eae STRENGTH OF MATERIALS Strenoth of materials deals wih the nature ang effects af stresses inthe parts of engineering structures L stress Stress is the ratio of the appied load to the cross- sectional area of an element in tension, iE F Feind Feosd > AxialNormal Stress Force perpendicular to an area divided by the 2 = Fein /A, > Shear Stress Force parallel to an area divided by the area = Feat JA IL Simple Stress Under a conation vinere the stress is constant or uniorm, the stress is called a simple stress. Eo ith normal stress, the area is perpencicular lo the force varied > Tensile stress (o° tension) is the stress caused by pulling the material apart trose (or compression) is the y Squeezing the materia ‘The condition under which the stress is constant or uniform is known as A Simple stress B Stating sess ©-Tangontial strove D Normal stress The highest ordinate on the stress. svain curves called ‘A.rupturo arose Belasti mit C ulimate stress D_propertional imit Shearing stress ie also known 26 A Simpie stress B Sheating stress ©. Tangential stress Normal stress Sitess caused by —_fores perpendicular to the areas on wihich they actis called A Simple stress B. Shoaving otroce © Tangential stress D. Normal stress What type of stress is proguec wherever the applioe load cause one ‘section of a bedy to fend to slide past its adjacent section? ‘A normal sress B siding stess © shearing stross D bearing stress Eh PERCE Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE Review‘Cpe ces With shearing stress, the stress is caused by sliding faces of the material relative to one another > sinalestear P P : = 6 os=5 a nd? 4 > Double Shear > 5-5 —-— - ' NE aa | > Punch Shear Gh PeRCaG Learnhud IcT 8 Sites caused by fores acting along or paralel to the area resising the forcoa fe known a A Simpee stress B. Sheating stress C. Tangential stress D. Normal stress Q7 The rio of the unt lateral defomation 12 the unit longitude elongation due te apped naa s—Pt AE > Elongation dus te own weight pel? o=2E Eh PERCE Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE Review6 _2N9 Strength of Mnerials Vi. Strese-Strain Diagram Dina Stress shear Stress in? ‘Sear Stain ¥ Elastic Limit refers to the stress beyond vhich the material will rot return toi ogial shape when the load 's emoved. The peimanent defoimetion caused by xoeasive sresa'e called permanent sot For materials operating in the non-tinea region, the secant modulus gi/es the average rato of sues To sMrain, The secant modulus s the slope ofthe straight Ine connecting the origin and the point of cperation Ultimate streas (or ulimate strength) refers to the highest ordinate in the stress-strain diagram Yield point refers to the point where theres 2n appreciable elongaton or rielding of the mateal even without any corresponding increase of load. Rupture strength is sometimes known as stress al ‘ailre Working stress is the actual stress of the material when joaded Factor of satety is the rato of the uitimate stress to allowable Gh PeRCaG Learnhud IcT (224 Steel ralroads 10 m long ar lad with clearance of 3 mm at 2 temperature of 15°C. At what temperature will the Falls ust touch? What stess woule De induced inthe ral at that fempersture if there were ne intial clearance? (a= 11-7410°FC and E 200 GPa) A 64.40 °C; 60 mPa 2 40.64°C: 76 MPa © 6440°C: 76 MPa D.40.64°C; 60 MPa ‘wnat is the minimum clameter of 2 clid afoot ehaft that will not tiiet through more than 3° in a 6-m length when subjected te a torque of 14 KN. mm? Use G=83 GNim2 A113 am ©. 122mm 2.445 mm ©. 143mm 923 Detemine the length of the shortest 2.mm diameter bronze wire which can be twisted trough two complete tums without excseding a shoarng stress Of70MPa, Use G=35 GPa ‘A.6280mm ©. 1280 mm 5 3420mm 1658 mm Solutions here... Integrated ECE Revieweae VI. Torsion ‘Torsion refers tothe twisting of solid orholow cireular shat. fNaximum Shearing Stess in the Sha radi of the shat Tp ao sola shat Hollow shart = angle of twist in radians foraue length polar moment of inertia near modulus BNS— Strength of Materia (Q24 A sold see shat 5 m bng ik ‘stressed fo 60 Mpa_when twisted through 4° Using G = 83 GPa ‘compute ne power mai can ve transmitted by the shaft at 20 revs A421 MW C321 Mw 5.167 MW D.1.25 MW ‘A sleet shatt 3 long that nas 2 diameter of 4 inches is subjected fo 2 torque of 15 kipst detemine the maximum shearing stress and angle of twst? A143 4st 1.23 degrees 8.13.4 hoi 231 degroos C143 ksi 231 degrees D.134 ksi 1.23 degrees Solutions here... Eh PERCE Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE Review3 P=2nfT =2nTn rength of Materials IIL Helical Springs Helical Spring isa spial wound wire vith a constant cal, diameter and untorm pct, SET Approximate Formula faa ar gl ) } tae ea? OAR Exect Formula of A.M, Wahl Format 16PR (4m er ois) ud? \4m4" im Tmax Spring Deformation _ 64PR'n Gat were P = axial lone = mean radius of the sping lameter of the spring ware spring index m=2hia= Dia a = number of tums = modulus of rigicity 6 Gh PeRC be Learnhud "Q.26 A helical spring is made by wapping steel wire 20 mm in diameter aroune a fommng cylinder 150. mm in diameter. Compute the number of tums required to permit an elongation of 100 mm witout exceeding 2 shearing stress of 140 MPa. Use 3 GPa, Als43tums C1024 turns Bi2eatums 0.12.36 tue @27 Determine the maximum shearing stess in a helical steel spring composed of 20 tums of 20-mm ‘diamater vies on a mean radius of 86 mm when the spring is supporting 2 Toad of 2kN, A206 MPa C1324 MPa B4I79MPa —D.1269MPa Solutions here... ICT Integrated ECE Revieweae 1x. Cables aE oe Tension at me Support Tension at the Lowest Point neo! ed ‘Approximate Length of Cable where L=horizental span sag (@ = welgnt per unitiengtn 'S - length of cable H = tension at the lowest point tension at the support Eh PERCE Learnhud 0.28 What tension must be applied at the tends of an aluminum cable supporting a load of 05 tg per hoizontal meter ina span of 100 mit te sag 8 to De limited to 4.26 m? a3 4 kg B.329.82 ka © 50062 kg D. 18428 kg 0.29 Cateulate the allowable spacing ofthe two towers to carry a flexible wire able weighing 0.03 kg per horizontal meter if the maximum tension at the lowest point is not to exeeed 1150 ke atsag of 0.50 m. A285 1 c.390m 8.400 m 0. 422m 30 A certain cable is suspended between ‘wo suppotts at ihe same elevation and 100m apart. The load is SON per moter horizontal Iongth including the weight of the cable. The #29 of the cable is 6m. Calculate the total length ofthe cable. A150.68 m ©. 10095 m 100.32 m D.11059m Solutions here... ICT Integrated ECE ReviewQ31 A cable 600 m long weighing 1500 N pper_meter has tension of 750 kN at ‘each end. Compute ie macmum sag ‘of the cable A200 m c.400m E150 D.220m 32 Thelight cable supports @ mass f 12 ky per meter of rorzontal rengin ang Je euepondsd botvosn tho twe pein’ ‘on the same level 300 m apart tithe é 4 ‘529 8 60 m, find the total length ofthe cable. Tension at the Support, Ty &T2 Aszam o.139m =o, 5.209 m 429m =O hea, Solutions here. Tension et the support T, & =F ses) 1 =r sy Distance Between supports 8+¥.) t <0 Relationship among S,y & (yy -(e (ry -(6P (s,) (8,} where: insion atthe support fension a the lovest point weight per unit length eight of ne support {= minmum clearance from the ground SS; and S. are hafelengine of the eable pan between supports Gh PeRCaG Learnhud ICT Integrated ECE Revieweae ‘TABIE ODODE EAR ‘1 Answers to this exercise will be posted. 1. Aforce of 10 Newton is applied to one end of a 1D inches diameter crcuar rod Compute for the normal stress A020 kPa C.0.10KPa 5 005KPa D.O.15KPa 2. A-steel pipe 15m in diameter is required to carry an internal pressure of 750 kPa. If the allowable tensile stress of steal is 140 MPa, determine the required thickness of the ppe in mm, A450 ¢.425 B S12 D401 3. Ametal specimen 36 mm in diameter has a length of 360 mm. A force of 300 KN telongates the length by 1.29 mm. What is the modulus of elasticity? A88419 GPa c. 92.658 GPa B 92564 GPa D. 95.653 GPa 4. A sleet wire Som long hanging vericaly ‘supports a weight of 1200 N. Datermine the required diameter if the stress. is limited to 140 MPa and the ‘tal elongation must not exceed 4 mm. Neglect the veignt ofthe wire ad assume E = 200 GPa, ‘3.09 mm ©.3:30mm 5356 mm D.2.89mm 5. Steel bar having 2 rectangular cross- ‘section 15 mmx 20 mm and 150 m long is ‘suspended vertically from one end. The Steel has a unit mass of 7850 kgim! and a modulus of elasticity, E, of 200 GPa if a load of 20 kN is suspended at the oter ‘ond of the od, determine the clongaton of the red A435 mm ©.35.4mm 5 543mm D.45.3mm Eh PERCE Learnhud 6 » 1 2 aX thof Materials [A steel bar 50 mm in diameter and 2m long fs surrounded by a shell of cast iron S mm thick Compute the load that wil compress the bar a total of 1 mm in the length of 2m, Use Ema = 200 GPa anc Exatior = 100 GPa. 200 KN, 8.240 KN, © 28D kN D.320 kN 1A 20-mm diameter steel roa, 250 mm tong ig aubjected to a tenaitoforco of 75 kl. F the Poisson's ratio is 0.30, determine the lateral strain of the rod, Use E = 200 GPa Ag, =3.581 x 10% mmimm 862-3581 10% mmm Cc) = 2467 x 10 mm/nm De, =2.487x 10% mmimm The maximum allowable torque, in kN-m, fora 50-mim dlameter steel snan wen ine allowable shearing stress is 81.5 MPa is A30 C40 8.10 D.20 The rotation or tst n degrees of a shaft 200 mm long subjected to a torque of 8¢ Nem, 20 mm in diameter and. shear ‘modulus @ of 80,000 MPa is: 3.03 ©.282 5.408 Dar Compute the value of shear modulus G of steel vihose modulus of elasticity E is 200 GPa and Poisson's rato us 0.30. A. 72,450MPa 76695 MPa 2.76,023MPa 82.409 MPa A cast iron supports an axial compressive load of 250 RN. Determine the inside diameter of the colume it 1% outside diameter ie 200 mm and the limiting compressive stress is $0 MPa A163mm C.184 mm 8.178 mm D.192 mm Which of the fallowing ie the formula for the stressin a thin-walled spherical shell of diameter D and wal thickness t supjectee to intemal pressure p? AS=pDrat c.S= poi 8S -porst D.S= po/tet ICT Integrated ECE Review12_2NS ~Srength of Materials 19, 14, 18. 16. 7. A cyindticel pressure vessel is fabricated ‘rom steal plates which have a thickness of 20 mim. The diameter of the pressure ‘vessel is 500 mm and its length is 3 m. Determine ihe maximum internal pressure wich can be applied if the stress in the Steelis Imied fo 140 MPa Ala5UPa c.129MPa 5 104uPa D.t12MPa Find the limiting poriphoral valocity of a rotating steel ring if the allowable stress is 140 MPa and the mass density of steel is 7850 kgim’. A what arguar velocity vill the stress reacn 200 MPa 11 me mean radius ie 250 mm? 628.5 radia B 642.4radls © 855.8 radls D. 681.2 rads ‘A unfom bar of length L, cross-sectional area A, and a unit mass is suspended vertically from one end. Which of the folowing is the formula for its tolal ‘elongation? A poLioe, ©. pguiiae. B pol "BE D. pale A Steel rod having a cross-sectional area of 300 mn# and a length of 150 m is ‘Suspended vertically ftom one end. It ‘upports a load of 20 KN at the lower ond. Ifthe unit mass of ste! is 7850 kg/m and E = 200 GPa, find the ‘ota elongation of the rod 4/5621 mm 2 S7412mn 6.54.33 mm 1. 55.45 mm A steel wite 10 m long hanging yerical ‘supports 2 tensile load of 2000 N Neglecting. the weight of the wire, dotomine the requiod diameter if tho c’longation is not to exceed 5 mm. Assume E=200GPa A605 mm 55.05 mm ©. 405 mm 7.05 mm Gh PeRCaG Learnhud 0 0 2 24 2, A steel fire, 10 mm thick, 20 mm wide ané fof 1500 mm nside diameter, = heated and shrunk onto a steel wheel 1500.5 mm in diameter. I the coefficient of static friction Is 030, wat torque Is requires to twist me tire relate to fe wheel? Use E ~ 200 GPa A734 kim ©.764 40m 8.7.2kN-m D.754 kN [A stool rod with a orose-sectonal area of 150 mm: is stretched between two feo Doints. The tensile ‘oad at 20°C is 5000 N At what temperature wil the stress. be zero? Assume a = 11,7x10'°C and E 200 aPa, A320 care 8.32190 D.342°¢ A steel manne propeller to transmit 4.5 Mv at 2 Hz without exceeding » shearing stress of 50 MPa or twisting through more than {° ina length of 25 diameters Compute the propeller diameter if G = 83 GPa, 8.352 mm 368mm ©.970 mm D343 mm Determine the maximum torque that can De applied to a notow cicular stee! snatt of 100 mm outside diameter and 20 mm inside diameter without exceeding 2 shearing stress of 60 MP2 or a tist of 0S degim. Use G =83GPa A.B kN C.5.9kKem 2. 62kNm D.4zktm A steel shafl consist of a 5 mm diameter steel wire encased in a stationary tube that fis clesely enough fo Impose @ fiction torque of 2 Nemim. Detormino the macimum length of the shaft if the shearing stress isnot fo exceed 140 MPa, 1.980 m ©.1.231m S.17iem D.1s89m ICT Integrated ECE Revieweae 29, A atecl shaft consist of a § mm diameter ‘feel wire encased in 2 stationary tube that fits closely enough fo impose a frictional torque of 2 N-mim, Ifthe shearing is not to exceed 140 MPa, wnat wil be tne angular fotaton of one end relative to the other end? A324 oP 5 332° 0.35.8 24, A flanged bolt coupling consists of ten 20~ mm-siameter bolts spaced evenly around @ bolt cicle 400 mm in ciameter Detemne tne torque capacity of me ‘ceuping if fhe allowable shearing stress in the batts 40 MPa AC1S-13KN-m 5 2513kNm ©. 10.67 kN-m D. 20.67 ka-m 25. A flange bolt coupling consists of cight ‘steel 20.mm diameter bolts spaced everly around a bolt circle 300 mm in ciameter. Detemine the torque capacity of the ‘couping of the alowable shearing stress, inthe bolts is 40 MPa? A 15,880 Nem B 15,008 N-m ©. 15,200 N-m . 15,080 N-m 28. A helical spring composed of 20 tums of 20-mm diamotor wire on a moan radue of ‘80 mm i supporing a load of 2 kN. What is the elongation inthe helical sprag? Use G=83 GPa A817 mm 6.93.7 mm 2.087 mm D. 95.7 mm 27. Find the angle of twist in degrees of a {tubular steel shaff which is subjected to a torque of 26 Nem. The culside diameters 402 mm and the wall thickness ie 6.35 mm. The shaftis 762 mm long ané G = 79 GPa, 0.0285 deg ©.0.0348 deg 5 0.440 deg 0.0440 aeg Eh PERCE Learnhud 20. 30 34 22 aX thof Materials Determine the maximum shearing siress in 2 halal see! gpring composed of 20 turns Of 20-mm-diameter vare on a mean radius of 80 mm wien the spring is supporting 2 [oad of 1.5 Kil Use G = 33 GPa, 79.07 MPa 5.89.87 MPa ©.99.37 MPa D. 108.37 MPa [A fiber optic eabla was laid under the Pacific Ocean from one country fo another a distance of 13,300 km. The catle was lunreeled from shipboard at a mean temperature of 22°C and aropgea to me ocean floor having a mean temperature of 5°C. The cosficient of insar exparsion of the cable is 75 umm-", Determne the length of he cable that must be carried on the ship te span ie 13.300 km 19,390 km ©.19.320 km 8 13.325km 13317 km AA square steel bar 50 mm on a side and 4 mm long is subjected to an axial tensile force of 250 KN. Determine the decrease in lateral_dmension due to this load Consider = 200 GPa and Poissor's ratio. of 0.30. A. 00073mm ¢.0.00075mm, 0.00015 mm 0.075 mm A 20-m diameter spherical tank is to be used fo store gas. The shell plating is 10 Imm thick and he Working stress of te ‘materiale 125 MPa. What the maximum Demmissible gas pressure in MPa? A010 6.0.35 5.025 D.020 Low carbon structural atest hae a ehearing ultimate strenath of approximately 45,000 psi. Determne the force necessary to urch a 1-inch diameter hole through 2 late of ths steel 3/8 Inen at the edge oF the hole. 52.904 Ib 8.§3,0141b ©. 54890 Ib D.55020 Ib ICT Integrated ECE Review14_2NS ~Serength of Materials 29, 34 38, 36 37 A single rivet fs used to lap join tv plates, Ifthe diameter of rivet 20 mm and the load is 30 KN, what is the average shearing stress’ in the vel in MPa (Gonsiaer tat me slameter at me rvei noe is 1.6 mm larger than that of rivet A 802 MPa © a2.6MPa BB19uPa D.a3.4MPa ‘Snans and pulleys are usualy rasiened togetrer by moane of 2 key. Consider a pulley subject to a turning moment T of 410,000 lo-in keyed by a x % x 3 inches key fo the shaft. The shaft is 2 inches in ‘olameter. Determine tne shear stress in the key. 6687 psi © 6.500 psi B 6.333) 6750 psi It a twstng moment ot 10,000 tan Is impressed upen 2 1.75-nches shaft, what is the angle of twist in radians, in'a 4 length of the shaft? ‘A. 0.000435 rad 5 0.0435 rad ©.0.435 rad 0.00838 rad What is the minimum dameter of a sold steel shaft thai wil not twist trough more than 3 degrees in a 6 m lenghh when Subjected 1b 2 torque of 12 KIM? Use G-22GPa, A 114mm 5 116 mm C118 mm D120 mm An lion column of annular cross-section has an outer diameter of 200 mm and is subjected to 2 force of 74 KN. Find the Ivekness of the valli the allowable ‘cemproceive etrees ic 10 MPa 812.56 mm ©.14.75 mm 5 1365mn 15.57 mm Gh PeRCaG Learnhud 38. 4 pipe carry stam at 35 MPa has an outside diameter of 450 mm and a wal thickness of 10 mm. A gasket is inserted between the flange at one end of the pipe ano a flat plate se to cap He en. How many 40-mm-diameter bots must be used fo hold the cap on ifthe alowable siress in the als is 0 MPa, of which 55 MPa is the inital stress? a4 16 ats ow 3. A load P is supported by two springs arranged in series. The upper sprig has 20 tums ot 20-mm-aameter wire on a ‘mean diameter of 150 mm, The lower Spring conset of 15 tus of 10.mm. lameter wire on a mean diameter of 130 mm. Determine the value of P that wil Cause a total detection ot 60 mm. Assume @ = 09 GPa for both springs. 2233.0 c21838N 8.2288 D.278.4N, 40, 8 water tank is 5 m in ameter ana 12 m high. H the tank is to be completely filed, determine the minmum thickness of the tank plate fe stress is limited to 40 Wa 132mm C.122mm s.113mm D11mm eu For mere practice problems, you can use PMN GEAS: + Section 4.1 Simple Stresses and ‘Thinewelled Cylinders + Soction 4.2-4.3 Strain, Poisson's Ratio and Hooke’s Law + Section 4.4-47 Elastic, Deformation, Thermal Stress and Siress-Strain Diagram + Section 4.8 Torsion ane Spring ICT Integrated ECE Review