motorcyclists and traffic police officers and passengers, The reason for using this
method was the ability to obtain faithful answers from the respondents
iii) Questionnaires which were self-administered were use to obtain information from
motorcyclists and traffic police officers. The information to be asked included; the
factors contributing to motorcycle accidents, motorcycle accidents‟ implications to
the inhabitants in the municipality and different road safety measures taken by
stakeholders to combat the challenges (Appendix 1). Copies of questionnaires were
prepared based on the essentials of a good questionnaire, i.e. short and simple, and
organized in a logical sequence moving from relatively easy to more difficult issues.
Technical terms, vague expressions and those affecting sentiments of the respondents
were avoided. These complemented and supplemented information’s obtained under
interview, observation and documentary review. The reason was to obtain consistency
of responses to the questions asked in repeated measurements.
iv) Observation The researcher used observation method (practical observation) to get
rich information and awareness about a phenomenon through direct personal
observation. This observation complemented information which was not obtained
from the interview and questionnaires. The eye witness in real situation assisted the
researcher to justify what was revealed from the interview and questionnaires while
observing the behaviors of respondents while performing their activities. The reason

15
 for using this method was the ability to obtain faithful answers from the respondents
exactly when performing their jobs and making sure that what was observed was what
was reported (Bryman, 2004).r, 1979).

3.4.2 Secondary data collection methods

The researcher use different documents in order to access accurate and reliable data.
Documents comprised of personal profiles (for victims), guidelines and directives (circulars
known to respondents regarding the impact of motorcycle accidents), policies and
regulations (regarding road traffic accidents), books and journals and performance reports
(quarterly and annual reports) obtain from the hospital and police force.

3.4.3 Document review

In secondary data collection the researcher will the document review, in this study various
document will be information on the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident this involve
the use of books and journals, websites, newspaper, magazine and records and other
government publications.

3.5 Data Analysis

Data collected were analyzed both qualitatively (using content analysis) and quantitatively
(descriptive statistics analysis). These data were summarized, coded and analyzed by
Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). Frequency distribution and percentages were
use to describe major variables.

Qualitative data from interviews and observations were analysed using content analysis (by
analyzing texts regarding authenticity or meaning from respondents‟ responses on "Who says
what, to whom, why, to what extent and with what effect?."). According to Holsti (1969)
cited by Kumar (2007) content analysis is used into three basic categories:

i) make inferences about the antecedents of a communication

ii) describe and make inferences about characteristics of a communication
iii) make inferences about the effects of a communication.

However, this chapter discussed the tools and instruments which were used in getting the
findings. The next chapter presents and discusses the research findings.

16
3.6 Ethical Consideration

Respondents were assured on the basis that the information they provide, were basically
academic and that there were no hidden agenda which would implicate them in the
coming days. This was obvious to them as the questionnaire didn’t demand their names.
Participants were informed in advance on their freedom to provide information or not
that means they had the mandate and discretionary powers to accept willingly or refuse

17
 CHAPTER FOUR

PRESENTATION AND DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS

4.0 Overview

This study was conducted at Rombo District Council. This chapter presents more about
presentation, analysis and the interpretation of research finding. The aim of this research was
investigate the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident to the community a case study
Rombo district. The analysis, presentation and the interpretation are based on the following
specific objectives.

i. To find out the factors contributing to motorcycle (boda boda) accidents in the
community
ii. To explore the way motorcycle (boda boda) accident affects the community
iii. To identify different road safety measures taken by government to combat the
motorcycle accident in the community
iv. To identify the challenges that face Government and community during combat the
motorcycle (boda boda) accident in the community.

4.1 Demographic/characteristics of respondents.

This study involved 40 respondents as sample size whereby 20 are motorcyclist, 13

community members, 2 village executive officers, 1 ward officer, 2 Traffic officer, and 2
health officers. The researcher would be logically flexible in sense of environmental.

4.2 Respondents’ background information

The respondent’s background information included Sex, Age, Marital status, education level,
and estimated income.

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4.2.1 Sex respondents

Table 2: Distribution of respondents by Sex

SEX FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Male 17 42.5%

Female 23 57.5%

Total: 40 100%

Source: Researcher findings 2019

The results in Table 4.1 reveal that out of 40 respondents, 42.5% were male and 57.5% were
female. However, the opinions from both sexes were important regarding the impact of
motorcycle (boda boda) accidents in Rombo district. While women could identify factors
contributing to motorcycle accidents such as individual motorcyclist recklessness and poor
compliance to safety rules which result into loss of life to many motorcyclists and passengers;
men identified factors such as traffic officers‟ poor infrastructure, too much uses of alcohol,
Inadequate data on the use and safety of motorcycle, High speed during drive, and under 18
years who are motorcyclist.

4.2.2 Age Respondents

Table 3: Distribution of Respondents by Age

AGE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

18-24 20 55%

25-34 10 25%

35-44 07 15%

45- 03 5%

TOTAL: 40 100%
Source: Researcher findings 2019

The age distribution of the respondents involved those who between 18 and 24 years, 25 and
34 years, 35 and 44 years and above 45 years were 55% between 18 and 24 years were 25%
between 25 and 34 years were 15% between 18 and 24 were 5% between 45 and above. The

19
age distribution of respondents influenced the study due to experience gained by Rombo
Region inhabitants regarding motorcycle accidents. With that regard the respondents who
were between less that 18 years and 34 years identified the factors such as uses of alcoholism
to motorcyclists, poor infrastructure, lack of education for motorcyclist and for motorcyclist
who is under 18 years old.

4.2.3 Marital Status

Table 4:Showing Respondents’ Marital Status

MARITAL STATUS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE (%)

Marriage 25 60%

Single 10 35%

Divorced 05 5%

Total: 40 100%
Source: Researcher findings 2019

The marital status respondents I involve the married were 60% and single were 35% and
divorced were 5%. Findings suggest that marital status significantly influenced the study
findings as most of those who were married could identify factors such as poor compliance to
safety rules and high speed caused by drivers‟ errors leading to loss of manpower. However,
the involvement of those who were single, widowed and divorced played an important part
by highlighting factors such as use of devices while driving (e.g. cellular phones).

20
4.2.4 Education level

Table 5: Education level of the respondents

EDUCATION NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

S/N
LEVEL (FREQUENCY) DISTRIBUTION

1 Standard I-VII 19 38%

2 Form I-IV 11 28%

3 Form V-VI 07 22%

4 Higher 03 12%
education

Total: 40 100%

Source: Researcher findings 2019

The education level of the respondents I involve the standard I-VII were 38%, form I-VI were
28%, form V-VI were 22% and for higher education level were 12%. Findings present that
for those who are form I-IV, form and V-VI, and higher education level are identify factors
which contribute motorcycle (boda boda) accident at Rombo District Council such as poor
support from government such as provision of education for motorcyclist and all community
members about the uses of road safety, construction of infrastructures like road and another
factors is uses of alcoholism for motorcyclist, over speed during driving for motorcyclist,
uses of devices like phone during drive and for motorcyclist who is under 18 years old

4.2.5 Initial capital

Table 6: Initial capital of respondent

INITIAL CAPITAL FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE

100,000-300,000/= 22 75%

400,000-500,000/= 12 17%

600,000/= and above 06 08%

Total: 40 100

Source: Researcher findings 2019

21
The results given in table show that 75% of respondents had estimated monthly income
raging from 100,000 - 300,000/= Tanzanian shillings (Tsh); while 17% having estimated
monthly income ranging from 400,000 – 700,000/= Tsh. Those who had estimated monthly
income 600,000/= and above were 08%. However, those who had estimated monthly income
ranging from 100,000/= to 500,000/= pointed out factors such as use of devices while driving
and stressful work as among the factors causing motorcycle accidents; while those who had
estimated monthly income above 700,000/= identifying traffic officers‟ irresponsibility and
corruption as key factors causing accidents.

4.3 Discussion of findings by objectives

4.3.1 Factors that contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accidents in Rombo District

The first objective of this study was to find out the factors contributing to motorcycle
accidents in Rombo District Council. These included; lack of education about road safety,
poor infrastructure such as road, too much uses of alcoholism, over speed during drive,
driving without formal training, traffic officers‟ irresponsibility and corruption and use of
devices while driving. the researcher asked the respondents to identify relevant factors
causing accidents.

Table 7:presents the factors that contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accident

FACTORS CONTRIBUTING NO OF PERCENTAGE

TO MOTORCYCLE RESPONDENTS DISTIBUTION
ACCIDENT (FREQUENCY)
Poor infrastructure 10 29%
Driving without formal training 8 20%
Over speed during drive 5 10%
Use of device while driving 5 10%
Uses of alcohol 10 29%
Irresponsibility and corruption 3 04%
Total 41 100%
Source: research findings 2019

22
4.3.2 To explore the impact of motorcycle (bodaboda) accident to the community

The second objective of study was to explore the way motorcycle (boda boda) accident affect
the community. These included; increase the rate of death within the community, to increase
the rate of disability person within the community, marriage separation, and psychological
problem and to reduce the number of man power due to death and disability.

Table 8: Impact of motorcycle accident to the community

IMPACT OF NO OF RESPONDENTS PERCENTAGE

MOTORCYCLE (BODA FREQUENTLY DISTRIBUTION
BODA) ACCIDENT
Death 9 22%
Disability 10 30%
Marriage separation 05 09%
Reduction of man power 10 30%
Psychological problem 05 09%
Total 39 100%
Source: research findings 2019

4.3.3 To identify different road safety measures taken by government to combat the
motorcycle accident in the community

The third objective of study was to identify the different road safety measures taken by
government to combat the motorcycle (boda boda) accident. These included, Enhancement of
road safety committees with traffic safety activities in coordinating and organizing different
activities relating to control and prevention of motorcycle (boda boda) accident, Enforcement
of regulation, policy and law which help to reduce motorcycle accident and Education
dissemination concerning road safety measures to pupils and various levels of education and
communities.

4.3.4To find out the challenges face community toward reducing the rate of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident in the community.

The fourth objective of study was to find out the challenges that face community toward
reducing the motorcycle (boda boda) accident. These include poor infrastructure such as road,

23
weak and poor enforcement of laws governing the use of motorcycles as public transport and
inadequate data on the use and safety of motorcycle in the community.

24
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.0 Overview

This chapter highlights the summary conclusion and recommendations for research. It starts
by conclusion and recommendations

5.1 Summary

Motorcycle (boda boda) Accidents are observed to hinder individual development and reduce
national economic Development Goals because the more peoples who are affected by
motorcycle (boda boda) accident are youth who are the man power of the national in general.

The results from the study regarding the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident in
Rombo District Council showed that, 70% of the respondents identified driving a motorcycle
without formal training, motorcycle with high speed 75% of respondents were among the
factors. On the other hand, motorcycle defects such as break failure and tyre bursts was
reported by 57% of the respondents, 80% highlighted human carelessness and poor responses
from other users of the road, 81% reported intoxication from drugs or alcohol as a habit
developed by motorcyclists, individual capacity and desire to express competences 82% done
as a prestige to many motorcyclists and the availability of poor infrastructure in various
places in the District caused motorcycle accidents as reported by 83% of the respondents,
85% reported the use of devices while driving such as cellular phones, 48 respondents and
traffic officers‟ irresponsibility and corruption practices reported.

5.1.1 Conclusion

Based on the findings from the study, conclusions are drawn with regards to the impact of
motorcycle traffic accidents in Rombo District Council. The human carelessness and poor
responses from other users of the road need to be rectified by stakeholders for the safer use of
roads. However, intoxication from drugs or alcohol as a habit developed by motorcyclists,
many motorcyclists and the availability of poor infrastructure in various places in the District.
Furthermore, as motorcycle accidents necessitate the presence of permanent dependence to
relatives of the victims, the presence of the reduction of working capacity and psychological
problems resulting from head injuries; steps need to be taken to eliminate the accident
indicators for community at large. Moreover, enforcing laws to those who violate the rules by

25
being fined or withholding their licenses would alleviate motorcycle accidents in Rombo
District.

5.1.2 Recommendations

The study recommend that In order to eliminate the motorcycle (boda boda) accident at
Rombo District reported to have informal training to motorcycle drivers, and all community
members which combat many accidents because; those trainings provide the skills relevant
for perfect driving in order to alleviate unwanted accidents. Also the government should
ensure provision of support to the community in order to ensure elimination of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident example construction of infrastructure such as road, inaction of law on
how to infancies this problem, to ensure the government, non government organization,
different institute and community in general are join together to combat (boda boda)
motorcycle accident in rombo District and for all Tanzania community.

5.2.2 Recommendation to the community

Rombo communities must ensuring that Motorcycle (boda boda) accident are combated
through community join together to ensure the accident are eradicated through provision of
education for all community especially for the students on how to use road safety, inaction of
law which defend all community on the motorcycle accident and to ensure contribution of all
community to ensure community infrastructure are good.

26
 REFERENCE

Galukande, M., Jombwe Fualal, J. &Gakwaya , A. (2009) Boda boda injuries a health
problem and burden of diseases in Uganda: A Tertiary Hospital Survey East and Central
African Journal of surgery 14, 33-37.

Dertamann, w (2004) Motorcycle Helmet Effectiveness Revisited. US Department of

Transportation, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington DC, DOTT HS
809 715.

United republic of Tanzania (2005). National Road Safety Policy ministry of works, Dar es
salaam.

Chang, H-l and Yeh, T-H. (2006) Motorcyclist accident involvement by age gender and risk
behavior in Tapei, Taiwan. Transportation Research Research part F, 10(2007) : 109-
122doi:10.1016/jrf,2006.08.001.

Bryman, A. (2004) Social Research Methods (social Edition) Oxford University press,
oxford.

Krug , E. G Sharma, G. K, Lozano, R (2002). The global burden of injuries, American

Journal of public health, 90 pp 523-526.

Peltzer, K. (2011). Road use behavior in Sub-Saharan African public health.

Peden , M., scurfield, R., Sleet D., Hyder, A., Jarawan, E. (2004). World report on road
traffic injury preventation Geneva: WHO.

Zhang, J., Fraser, S., Clarke, K, Mao, Y.(1998). Age specific pattern of Factors Related to
Fatal Motor vehicle traffic crashes: Focus on young and elderly drivers. Public Health Journal
; 112 (5):289-95.

Odelowo, E.O.O. (1994) pattern of trauma resulting from motorcycle accident in Nigerians: a
two-years prospective stud. African Journal of Medicine and medical science 23, 109-122.

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APPENDIX I: Questionnaire for project coordinator

My name is Sia Mariki James, student at Tengeru Institute of Community Development

taking Ordinary Diploma, am caring out a study on “Impact of motorcycle (boda boda)
accident” please respond to the following questions well, which are very important to success
this study

1. Name …………………………………………………………………………
2. Age in years
(a)18-24 ( )
(b) 25-34 ( )
(c) 35-44 ( )
(d)45 and above ( )

3. Sex (a) Male ( )

(b) Female( )
4. Marital status (a) single ( )
(b) married ( )
(C) Widowed ( )
(d) divorced) ( )
5. Education level (a) primary( )
(b) secondary( )
(c) university( )
6. Would you please mention factors contribute the motorcycle accidents in Arumeru
District Council?
i) …………………………………………………………………………………
…..
ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
iii) …………………………………………………………………………………
…....
iv) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
v) …………………………………………………………………………………
……

28
7. Would you mention the impact of motorcycle (boda boda) accident ?
i) …………………………………………………………………………………..
ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
iii) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
iv) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
v) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
8. Would you mention the challenges face community toward reducing the rate of
motorcycle (boda boda) accident ?
i) …………………………………………………………………………
…
ii) …………………………………………………………………………
….
iii) …………………………………………………………………………
…..
9. Could you mention the ways which used to solve motorcycle (boda boda) accident in
the community
i) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
ii) …………………………………………………………………………………
……
iii) …………………………………………………………………………………
….

29
APPENDIX II: Interview guide questions to motorcyclist

i. What is the factor contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accident in Rombo District?
ii. What is the impact of motorcycle accident (boda boda) accident in Rombo District?
iii. What are different road safety measures taken by government to combat motorcycle
(boda boda) accident?
iv. What are the challenges face community towards reducing the rate of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident?
v. What is the way motorcycle (boda boda) accident affect community?

30
APPENDIX III:focus group discussion guide questions to community members

i. What is the factor contribute to motorcycle (boda boda) accident in Rombo District?
ii. What is the impact of motorcycle accident (boda boda) accident in Rombo District?
iii. What are different road safety measures taken by government to combat motorcycle
(boda boda) accident?
iv. What are the challenges face community towards reducing the rate of motorcycle
(boda boda) accident?
v. What are the way motorcycle (boda boda) accident affect community?

31
APPENDIX IV observation

i. Motorcycle (boda boda) packing area

ii. Ownership
iii. Fare (cost-passenger)

32
APPENDIX V action plan

Time table

S/No Research activity Month

Feb 2019 Feb 2019 March 2019
1 Orientation of environment
2 Data collection
3 Data analysis
4 Research report writing

33
APPENDIX VI :research budget

Research budget table

S/No EXPENSES AMOUNT

01 Transportation and communication 35,000/=
02 Stationery 25,000/=
03 Food and drinking 20,000/=
04 Other expenses 12,000/=
Total amount 92,000/=

34