LECTURE NO.

02
MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Experiment
A planned activity or process whose results yields a set of data is
known as Experiment.
or Experiment is any process that generates a set of data.
E.g i. Tossing a coin
ii. Rolling dice
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Trial
A single performance of an Experiment is known as trial.
Outcome
The results obtained from an experiment or trial is/are called as
outcome.
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Random Experiment
An Experiment which produces uncertain results even though it is
repeated a large number of times under essentially similar conditions
is called a random variable.
or A random experiment is an experiment whose outcome cannot be
predicted. A random experiment can be performed several times under
the same condition
E.g. i. Tossing a fair coin.
ii. Throwing a balanced die.
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Random Experiment (Properties)
i. The experiment can be repeated, particularly or theoretically, any
number of times.
ii. The experiment always has two or more possible outcome, An
experiment that has one possible outcome is not a random variable.
iii. The outcome of each repetition is unpredictable i-e it has some
degree of uncertainty.
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Sample Space
The set of all possible outcomes of statistical experiment is called the
sample space and is represented by S.
Sample Point
Each outcome in a sample space is called an element or a sample point
of the sample space.
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
E.g
Tossing a fair coin for one time.
Sample space, 𝑆 = 𝐻, 𝑇 𝑂 𝑆 =2
Tossing a fair coin for two time.
Sample space, 𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝑇, 𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝑇 𝑂 𝑆 =4
Tossing a fair coin for three time.
Sample space,
𝑆 = 𝐻𝐻𝐻, 𝐻𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝐻, 𝑇𝑇𝐻, 𝑇𝐻𝑇, 𝐻𝑇𝑇, 𝑇𝑇𝑇 𝑂 𝑆 =8
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

E.g
Tossing a fair coin for n times.
Sample space, 𝑂 𝑆 = 2𝑛
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
E.g
Tossing a fair coin for n times.
Sample space, 𝑂 𝑆 = 2𝑛
E.g. Throwing a die once.
Sample space, 𝑆 = 1,2,3,4,5,6 𝑂 𝑆 =6

E.g. Throwing a die n times.

Sample space, 𝑂 𝑆 = 6𝑛
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Tree Diagrams
The tree diagrams starts at a
single node with branches
emanating to additional nodes.
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Tree Diagrams
E.g.01 A bag contain three balls black, white, and red. A ball is drawn from
the bag and is replaced. The same experiment was repeated. Using tree
diagram, find the sample points and write the sample space.
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Tree Diagrams
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Tree Diagrams
E.g.01 Illustrate the ways a family can have 3 childrens(boy, girl) with tree
diagram.
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Tree Diagrams
An experiment consist of tossing a die and then flipping a coin once if the
number on the die is even, if the number on the die is an odd, the coin is
flipped twice. Construct a tree diagram to show the 18 elements of the
sample space.
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MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY
Tree Diagrams
E.g.01 Illustrate the ways a
family can have 3 childrens
(boy, girl) with tree diagram.